410:
87:
77:
987:
1359:
1332:
90:
Calcareous sediment can only accumulate in depths shallower than the calcium carbonate compensation depth (CCD). Below the CCD, calcareous sediments dissolve and will not accumulate. The lysocline represents the depth range in which the rate of dissolution increases
1099:
it is intermediate between the
Atlantic and the Pacific at approximately 4300 meters. The variation in the depth of the CCD largely results from the length of time since the bottom water has been exposed to the surface; this is called the "age" of the
111:
of the oceans (green circles). Upon death, those tests escaping dissolution near the surface settle, along with clay materials. In seawater, a dissolution boundary is formed as a result of temperature, pressure, and depth, and is known as the
328:
1214:, which is also caused by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, will increase such dissolution and shallow the carbonate compensation depth on timescales of tens to hundreds of years.
1112:, sink from the surface waters into deeper water, deep water masses tend to accumulate dissolved carbon dioxide as they age. The oldest water masses have the highest concentrations of CO
1171:
in the ocean mixed surface layer. This effect was somewhat moderated by the deep oceans' elevated temperatures during this period. In the late Eocene the transition from a
377:, may bring the carbonate layer below the CCD; the carbonate layer may be prevented from chemically interacting with the sea water by overlying sediments such as a layer of
1011:
68:
carbonates. Aragonite is more soluble than calcite, and the aragonite compensation depth is generally shallower than both the calcite compensation depth and the CCD.
1046:
in the water. Calcium carbonate is more soluble at lower temperatures and at higher pressures. It is also more soluble if the concentration of dissolved CO
1132:
occurs. This downwelling brings young, surface water with relatively low concentrations of carbon dioxide into the deep ocean, depressing the CCD.
169:
46:. That is, solvation 'compensates' supply. Below the CCD solvation is faster, so that carbonate particles dissolve and the carbonate shells (
1181:
investigated and experimented on the dissolution of calcium carbonate and was first to identify the carbonate compensation depth in oceans.
120:
tests are largely preserved. Below it, waters are undersaturated, because of both the increasing solubility with depth and the release of CO
135:
from above. At steady state this depth, the CCD, is similar to the snowline (the first depth where carbonate-poor sediments occur). The
497:
17:
128:
will dissolve. The sinking velocity of debris is rapid (broad pale arrows), so dissolution occurs primarily at the sediment surface.
782:
455:
1196:
955:
482:
50:) of animals are not preserved. Carbonate particles cannot accumulate in the sediments where the sea floor is below this depth.
1018:
836:
1050:
is higher. Adding a reactant to the above chemical equation pushes the equilibrium towards the right producing more products:
1481:
1315:
960:
1190:
425:
1147:
the CCD was much shallower globally than it is today; due to intense volcanic activity during this period atmospheric CO
1394:
Boudreau, Bernard P.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Luo, Yiming (2018). "The role of calcification in carbonate compensation".
1645:
1353:
369:
will dissolve before reaching this level, preventing deposition of carbonate sediment. As the sea floor spreads,
1376:
1108:
determines the relative ages of the water in these basins. Because organic material, such as fecal pellets from
1172:
885:
875:
555:
56:
is the least soluble of these carbonates, so the CCD is normally the compensation depth for calcite. The
1178:
1070:
945:
843:
549:
543:
131:
At the carbonate compensation depth, the rate of dissolution exactly matches the rate of supply of CaCO
950:
570:
1105:
925:
853:
848:
831:
676:
537:
435:
147:
Calcium carbonate is essentially insoluble in sea surface waters today. Shells of dead calcareous
1031:
The exact value of the CCD depends on the solubility of calcium carbonate which is determined by
935:
450:
755:
531:
492:
460:
1675:
1556:
Boudreau, Bernard P.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Hofmann, Andreas F.; Meysman, Filip J. R. (2010).
1004:
991:
940:
671:
1236:; on the sea floors below the carbonate compensation depth, the most commonly found ooze is
1610:
1510:
1403:
867:
769:
525:
430:
8:
1276:
1211:
816:
632:
487:
1614:
1514:
1407:
1579:
1533:
1498:
1419:
1321:
1266:
895:
663:
647:
642:
565:
370:
1598:
1298:
Middelburg, Jack J. (2019). "Biogeochemical
Processes and Inorganic Carbon Dynamics".
