Christology - Knowledge

2146: 33: 3606:, and had to use a new set of terms, images, and ideas in order to deal with them. The existing terms and structures which were available to them were often insufficient to express these religious concepts, and taken together, these new forms of discourse led to the beginnings of Christology as an attempt to understand, explain, and discuss their understanding of the nature of Christ. Early Jewish Christians had to explain their concepts to a Hellenistic audience which had been influenced by Greek philosophy, presenting arguments that at times resonated with, and at times confronted, the beliefs of that audience. This is exemplified by the 3385:

take a more functional approach and look at how Jesus acts or is said to act in the New Testament as the basis for configuring beliefs about him. It is possible to explore Jesus as a historical figure (i.e., Christology from below), or to examine theological claims made about Jesus (i.e., Christology from above). Many scholars prefer a socio-religious method by comparing beliefs about Jesus with beliefs in other religions to identify shared sources and similar ideas. Theologians often take a more philosophical approach and look at Jesus' "ontology" or "being" and debate how best to describe his divine and human natures."

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the highest Christology of the later New Testament writings (e.g. Gospel of John) and the creedal formulations of the early church fathers, with their explicit affirmations of the pre-existence and ontological divinity of Christ, are not so much a development in essence but a development in understanding and explication of what was already there at the beginning of the Christian movement. As Bauckham (2008a, x) memorably puts it, 'The earliest Christology was already the highest Christology.' Many proponents of this group of theories have been labelled together as 'the New

2227:" later developed in the Gospel of John, elaborating the cosmic implications of Jesus' existence as the Son of God: "Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation. The old has passed away; behold, the new has come." Paul writes that Christ came to draw all back to God: "Through him God was pleased to reconcile to himself all things, whether on earth or in heaven" (Colossians 1:20); in the same epistle, he writes that "He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation" (Colossians 1:15). 2518: 2746: 2697: 72: 12268: 11488: 2236: 704: 11477: 1763:, also called "forensic theory" and "vicarious punishment", which was a development by the Reformers of Anselm's satisfaction theory. Instead of considering sin as an affront to God's honour, it sees sin as the breaking of God's moral law. Penal substitution sees sinful man as being subject to God's wrath, with the essence of Jesus' saving work being his substitution in the sinner's place, bearing the curse in the place of man. 10276: 764: 2071:, this "incarnation Christology" or "high Christology" did not evolve over a longer time, but was a "big bang" of ideas which were already present at the start of Christianity, and took further shape in the first few decades of the church, as witnessed in the writings of Paul. Some 'Early High Christology' proponents scholars argue that this "high Christology" may go back to Jesus himself. 2041:. According to Bousset, this "high Christology" developed at the time of Paul's writing, under the influence of Gentile Christians, who brought their pagan Hellenistic traditions to the early Christian communities, introducing divine honours to Jesus. According to Casey and Dunn, this "high Christology" developed after the time of Paul, at the end of the first century CE when the 3718:

place. The earliest centre of Christianity was the twelve apostles in Jerusalem. Paul himself consulted and sought guidance from the Christian leaders in Jerusalem (Galatians 2:1–2; Acts 9:26–28, 15:2). "What was common to the whole Christian movement derived from Jerusalem, not from Paul, and Paul himself derived the central message he preached from the Jerusalem apostles."

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as witnessed in the Gospels, with the earliest Christians believing that Jesus was a human who was exalted, or else adopted as God's Son, when he was resurrected. Later beliefs shifted the exaltation to his baptism, birth, and subsequently to the idea of his pre-existence, as witnessed in the Gospel of John. This "evolutionary model" was proposed by proponents of the

2283:, usually translated as "Word", along with his pre-existence, and they emphasize the cosmic significance of Christ, e.g.: "All things were made through him, and without him was not any thing made that was made." In the context of these verses, the Word made flesh is identical with the Word who was in the beginning with God, being exegetically equated with Jesus. 3137:) expressed this sentiment about Roman Catholic Mariology when in two separate occasions he stated, "The appearance of a truly Marian awareness serves as the touchstone indicating whether or not the christological substance is fully present" and "It is necessary to go back to Mary, if we want to return to the truth about Jesus Christ." 2982:

provides a key to the "Emmanuel Christology" of Matthew. Beginning with 1:23, the Gospel of Matthew shows a clear interest in identifying Jesus as "God with us" and in later developing the Emmanuel characterization of Jesus at key points throughout the rest of the Gospel. The name 'Emmanuel' does not

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Until the middle of the 2nd century, such terms emphasized two themes: that of Jesus as a preexistent figure who becomes human and then returns to God and that of Jesus as a creature elected and "adopted" by God. The first theme makes use of concepts drawn from Classical antiquity, whereas the second

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the view of the primitive Palestinian Christian community. The recognition of Jesus as truly divine was not a significant development from the views of the primitive Palestine community; rather, it 'exploded' right at the beginning of Christianity. The proponents of the Explosion view would say that

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impacted the Christological issues about his person from the earliest days of Christianity. Luke's Christology centers on the dialectics of the dual natures of the earthly and heavenly manifestations of existence of the Christ, while Matthew's Christology focuses on the mission of Jesus and his role

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points out that arguments over the claims of Jesus regarding divinity have been passed over by more recent scholarship, which sees a more complex understanding of the idea of God in first century Judaism. However, Andrew Loke argues that if Jesus did not claim and show himself to be truly divine and

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The "low Christology" or "adoptionist Christology" is the belief "that God exalted Jesus to be his Son by raising him from the dead", thereby raising him to "divine status". According to the "evolutionary model" or evolutionary theories, the Christological understanding of Jesus developed over time,

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No longer is John an independent preacher. He is but a voice, or, to change the figure, a finger pointing to Jesus. The baptism story is not told, although it is referred to (John 1:32f). But the baptism of Jesus is deprived of any significance for Jesus – not surprising since the latter has just

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Bird, Evans & Gathercole (2014): "There are, of course, many different ways of doing Christology. Some scholars study Christology by focusing on the major titles applied to Jesus in the New Testament, such as "Son of Man", "Son of God", "Messiah", "Lord", "Prince", "Word", and the like. Others

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Matt Stefon, Hans J. Hillerbrand (Encyclopedia Britannica): "Christology, Christian reflection, teaching, and doctrine concerning Jesus of Nazareth. Christology is the part of theology that is concerned with the nature and work of Jesus, including such matters as the Incarnation, the Resurrection,

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Grillmeier: "The most urgent task of a contemporary Christology is to formulate the Church's dogma – 'God became man and that God-made-man is the individual Jesus Christ' – in such a way that the true meaning of these statements can be understood, and all trace of a mythology impossible to accept

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Richard Bauckham argues that Paul was not so influential that he could have invented the central doctrine of Christianity. Before his active missionary work, there were already groups of Christians across the region. For example, a large group already existed in Rome even before Paul visited the

2108:, who argues that the followers of Jesus within a very short period developed an exceedingly high level of devotional reverence to Jesus, at the same time rejects the view that Jesus made a claim to messiahship or divinity to his disciples during his life as "naive and ahistorical". According to 3408:

Docetism is the doctrine that the phenomenon of Jesus, his historical and bodily existence, and above all the human form of Jesus, was mere semblance without any true reality. Broadly it is taken as the belief that Jesus only seemed to be human, and that his human form was an illusion. Docetic

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Witherington: " We have already seen that Paul, in appropriating the language of the christological hymns, subscribed to the christological notion that Christ existed prior to taking on human flesh. Paul spoke of Jesus both as the wisdom of God, his agent in creation (1 Cor 1:24, 30; 8:6; Col

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sees the purpose of modern Christology as to formulate the Christian belief that "God became man and that God-made-man is the individual Jesus Christ" in a manner that this statement can be understood consistently, without the confusions of past debates and mythologies. Rahner pointed out the

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Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the Gospels. For Paul, the

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We believe that Jesus Christ, according to his divine nature, is the only begotten Son of God, begotten from eternity, not made nor created (for then He should be a creature), but co-essential and co-eternal with the Father, "the express image of His person, and the brightness of His glory"

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Although some of the debates may seem to various modern students to be over a theological iota, they took place in controversial political circumstances, reflecting the relations of temporal powers and divine authority, and certainly resulted in schisms, among others that separated the

