37:
7369:
681:
unless they make an explicit declaration of nationality change to their territorial immigration authorities. Macanese residents with mixed
Chinese-Portuguese ancestry are specifically given a choice between Chinese and Portuguese nationalities. On submitting a formal declaration to select Portuguese nationality, these individuals would lose Chinese nationality. Former Chinese nationals may subsequently apply for nationality restoration, subject to discretionary approval. Similar to naturalizing candidates, successful applicants must renounce their foreign nationalities.
685:
they acquired foreign nationality by birth, those children who are born to
Chinese parents living abroad only temporarily, such as diplomatic staff, humanitarian workers or overseas students, will still be regarded as Chinese nationals and hence be de facto nationals of both the Chinese and the foreign state. Chinese officials who naturalize in another country cannot renounce their Chinese nationality and hence will continue to be treated as Chinese nationals by the Chinese state.
7381:
5343:
414:
lacked formal nationality regulations until greater legal reform began in the late 1970s to 1980s. The government unofficially applied the 1929 statute during this time to resolve nationality issues, and also made a mother's nationality normally transferable to her children outside of cases where the
1632:
Consequently, his
Chinese nationality would be lost only if his declaration of change of nationality made in accordance with Paragraph 5 of the Explanations has been approved by the Director of Immigration, or his application for renunciation of Chinese nationality made in accordance with Article 11
684:
While
Chinese nationality law does not recognize multiple nationalities, the current legal framework and its practical implementation allow for certain situations where de facto dual nationality occurs: While children born to Chinese parents abroad in general would not acquire Chinese nationality if
846:
Kris Cheng columnist has argued that "If you have ever held or could have held
Chinese citizenship, you are a Chinese national unless Beijing decides you are not." The restrictions on the recognition of dual nationality in the eyes of the Chinese government has led to conflicting circumstances like
769:
to an urban one was tightly controlled and very rare until the 1980s. While reforms have relaxed these regulations in recent years, requirements for changing registration vary by location and can be very stringent in the largest cities. Likewise, urban-to-rural conversion is extremely difficult due
389:
became exempt from Qing taxation and legal jurisdiction within
Chinese borders. A strict policy against automatic expatriation was adopted to prevent this; a Chinese individual's foreign nationality was not recognized by Qing authorities unless specifically approved. Foreigners who acquired Chinese
351:
or had unknown nationality status. Women who married foreigners lost
Chinese nationality if they took the nationality of their husbands. Nationality could be inherited perpetually from Chinese fathers, making it difficult to lose for men. These regulations were enacted in response to a 1907 statute
857:
as a
Chinese national despite his additional Swedish citizenship. The subsequent detainment of the writer by Chinese authorities in China is highlighted by Yuan Yang as evidence that the Chinese state "muddies" the distinction between ethnicity and citizenship. Anthropologist Cathryn H. Clayton of
680:
Chinese nationality can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation. It is also automatically revoked when persons from mainland China who reside abroad voluntarily acquire a foreign nationality. Hong Kong and Macau residents who become foreign citizens continue to be
Chinese nationals
627:
Individuals born within the People's
Republic of China automatically receive Chinese nationality at birth if at least one parent is a Chinese national. Children born overseas to at least one Chinese parent are also Chinese nationals, unless they are foreign citizens at birth and either parent with
1600:
The Nationality Law of the PRC also applies in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR). However, it is amplified in Hong Kong by "the explanations", which are an interpretation of the Law by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). According to the explanations,
701:
non-resident Chinese citizens visiting from outside that territory. When traveling to other countries, visa-free access varies greatly depending on where a Chinese citizen is permanently resident. As of 2020, mainland Chinese residents can travel to 74 countries without a visa, Macau residents to
832:
and their families are often subject to house arrest within the country. Invasive personal surveillance on the political dissidents, by the Chinese Communist Party, is conducted within the country and even abroad in foreign jurisdictions (with the assistance of foreign nationals). It has been
305:
difficult, a large number of residents in Hong Kong and Macau have some form of British or Portuguese nationality due to the history of those regions as former European colonies. Mainland Chinese nationals who voluntarily acquire foreign citizenship automatically lose Chinese nationality.
676:
out of the country's total population of 1.34 billion. Acquiring Chinese nationality is more common in Hong Kong; the Immigration Department naturalized over 10,000 people between the transfer of sovereignty and 2012, and continues to receive over 1,500 applications per year since 2016.
1291:
560:
prior to the transfer of sovereignty, while Macau residents with Portuguese citizenship were permitted to continue that status in all cases. However, Chinese authorities treat these individuals solely as Chinese nationals and bar them from receiving British or Portuguese
572:
issued two "interpretations" of the nationality law as implemented in the special administrative regions so that Hong Kong or Macau residents who acquire a foreign nationality do not lose their Chinese nationality unless they file a declaration of change of nationality.
279:
are all administered by the PRC, Chinese citizens do not have automatic residence rights in all three jurisdictions; each territory maintains a separate immigration policy. Voting rights and freedom of movement are tied to the region in which a Chinese citizen is
671:
in Hong Kong and the Identification Services Bureau in Macau. Successful applicants are required to renounce any foreign nationalities they have. Naturalization is exceptionally rare in mainland China; there were only 1,448 naturalized persons reported in the
870:—that is, for viewing everyone in the world who is of Chinese descentas potential or actual national subjects" and she observes that "Chinese nationality law, like most nationality laws worldwide, had no place for a group defined primarily by its mixedness.'
785:
due to the social benefits bound to it. Due to insufficient communication between the relevant authorities, such practice even allows these individuals to illegally reacquire Chinese nationality by applying for a Chinese passport on the basis of their
1904:
335:. Imperial Chinese subjects were traditionally severely restricted from traveling overseas and international travel was only sanctioned for official business. Disputes arising from nationality questions became more common as the
346:
The Qing government created the first Chinese nationality law in 1909, which defined a Chinese national as any person born to a Chinese father. Children born to a Chinese mother inherited her nationality only if the father was
489:
in 1898, which were leased (rather than ceded) from China for a period of 99 years. Towards the end of this lease, the British and Chinese governments entered into negotiations over the future of Hong Kong and agreed on the
390:
nationality were subject to restrictions as well; naturalized Qing subjects could not serve in high military or political office until 20 years after becoming a Chinese national, and only with imperial authorization.
3588:
Interpretation by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Some Questions Concerning Implementation of the Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative
528:
in 1976 and acknowledged it as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration." After negotiations on Hong Kong's future had concluded, China and Portugal began deliberations on Macau in 1986 and agreed on the
1521:
888:
Hong Kong and Macau permanent residents have the unrestricted right to live and work in their territories, but do not have automatic residence or employment rights in mainland China. The central government issues
3574:
Interpretation by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Some Questions Concerning Implementation of the Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative
431:
adopted the current nationality law in 1980, a further stipulation was added that automatically revokes nationality from Chinese nationals who settle overseas and voluntarily acquire foreign citizenship.
3905:
1286:
2798:
3849:
3822:
3795:
3714:
2091:
640:
in either region and were born in a Chinese territory are considered Chinese nationals, regardless of the nationalities of their parents. Furthermore, because of China's continuing claims over
2814:
Chen, Yu-jie; Cohen, Jerome A. (November 26, 2018). "Freedom from Arbitrary Detention in Asia: Lessons from China, Taiwan and Hong Kong". In Law, David; Lau, Holning; Schwartz, Alex (eds.).
673:
6375:
2494:
1896:
7012:
806:
1145:
3084:
Lien, Pei-te; Chen, Dean P. (2013). "The evolution of Taiwan's policies toward the political participation of citizens abroad in homeland governance". In Tan, Chee-Beng (ed.).
4693:
4598:
494:
in 1984. The entire territory of Hong Kong would be transferred to China at the conclusion of the New Territories lease in 1997 and governed under Chinese sovereignty as a
1510:
2302:
7160:
2873:
2844:
943:
894:
544:, China treats all ethnic Chinese born in these territories before and after the handovers as Chinese nationals. Hong Kong BDTCs who did not have strong ties to another
3171:
1287:"Chen, Tung-Pi (1984), Page 295 Footnote 55 of "The Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China and the Overseas Chinese in Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asia,""
256:
Foreign nationals may naturalize if they are permanent residents in any part of China or they have immediate family members who are Chinese citizens. Residents of the
4608:
4426:
3458:
Zhang, Changdong (February 2017). "Reexamining the Electoral Connection in Authoritarian China: The Local People's Congress and Its Private Entrepreneur Deputies".