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1622:
1538:
1477:
1423:
1325:
1311:
1066:
826:
605:
440:
350:
160:
96:
39:
27:
Depth in the oceans below which no calcium carbonate sediment particles are preserved
1583:
1618:
1569:
1528:
1518:
1469:
1411:
1303:
1223:
1156:
792:
686:
681:
159:
increases dramatically with depth and pressure. By the time the CCD is reached all
86:
1039:
and the chemical composition of the water – in particular the amount of dissolved
1473:
1233:
920:
787:
720:
708:
637:
511:
76:
1307:
139:
is the depth interval between the saturation and carbonate compensation depths.
1503:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1468:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer Netherlands. pp. 71–73.
1363:
1336:
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1125:
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1040:
930:
900:
880:
821:
735:
618:
613:
474:
378:
104:
47:
1415:
323:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O <=> Ca^2+ (aq) + 2HCO_3^- (aq)}}}
1669:
1630:
1464:
Berger, Wolfgang H.; et al. (2016). "Calcite
Compensation Depth (CCD)".
1136:
1077:
1523:
1451:"Warmer than a Hot Tub: Atlantic Ocean Temperatures Much Higher in the Past"
409:
1542:
1203:
1096:
713:
627:
581:
519:
401:
382:
338:
1597:
Johnson, Thomas C.; Hamilton, Edwin L.; Berger, Wolfgang H. (1977-08-01).
1335:
Modified material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1599:"Physical properties of calcareous ooze: Control by dissolution at depth"
1574:
1557:
1229:
1207:
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1055:
1032:
777:
750:
745:
740:
730:
700:
586:
445:
108:
1450:
1232:
above the carbonate compensation depth, the most commonly found ooze is
1116:
and therefore the shallowest CCD. The CCD is relatively shallow in high
1558:"Ongoing transients in carbonate compensation: COMPENSATION TRANSIENTS"
1499:"Current CaCO3 dissolution at the seafloor caused by anthropogenic CO2"
1245:
1140:
1101:
725:
374:
156:
1362:
Modified text was copied from this source, which is available under a
151:
sinking to deeper waters are practically unaltered until reaching the
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1085:
1081:
362:
354:
152:
136:
65:
43:
1241:
1117:
1109:
1089:
1036:
346:
334:
148:
1377:"Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide"
1051:
808:
591:
342:
53:
1555:
1249:
1144:
970:
38:) is the depth, in the oceans, at which the rate of supply of
1358:
1331:
1139:
the depth of the CCD has shown significant variation. In the
965:
358:
1302:. SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences. pp. 77–105.
1151:
concentrations were much higher. Higher concentrations of CO
216:
200:
184:
1080:
is about 4200–4500 metres except beneath the equatorial
116:. Above this horizon, waters are supersaturated and CaCO
1163:
over the ocean. This greater pressure of atmospheric CO
1364:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1337:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
243:
1596:
1393:
172:
322:
1497:Sulpis, Olivier; et al. (October 29, 2018).
1084:zone, where the CCD is about 5000 m. In the
388:
373:of the plate, which has the effect of increasing
251:
250:
233:
232:
1667:
1293:
1291:
1095:the CCD is at approximately 5000 m. In the
1356:, page 273–297, Rebus Community. Updated 2020.
361:. If the exposed sea bed is below the CCD tiny
385:clay deposited on top of the carbonate layer.
1288:
1012:
155:, the point about 3.5 km deep past which the
1240:. While calcareous ooze mostly consists of
1206:are causing the CCD to rise, with zones of
349:can consist of calcareous sediments called
1297:
1019:
1005:
163:has dissolved according to this equation:
142:
1573:
1532:
1522:
1184:
292:
85:
75:
1342:
956:Territorialisation of carbon governance
226:
14:
1668:
1659:– via Roger Williams University.