3093:, meaning "anointed one", is associated with the concept of the threefold office. While the office of king is that most frequently associated with the Messiah, the role of Jesus as priest is also prominent in the New Testament, being most fully explained in chapters 7 to 10 of the 2842:), equal unto him in all things. He is the Son of God, not only from the time that He assumed our nature, but from all eternity, as these testimonies, when compared together, teach us. Moses says that God created the world; and John saith that "all things were made by that Word" ( 3119:, view Mariology as a key component of Christology. In this view, not only is Mariology a logical and necessary consequence of Christology, but without it, Christology is incomplete, since the figure of Mary contributes to a fuller understanding of who Christ is and what he did. 2215:

to identify Jesus almost 230 times, and express the theme that the true mark of a Christian is the confession of Jesus as the true Lord. Paul viewed the superiority of the Christian revelation over all other divine manifestations as a consequence of the fact that Christ is the

3669:"Here I'll say something about the oldest Christology, as I understand it. This was what I earlier called a 'low' Christology. I may end up in the book describing it as a 'Christology from below' or possibly an 'exaltation' Christology. Or maybe I'll call it all three things 2306:, from the second century onwards, a number of controversies developed about how the human and divine are related within the person of Jesus. As of the second century, a number of different and opposing approaches developed among various groups. In contrast to prevailing 3036:

consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8), died "at the right time" (Romans 5:6) based on the plan of God. For Paul, the "power of the cross" is not separable from the resurrection of Jesus.

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argued the union of the human and divine natures of Christ was achieved not by the "absorption" of human attributes, but by their "assumption". Thus, in his view, the divine nature of Christ was not affected by the human attributes and remained forever divine.

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theology, which questioned the dogmatic foundations of Christianity, and approached the Bible with critical-historical tools. The divinity of Jesus became of less emphasis or importance, and was replaced with an focus on the ethical aspects of his teachings.

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Christology, where Jesus was a human being who was "adopted" after his death. Different views would be debated for centuries by Christians and finally settled on the idea that he was both fully human and fully divine by the middle of the 5th century in the

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The earliest christological reflections were shaped by both the Jewish background of the earliest Christians, and by the Greek world of the eastern Mediterranean in which they operated. The earliest Christian writings give several titles to Jesus, such as

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date from after the writings of Paul. They provide episodes from the life of Jesus and some of his works, but the authors of the New Testament show little interest in an absolute chronology of Jesus or in synchronizing the episodes of his life, and as in

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The other early Christology is "high Christology", which is "the view that Jesus was a pre-existent divine being who became a human, did the Father's will on earth, and then was taken back up into heaven whence he had originally come", and from where he

2854:). Therefore it must needs follow, that he who is called God, the Word, the Son, and Jesus Christ did exist at that time, when all things were created by him. Therefore the prophet Micah says, "His goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting" ( 5789: 3614:

that appears in Acts 17:16–34, where Paul is portrayed as attempting to convey the underlying concepts about Christ to a Greek audience. The sermon illustrates some key elements of future christological discourses that were first brought forward by

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rise from the dead, the earliest Christian leaders who were devout ancient monotheistic Jews would have regarded Jesus as merely a teacher or a prophet; they would not have come to the widespread agreement that he was truly divine, which they did.

1908:'Wisdom' is extolled as something existing before the world and already working in creation. According to Witherington, Paul "subscribed to the christological notion that Christ existed prior to taking on human flesh founding the story of Christ 3666:"The earliest Christians held exaltation Christologies in which the human being Jesus was made the Son of God – for example, at his resurrection or at his baptism – as we examined in the previous chapter." 2434:, who orchestrated the council. During the council, Nestorius defended his position by arguing there must be two persons of Christ, one human, the other divine, and Mary had given birth only to a human, hence could not be called the 1446:

of the Person of Christ as both divine and human, and since the early days of Christianity, theologians have debated various approaches to the understanding of these natures, at times resulting in ecumenical councils, and schisms.

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Since the 1970s, these late datings for the development of a "high Christology" have been contested, and a majority of scholars argue that this "high Christology" existed already before the writings of Paul. According to the "New

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for our sins as the offering of compensation or damages for dishonour done, but the Reformers saw it as the undergoing of vicarious punishment (poena) to meet the claims on us of God's holy law and wrath (i.e. his punitive

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at the center of their understanding, and from that center attempted to understand the other issues related to the Christian mysteries. The question of the deity of Christ in the New Testament is inherently related to the

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The notion of pre-existence is deeply rooted in Jewish thought, and can be found in apocalyptic thought and among the rabbis of Paul's time, but Paul was most influenced by Jewish-Hellenistic wisdom literature, where

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Protestants have criticized Mariology because many of its assertions lack any Biblical foundation. Strong Protestant reaction against Roman Catholic Marian devotion and teaching has been a significant issue for

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The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church, trans H. R. Percival, in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd Series, ed. P. Schaff and H. Wace, (repr. Grand Rapids MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1955), XIV, pp.

1457:(Monophysite controversy, 3rd–8th centuries): After the union of the divine and the human in the historical incarnation, Jesus Christ had only a single nature. Monophysitism was condemned as heretical by the 2633:

in the fifth century, and unquestionably established the primacy of Rome in the East over those who accepted the Council of Chalcedon. This was reaffirmed in 519, when the Eastern Chalcedonians accepted the

5217:, October / November 2007: "the broad consensus of modern New Testament scholars that the proclamation of Jesus's exalted nature was in large measure the creation of the earliest Christian communities." 3373:

Catholic Encyclopedia: "Christology is that part of theology which deals with Our Lord Jesus Christ. In its full extent it comprises the doctrines concerning both the person of Christ and His works."

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In: Patricio de Navascués Benlloch – Manuel Crespo Losada – Andrés Sáez Gutiérrez (dir.), Filiación. Cultura pagana, religión de Israel, orígenes del cristianismo, vol. III, Madrid, pp. 337-378

2877:. Calvin also emphasized the importance of the "Work of Christ" in any attempt at understanding the Person of Christ and cautioned against ignoring the works of Jesus during his ministry. 590: 3343:

biblicaltraining.org: "The Past Work of Christ, The Atoning Savior"; "Present work of Christ: work as mediator and Lord"; "Future work of Christ: work as coming judge and reigning king"

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did not put an end to all christological debate, it did clarify the terms used and became a point of reference for many future Christologies. But it also broke apart the church of the

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refers to approaches that begin with the human aspects and the ministry of Jesus (including the miracles, parables, etc.) and move towards his divinity and the mystery of incarnation.

2092:, writing in 1993, mentioned changes in New Testament studies, citing "broad agreement" that scholars do not today support the view that Jesus claimed to be God, quoting as examples 1373:. These approaches interpret the works of Christ in terms of his divinity. According to Pannenberg, Christology from above "was far more common in the ancient Church, beginning with 3727:

Loke (2017): "The last group of theories can be called 'Explosion Theories' (one might also call this 'the Big-Bang theory of Christology'!). This proposes that highest Christology

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is that the historical Jesus did not make the claim to deity that later Christian thought was to make for him: he did not understand himself to be God, or God the Son, incarnate.

3692:: "The pre-existence of Christ is further substantiated by the many recorded Christophanies in the Bible." "Christophany" is often considered a more accurate term than the term " 2521:

Christological spectrum during the 5th–7th centuries showing the views of the Church of the East (light blue), the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches (light purple), and the

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Nestorianism opposed the concept of hypostatic union, and emphasized a radical distinction between the two natures (human and divine) of Jesus Christ. It was condemned by the

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Erwin Fahlbusch et al., "Mariology", The Encyclopedia of Christianity (Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States; Leiden, Netherlands: Wm. B. Eerdmans; Brill, 1999–2003), p. 409.

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1:15–17; see Bruce, 195), and as the one who accompanied Israel as the 'rock' in the wilderness (1 Cor 10:4). In view of the role Christ plays in 1 Corinthians 10:4, Paul is

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Bird, Evans & Gathercole (2014): "New Testament scholars often speak about "Christology", which is the study of the career, person, nature, and identity of Jesus Christ."