946:
if they intend to reside or work in the mainland for longer than six months. While they are also eligible to hold PRC passports, Taiwanese law automatically strips
4733:
890:
6268:
4723:
3065:
569:
3934:
2256:
6612:
6307:
3582:
Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui Changwu Weiyuanhui Guanyu "Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Guoji Fa" Zai Xianggang Tebie Xingzhengqu Shishi De Ji Ge Wenti De Jieshi (
3741:
2786:
7301:
1570:
1314:
3839:
3812:
3785:
6415:
3704:
3568:
Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui Changwu Weiyuanhui Guanyu "Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Guoji Fa" Zai Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu Shishi De Ji Ge Wenti De Jieshi (
2386:
2084:
976:
482:
3202:
6340:
6226:
3324:
Tang, Shuangshuang; Hao, Pu (February 2018). "Floaters, Settlers, and Returnees: Settlement Intention and Hukou Conversion of China's Rural Migrants".
824:, law enforcement in mainland China may either detain any citizen or ban any citizen from leaving the country, even without the issuance of any formal
749:
are allocated a housing plot with land for farming, while urban residents are provided with a variety of government services in their locale including
406:
in 1929 that decoupled a woman's nationality from that of her husband and minimized circumstances in which children would be born stateless. After the
619:. Because both the PRC and ROC constitutionally claim areas under the other's control, the two governments treat each other's nationals as their own.
6231:
6290:
4062:
909:
1755:
980:
2963:
2484:
1579:"When people have a foreign nationality or right of abode elsewhere … they are regarded as Chinese nationals in Hong Kong," she told reporters.
4368:
6836:
2526:
6494:
5731:
5455:
5112:
3198:
913:
805:
for local People's Congresses or village committees. When temporarily visiting Hong Kong or Macau, mainland Chinese residents must obtain
5741:
5108:
3481:"Borders on the move: Cross-strait tourists' material moments on 'the other side' in the midst of rapprochement between China and Taiwan"
939:
6071:
4413:
3972:
3676:) [Resident Identity Card Law of the People's Republic of China] (promulgated June 23, 2003, effective January 1, 2004) (China)
530:
5450:
777:
Chinese nationals who acquire a foreign nationality are obliged to renounce their Chinese nationality, which also implies that their
548:
lost BDTC status on July 1, 1997. Former ethnic Chinese BDTCs could retain British nationality if they had voluntarily registered as
3538:
2613:
2559:
2352:
6410:
6395:
6295:
6152:
6110:
4422:
3595:
2673:
3605:
3548:
660:
495:
319:
Before the mid-19th century, nationality issues involving China were extremely rare and could be handled on an individual basis.
295:
7165:
6316:
5644:
5381:
4954:
4398:
4300:
4227:
3581:
2439:
1477:
972:
2861:
2832:
415:
father is stateless. The PRC does not recognize dual nationality and actively discouraged its occurrence in its treaties with
7017:
6405:
5467:
5445:
5116:
3840:"New ID card will give Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan residents same access to public services as mainland Chinese counterparts"
3436:
3236:
3159:
3136:
3103:
2891:"Interaction Between Pre- and Post-Migration Factors on Depressive Symptoms in New Migrants to Hong Kong from Mainland China"
2754:
441:
3686:
3442:
3279:
3242:
3142:
3109:
2637:
6652:
6385:
5882:
3768:
3567:
1494:
557:
537:
6380:
5751:
5500:
4267:
1990:
1961:
1820:
1788:
1751:
859:
664:
604:
18:
This article is about nationality law in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. For regulations applicable to Taiwan, see
385:
over their own nationals residing in China. Chinese subjects claiming another nationality by virtue of their birth in a
6280:
6115:
5495:
4984:
4653:
4340:
2787:"The Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China and the Overseas Chinese in Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asia"
2633:
2252:
1957:
1784:
1162:
668:
616:
517:
257:
3056:
6125:
6102:
6066:
5922:
5917:
5714:
5160:
5079:
4750:
3923:
3877:
3273:
2248:
588:
399:
323:
dictated that children born to Chinese subjects took the nationality of the father, but did not have clear rules for
73:
3503:
3018:
Hook, Brian; Neves, Miguel Santos (March 2002). "The Role of Hong Kong and Macau in China's Relations with Europe".
249:(PRC). The primary law governing these requirements is the Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China, which
7401:
7093:
7088:
6863:
6400:
6056:
5462:
3866:
1517:
947:
933:
917:
513:
410:, the new government abolished all republican-era legislation but did not immediately create laws to replace them.
3160:"The Imminent Threat to China's Intervention in Macau's Autonomy: Using Hong Kong's Past to Secure Macau's Future"
7083:
6831:
6575:
6504:
6061:
5789:
5756:
5629:
5437:
5207:
5089:
4848:
4202:
4042:
3731:
2764:
Chen, Chuanbo; Fan, C. Cindy (October 2016). "China's Hukou Puzzle: Why Don't Rural Migrants Want Urban Hukou?".
950:
from ROC nationals who are issued mainland passports without specific authorization from Taiwanese authorities.
568:
Given that a large number of Hongkongers and Macanese continue to hold dual nationality after the handover, the
7140:
6780:
4237:
4217:
4117:
3965:
3682:
3632:
2721:
1707:
821:
810:
781:
is cancelled. However, high numbers of former Chinese citizens were reported who are reluctant to cancel their
491:
131:
837:
on Chinese citizens, abducting individuals of interest who are overseas and forcibly returning them to China.
6263:
6253:
6051:
6046:
5104:
4668:
4553:
4418:
4232:
4077:
3187:
959:
921:
533:
in 1987. Macau would be transferred to China in 1999 and governed largely under the same terms as Hong Kong.
428:
145:
44:
4974:
3295:
Shao, Dan (2009). "Chinese by Definition: Nationality Law, Jus Sanguinis, and State Succession, 1909–1980".