1496:
1463:
1369:
961:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
81:Carbonate compensation concept
1643:
1244:, siliceous ooze mostly consists of
1217:
1191:Effects of climate change on oceans
1076:At the present time the CCD in the
124:from organic matter decay, and CaCO
24:
1466:Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences
95:As shown in the diagram, biogenic
25:
1687:
1453:. Physorg.com. February 17, 2006.
1436:Thurman, Harold., Alan Trujillo.
1061:, and consuming more reactants CO
353:, which is essentially a type of
1357:
1330:
986:
985:
408:
64:) is the compensation depth for
1637:
1590:
1197:atmospheric concentration of CO
1175:coincided with a deepened CCD.
1173:greenhouse to an icehouse Earth
1167:leads to increased dissolved CO
1549:
1490:
1457:
1443:
1430:
1387:
921:Climate reconstruction proxies
389:Variations in value of the CCD
337:particles can be found in the
315:
309:
282:
276:
253:
228:
13:
1:
1300:Marine Carbon Biogeochemistry
1282:
1650:Introduction to Oceanography
1646:"12.6 Sediment Distribution"
1623:10.1016/0025-3227(77)90071-8
1562:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1474:10.1007/978-94-007-6238-1_47
1350:Introduction to Oceanography
891:Carbonate compensation depth
556:Particulate inorganic carbon
58:aragonite compensation depth
32:carbonate compensation depth
7:
1354:Chapter 12: Ocean Sediments
1308:10.1007/978-3-030-10822-9_5
1255:
71:
10:
1692:
1644:Webb, Paul (August 2023).
1221:
1188:
1120:with the exception of the
946:Carbon capture and storage
550:Particulate organic carbon
544:Dissolved inorganic carbon
18:Calcite compensation depth
1438:Introductory Oceanography
1416:10.1038/s41561-018-0259-5
951:Carbon cycle re-balancing
345:is above the CCD, bottom
1106:Thermohaline circulation
1071:Le Chatelier's principle
926:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
886:Carbonate–silicate cycle
854:Carbon dioxide clathrate
849:Clathrate gun hypothesis
677:Net ecosystem production
538:Dissolved organic carbon
333:Calcareous plankton and
1524:10.1073/pnas.1804250115
936:Deep Carbon Observatory
396:Part of a series on the
143:Solubility of carbonate
1210:first being affected.
1185:Climate change impacts
756:Continental shelf pump
532:Total inorganic carbon
498:Satellite measurements
341:above the CCD. If the
324:
92:
83:
1155:resulted in a higher
941:Global Carbon Project
672:Ecosystem respiration
325:
89:
79:
1575:10.1029/2009GB003654
770:Carbon sequestration
526:Total organic carbon
170:
107:are produced in the
42:matches the rate of
1615:1977MGeol..24..259J
1515:2018PNAS..11511700S
1509:(46): 11700–11705.
1408:2018NatGe..11..894B
1277:Ocean acidification
1212:Ocean acidification
1202:from combustion of
817:Atmospheric methane
783:Soil carbon storage
633:Reverse Krebs cycle
488:Ocean acidification
307:
239:
218:
202:
186:
1348:Webb, Paul (2019)
1267:Great Calcite Belt
896:Great Calcite Belt
844:Aerobic production
664:Carbon respiration
606:Metabolic pathways
566:Primary production
371:thermal subsidence
320:
293:
258:
206:
190:
174:
114:saturation horizon
93:
84:
40:calcium carbonates
1483:978-94-007-6238-1
1396:Nature Geoscience
1381:The Royal Society
1317:978-3-030-10821-2
1067:calcium carbonate
1029:
1028:
827:Methane emissions
483:In the atmosphere
314:
296:
281:
265:
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221:
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161:calcium carbonate
97:calcium carbonate
16:(Redirected from
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1526:
1494:
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1487:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1295:
1224:Pelagic sediment
1218:Sedimentary ooze
1157:partial pressure
1021:
1014:
1007:
994:
989:
988:
793:pelagic sediment
687:Soil respiration
682:Photorespiration
412:
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1484:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1402:(12): 894–900.