2408:, but the problems soon extended to Christology, and schisms followed. The 431 council was called because in defense of his loyal priest Anastasius, Nestorius had denied the 2015:

Christology, and a "high" or "incarnation" Christology. The chronology of the development of these early Christologies is a matter of debate within contemporary scholarship.

8007: 3089:. In the Old Testament, the appointment of someone to any of these three positions could be indicated by anointing him or her by pouring oil over the head. Thus, the term 7384: 2112:, the broad consensus among modern New Testament scholars is that the proclamation of the divinity of Jesus was a development within the earliest Christian communities. 1784:(1079–1142), who argued that "Jesus died as the demonstration of God's love", a demonstration which can change the hearts and minds of the sinners, turning back to God. 1800:(1578), who rejected the idea of "vicarious satisfaction". According to Socinus, Jesus' death offers humanity a perfect example of self-sacrificial dedication to God. 10688: 9960: 7080: 3561:

Mark D. Baker, objecting against the pebal substitution theory, states that "substitution is a broad term that one can use with reference to a variety of metaphors."

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is the affirmation of the belief that the death of Jesus by crucifixion happened "with the foreknowledge of God, according to a definite plan". In this view, as in

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Christology. In Romans 1:4, however, Paul states that Jesus "was declared with power to be the Son of God by his resurrection from the dead", which sounds like an

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such evidence as there is has led the historians of the period to conclude, with an impressive degree of unanimity, that Jesus did not claim to be God incarnate."

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provided the first systematic Christology that consistently resolved a number of the existing issues. In his Christology from above, Aquinas also championed the

2180:. Both notions already existed before him in the early Christian communities, and Paul deepened them and used them for preaching in the Hellenistic communities. 7818: 1580:

orthodox in nearly all branches of Christianity. Among them, only the Dyophysite doctrine was recognized as true and not heretical, belonging to the Christian

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of the two natures of Christ, one human and one divine, "united with neither confusion nor division". Most of the major branches of Western Christianity and

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in 553 interpreted the decrees of Chalcedon, and further explained the relationship of the two natures of Jesus. It also condemned the alleged teachings of

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in 381. The language used was that the one God exists in three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit); in particular, it was affirmed that the Son was

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title of Jesus used in the early Christian writings and its implications for the absolute lordship of Jesus. In early Christian belief, the concept of

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The "ransom theory" and the "Christ Victor" theory are different, but are generally considered together as Patristic or "classical" theories, to use

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provides a different perspective that focuses on his divinity. The first 14 verses of the Gospel of John are devoted to the divinity of Jesus as the

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The Development of Christology during the First Hundred Years: and Other Essays on Early Christian Christology. Supplements to Novum Testamentum 140

3028:, the cross is not viewed as a scandal, for the crucifixion of Jesus "at the hands of the lawless" is viewed as the fulfilment of the plan of God. 2991:, the Emmanuel motif brackets the entire Gospel of Matthew between 1:23 and 28:20, appearing explicitly and implicitly in several other passages. 1959:, which in everyday Aramaic usage was a very respectful form of polite address, which means more than just 'teacher' and was somewhat similar to ' 3654:

founding the story of Christ on the archetypal story of Israel, but rather on the story of divine Wisdom, which helped Israel in the wilderness."

580: 2187:, Paul states that Jesus was preexistent and came to Earth "by taking the form of a servant, being made in human likeness". This sounds like an 11853: 3232: 734: 1865:

relies on concepts characteristic of ancient Jewish thought. The second theme subsequently became the basis of "adoptionist Christology" (see

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a. the reconciliation of man with God through the life, sufferings, and sacrificial death of Christ b. the sufferings and death of Christ"

2984: 7959: 5842: 5773: 2987:("I am with you always, even unto the end of the world") to indicate Jesus will be with the faithful to the end of the age. According to 2979: 2969: 6835: 6196:

Aquinas as Authority: A Collection of Studies Presented at the Second Conference of the Thomas Insituut Te Utrecht, December 14-16, 2000

5812: 5244: 3696:" due to the belief that all the visible manifestations of God are in fact the preincarnate Christ. Many argue that the appearances of " 3363:

Raymond Brown (1994): "hristology discusses any evaluation of Jesus in respect to who he was and the role he played in the divine plan."

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also witnessed the emergence of the "tender image of Jesus" as a friend and a living source of love and comfort, rather than just the

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Bermejo-Rubio, Fernando (2017). Feldt, Laura; Valk, Ülo (eds.). "The Process of Jesus' Deification and Cognitive Dissonance Theory".

4269:, Christus Victor: An Historical Study of the Three Main Types of the Idea of Atonement, E.T. London: SPCK; New York: Macmillan, 1931 7169: 2259: 12297: 10650: 10602: 9524: 9394: 4377: 3025: 2926: 2922: 3700:" in the Old Testament were the preincarnate Christ. "Many understand the angel of the Lord as a true theophany. From the time of 2574:, each distinct and complete, and united with neither confusion nor division. Most of the major branches of Western Christianity ( 2033:(1913). This evolutionary model was very influential, and the "low Christology" has long been regarded as the oldest Christology. 1255:

From the second to the fifth centuries, the relation of the human and divine nature of Christ was a major focus of debates in the

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Monothelitism held that although Christ has two natures (Dyophysitism), his will is united. The doctrine was promoted by Emperor

2200:. Paul's thoughts on Jesus' teachings, versus his nature and being, are more defined, in that Paul believed Jesus was sent as an 7995: 5538:

been introduced as the preexistent Christ, who had been the effective agent responsible for the world's creation. (Enslin, p. 4)

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Christology" analyzes the nature or being of Jesus Christ. "Functional Christology" analyzes the works of Jesus Christ, while "

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Christologies that can be gleaned from the three synoptic Gospels generally emphasize the humanity of Jesus, his sayings, his

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as a compromise position between Chalcedonianism and various minority christologies. It was condemned as heretical by the

1193:. Different denominations have different opinions on questions such as whether Jesus was human, divine, or both, and as a 11322: 9758: 9334: 8085: 8059: 8033: 2334:

views which argued Christ was a spiritual being who only appeared to have a physical body. The resulting tensions led to

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Packer (1973): "Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Melanchthon and their reforming contemporaries were the pioneers in stating it

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was highly influential, and marked a key turning point in the christological debates. It is the last council which many

1329:. It studies Jesus Christ's humanity and divinity, and the relation between these two aspects; and the role he plays in 12206: 8846: 8428: 8366: 8287: 8259: 8193: 7233: 7066:

The Orthodox corruption of scripture: the effect of early Christological controversies on the text of the New Testament

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Christology from Within and Ahead: Hermeneutics, Contingency, and the Quest for Transcontextual Criteria in Christology

3222: 2638:, anathematizing all of their own Eastern Chalcedonian hierarchy, who died out of communion with Rome from 482 to 519. 1712: 727: 5974: 5896: 11208: 10307: 10189: 9509: 8528: 7602: 7567: 7361: 7283: 7216: 7192: 7178: 7014: 6777: 6752: 6728: 6674: 6653: 6626: 6606: 6583: 6563: 6543: 6523: 6500: 6480: 6460: 6440: 6416: 6396: 6376: 6308: 6288: 6265: 6243: 5759: 5612: 5488: 5406: 5322: 5288: 5238: 5170: 4601: 4578: 4233:"Atonement." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 2851: 7810: 3366:

Bernard L. Ramm (1993): "Christology is the reflective and systematic study of the person and work of Jesus Christ."

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churches): In the person of Jesus Christ, divine nature and human nature are united in a compound nature ('physis').