1614:"National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill – Chinese nationality and HKSAR permanent residency status"
7263:
7258:
6670:
5983:
5929:
5897:
5724:
5325:
4678:
4638:
4403:
4037:
3573:
2970:
905:
545:
407:
386:
862:
charges that, through the inherited position of Chinese governments since the late Qing, which instituted
36:
7170:
7048:
7033:
6640:
6597:
6533:
6516:
6390:
5912:
5659:
5422:
5195:
5150:
5069:
5064:
5044:
4989:
4979:
4944:
4673:
4593:
4528:
4325:
4212:
4162:
4032:
879:
697:
in all three jurisdictions. Each region maintains a separate immigration policy and can deny entry to or
549:
324:
3583:
2614:
Law No. 8/1999, Law on Permanent Residence and Right of Abode in the Macao Special Administrative Region
2560:
Law No. 8/1999, Law on Permanent Residence and Right of Abode in the Macao Special Administrative Region
1613:
813:
authorities. If permanently settling in either special administrative region, they must be approved for
693:
Although mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau constitute a single country, Chinese citizens do not have
7359:
6685:
6565:
6321:
6275:
6258:
6241:
5988:
5952:
5799:
5374:
5145:
5122:
5059:
5039:
4999:
4883:
4858:
4853:
4683:
4658:
4563:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4408:
4393:
4388:
4363:
4345:
4277:
4207:
4177:
4067:
3587:
3420:
3265:
3228:
2674:
Law No. 3/2001, Electoral Regime of the Legislative Assembly of the Macao Special Administrative Region
541:
445:
1747:
7288:
6880:
6704:
6585:
6538:
6482:
5947:
5892:
5619:
5505:
5432:
5014:
4898:
4873:
4828:
4823:
4773:
4698:
4648:
4623:
4618:
4588:
4543:
4533:
4493:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4358:
4335:
4310:
4247:
4167:
4092:
4057:
4027:
4022:
4017:
3958:
3651:
2974:
2489:
842:
663:, or have other "legitimate reasons". Applications for naturalization are normally considered by the
582:
103:
19:
3647:
1591:
7246:
6875:
6821:
6746:
6422:
6357:
6199:
6182:
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5993:
5968:
5907:
5809:
5562:
5477:
5346:
5099:
4969:
4959:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4888:
4798:
4778:
4763:
4613:
4583:
4538:
4523:
4483:
4473:
4448:
4378:
4373:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4257:
4252:
4242:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4107:
4097:
4087:
4082:
4072:
4052:
4012:
4002:
3844:
3817:
3790:
3709:
3543:[Law on Permanent Residence and Right of Abode in the Macao Special Administrative Region]
1478:
Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Hong Kong
1150:
963:
866:
as the basis for nationality, "the Chinese state has a penchant for overextending the principle of
608:
5579:
3664:
3600:[Electoral Regime of the Legislative Assembly of the Macao Special Administrative Region]
2516:
7296:
7078:
6794:
6680:
6675:
6580:
6555:
6499:
6333:
6285:
6120:
6041:
6036:
5978:
5902:
5887:
5746:
5527:
5074:
5054:
5019:
5009:
5004:
4994:
4964:
4908:
4903:
4863:
4843:
4838:
4803:
4783:
4768:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4628:
4603:
4578:
4568:
4458:
4383:
4272:
4262:
4197:
4132:
4122:
4112:
4102:
4047:
4007:
3638:
3541:
Lei sobre Residente Permanente e Direito de Residência na Região Administrativa Especial de Macau
1900:
901:
883:
834:
738:
553:
260:
are also considered Chinese citizens, due to the PRC's extant claim over areas controlled by the
5701:
7251:
7058:
6892:
6848:
6826:
6523:
5973:
5877:
5684:
5427:
5312:
5094:
5084:
5049:
4949:
4893:
4878:
4813:
4808:
4793:
4688:
4663:
4633:
4558:
4518:
4350:
4222:
4157:
4142:
4127:
1495:
Standing Committee Interpretation Concerning Implementation of Chinese Nationality Law in Macao
794:
600:
3894:
2823:
2425:
1154:
7241:
7236:
7191:
7127:
7038:
6741:
6690:
6628:
6350:
6187:
6175:
6165:
5934:
5567:
5367:
5155:
4913:
4868:
4833:
4818:
4788:
4643:
4573:
4330:
3864:
3634:
1868:
1601:
some provisions of the Nationality Law may not apply, or may apply differently, to Hong Kong.
758:
715:
458:
3671:
2303:"China is preventing tens of thousands of people from leaving the country, new report shows"
2211:
6967:
6915:
6775:
6570:
6545:
6472:
6467:
6302:
6194:
6170:
6028:
5510:
5276:
5249:
5140:
4703:
967:
840:
In regards to the scope of nationality as conducted in practice by the Chinese government,
737:
classification (rural or urban) at birth based on their family's registration. The type of
521:
378:
302:
3660:
366:
was chosen to define Chinese nationality so that the Qing could counter foreign claims on
8:
7268:
7113:
7007:
7002:
6972:
6930:
6853:
6816:
6736:
6721:
6550:
6511:
6218:
5832:
5736:
5487:
5266:
5185:
4728:
750:
694:
562:
505:
470:
382:
219:
3673:
2934:
Ginsburgs, George (1982). "The 1980 Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China".
2627:"Guidance Notes on Local Application for HKSAR Passport for applicants aged 16 or above"
7155:
7150:
7135:
6987:
6955:
6950:
6843:
6765:
6753:
6662:
6328:
6248:
6236:
6204:
5859:
5854:
5772:
5472:
5165:
3597:
3540:
3467:
3399:
3370:
3362:
3333:
3312:
3043:
3035:
3006:
2951:
2917:
2890:
2773:
2413:
802:
762:
754:
730:
628:
Chinese nationality has acquired permanent residency abroad or foreign citizenship. In
7214:
7206:
6920:
6787:
6758:
6716:
6645:
6602:
6560:
6427:
6367:
6139:
6076:
5938:
5719:
5689:
5515:
5307:
5259:
3689:] (promulgated and effective December 4, 1982, as amended March 11, 2018) (China)
3598:
Regime Eleitoral da Assembleia Legislativa da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau
3569:
3432:
3403:
3374:
3316:
3269:
3232:
3132:
3099:
3047:
3010:
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6897:
6868:
6804:
6799:
6633:
6607:
6592:
6477:
6455:
6439:
6345:
5794:
5784:
5624:
5417:
5402:
5394:
5190:
3639:
Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area
3499:
3495:
3424:
3391:
3354:
3304:
3091:
3058:
A new population policy challenge towards the cross border birth issue in Hong Kong
3027:
2943:
2912:
2902:
2722:
Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area
2387:"China using illegal police bases in Netherlands to target dissidents, say reports"
1708:
Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area
798:
652:
462:
367:
340:
168:
3641:] (promulgated and effective July 31, 1992, as amended July 24, 2019) (Taiwan)
3428:
2833:"Socialist Legalism: Reform and Continuity in Post-Mao People's Republic of China"
1005:
853:
has cited in that the Chinese authorities in 2015 treating the case of the writer
636:, broader regulations apply; all individuals of ethnic Chinese origin who possess
343:
to open up trade with Western empires and allow its subjects to migrate overseas.
6940:
6935:
6858:
6809:
6770:
6434:
6016:
5822:
5709:
5271:
3981:
3645:
3412:
3259:
3222:
3126:
3085:
2744:
2626:
2521:
2249:"Entry Arrangements for Mainland, Macao, Taiwan & Overseas Chinese Residents"
2011:
1937:
1925:
1841:
1734:
849:
726:
486:
3758:
615:(PRC) in 1949. Since the conclusion of the war, the ROC has controlled only the
7341:
7273:
7196:
7043:
6997:
6982:
6977:
6960:
6945:
6731:
6086:
6081:
6011:
5597:
5302:
5202:
3395:
825:
814:
656:
648:
637:
592:
474:
411:
328:
291:
281:
268:
88:
54:
3786:"In the time it took Hong Kong to deport 1,319 people, Macau kicked out 6,000"
3680:
3658:
3095:
3031:
2962:
2907:
2661:
2353:"FBI arrests two New Yorkers accused of running covert Chinese police station"
2326:
2223:
1986:
1950:
1816:
1777:
1668:
7395:
7306:
7053:
6887:
6726:
6528:
5849:
5837:
5679:
5540:
5332:
5281:
5213:
4755:
3900:
3872:
2451:
2398:
2364:
1897:"Statistics on Application for Naturalisation as a Chinese National Received"
897:
if they intend to reside or work in the mainland for longer than six months.
863:
667:
in mainland China, while responsibility for this process is delegated to the
362:
348:
320:
3759:"Taiwanese tourist loses citizenship after getting quickie Chinese passport"
1571:"Hong Kong 'strictly enforcing' no dual nationality policy, Carrie Lam says"
7373:
7346:
7231:
7103:
7068:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5654:
5649:
5639:
5557:
5552:
5228:
3929:
3532:
2926:
509:
336:
175:
3626:
6925:
5842:
5827:
5634:
5592:
5587:
5535:
5286:
5244:
3763:
3705:"Figures reveal thousands from ethnic minorities have won naturalisation"
3480:
3382:
Wang, Hongzen (2011). "Immigration Trends and Policy Changes in Taiwan".
3261:
Entrepreneurs and Enterprises in Macau: A Study of Industrial Development
938:
Similar to Hong Kong and Macau residents, Taiwanese residents are issued
698:
353:
332:
242:
3471:
3337:
2777:
1633:
of the Nationality Law has been approved by the Director of Immigration.
1511:"British National (Overseas) and British Dependent Territories Citizens"
900:
Chinese nationals with right of abode in these regions are eligible for
7385:
7098:
6006:
5817:
5545:
3736:
3624:
3366:
3308:
3039:
2598:
1750:[Application for Naturalization as a Chinese National]. China:
1006:"Imprensa Oficial - Lei da Nacionalidade da República Popular da China"
854:
478:
403:
371:
3577:] (adopted December 29, 1998, effective December 20, 1999) (China)
2994:
2955:
7108:
7063:
6001:
5942:
3667:] (promulgated April 29, 2006, effective January 1, 2007) (China)
3417:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
829:
644:, ROC nationals from Taiwan are considered PRC nationals by the PRC.