1392:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1347:
1343:
1318:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1258:
1234:calcareous ooze
1226:
1220:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1143:through to the
1137:geological past
1124:and regions of
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788:Marine sediment
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762:
761:
760:
721:Solubility pump
709:Biological pump
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691:
666:
656:
655:
654:
638:Carbon fixation
623:
608:
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597:
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512:Forms of carbon
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351:calcareous ooze
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1689:
1679:
1678:
1663:
1662:
1636:
1609:(4): 259–277.
1603:Marine Geology
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1548:
1489:
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1440:.2004.p151-152
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1262:Carbonate pump
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1254:
1238:siliceous ooze
1219:
1216:
1198:
1186:
1183:
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1160:
1152:
1148:
1126:Southern Ocean
1122:North Atlantic
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1093:Atlantic Ocean
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1027:
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978:
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973:
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931:Deep biosphere
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923:
917:
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901:Redfield ratio
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881:Nutrient cycle
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868:Biogeochemical
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822:Methanogenesis
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475:Carbon dioxide
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379:siliceous ooze
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1078:Pacific Ocean
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1072:
1069:according to
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1060:
1053:
1045:
1038:
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1022:
1017:
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876:Marine cycles
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91:dramatically.
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1676:Oceanography
1653:. Retrieved
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1204:fossil fuels
1194:
1177:
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1097:Indian Ocean
1075:
1030:
890:
714:Martin curve
701:Carbon pumps
628:Calvin cycle
582:Black carbon
520:Total carbon
461:Geochemistry
402:Carbon cycle
339:water column
332:
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130:
113:
94:
61:
57:
52:
35:
31:
29:
1208:downwelling
1195:Increasing
1179:John Murray
1130:downwelling
1033:temperature
778:Carbon sink
741:Viral shunt
731:Marine snow
587:Blue carbon
441:Deep carbon
436:Atmospheric
426:Terrestrial
109:photic zone
1568:(4): n/a.
1283:References
1246:Radiolaria
1230:sea floors
1222:See also:
1189:See also:
1141:Cretaceous
1102:water mass
751:Whale pump
746:Jelly pump
726:Lipid pump
451:Permafrost
419:By regions
157:solubility
66:aragonitic
1631:0025-3227
1424:135284130
1326:104368944
1272:Lysocline
1118:latitudes
1086:temperate
1082:upwelling
355:limestone
347:sediments
304:−
254:⇀
247:−
236:−
229:↽
153:lysocline
137:lysocline
44:solvation
1670:Category
1584:53062358
1543:30373837
1256:See also
1242:Rhizaria
1110:copepods
1090:tropical
1037:pressure
992:Category
335:sediment
149:plankton
72:Overview
1611:Bibcode
1534:6243283
1511:Bibcode
1404:Bibcode
1250:diatoms
1228:On the
1135:In the
837:Wetland
809:Methane
592:Kerogen
493:Removal
383:abyssal
365:of CaCO
343:sea bed
54:Calcite
1655:3 July
1629:
1582:
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1480:
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1324:
1314:
1145:Eocene
1128:where
990:
971:CO2SYS
832:Arctic
571:marine
431:Marine
363:shells
1580:S2CID
1420:S2CID
1322:S2CID
1159:of CO
966:C4MIP
914:Other
558:(PIC)
552:(POC)
546:(DIC)
540:(DOC)
534:(TIC)
528:(TOC)
375:depth
359:chalk
105:tests
99:(CaCO
48:tests
1657:2024
1627:ISSN
1539:PMID
1478:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1248:and
1088:and
1065:and
1054:and
522:(TC)
446:Soil
176:CaCO
30:The
1619:doi
1570:doi
1529:PMC
1519:doi
1507:115
1470:doi
1412:doi
1304:doi
1056:HCO
381:or
357:or
295:HCO
62:ACD
36:CCD
1672::
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1290:^
1252:.
1104:.
1073:.
1052:Ca
1041:CO
1035:,
648:C4
643:C3
313:aq
280:aq
264:Ca
192:CO
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1020:e
1013:t
1006:v
367:3
316:)
310:(
299:3
290:2
287:+
283:)
277:(
271:+
268:2
220:O
212:2
208:H
204:+
196:2
188:+
180:3
133:3
126:3
122:2
118:3
101:3
60:(
34:(
20:)
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