1236:, which were all derived from Hebrew scripture. These terms centered around two opposing themes, namely "Jesus as a 11452: 9857: 9609: 9494: 9484: 9092: 2792: 2647: 2174:. The central Christology of Paul conveys the notion of Christ's pre-existence and the identification of Christ as 1766: 1734: 647: 8309:

Jesus and the God of Israel: God Crucified and Other Studies on the New Testament's Christology of Divine Identity

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Which Aulén called the "subjective" or "humanistic" view. Propagated, as a critique of the satisfaction view, by

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piety of the 12th and 13th centuries led to "popular Christology". Systematic approaches by theologians, such as

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in 681 declared that Christ has two wills of his two natures, human and divine, contrary to the teachings of the

2658: 2438:, i.e. "the one who gives birth to God". The debate about the single or dual nature of Christ ensued in Ephesus. 2367: 2292: 1260: 1136: 382: 5435: 1325:), literally 'the understanding of Christ', is the study of the nature (person) and work (role in salvation) of 12307: 12053: 11876: 11717: 11411: 10660: 10575: 10262: 10146: 10092: 6066: 6019: 4621: 3357:

Bart Ehrman: "the understanding of Christ"; "the nature of Christ – the question of Christology"

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maintained there was no human element in the Person of Christ which could be separated from the Person of

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How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus' Divine Nature – A Response to Bart Ehrman

4278: 3443: 3414: 3212: 520: 223: 32: 1576:, mainly in the 4th and 5th centuries, resolved most of these controversies, making the doctrine of the 1359:

refers to approaches that include aspects of divinity, such as Lord and Son of God, and the idea of the

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The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Theology and Life Series 21)

5560: 5056: 3310: 2603: 2473:) – Council of Ephesus, Epistle of Cyril to Nestorius, i.e. 'one nature of the Word of God incarnate' ( 2188: 1831: 1667: 1647: 1312: 1276: 1241: 837: 824: 2145: 1501:): Christ maintained two natures, one divine and one human, after the Incarnation; articulated by the 12025: 11928: 11447: 11437: 11399: 11154: 10964: 10932: 10886: 10863: 10156: 9970: 9583: 8876: 8851: 8725: 8698: 8224: 4535: 3599: 3130: 2619: 2595: 1750: 1643: 1601: 1597: 1562:(5th century) considered the two natures (human and divine) of Jesus Christ almost entirely distinct. 1549: 1330: 1206: 1157: 914: 801: 617: 570: 560: 415: 255: 218: 8341:

How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus' Divine Nature – A Response to Bart Ehrman

5067: 2380:

declared the full divinity and full humanity of Jesus. After the First Council of Nicaea in 325 the

12075: 11948: 11749: 11687: 11427: 11332: 11327: 11142: 11107: 11033: 10989: 10984: 10781: 10607: 10452: 10349: 10344: 10082: 9978: 9835: 9016: 8824: 8809: 8755: 8750: 3267: 3157: 3110: 2829:, subscribes to Nicene orthodoxy regarding the deity of Christ. The article places emphasis on the 2669: 2397: 1940:, the holy Name of God. As such, it closely links Jesus with God – in the same way a verse such as 1723: 685: 632: 3594:

found themselves confronted with a set of new concepts and ideas relating to the life, death, and

2756: 2707: 1860:, which were all derived from Hebrew scripture. According to Matt Stefon and Hans J. Hillerbrand: 71: 12003: 11642: 11112: 10846: 10751: 10640: 10590: 10447: 10364: 10339: 9840: 9169: 9102: 8861: 8558: 7840: 7042: 7022: 5392: 5078: 3603: 3262: 3162: 3086: 2736: 2498: 2359: 2101: 1994: 1827: 1705:

doctrine, arguing that Christ's death was not a payment to the Devil, but defeated the powers of

1502: 1478: 1360: 1237: 1018: 978: 829: 695: 652: 427: 276: 9564: 1542:(3rd–4th centuries) claimed the human form of Jesus was mere semblance without any true reality. 1407: 12243: 12170: 11836: 11605: 11432: 11023: 10881: 10823: 10714: 10693: 10458: 10194: 10151: 10130: 10120: 10003: 9753: 8962: 8935: 8871: 8673: 8339:

Bird, Michael F.; Evans, Craig A.; Gathercole, Simon; Hill, Charles E.; Tilling, Chris (2014),

7940: 4142:"Filiation divine du Christ et filiation divine des chrétiens dans les écrits de Justin Martyr" 3272: 3032:

crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant

2932: 2607: 2363: 2176: 1757:, satisfying God's just wrath against humankind's transgression due to Christ's infinite merit. 1631: 873: 843: 565: 377: 260: 7642: 7064: 6953: 2000: 1252:– that Jesus was human who was "adopted" by God at his baptism, crucifixion, or resurrection. 12125: 12058: 11963: 11943: 11938: 11778: 11692: 11582: 11510: 11491: 11090: 10816: 10625: 10528: 10483: 10412: 10204: 10023: 10018: 9950: 9922: 9733: 9459: 9329: 9154: 9079: 9037: 9012: 8995: 8856: 8804: 8787: 8772: 8683: 8625: 8605: 8573: 8506: 8210: 6819: 5228: 5131: 3595: 3147: 3010: 3004: 2965: 1639: 1423: 1345: 1341: 1326: 862: 515: 321: 306: 230: 119: 84: 55: 8415: 7690:"Christology | Definition, History, Doctrine, Summary, Importance, & Facts | Britannica" 7290: 7005: 5396: 5160: 12292: 12092: 12087: 11863: 11754: 11615: 11312: 11262: 11247: 11124: 10833: 10733: 10683: 10678: 10635: 10595: 10523: 10125: 10115: 9983: 9867: 9862: 9785: 9644: 9424: 9291: 9271: 9000: 8720: 8668: 8610: 8476: 7638: 5201: 5162:

How on earth did Jesus become a god?: historical questions about earliest devotion to Jesus

3705: 3167: 3021: 3000: 2874: 2866:). He therefore is that true, eternal, and almighty God, whom we invoke, worship and serve. 2800: 2732: 2630: 2530: 2279: 2011:

Two fundamentally different Christologies developed in the early Church, namely a "low" or

1895:

viewed Christ as a single, unified human person apart from his relationship to the divine.

1883: 1787: 1746: 1738: 1671: 1623: 1458: 1365: 1264: 1150: 960: 818: 341: 114: 8279:

How on Earth did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus

7996:"The Early High Christology Club and Bart Ehrman – An Excerpt from 'How God Became Jesus'" 4713: 3013:

provides a rich background for christological analysis, from the canonical Gospels to the

2353: 8: 12063: 11734: 11653: 11649: 11559: 11481: 11457: 11442: 11361: 11351: 11337: 11317: 11307: 11277: 11257: 11186: 10917: 10746: 10673: 10503: 10432: 10359: 10280: 10249: 10087: 10056: 9887: 9745: 9599: 9504: 9301: 9223: 9199: 9026: 8715: 8516: 8459: 7499: 5751: 3410: 2522: 2431: 2339: 2315: 2183:

What exactly Paul believed about the nature of Jesus cannot be determined decisively. In

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How Jesus Became God: An Historical Study of the Life of Jesus to the Age of Constantine

1819: 965: 12238: 12233: 12120: 12099: 11920: 11910: 11783: 11727: 11707: 11356: 11302: 11213: 11203: 10994: 10909: 10858: 10468: 9998: 9604: 9594: 9554: 9439: 9429: 9379: 9364: 9321: 8792: 8650: 8630: 8451: 8329: 8277: 8214: 7436: 7131: 6975: 6920: 6912: 6896: 6690:, Second Edition (Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States: Baker Academic, 2001), p. 736. 5528: 4357: 3432: 3192: 2973: 2954: 2901: 2684:

while forbidding their worship. It is often referred to as "The Triumph of Orthodoxy".

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Gerald O'Collins and Daniel Kendall have called this Liberal Protestant theology "neo-

1969:

expressed the relationship between Jesus and his disciples during his life, the Greek

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Jesus Monotheism: Volume 1: Christological Origins: The Emerging Consensus and Beyond

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Dictionary of Paul and His Letters: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship

7598: 7581: 7563: 7542: 7515: 7487: 7460: 7409: 7374: 7357: 7337: 7319: 7296: 7279: 7239: 7212: 7188: 7174: 7146: 7105: 7070: 7050: 7029: 7010: 6961: 6939: 6933: 6924: 6904: 6825: 6805: 6773: 6765: 6748: 6724: 6670: 6649: 6622: 6602: 6579: 6559: 6539: 6519: 6496: 6476: 6456: 6436: 6412: 6392: 6372: 6304: 6284: 6261: 6239: 6200: 6149: 6123: 6086: 6062: 6015: 5980: 5941: 5902: 5875: 5848: 5821: 5779: 5755: 5608: 5532: 5520: 5484: 5402: 5372: 5318: 5234: 5166: 4769: 4731: 4682: 4617: 4597: 4574: 4045: 3926: 3697: 3673:

Along with lots of other scholars, I think this was indeed the earliest Christology."