629:
450:
416:
272:
189:
58:
7380:
3892:
3358:
1853:
504:
was established as a trading post in 1557 permanently leased to the
7183:
7176:
6489:
5254:
5220:
3950:
2947:
2889:
Chou, Kee-Lee; Wong, Winky K.F.; Chow, Nelson W.S. (July 7, 2010).
424:
196:
2385:
Henley, Jon; correspondent, Jon Henley Europe (October 26, 2022).
5612:
5607:
5602:
5359:
3813:"It's unbelievable: Hong Kong pan-democrat denied entry to Macau"
1592:"Chinese nationality | Community Legal Information Centre (CLIC)"
793:
Chinese nationals of mainland China are required to register for
2791:
New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law
1146:
Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness
7278:
3186:
1448:
828:
or explicit authorization from judicial authorities. Political
641:
261:
1778:"A Guide for Applicants: Naturalisation as a Chinese National"
5390:
1951:"A Guide for Applicants: Renunciation of Chinese Nationality"
833:
observed that mainland authorities will occasionally perform
721:
711:
633:
612:
501:
420:
286:
276:
246:
62:
3654:] (promulgated and effective September 10, 1980) (China)
3591:] (adopted May 15, 1996, effective July 1, 1997) (China)
3530:
2547:
2212:
Resident Identity Card Law of the People's Republic of China
3345:
Tsai, Chutung (1910). "The Chinese Nationality Law, 1909".
2862:"Nationality and International Law in Chinese Perspective"
377:
The 1909 law placed restrictions on Chinese subjects with
655:
with Chinese nationality, possess permanent residency in
540:(BDTCs) and a substantial number of Macau residents held
201:
3921:
Wan, William; Cheng, Kris Lok-Chit (November 25, 2014).
374:
of its subjects living abroad through paternal lineage.
3924:"Hong Kong protesters denied entry into mainland China"
2995:"De Facto Dual Nationality in Chinese Law and Practice"
622:
7357:
3224:
Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986–1999
1987:"Application for Renunciation of Chinese Nationality"
473:
in 1860. These areas were ceded in perpetuity to the
203:
zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3 gwok3 zik6 faat3
180:
3064:. IUSSP International Population Conference. Busan.
2485:"China's Nationality Law Is a Cage for Hong Kongers"
2440:"China's spies are not always as good as advertised"
1811:
1809:
1718:
1716:
570:
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
381:
within China. At the time, foreign powers exercised
3732:"Taiwanese offered 'less useful' Chinese passports"
2662:
Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election 2016
2384:
1295:. 1984. Archived from the original on April 6, 2023
820:Despite nominal constitutional protections against
356:that retroactively treated all Chinese born in the
3922:
3893:
3865:
3625:Registration of Persons Ordinance (Cap. 177)
3415:. In Twitchett, Denis; Mote, Frederick W. (eds.).
2582:
2580:
512:. The territory was later fully ceded in the 1887
398:Nationality law remained largely unchanged in the
226:Lei da Nacionalidade da República Popular da China
3672:Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Jumin Shenfenzheng Fa (
3652:Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China
2012:Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China
1938:Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China
1926:Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China
1842:Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China
1806:
1735:Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China
1713:
1292:NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law
910:Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passports
576:
435:
122:Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China
30:Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China
7393:
1313:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
224:
3633:Taiwan Diqu Yu Dalu Diqu Renmin Guanxi Tiaoli (
3128:Bird in a Cage: Legal Reform in China After Mao
2577:
1979:
1740:
1691:
1689:
733:within mainland China. Citizens are assigned a
241:details the conditions by which a person holds
3687:Constitution of the People's Republic of China
3665:Passport Law of the People's Republic of China
2992:
2964:Guidelines on the Legislative Council Election
2517:"How China uses national identity as a weapon"
2327:Constitution of the People's Republic of China
2224:Passport Law of the People's Republic of China
2199:
2187:
2175:
2035:
2023:
1989:. Macau: Direcção dos Serviços Identificação.
1819:. Macau: Direcção dos Serviços Identificação.
1669:Constitution of the People's Republic of China
1138:
1136:
7026:
5375:
3966:
3584:全國人民代表大會常務委員會關於《中華人民共和國國籍法》在香港特別行政區實施的幾個問題的解釋
3570:全國人民代表大會常務委員會關於《中華人民共和國國籍法》在澳門特別行政區實施的幾個問題的解釋
3257:
2866:Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies
2837:Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies
2816:Oxford Handbook of Constitutional Law in Asia
1424:
914:Macau Special Administrative Region passports
770:to the land use rights associated with rural
524:, Portugal formally relinquished Macau as an
150:
136:
5113:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
3258:Sit, V.F.S.; Cremer, R.; Wong, S.L. (1991).
3164:American University International Law Review
2888:
2609:
2607:
2277:
1686:
741:a person receives from the state is tied to
402:, except for a major revision passed by the
3413:"Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662"
2599:Registration of Persons Ordinance Section 3
1133:
536:Although most Hongkongers at the time were
5382:
5368:
3973:
3959:
3756:
3087:Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora
2709:
1869:"The most surprising demographic crisis",
1505:
1503:
1473:
1471:
1469:
688:
35:
3347:The American Journal of International Law
3055:Leung, Nancy Ling Sze (August 30, 2013).
3017:
2993:Habicht, Jasper; Richter, Eva L. (2022).
2933:
2916:
2906:
2813:
2604:
2471:
2338:
2289:
1722:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1460:
1340:
1328:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
3920:
3867:"The most surprising demographic crisis"
3083:
2090:. Henley & Partners. April 7, 2020.
2047:
1656:
1644:
461:in 1997. It initially consisted only of
3611:from the original on September 22, 2020
3323:
2936:The American Journal of Comparative Law
2763:
2742:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
1967:from the original on September 12, 2020
1545:
1500:
1466:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1142:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1070:
1068:
1055:
1053:
1028:
1026:
595:from 1912 to 1949. Near the end of the
370:populations and maintain the perpetual
7394:
6317:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3783:
3757:Everington, Keoni (November 6, 2017).
3717:from the original on February 27, 2019
3702:
3531:Immigration Ordinance (Cap. 115)
3509:from the original on December 22, 2018
3282:from the original on February 23, 2019
3245:from the original on February 23, 2019
3220:
3124:
2350:
2071:
1883:
1557:
1527:from the original on December 11, 2018
1483:
1436:
1225:
973:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens
873:
538:British Dependent Territories citizens
5363:
3954:
3825:from the original on October 24, 2019
3744:from the original on January 12, 2021
3659:Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Huzhao Fa (
3554:from the original on October 26, 2020
3478:
3457:
3410:
3208:from the original on October 13, 2018
3054:
2685:
2643:from the original on October 26, 2019
2571:
2259:from the original on October 27, 2019
2235:
1907:from the original on November 7, 2019
1794:from the original on October 25, 2018
1400:
893:to residents for travel purposes and
702:144, and Hong Kong residents to 170.
611:, which subsequently established the
442:British nationality law and Hong Kong
3980:
3771:from the original on August 31, 2019
3729:
3646:Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Guoji Fa (
3381:
3344:
3294:
3157:
2859:
2830:
2784:
2697:
1695:
1680:
1412:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1050:
1044:
1032:
1023:
916:, and may vote in elections for the
799:People's Republic of China passports
558:British Nationality Selection Scheme
7013:Major Historical and Cultural Sites
3880:from the original on March 27, 2018
3852:from the original on March 15, 2019
3810:
3384:Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
3071:from the original on August 8, 2017
2097:from the original on April 24, 2020
2059:
1993:from the original on March 10, 2020
1823:from the original on March 10, 2020
1758:from the original on March 13, 2020
1752:National Immigration Administration
1449:1996 Hong Kong Population By-Census
665:National Immigration Administration
623:Acquisition and loss of nationality
301:While Chinese law makes possessing
104:Nationality Act (Republic of China)
13:
6151:
5389:
3837:
3703:Carney, John (December 16, 2012).