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which state whoever is ashamed of the words of Jesus is ashamed of the Lord himself.

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notions were also promoted by some theologians, but such views were rejected by the

11891: 11871: 11712: 11702: 11670: 11665: 11630: 11610: 11544: 11137: 10979: 10954: 10533: 10493: 9988: 9877: 9714: 9519: 9479: 9344: 9116: 9021: 8946: 8797: 8600: 8491: 8304: 8137: 7198: 6888: 6884: 6432: 5512: 4369: 3739: 3611: 3591: 3187: 3052: 3046: 3014: 2886: 2611: 2558: 2446: 2254: 2241: 2208: 2171: 2154: 2122: 2068: 1693:, in satisfaction for the bondage and debt on the souls of humanity as a result of 1585: 1443: 1434: 1426:

is both human and divine. The human and divine natures of Jesus Christ apparently (

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The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

5197: 3537:(satisfaction), the main mediaeval category for thought about the cross. Anselm's 2109: 1769:, "which views God as both the loving creator and moral Governor of the universe." 1682: 12216: 12179: 11766: 11744: 11599: 11346: 11252: 11043: 10741: 10244: 10239: 10219: 10008: 9993: 9882: 9850: 9821: 9773: 9384: 9311: 9266: 8972: 8952: 8553: 8228: 8151: 7947: 7849: 7403: 7399: 7313: 7206: 7099: 6871: 5208: 5138: 3172: 3116: 3094: 2846:), which he calls God. And the apostle says that God made the worlds by His Son ( 2673: 2602:

subscribe to the Chalcedonian Christological formulation, while many branches of

2026: 1791: 1700: 1528: 1498: 1482: 495: 404: 7438:

Encountering Religious Pluralism: The Challenge to Christian Faith & Mission

3462: 2430:(who was already upset with Nestorius due to other matters) wrote about this to 2074:

There is a controversy regarding whether Jesus himself claimed to be divine. In

12271: 12211: 12070: 11971: 11831: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11342: 11242: 11038: 10927: 10873: 10806: 10786: 10545: 10386: 10161: 10033: 9828: 9814: 9780: 9559: 9469: 9145: 9124: 9112: 9059: 8881: 8841: 8814: 8615: 8591: 8548: 8501: 8486: 8325: 8145: 7906: 7689: 7309: 7095: 7000: 5516: 3466: 3420:

Arianism, which viewed Jesus as primarily an ordinary mortal, was condemned as

3217: 3033: 2826: 2796: 2785: 2635: 2423: 2274: 2246: 2097: 2093: 2042: 1937: 1878: 1815: 1806:

Other theories are the "embracement theory" and the "shared atonement" theory.

1690: 1553: 955: 783: 541: 500: 480: 351: 316: 168: 89: 8108:"Jesus - The debate over Christology in modern Christian thought | Britannica" 8081: 8055: 8029: 7779: 6892: 5707:

God Against the Gods: The History of the War Between Monotheism and Polytheism

3318: 2665:, with the divine will having precedence, leading and guiding the human will. 2493:

rejected this and subsequent councils and continued to consider themselves as

2366:

and their relationship with one another, decisions which were ratified at the

1320: 12286: 12030: 12015: 11793: 11771: 11739: 11564: 11267: 11198: 11048: 10756: 10396: 10391: 10046: 9912: 9709: 9699: 9529: 9276: 9261: 9246: 9209: 9194: 9184: 9179: 9174: 8930: 8782: 8663: 8563: 8247: 8003: 6908: 6900: 6722:

Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, seminarians, and Consecrated Persons

5731: 5524: 3751: 3743: 3701: 3685: 3571: 3293: 2454: 2303: 2224: 2184: 2134: 2105: 2076: 2060: 2056: 1929: 1565: 1524: 1508: 1454: 1439: 1295: 1198: 1073: 1057: 931: 454: 361: 158: 153: 8297: 8269: 5165:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 4–6. 3077:

performed three functions (or "offices") in his earthly ministry – those of

3065:

doctrine based upon the teachings of the Old Testament. It was described by

1964: 1954: 1573: 12153: 12131: 12104: 11976: 11933: 11572: 11080: 11028: 10959: 10949: 10630: 10562: 10427: 10323: 10229: 10199: 9917: 9704: 9694: 9286: 9049: 8982: 8957: 8922: 8830: 8678: 8568: 8543: 7555: 7101:

Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew

5213: 4373: 4266: 3747: 3689: 3607: 3424:

in 325, exonerated in 335, and eventually re-condemned as heretical at the

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coincidence between the Person of Christ and the Word of God, referring to

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Proclaiming the Scandal of the Cross: Contemporary Images of the Atonement

5280: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3509:, which have persisted throughout the centuries. The oldest theory is the 2517: 2286: 1944:

28:19, "The Name (singular) of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit".

12137: 11722: 11382: 11132: 11095: 10796: 10771: 10668: 10234: 10224: 10214: 10051: 9927: 9807: 9649: 9634: 9619: 9614: 9499: 9474: 9296: 9159: 8940: 8777: 8596: 7202: 6744: 5720:

The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason

5601: 5310: 3070: 2917: 2870: 2807: 2583: 2579: 2542: 2461:(two hypostases). From the Christological viewpoint, the council adopted 2427: 2415: 2342:

were convened in the fourth and fifth centuries to deal with the issues.

2311: 2192: 2118: 2012: 1888: 1869:), which viewed Jesus' baptism as a crucial event in his adoption by God. 1866: 1719: 1535:

Influential Christologies which were broadly condemned as heretical are:

1512: 1494: 1490: 1249: 1099: 1036: 1003: 806: 525: 485: 470: 356: 296: 8082:"The Seventh Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 6916: 5481:

The Witness of Jesus, Paul and John: An Exploration in Biblical Theology

3478:

According to Pugh, "Ever since time, we call these patristic ideas the

3465:'s nomenclature. These were the traditional understandings of the early 2745: 2696: 879: 12158: 11658: 11230: 10969: 10766: 10422: 10354: 9932: 9792: 9464: 9419: 9359: 9349: 9256: 9140: 9135: 9007: 8710: 8533: 8468: 7811:"THINKAPOLOGETICS.COM: Jesus- A Functional or Ontological Christology?" 6235: 3862: 3768: 3764: 3242: 2988: 2781: 2677: 2553: 2372: 2354:

First Council of Nicaea (325) and First Council of Constantinople (381)

2327: 2235: 2217: 2149: 1933: 1847: 1843: 1221: 1217: 1094: 465: 8331:

How Jesus became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee

8056:"The Sixth Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 8030:"The Fifth Ecumenical Council – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 7133:

How Jesus became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee

6326: 5281:"Is Jesus God? A Historical Evaluation Concerning the Deity of Christ" 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 1216:

The earliest Christian writings gave several titles to Jesus, such as

12223: 11387: 11235: 11070: 11060: 11053: 11011: 11006: 10801: 10761: 10066: 9800: 9664: 9639: 9629: 9534: 9514: 9354: 9236: 9107: 8990: 8886: 8819: 8420: 7645:, in Hawthorne, Gerald F.; Martin, Ralph P.; Reid, Daniel G. (eds.), 5350: 5348: 5346: 3923:

The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition Reform

3693: 3439: 3421: 3177: 3124: 3106: 2587: 2480: 2462: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2201: 2089: 1611: 1581: 1351:

Several approaches can be distinguished within Christology. The term

1229: 1086: 627: 490: 460: 7839:

Collins English Dictionary, Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition,

5572:

Zupez, John (2014). "Celebrating God's Plan of Creation/Salvation".

10776: 10645: 9624: 9454: 9069: 9054: 8967: 8906: 8688: 8496: 6708: 5401:. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 1–7. 4141: 3939: 3785: 3543:, which largely determined the mediaeval development, saw Christ's 3066: 2983:

appear elsewhere in the New Testament, but Matthew builds on it in

2913: 2641: 2538: 2534: 2331: 2323: 2319: 1545: 1539: 1516: 1428: 1394: 1337: 1028: 902: 475: 346: 7960:""Early High Christology": A "Paradigm Shift"? "New Perspective"?" 7457:

Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus

7235:

Christ in Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon

5343: 5141:. "A further point of broad agreement among New Testament scholars 2262:, the Gospels do not claim to be an exhaustive list of his works. 12164: 12048: 11476: 11085: 11065: 10922: 10811: 10275: 10013: 9942: 9654: 9549: 9544: 9374: 9306: 9281: 9189: 8730: 8583: 5976:

Fundamentals of Catholicism: God, Trinity, Creation, Christ, Mary

4768:. Westminster John Knox Press. 1 January 1959. pp. 234–237. 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4108: 4106: 3252: 3078: 2419: 2163: 1951: 1851: 1781: 1577: 1520: 1415: 1402: 1225: 1194: 1107: 510: 235: 208: 6174: 5230:

The challenge of Jesus : rediscovering who Jesus was and is

3965: 3963: 3961: 3738:' (Hurtado 2003, 11), and they include such eminent scholars as 12228: 12184: 11801: 10292: 9164: 9032: 7405:

Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.

6880: 6578:

by Jack Dean Kingsbury, Mark Allan Powell, David R. Bauer 1999

6538:

by Jack Dean Kingsbury, Mark Allan Powell, David R. Bauer 1999

6122:, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, p. 502, 3772: 3394: 3340:

Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen: "soteriology, the doctrine of salvation"

3082: 3074: 2651: 2565: 2159: 1924: 1856: 1697:. Gustaf Aulén reinterpreted the ransom theory, calling it the 1679: 1675: 1619: 1450:

Some historical christological doctrines gained broad support:

1231: 789: 662: 163: 6040: 6030: 6028: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4627: 4103: 4070: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3835: 3833: 3831: 2125:

claimed to be divine and was the origin of high Christology.

1887:

who already possesses unity with the Father before the act of

11533: 11018: 10478: 10417: 10374: 9539: 9044: 8252:

Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity

7315:

Who wrote the New Testament? The making of the Christian myth

7185:

Christology in Cultural Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons

6952:

Bird, Michael F.; Evans, Craig A.; Gathercole, Simon (2014),

5458: 4519: 4517: 4515: 3958: 2474: 2468: 1960: 1686: 1190: 178: 140: 7802: 7143:

An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies

5634: 5632: 5083: 4730:. Westminster John Knox Press. 1 January 1959. p. 202. 2850:); likewise, that "God created all things by Jesus Christ" ( 7475:

What did the Cross Achieve? The Logic of Penal Substitution

6025: 5233:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. p. 98. 4646: 4497:

pp. 96 & 124. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, Inc.

4477: 4475: 4248: 4164: 4123: 4121: 3975: 3886: 3884: 3828: 3316: 3302: 2972:

later impacted the theological issues and the devotions to

2681: 2104:(1980), Brian Hebblethwaite (1985) and David Brown (1985). 1716: 1706: 1318: 1304: 8416:

Encyclopædia Britannica, Christology – full access article

6619:

The speeches in Acts: their content, context, and concerns

6350: 6338: 4848: 4512: 4396: 4394: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7766: 5649: 5647: 5629: 4540: 4217: 4215: 4213: 3763:

The concept of "cosmic Christology", first elaborated by

3624:

The views of these schools can be summarized as follows:

3370:

and his human and divine natures and their relationship."

2338:

within the church in the second and third centuries, and

1754: 1614:

is the method by which human beings can be reconciled to

1210: 11502: 8230:

Jesus the Eternal Son: Answering Adoptionist Christology

6977:

Jesus the Eternal Son: Answering Adoptionist Christology

4983: 4981: 4799: 4797: 4472: 4460: 4433: 4118: 3997: 3995: 3881: 1726:('divinization') is a "corollary" of the recapitulation. 5775:

The Creed: The Apostolic Faith in Contemporary Theology

5398:

Jesus, Paul, and the Law: Studies in Mark and Galatians

4450: 4448: 4391: 3818: 3816: 3814: 2676:

in 787, known as the second of Nicaea. It supports the

2548:

The Council of Chalcedon fully promulgated the Western

2453:(coexisting natures after the hypostatic union) versus 2287:

Controversies and ecumenical councils (2nd–8th century)

2001:

Development of "low Christology" and "high Christology"

1568:(7th century), considered Christ to have only one will. 7763: 7735: 7733: 7253:

Winds of the Spirit: A Constructive Christian Theology

7028:, Collegeville, MN: Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press, 6314: 5644: 5331: 4966: 4931: 4929: 4860: 4836: 4210: 4007: 3901: 3899: 3020:

A central element in the christology presented in the

2055:", or the Early High Christology Club, which includes 1422:

A basic Christological teaching is that the person of

1275:

subscribe to this formulation, while many branches of

7539:

Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi

7448:

Focus on Jesus: Essays in Christology and Soteriology

7208:

Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi

6799: 6369:

Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi

5606:

Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi

5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 4993: 4978: 4826: 4824: 4794: 4411: 4409: 4325: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4190:

by Millard J. Erickson, L. Arnold Hustad 2001, p. 234

4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 3992: 3952: 3704:

on, the figure has been regarded as the preincarnate

1548:(4th century) viewed the divine nature of Jesus, the 1432:) form a duality, as they coexist within one person ( 7445: 7354:

The Person of Christ: Contours of Christian Theology

6332: 5017: 4941: 4559:

Creation and redemption: a study in Pauline theology

4445: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3811: 2654:

on the pre-existence of the soul, and other topics.

2497:

according to the faith put forth at the Councils of

1809: 8100: 7730: 7578:

Who is Jesus? : an introduction to Christology

6951: 6800:Armentrout, Donald S.; Boak Slocum, Robert (2005), 5667:"Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook" 4926: 4421: 4358:"Christ's Atonement as the Model for Civil Justice" 4236: 3896: 3875: 3582:

Christ suffering for, or punished for, the sinners.

3308: 3296: 2833:

and the eternal divine nature of Christ as Creator.