3681:Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Xianfa (
3174:from the original on April 8, 2020
2586:
2497:from the original on March 8, 2021
1596:Community Legal Information Centre
651:as Chinese nationals if they have
182:Zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó guójí fǎ
14:
7413:
6308:Political Consultative Conference
3937:from the original on July 1, 2020
3908:from the original on May 14, 2018
3798:from the original on May 23, 2020
3145:from the original on July 8, 2021
3112:from the original on July 8, 2021
2876:from the original on July 9, 2020
2847:from the original on July 9, 2020
2529:from the original on July 8, 2021
2351:Borger, Julian (April 18, 2023).
790:they did not cancel as required.
705:
531:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration
7379:
7367:
7094:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
7089:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
5342:
5341:
4063:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3784:Fraser, Niall (April 24, 2018).
3695:
3445:from the original on May 2, 2019
3199:Census and Statistics Department
2801:from the original on May 7, 2021
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2548:Immigration Ordinance Section 2A
1518:Government of the United Kingdom
934:Household registration in Taiwan
918:Legislative Council of Hong Kong
514:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
7084:Four Paragons of the Early Tang
6281:Political parties and movements
5645:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
5630:Northern and Southern dynasties
5208:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
3604:(Law 3) (in Portuguese). 2001.
3547:(Law 8) (in Portuguese). 1999.
2999:China: An International Journal
2973:. June 27, 2016. Archived from
2895:Community Mental Health Journal
2735:
2667:
2655:
2619:
2592:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2509:
2477:
2465:
2432:
2378:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1889:
1877:
1862:
1847:
1835:
1770:
1728:
1701:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1606:
1584:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
393:
339:was forced through a series of
202:
5045:Federated States of Micronesia
4409:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
3811:Lam, Jeffie (April 16, 2017).
3730:Chan, KG (November 12, 2019).
3523:
3500:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.014
2746:A Concise History of Hong Kong
1121:
1109:
1097:
1038:
998:
860:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
822:arbitrary arrest and detention
577:Territory controlled by Taiwan
492:Sino-British Joint Declaration
483:negotiated a further expansion
477:by the Qing dynasty after the
436:Special administrative regions
314:
296:special administrative regions
181:
151:
137:
74:5th National People's Congress
1:
3838:Su, Xinqi (August 16, 2018).
3429:10.1017/CHOL9780521243339.009
3221:Mendes, Carmen Amado (2013).
1817:"Application for Nationality"
987:
960:Visa policy of mainland China
922:Legislative Assembly of Macau
906:Macau Resident Identity Cards
661:special administrative region
496:special administrative region
485:of the colony to include the
6386:Ministry of National Defense
5725:Chinese Communist Revolution
5326:British Overseas Territories
2971:Electoral Affairs Commission
2749:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1143:Clayton, Cathryn H. (2010).
992:
565:while in Chinese territory.
550:British Nationals (Overseas)
520:in 1999. Following the 1974
465:and was expanded to include
7:
7049:Flowers of the Four Seasons
7034:Four Treasures of the Study
6653:Water supply and sanitation
6381:Central Military Commission
6376:Outline of military history
6126:Province-level subdivisions
5196:Renunciation of citizenship
3479:Zhang, J.J. (August 2013).
3125:Lubman, Stanley B. (1999).
1425:Sit, Cremer & Wong 1991
953:
880:Right of abode in Hong Kong
546:British Dependent Territory
325:renunciation of citizenship
10:
7418:
6322:Primary stage of socialism
6264:National People's Congress
5732:People's Republic of China
3421:Cambridge University Press
3396:10.1177/011719681102000203
3266:Hong Kong University Press
3229:Hong Kong University Press
2730:
2278:Chou, Wong & Chow 2010
2200:Habicht & Richter 2022
2188:Habicht & Richter 2022
2176:Habicht & Richter 2022
2036:Habicht & Richter 2022
2024:Habicht & Richter 2022
942:for short-term travel and
931:
877:
709:
613:People's Republic of China
580:
446:Portuguese nationality law
439:
429:National People's Congress
309:
247:People's Republic of China
55:People's Republic of China
45:National People's Congress
17:
7319:
7287:
7205:
7126:
6906:
6712:
6703:
6661:
6621:
6463:
6454:
6366:
6217:
6147:
6138:
6101:
6072:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
6027:
5961:
5870:
5808:
5780:
5771:
5700:
5578:
5526:
5486:
5410:
5401:
5321:
5295:
5237:
5178:
5131:
5032:
4922:
4749:
4742:
4511:
4436:
4293:
4286:
3995:
3988:
3195:1996 Population By-Census
3158:Luke, Frances M. (2000).
3096:10.4324/9780203100387.ch3
3032:10.1017/S0009443902000086
2908:10.1007/s10597-010-9333-1
927:
847:those which Yuan Yang of
745:; individuals with rural
583:Taiwanese nationality law
232:
218:
213:
195:
188:
174:
167:
162:
158:
144:
130:
126:
121:
109:
102:
97:
87:
79:
69:
50:
43:
34:
29:
20:Taiwanese nationality law
7247:Catholic Church in China
6391:People's Liberation Army
6358:One country, two systems
4043:Central African Republic
3845:South China Morning Post
3818:South China Morning Post
3791:South China Morning Post
3710:South China Morning Post
1575:South China Morning Post
1151:Harvard University Press
765:. Changing from a rural
132:Traditional Chinese
7402:Chinese nationality law
7079:Four Pillars of Destiny
6864:Regional discrimination
6286:Chinese Communist Party
5141:Commonwealth of Nations
3411:Wills, John E. (1998).
3297:Twentieth-Century China
2085:"Henley Passport Index"
1901:Government of Hong Kong
940:Mainland Travel Permits
884:Right of abode in Macau
835:extraordinary rendition
795:Resident Identity Cards
689:Rights and restrictions
427:in the 1950s. When the
253:on September 10, 1980.
239:Chinese nationality law
146:Simplified Chinese
6832:Science and technology
6505:Special economic zones
5757:persecution of Uyghurs
5685:Century of humiliation
4955:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2860:Chiu, Hungdah (1990).
2831:Chiu, Hungdah (1982).
2785:Chen, Tung-Pi (1984).
2743:Carroll, John (2007).
2634:Immigration Department
2253:Immigration Department
1958:Immigration Department
1785:Immigration Department
948:household registration
811:public security bureau
801:, and able to vote in
729:system that regulates
727:household registration
669:Immigration Department
601:Nationalist government
542:Portuguese citizenship
290:in mainland China and
225:
7039:Four Great Inventions
6423:People's Armed Police
5338:Partially recognized.
4203:São Tomé and Príncipe
3904:. November 19, 2016.
3197:(Report). Hong Kong:
2969:(Report). Hong Kong:
2525:. February 27, 2020.
2493:. February 25, 2021.
2472:Chen & Cohen 2018
2339:Chen & Cohen 2018
2290:Chen & Cohen 2018
1461:Hook & Neves 2002
1367:, pp. 16, 21–24.
759:unemployment benefits
716:Human rights in China
303:multiple citizenships
7018:World Heritage Sites
6546:Foreign aid received
6254:Environmental policy
6052:Environmental policy
6047:Environmental issues
5277:Second-class citizen
5250:Multiple citizenship
4719:United Arab Emirates
4353:(Kingdom of Denmark)
3423:. pp. 333–375.
2980:on November 22, 2018
2048:Wan & Cheng 2014
1657:Lien & Chen 2013
1645:Lien & Chen 2013
1577:. February 9, 2021.
1391:, pp. 178, 181.
522:Carnation Revolution
457:from 1842 until its
408:Communist Revolution
7264:History of religion
7259:Freedom of religion
7114:Four Pests campaign
7059:Four Classic Novels
6671:Automotive industry
6551:Foreign aid program
6242:Pro-democratisation
5737:Cultural Revolution
5267:Permanent residency
5186:Loss of citizenship
5161:Caribbean Community
4414:Trinidad and Tobago
4399:St. Kitts and Nevis
4301:Antigua and Barbuda
3020:The China Quarterly
2164:Chen & Fan 2016
2152:Chen & Fan 2016
2140:Chen & Fan 2016
2128:Chen & Fan 2016
2116:Tang & Hao 2018
1683:, pp. 170–171.
1621:Legislative Council
1415:, pp. 723–724.
1403:, pp. 342–344.
1276:, pp. 467–468.
1192:, pp. 407–408.