2562:, the proposition that Christ has one human nature 1950:is also conjectured to be the Greek translation of 1310: 1298: 7276:The Work of Christ. Contours of Christian Theology 7021: 7009:. trans. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. 5475: 5473: 5095: 5029: 5005: 4896: 4821: 4561:by John G. Gibbs 1971 Brill Publishers pp. 151–153 4406: 4337: 4193: 4082: 4019: 3496: 2860:He has neither beginning of days, nor end of life" 1519:): God as one, in contrast to the doctrine of the 7560:An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic 4915: 4913: 4911: 4872: 4313: 4288: 3845: 3323:), translated from Greek as 'the study of Christ' 2391: 2170:The oldest Christian sources are the writings of 1209:from what would otherwise be the consequences of 12284: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7852:, retrieved 3 October 2012: "2. (often capital) 7684: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7231: 6536:Who do you say that I am?: essays on Christology 6120:The Christian Philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas 6059:The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology 5874:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 211–218. 5354: 4884: 4809: 4640: 2642:Fifth–Seventh Ecumenical Council (553, 681, 787) 7864: 7862: 7141:Espín, Orlando O.; Nickoloff, James B. (2007), 6576:Who do you say that I am? Essays on Christology 5937:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 5470: 5269:(Cambridge University Press, 2017), pp. 100–135 4285:(London: Macmillan & Co, 1956), pp. 71–77 2 3524:is that of the Reformers and their successors." 3009:The accounts of the crucifixion and subsequent 2994: 2775: 2297: 1973:came to represent his lordship over the world. 1638:in particular through the suffering, death and 581:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 11854:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament 8374: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7140: 6993:Chilton, Bruce. "The Son of Man: Who Was He?" 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6232:Christology: Key Readings in Christian Thought 4908: 4670: 4668: 4666: 3969: 3233:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament 2895: 2133:The study of the various Christologies of the 1709:, which had held humankind in their dominion.; 11518: 11192:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 10891: 10308: 8436: 7892: 7671: 7454: 7295:, vol. 169, Cambridge University Press, 7201:(1975), "Jesus Christ: III. Christology", in 6868: 6180: 6014:by Carl E. Braaten and Robert W. Jenson 2004 5464: 4170: 4112: 4076: 3839: 3767:, focuses on how the arrival of Jesus as the 2944: 2512: 2485:). In 451, the Council of Chalcedon affirmed 2400:was initially called to address the views of 1377:and the second century Apologists." The term 1197:what his role would be in the freeing of the 1158: 728: 7859: 7743:Lecture 8: The Work of Jesus Christ: Summary 7637: 7170:The Foundations of New Testament Christology 7047:Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making 6987:An Introduction to New Testament Christology 6594: 6592: 6529: 6260:. Moscow, Idaho: Canon Press. pp. 6–7. 5847:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 120. 5501:Enslin, Morton S. (1975). "John and Jesus". 4657: 4306:Leon Morris, 'Theories of the Atonement' in 3733: 3678: 2050: 2020: 1780:, developed, or most notably propagated, by 1286: 9582: 7982: 7911:"Incarnation Christology, Angels, and Paul" 7509: 7446:O'Collins, Gerald; Kendall, Daniel (1996), 6632: 6034: 5427: 5220: 4663: 4183: 4181: 4179: 3916: 3914: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3479: 3348: 3056: 2326:argued Jesus was an ordinary mortal, while 2310:views on the Person of Christ, alternative 1928:for Jesus is central to the development of 1795: 1698: 1655: 11849:New Testament places associated with Jesus 11844:Historical background of the New Testament 11525: 11511: 10315: 10301: 8443: 8429: 8402:Atonement Theories: A Way through the Maze 7530:Atonement Theories: A Way through the Maze 7481: 7398: 7258: 7255:. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. 7197: 6931: 6859: 6356: 6061:by Alan Richardson and John Bowden (1983) 6046: 5778:. Twenty-Third Publications. p. 114. 5595: 5436:"St. Paul the Apostle – Theological views" 4589: 4587: 4495:Living With Confidence in a Chaotic World, 4481: 4466: 4439: 4254: 4127: 4013: 3986: 3555: 1836: 1689:or to death itself, in some views paid to 1438:). There are no direct discussions in the 1165: 1151: 735: 721: 70: 7158: 6589: 6389:The eschatology of Hans Urs von Balthasar 5871:Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church 5771: 5638: 4718: 4681:. Mittal Publications. pp. 229–235. 3721: 2128: 1715:, which says that Christ succeeded where 1201:from foreign rulers or in the prophesied 12176:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew) 7510:Price, Richard; Gaddis, Michael (2006), 7232:Grillmeier, Aloys; Bowden, John (1975), 6860:Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (2009), 6850: 6511: 6509: 6111: 6005: 5840: 5810: 5736:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 5089: 4756: 4176: 4139: 3911: 2516: 2234: 2223:The Pauline epistles also advanced the " 2144: 1527:but followed today by certain groups of 1406: 31: 7643:"Christology – Paul's christology" 7607: 7434: 7366: 7331: 6862:The Nature of the Atonement: Four Views 6255: 6225: 6148:. Mittal Publications. pp. 76–79. 6141: 6135: 6085:. Mittal Publications. pp. 74–76. 6078: 5966: 5895:Chafer, Lewis Sperry (1 January 1993). 5366: 5158: 4947: 4866: 4842: 4674: 4607: 4584: 4546: 4523: 4355: 4221: 3684:Proponents of Christ's deity argue the 3531:What the Reformers did was to redefine 2788:, are called "scholastic Christology". 2726: 2376:(of the same being) as the Father. The 2137:is based on early Christian documents. 14: 12285: 9873:Conditional preservation of the saints 9682: 8450: 8183: 7905: 7808: 7628: 7616: 7575: 7536: 7472: 7129: 7094: 7062: 6770:The Evangelical Dictionary of Theology 6344: 6199:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 25–35. 6186: 6117: 6072: 5927: 5894: 5653: 5500: 5337: 5226: 4999: 4987: 4902: 4854: 4830: 4803: 4571:Mercer Commentary on the New Testament 4564: 4454: 4415: 4400: 4242: 4204: 4001: 3890: 3822: 2880: 2482:mía phýsis toû theoû lógou sesarkōménē 1556:, e.g., by having a beginning in time. 11998: 11506: 10296: 9731: 9681: 9581: 9406: 8424: 7993: 7880:from the original on 27 February 2019 7870:"The Origin of "Divine Christology"?" 7821:from the original on 19 November 2018 7597:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing. 7558:(1993), "Christology at the Center", 7387:from the original on 14 December 2023 7187:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing. 7118:from the original on 14 December 2023 7083:from the original on 14 December 2023 7069:, New York: Oxford University Press, 7019: 6984: 6817: 6802:An Episcopal dictionary of the church 6556:The theology of the Gospel of Matthew 6506: 6213:from the original on 14 December 2023 6192: 6162:from the original on 14 December 2023 6099:from the original on 14 December 2023 5993:from the original on 14 December 2023 5972: 5940:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 88. 5933: 5915:from the original on 14 December 2023 5901:. Kregel Academic. pp. 382–384. 5841:González, Justo L. (1 January 2005). 5817:by James P. Campbell, 2005, pp. 17–20 5792:from the original on 14 December 2023 5571: 5415:from the original on 14 December 2023 5309: 5291:from the original on 8 September 2022 5247:from the original on 14 December 2023 5191: 5179:from the original on 14 December 2023 4427: 4260: 4152:from the original on 14 December 2023 4140:Bobichon, Philippe (1 January 2011). 4097: 4058:from the original on 14 December 2023 4025: 3920: 3905: 3493:Called by Aulén the "scholastic" view 2445:(two natures united as one after the 2441:The First Council of Ephesus debated 2350:from the Church of the Roman Empire. 7780:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christology" 7554: 7527: 7512:The acts of the Council of Chalcedon 7422:from the original on 12 January 2023 7308: 7288: 7041: 7006:The Christology of the New Testament 6973: 6320: 6145:Christology: Biblical And Historical 6082:Christology: Biblical And Historical 5979:. Ignatius Press. pp. 228–231. 5867: 5446:from the original on 26 October 2020 5391: 5278: 5101: 5044: 5023: 5011: 4972: 4935: 4890: 4878: 4815: 4765:The Christology of the New Testament 4727:The Christology of the New Testament 4678:Christology: Biblical And Historical 4614:Historical Theology: An Introduction 4343: 4331: 4319: 4294: 4037: 3856: 3331: 2908: 2740: 2691: 2672:was called under the Empress Regent 2509:title and excommunicated Nestorius. 