891:Home Return Permits
874:Hong Kong and Macau
797:, eligible to hold
695:freedom of movement
563:consular assistance
554:British citizenship
506:Kingdom of Portugal
471:Stonecutters Island
383:extraterritoriality
360:as Dutch citizens.
98:Related legislation
7171:Population history
7151:Internal migration
6766:Harmonious Society
6641:Telecommunications
6598:Standard of living
6517:Online advertising
6269:Standing Committee
4341:Dominican Republic
3309:10.1353/tcc.0.0019
2424:has generic name (
763:subsidized housing
731:internal migration
387:foreign concession
93:September 10, 1980
83:September 10, 1980
51:Territorial extent
7355:
7354:
7315:
7314:
7122:
7121:
6699:
6698:
6686:Shipping industry
6450:
6449:
6416:Strategic Support
6291:General Secretary
6276:National security
6259:Foreign relations
6213:
6212:
6134:
6133:
6097:
6096:
5800:Natural disasters
5767:
5766:
5720:Chinese Civil War
5715:Republic of China
5690:Taiping Rebellion
5563:Spring and Autumn
5468:Foreign relations
5357:
5356:
5331:Open border with
5174:
5173:
5028:
5027:
4507:
4506:
4427:US Virgin Islands
4354:
4078:Equatorial Guinea
3438:978-0-521-24333-9
3238:978-988-8139-00-2
3201:. December 1996.
3138:978-0-804-74378-5
3105:978-0-415-60056-9
2756:978-0-7425-3422-3
2636:. February 2018.
2202:, pp. 39–40.
2166:, pp. 20–21.
2154:, pp. 12–13.
2130:, pp. 11–12.
2038:, pp. 40–42.
2026:, pp. 36–37.
1854:"The upper Han",
1659:, pp. 43–44.
1439:, pp. 7, 32.
1180:, pp. 10–11.
1130:, pp. 13–14.
944:Residence Permits
895:Residence Permits
809:from their local
605:retreat to Taiwan
597:Chinese Civil War
589:Republic of China
552:or acquired full
526:overseas province
518:returned to China
467:Kowloon Peninsula
459:transfer to China
358:Dutch East Indies
262:Republic of China
236:
235:
209:
208:
169:Standard Mandarin
117:
116:
7409:
7384:
7383:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7363:
7335:
7328:
7225:Tibetan Buddhism
7220:Chinese Buddhism
7074:Four Holy Beasts
7024:
7023:
6876:Social relations
6805:Standard Chinese
6800:Chinese language
6710:
6709:
6495:Economic history
6461:
6460:
6440:Maritime Militia
6149:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6116:Border crossings
6111:Baseline islands
5806:
5805:
5778:
5777:
5742:Tiananmen Square
5625:Sixteen Kingdoms
5433:Military history
5408:
5407:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5345:
5344:
5191:Denaturalization
5080:Papua New Guinea
5065:Marshall Islands
4747:
4746:
4352:
4291:
4290:
3993:
3992:
3982:Nationality laws
3975:
3968:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3926:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3897:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3869:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3690:
3677:
3668:
3655:
3642:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3603:
3592:
3578:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3546:
3535:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3485:
3475:
3460:The China Review
3454:
3452:
3450:
3407:
3378:
3341:
3326:The China Review
3320:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3063:
3051:
3014:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2968:
2959:
2930:
2920:
2910:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2827:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2781:
2766:The China Review
2760:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2664:, pp. 9–11.
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2631:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1903:. May 10, 2019.
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1515:
1507:
1498:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1010:Imprensa Oficial
1002:
803:direct elections
755:public education
653:immediate family
463:Hong Kong Island
400:Republican China
379:dual nationality
368:overseas Chinese
341:unequal treaties
284:, determined by
228:
205:
204:
184:
183:
160:
159:
154:
153:
140:
139:
119:
118:
39:
27:
26:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7378:
7368:
7366:
7358:
7356:
7351:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7311:
7283:
7201:
7161:Life expectancy
7118:
7022:
6902:
6822:Public holidays
6810:Written Chinese
6795:Intellectualism
6747:Sex trafficking
6695:
6657:
6617:
6446:
6362:
6209:
6200:Nationality law
6183:Law enforcement
6161:Judicial system
6130:
6093:
6067:Nature reserves
6057:Protected areas
6023:
5994:Water resources
5957:
5866:
5804:
5763:
5747:Economic reform
5710:1911 Revolution
5696:
5660:Jin (1115–1234)
5574:
5522:
5482:
5397:
5388:
5358:
5353:
5317:
5291:
5272:Right of return
5233:
5170:
5133:
5127:
5090:Solomon Islands
5024:
4990:Northern Cyprus
4985:North Macedonia
4918:
4753:
4738:
4503:
4432:
4282:
3984:
3979:
3949:
3940:
3938:
3911:
3909:
3895:"The upper Han"
3883:
3881:
3876:. May 5, 2011.
3855:
3853:
3828:
3826:
3801:
3799:
3774:
3772:
3747:
3745:
3720:
3718:
3698:
3693:
3635:臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例
3614:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3596:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3539:
3526:
3521:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3483:
3448:
3446:
3439:
3419:. Vol. 2.
3359:10.2307/2186620
3285:
3283:
3276:
3248:
3246:
3239:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3190:
3177:
3175:
3148:
3146:
3139:
3115:
3113:
3106:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3061:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2966:
2879:
2877:
2850:
2848:
2804:
2802:
2757:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2710:Everington 2017
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2522:Financial Times
2515:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2474:, pp. 2–3.
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2349:
2345:
2341:, pp. 8–9.
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1867:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1625:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:, pp. 8–9.
1200:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1081:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
956:
936:
930:
908:, able to hold
886:
876:
850:Financial Times
826:arrest warrants
815:One-way Permits
807:Two-way Permits
718:
708:
691:
647:Foreigners may
625:
609:Communist Party
591:(ROC) governed
585:
579:
556:as part of the
487:New Territories
448:
438:
396:
317:
312:
251:came into force
214:Portuguese name
70:Enacted by
23:
12:
11:
5:
7415:
7405:
7404:
7389:
7388:
7376:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7349:
7344:
7337:
7336:
7329:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7211:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7180:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7132:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7044:Four Gentlemen
7041:
7036:
7030:
7028:
7027:Fours of China
7021:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6964:
6963:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6912:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6846:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6797:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6768:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6676:Civil aviation
6673:
6667:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6625:
6623:
6622:Infrastructure
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6576:Semiconductors
6573:
6568:
6558:
6556:Historical GDP
6553:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6492:
6487:
6486:
6485:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6334:Vice President
6326:
6325:
6324:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6278:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6234:
6229:
6223:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6062:National parks
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6042:Climate policy
6039:
6037:Climate change
6033:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5943:Central Plains
5932:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5790:Extreme points
5787:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5598:Three Kingdoms
5595:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5568:Warring States
5565:
5560:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5428:Historiography
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5387:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5339:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:Naturalization
5200:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5156:Nordic Council
5153:
5148:
5146:European Union
5143:
5137:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5109:American Samoa
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5020:United Kingdom
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4923:Rest of Europe
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4789:Czech Republic
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4751:European Union
4744:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4268:Western Sahara
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4058:Congo Republic
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3948:
3947:
3918:
3890:
3862:
3835:
3808:
3781:
3754:
3727:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3678:
3669:
3656:
3643:
3630:
3622:
3593:
3579:
3565:
3536:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3476:
3455:
3437:
3408:
3390:(2): 169–194.
3379:
3353:(2): 404–411.
3342:
3321:
3292:
3274:
3255:
3237:
3218:
3184:
3170:(3): 717–756.
3155:
3137:
3122:
3104:
3081:
3052:
3026:(1): 108–135.
3015:
2990:
2960:
2948:10.2307/839726
2942:(3): 459–498.
2931:
2901:(5): 560–567.
2886:
2857:
2828:
2811:
2797:(2): 281–340.
2782:
2761:
2755:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2688:, p. 105.
2678:
2666:
2654:
2618:
2603:
2591:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2508:
2490:Foreign Policy
2476:
2464:
2431:
2377:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1978:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1888:
1876:
1861:
1846:
1834:
1805:
1787:. March 2015.
1769:
1739:
1727:
1725:, p. 474.
1723:Ginsburgs 1982
1712:
1700:
1698:, p. 316.
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1605:
1583:
1562:
1550:
1548:, p. 192.
1538:
1499:
1482:
1465:
1463:, p. 119.
1453:
1441:
1429:
1427:, p. 175.
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1343:, p. 485.
1341:Ginsburgs 1982
1333:
1331:, p. 459.
1329:Ginsburgs 1982
1321:
1278:
1274:Ginsburgs 1982
1266:
1264:, p. 461.
1262:Ginsburgs 1982
1254:
1252:, p. 471.
1250:Ginsburgs 1982
1242:
1240:, p. 460.
1238:Ginsburgs 1982
1230:
1228:, p. 122.
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1164:978-0674035454
1163:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1079:
1064:
1049:
1037:
1022:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
984:
970:
955:
952:
929:
926:
875:
872:
843:Foreign Policy
739:social welfare
707:
706:Mainland China
704:
690:
687:
657:mainland China
638:right of abode
624:
621:
603:was forced to
593:mainland China
578:
575:
475:United Kingdom
455:British colony
437:
434:
412:Mainland China
395:
392:
352:passed in the
329:naturalization
316:
313:
311:
308:
292:right of abode
269:mainland China
234:
233:
230:
229:
222:
216:
215:
211:
210:
207:
206:
199:
193:
192:
190:Yue: Cantonese
186:
185:
178:
172:
171:
165:
164:
163:Transcriptions
156:
155:
148:
142:
141:
134:
128:
127:
124:
123:
115:
114:
107:
106:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
52:
48:
47:
41:
40:
32:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7414:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7375:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7252:Protestantism
7250:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7237:Folk religion
7235:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7141:Ethnic groups
7139:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7054:Four Beauties
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6893:Urban society
6891:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6849:Social issues
6847:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6827:Rural society
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6727:Chinese Dream
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6692:
6691:Space program
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6341:State Council
6339:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6227:Civil service
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5833:South Central
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5620:Jin (266–420)
5618:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5463:Ethnic groups
5461:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5380:
5378:
5373:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5350:
5349:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5333:Schengen Area
5330:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5282:Statelessness
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5214:Ius sanguinis
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5166:African Union
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:organizations
5132:International
5130:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5105:United States
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4849:Liechtenstein
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4756:Schengen Area
4752:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
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4428:
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4419:United States
4417:
4415:
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4407:
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4400:
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4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:Guinea-Bissau
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
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4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3901:The Economist
3896:
3891:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3873:The Economist
3868:
3863:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3696:News articles
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3674:中华人民共和国居民身份证法
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3607:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3281:
3277:
3275:962-209-206-3
3271:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3256:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3185:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3067:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2639:
2635:
2632:. Hong Kong:
2628:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:The Economist
2441:
2435:
2427:
2415:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2329:, Article 37.
2328:
2323:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2258:
2254:
2251:. Hong Kong:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2190:, p. 39.
2189:
2184:
2178:, p. 38.
2177:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2142:, p. 12.
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2118:, p. 12.
2117:
2112:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1963:
1960:. June 2014.
1959:
1956:. Hong Kong:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1871:The Economist
1865:
1858:
1857:
1856:The Economist
1850:
1843:
1838:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1790:
1786:
1783:. Hong Kong:
1779:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1647:, p. 42.
1646:
1641:
1634:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1560:, p. 57.
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1379:, p. 67.
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1106:, p. 19.
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1011:
1007:
1001:
997:
982:
978:
974:
971:
969:
965:
961:
958:
957:
951:
949:
945:
941:
935:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
885:
881:
871:
869:
868:jus sanguinis
865:
864:Jus sanguinis
861:
856:
852:
851:
845:
844:
838:
836:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
784:
780:
775:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:
717:
713:
703:
700:
696:
686:
682:
678:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
584:
574:
571:
566:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
497:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
364:
363:Jus sanguinis
359:
355:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:Customary law
307:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
231:
227:
223:
221:
217:
212:
200:
198:
194:
191:
187:
179:
177:
173:
170:
166:
161:
157:
149:
147:
143:
135:
133:
129:
125:
120:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
33:
28:
25:
21:
16:
7242:Christianity
7232:Confucianism
7192:Urbanization
7128:Demographics
7104:Gang of Four
7069:Four Symbols
6968:Martial arts
6742:Prostitution
6629:Architecture
6483:Central bank
6351:Vice Premier
6303:United front
6232:Constitution
6188:Penal system
6166:Human rights
6103:Subdivisions
5941: /
5937: /
5860:Southwestern
5855:Northwestern
5558:Western Zhou
5506:Yellow River
5456:1949–present
5347:
5313:Soviet Union
5308:Ancient Rome
5303:Nazi Germany
5229:Repatriation
5219:
5212:
5179:By procedure
4714:Turkmenistan
4669:Saudi Arabia
4548:
4233:South Africa
4218:Sierra Leone
4023:Burkina Faso
3989:By continent
3939:. Retrieved
3930:The Guardian
3928:
3910:. Retrieved
3899:
3882:. Retrieved
3871:
3854:. Retrieved
3843:
3827:. Retrieved
3816:
3800:. Retrieved
3789:
3773:. Retrieved
3762:
3746:. Retrieved
3735:
3719:. Retrieved
3708:
3613:. Retrieved
3556:. Retrieved
3511:. Retrieved
3491:
3487:
3463:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3416:
3387:
3383:
3350:
3346:
3332:(1): 11–33.
3329:
3325:
3300:
3296:
3284:. Retrieved
3260:
3247:. Retrieved
3223:
3210:. Retrieved
3194:
3176:. Retrieved
3167:
3163:
3147:. Retrieved
3127:
3114:. Retrieved
3086:
3073:. Retrieved
3057:
3023:
3019:
3005:(1): 24–45.
3002:
2998:
2982:. Retrieved
2975:the original
2939:
2935:
2898:
2894:
2878:. Retrieved
2869:
2865:
2849:. Retrieved
2840:
2836:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2794:
2790:
2769:
2765:
2745:
2736:Publications
2724:Article 9-1.
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2676:, Article 2.
2669:
2657:
2645:. Retrieved
2621:
2594:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2520:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2488:
2479:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2443:
2434:
2422:|last2=
2402:. Retrieved
2391:The Guardian
2390:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2357:The Guardian
2356:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:
2297:
2292:, p. 4.
2285:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2243:
2238:, p. 3.
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1891:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1796:. Retrieved
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1742:
1730:
1703:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1631:
1626:February 12,
1624:. Retrieved
1620:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1553:
1546:Carroll 2007
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1389:Carroll 2007
1384:
1377:Carroll 2007
1372:
1365:Carroll 2007
1360:
1355:, p. 1.
1353:Carroll 2007
1348:
1336:
1324:
1297:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1216:, p. 4.
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1144:
1123:
1118:, p. 5.
1111:
1099:
1094:, p. 8.
1077:, p. 5.
1062:, p. 3.
1047:, p. 7.
1040:
1035:, p. 9.
1015:February 12,
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
977:of Hong Kong
937:
899:
887:
867:
848:
841:
839:
819:
792:
787:
782:
778:
776:
771:
766:
746:
742:
734:
720:
719:
692:
683:
679:
646:
626:
586:
567:
535:
510:Ming dynasty
500:
449:
397:
394:Modern China
376:
361:
345:
337:Qing dynasty
318:
300:
285:
266:
255:
238:
237:
176:Hanyu Pinyin
110:
24:
15:
7008:Variety art
7003:Tea culture
6931:Calligraphy
6916:Archaeology
6776:Food safety
6571:Gold mining
6473:Aquaculture
6468:Agriculture
6428:Coast Guard
6195:Naming laws
6029:Environment
6017:South China
5496:Paleolithic
5488:Prehistoric
5446:before 1912
5287:Travel visa
5245:Citizenship
5070:New Zealand
4914:Switzerland
4869:Netherlands
4679:South Korea
4659:Philippines
4639:North Korea
4519:Afghanistan
4423:Puerto Rico
4346:El Salvador
4238:South Sudan
4123:Ivory Coast
3856:January 11,
3764:Taiwan News
3524:Legislation
3466:(1): 1–27.
3303:(1): 4–28.
3188:Main Report
2872:(3): 2–34.
2843:(1): 1–32.
2772:(3): 9–39.
2647:December 2,
2263:January 18,
2072:Fraser 2018
2014:Article 13.
1928:Article 11.
1884:Carney 2012
1748:"加入中国国籍申请表"
1737:Article 10.
1671:, Preamble.
1558:Mendes 2013
1437:Mendes 2013
1226:Lubman 1999
674:2010 census
617:Taiwan Area
354:Netherlands
315:Qing policy
294:in the two
258:Taiwan Area
243:nationality
57:(including
7269:Irreligion
7166:Statistics
7136:Emigration
7099:Four Wangs
6988:Philosophy
6973:Mass media
6956:Literature
6854:Patriarchy
6817:Propaganda
6737:Corruption
6722:Censorship
6512:E-commerce
6219:Government
6012:East China
5984:Waterfalls
5930:Peninsulas
5898:Grasslands
5000:San Marino
4980:Montenegro
4945:Azerbaijan
4859:Luxembourg
4724:Uzbekistan
4694:Tajikistan
4599:Kyrgyzstan
4594:Kazakhstan
4554:East Timor
4529:Bangladesh
4351:Greenland
4326:Costa Rica
4228:Somaliland
4213:Seychelles
4178:Mozambique
4163:Mauritania
4148:Madagascar
4103:The Gambia
4038:Cape Verde
3884:August 31,
3737:Asia Times
3661:中华人民共和国护照法
3648:中华人民共和国国籍法
3513:August 30,
3494:: 94–101.
2686:Zhang 2013
2616:Article 7.
2572:Leung 2013
2562:Article 2.
2236:Zhang 2017
1940:Article 9.
1844:Article 8.
1710:Article 1.
1531:January 8,
1401:Wills 1998
1153:. p.
988:References
932:See also:
878:See also:
855:Gui Minhai
830:dissidents
751:healthcare
710:See also:
649:naturalize
581:See also:
481:. Britain
479:Opium Wars
440:See also:
404:Kuomintang
372:allegiance
220:Portuguese
152:中华人民共和国国籍法
138:中華人民共和國國籍法
7156:Languages
7109:Four Olds
7064:Four arts
6951:Libraries
6881:Structure
6844:Sexuality
6781:incidents
6754:Education
6663:Transport
6539:Renewable
6534:Petroleum
6329:President
6296:Politburo
6249:Elections
6237:Democracy
6205:Terrorism
5953:Volcanoes
5935:Northeast
5913:Mountains
5823:Northeast
5773:Geography
5680:High Qing
5501:Neolithic
5473:Dynasties
5451:1912–1949
5442:Economic
5411:Overviews
5238:By result
5040:Australia
4854:Lithuania
4684:Sri Lanka
4674:Singapore
4654:Palestine
4564:Indonesia
4499:Venezuela
4444:Argentina
4404:St. Lucia
4389:Nicaragua
4364:Guatemala
4168:Mauritius
3941:April 26,
3912:April 26,
3829:April 26,
3802:April 26,
3721:April 26,
3683:中华人民共和国宪法
3615:April 26,
3558:April 23,
3533:§ 2A
3449:April 21,
3404:154392942
3375:147222132
3317:201771890
3286:April 21,
3249:April 21,
3212:April 20,
3178:April 21,
3149:April 21,
3116:April 21,
3048:154934120
3011:247620197
2984:April 26,
2880:April 21,
2851:April 21,
2805:April 21,
2698:Chan 2019
2452:0013-0613
2414:cite news
2399:0261-3077
2365:0261-3077
2101:April 26,
1997:April 26,
1971:April 26,
1911:April 26,
1827:April 26,
1798:April 26,
1762:April 26,
1696:Chen 1984
1681:Wang 2011
1413:Luke 2000
1299:April 11,
1214:Chiu 1982
1202:Chiu 1990
1190:Tsai 1910
1178:Shao 2009
1128:Shao 2009
1116:Chiu 1990
1104:Shao 2009
1092:Chiu 1990
1075:Shao 2009
1060:Chiu 1990
1045:Chiu 1990
1033:Shao 2009
993:Citations
964:Hong Kong
902:Hong Kong
630:Hong Kong
451:Hong Kong
417:Indonesia
349:stateless
282:domiciled
273:Hong Kong
267:Although
89:Effective
59:Hong Kong
7396:Category
7342:Category
7215:Buddhism
7207:Religion
7184:Post-90s
7177:Post-80s
6921:Archives
6788:HIV/AIDS
6759:Literacy
6717:Abortion
6646:Internet
6603:Taxation
6586:Textiles
6566:Chemical
6561:Industry
6490:Currency
6368:Military
6176:in Tibet
6140:Politics
6077:Wildlife
5989:Wetlands
5752:COVID-19
5580:Imperial
5478:Monarchs
5438:Language
5423:Timeline
5395:articles
5348:Category
5260:Internal
5255:Passport
5221:Ius soli
5151:Mercosur
5060:Kiribati
4899:Slovenia
4894:Slovakia
4884:Portugal
4774:Bulgaria
4704:Thailand
4649:Pakistan
4624:Mongolia
4619:Malaysia
4544:Cambodia
4489:Suriname
4479:Paraguay
4464:Colombia
4374:Honduras
4336:Dominica
4311:Barbados
4287:Americas
4278:Zimbabwe
4248:Tanzania
4093:Ethiopia
4088:Eswatini
4068:Djibouti
4033:Cameroon
4018:Botswana
3935:Archived
3906:Archived
3878:Archived
3850:Archived
3823:Archived
3796:Archived
3769:Archived
3742:Archived
3715:Archived
3627:§ 3
3606:Archived
3549:Archived
3504:Archived
3488:Geoforum
3472:44160407
3443:Archived
3338:26435632
3280:Archived
3243:Archived
3203:Archived
3172:Archived
3143:Archived
3110:Archived
3075:March 7,
3066:Archived
2927:20607606
2874:Archived
2845:Archived
2799:Archived
2778:43974667
2638:Archived
2533:March 8,
2527:Archived
2501:March 7,
2495:Archived
2307:SBS News
2257:Archived
2092:Archived
2060:Lam 2017
1991:Archived
1962:Archived
1905:Archived
1821:Archived
1789:Archived
1756:Archived
1522:Archived
1451:, p. 31.
1309:cite web
954:See also
425:Mongolia
197:Jyutping
113:In force
7360:Portals
7326:Outline
7289:Symbols
7146:Eunuchs
6993:Smoking
6941:Cuisine
6908:Culture
6898:Welfare
6869:Suicide
6837:history
6705:Society
6634:Housing
6608:Tourism
6593:Poverty
6478:Banking
6456:Economy
6435:Militia
6346:Premier
5948:Valleys
5908:Islands
5893:Deserts
5883:Canyons
5871:Terrain
5850:Western
5838:Central
5810:Regions
5795:Geology
5785:Borders
5528:Ancient
5511:Yangtze
5418:History
5403:History
5296:Defunct
5123:Vanuatu
5033:Oceania
5015:Ukraine
4970:Moldova
4960:Georgia
4950:Belarus
4940:Andorra
4935:Armenia
4930:Albania
4889:Romania
4834:Ireland
4829:Iceland
4824:Hungary
4814:Germany
4804:Finland
4799:Estonia
4794:Denmark
4779:Croatia
4769:Belgium
4764:Austria
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4629:Myanmar
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4494:Uruguay
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327:or the
310:History
264:(ROC).
245:of the
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7347:Portal
7302:Emblem
7297:Anthem
7279:Taoism
6961:Poetry
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6771:Health
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5702:Modern
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4809:France
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516:, but
453:was a
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7374:China
7333:Index
7274:Islam
7197:Women
6998:Sport
6983:Names
6978:Music
6946:Dance
6732:Crime
6613:Trade
6581:Steel
6087:Flora
6082:Fauna
6002:Bohai
5998:Seas
5974:Lakes
5962:Water
5939:North
5903:Hills
5888:Caves
5843:South
5828:North
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5391:China
5095:Tonga
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4459:Chile
4437:South
4369:Haiti
4294:North
4243:Sudan
4188:Niger
4143:Libya
4128:Kenya
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4098:Gabon
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4013:Benin
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3943:2020
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3886:2020
3858:2019
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