2476:μία φύσις τοῦ θεοῦ λόγου σεσαρκωμένη 1685:, usually said to have been paid to 9759:Christian views on the Old Covenant 9407: 7833: 7477:, Tyndale Biblical Theology Lecture 7370:Christian theology: an introduction 7211:(reprint ed.), A&C Black, 6935:Sourcebook of the world's religions 6142:Johnson, Mini S. (1 January 2005). 6079:Johnson, Mini S. (1 January 2005). 5433: 5202:"An Embarrassing Misrepresentation" 4675:Johnson, Mini S. (1 January 2005). 4508:Renegade Gospel, The Jesus Manifold 3925:. InterVarsity Press. p. 158. 3040: 2823:Article 10 of the Belgic Confession 2687: 1778:Moral influence theory of atonement 1388: 1267:in 451 issued a formulation of the 576:Members Church of God International 24: 12167:(traditional maternal grandfather) 12161:(traditional maternal grandmother) 8177:Christology: A Global Introduction 8160: 8088:from the original on 24 March 2015 8062:from the original on 26 March 2015 8036:from the original on 26 March 2015 8010:from the original on 21 April 2018 7921:from the original on 22 April 2018 7261:Christology: A Global Introduction 6932:Beversluis, Joel Diederik (2000), 6838:from the original on 26 March 2023 6688:Evangelical Dictionary of Theology 5954:from the original on 26 March 2023 4782:from the original on 26 March 2023 3771:forever changed the nature of the 3223:Life of Jesus in the New Testament 1741:(1033/4–1109), which teaches that 1369:('the Word'), as expressed in the 25: 12324: 10190:Attributes of God in Christianity 9732: 8409: 8118:from the original on 6 April 2019 7970:from the original on 1 March 2019 7751:from the original on 6 March 2019 7722:The Work of Jesus Christ: Summary 7700:from the original on 1 March 2019 7269:The Christology of Mark's Gospel. 5279:Loke, Andrew (18 February 2019). 4744:from the original on 8 April 2023 4695:from the original on 5 April 2023 4380:from the original on 17 June 2020 4362:American Journal of Jurisprudence 3953:Armentrout & Boak Slocum 2005 3876:Bird, Evans & Gathercole 2014 3516:It held sway for a thousand years 3413:and were eventually abandoned by 2900:The 19th century saw the rise of 2825:, a confessional standard of the 2801:principle of perfection of Christ 2505:. The council also confirmed the 2388:were being used interchangeably. 1810:Early Christologies (1st century) 27:Theological study of Jesus Christ 12267: 12266: 11487: 11486: 11475: 10603:State church of the Roman Empire 10322: 10274: 8375:Fletcher-Louis, Crispin (2015), 8359:The Origin of Divine Christology 8130: 8074: 8048: 8022: 7952: 7939:[Bart Ehrman (6 February 2013), 7790:from the original on 3 July 2017 7292:The Origin of Divine Christology 7161:The encyclopedia of Christianity 6853:Jesus: A Very Short Introduction 6758: 6734: 6714: 6702: 6693: 6680: 6659: 6612: 6569: 6549: 6486: 6466: 6446: 6422: 6402: 6382: 6362: 6294: 6274: 6249: 6052: 5888: 5861: 5834: 5811:Campbell, James P. (June 2010). 5804: 5765: 5748:A concise dictionary of theology 5741: 5725: 5712: 5699: 5689: 5677:from the original on 10 May 2023 5659: 5618: 5584: 5565: 5554: 5543: 5494: 5385: 5360: 5303: 5272: 5267:The Origin of Divine Christology 5259: 5152: 5120: 5107: 5072: 5061: 5050: 3791: 3778: 3757: 3711: 2744: 2695: 2648:Second Council of Constantinople 1912:on the story of divine Wisdom". 1898: 1767:Governmental theory of atonement 1735:Satisfaction theory of atonement 1523:. Condemned as heretical in the 762: 702: 38:The Resurrection of Jesus Christ 12298:Ancient Christian controversies 12173:(paternal grandfather per Luke) 10586:First seven ecumenical councils 8233:, Wim. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 8136:"Mariology Is Christology", in 7994:Bouma, Jeremy (27 March 2014). 7933: 7712: 7486:, Westminster John Knox Press, 7259:Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (2016), 7238:, Westminster John Knox Press, 5371:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 4953: 4707: 4552: 4529: 4500: 4487: 4349: 4300: 4272: 4227: 4133: 4031: 3657: 3643: 3638:assumes a specific human being. 3631:assumes a general human nature; 3618: 3585: 3576: 3564: 3487: 3472: 3455: 3448:Third Council of Constantinople 3426:First Council of Constantinople 3399: 3388: 3378: 3258:Scholastic Lutheran Christology 3238:Religious perspectives on Jesus 2659:Third Council of Constantinople 2368:First Council of Constantinople 2293:First seven ecumenical councils 1881:), Jesus Christ is the eternal 1261:first seven ecumenical councils 12303:Catholic theology and doctrine 11877:Quest for the historical Jesus 11453:Relations with other religions 10859:Church of the East (Nestorian) 10854:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) 10263:Lists of Christian theologians 9961:Separation of church and state 8361:, Cambridge University Press, 7506:, T & T Clark, 1994 Vol.2. 7049:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 6985:Brown, Raymond Edward (2004), 6493:All the Doctrines of the Bible 4188:Introducing Christian Doctrine 3735:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 3286: 3153:Christian messianic prophecies 2891:Quest for the Historical Jesus 2817: 2392:First Council of Ephesus (431) 2230: 2052:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 2022:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 1552:, as distinct and inferior to 1371:prologue to the Gospel of John 1348:" standpoints of Christology. 586:The New Church (Swedenborgian) 531:Nondenominational Christianity 13: 1: 10268:Outline of Christian theology 9232:History of Christian theology 8379:, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 8357:Loke, Andrew Ter Ern (2017), 7562:, Regent College Publishing, 7482:Pannenberg, Wolfhart (1968), 7334:Christianity: an introduction 7289:Loke, Andrew Ter Ern (2017), 7271:Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 7267:Kingsbury, Jack Dean (1989). 6980:, Wim. B. Eerdmans Publishing 6409:Theology of the New Testament 6234:by Jeff Astley, David Brown, 6193:Goris, Harm J. M. J. (2002). 5772:Marthaler, Berard L. (1993). 5128:The Metaphor of God Incarnate 5113:Robinson, John A. T. (1963), 4616:by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 2000 4308:Elwell Evangelical Dictionary 3804: 2831:eternal generation of the Son 2384:and the second Person of the 1877:of thought (fashioned on the 1622:'s sacrificial suffering and 41: 12254:Sexuality and marital status 10042:Baptism with the Holy Spirit 7809:Chabot, Eric (11 May 2009). 7633:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing 7608:Talbert, Charles H. (2011), 7373:, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 7367:McGrath, Alister E. (2007), 7332:McGrath, Alister E. (2006), 7167:Fuller, Reginald H. (1965). 6333:O'Collins & Kendall 1996 5868:Hall, Stuart George (1992). 5369:Paul and Palestinian Judaism 5367:Sanders, E. P. (1977). 5355:Grillmeier & Bowden 1975 5315:Jesus and Divine Christology 4641:Grillmeier & Bowden 1975 3505:Vincent Taylor (1956): "the 3317: 3303: 3100: 3069:and more fully developed by 2995:Crucifixion and resurrection 2776:Western medieval Christology 2481: 2463: 2298:Post-Apostolic controversies 1965: 1955: 1591: 1414:, Holy Trinity's monastery, 1319: 1305: 1230: 591:Unitarians and Universalists 7: 11160:Views on poverty and wealth 10210:Love of God in Christianity 10078:Christian reconstructionism 9846:Priesthood of all believers 8767:extra Ecclesiam nulla salus 7278:. Downer Grove: IVP, 1993, 7183:Greene, Colin J.D. (2004). 7104:, Oxford University Press, 6954:"Endnotes – Chapter 1" 6256:Needham, Nick, ed. (2021). 5844:Essential Theological Terms 4593:Charles T. Waldrop (1985). 3409:teachings were attacked by 3213:Kingship and Kingdom of God 3140: 2896:Liberal Protestant theology 2552:understanding put forth by 2362:defined the persons of the 1344:Christology" analyzes the " 10: 12329: 11827:Five Discourses of Matthew 11405:World Evangelical Alliance 11367:Traditionalist Catholicism 8276:Hurtado, Larry W. (2005), 7941:"The Earliest Christology" 7576:Rausch, Thomas P. (2003), 7455:O'Collins, Gerald (2009), 7251:Hodgson, Peter C. (1994). 7020:Davis, Leo Donald (1990), 6787: 6391:by Nicholas J. Healy 2005 6303:by I. John Hesselink 1997 6283:by Stephen Edmondson 2004 5934:Parry, Ken (10 May 2010). 5517:10.1515/zntw.1975.66.1-2.1 5159:Hurtado, Larry W. (2005). 3970:Espín & Nickoloff 2007 3337:The work of Jesus Christ: 3309: 3297: 3104: 3044: 2998: 2948: 2945:Nativity and the Holy Name 2884: 2730: 2604:Oriental Orthodox Churches 2513:Council of Chalcedon (451) 2475: 2469: 2322:did not endorse divinity, 2290: 2204:for the sins of everyone. 2004: 1813: 1668:Ransom theory of atonement 1650:. Due to the influence of 1595: 1392: 1311: 1299: 1279:reject it, subscribing to 1277:Oriental Orthodox Churches 12262: 12194: 12113: 12039: 11962: 11919: 11862: 11792: 11558: 11540: 11532: 11470: 11420: 11400:World Council of Churches 11375: 11293: 11177: 11168: 11123: 10908: 10892: 10887:Latter Day Saint movement 10872: 10832: 10732: 10713: 10659: 10616: 10561: 10467: 10446: 10405: 10373: 10330: 10258: 10182: 10139: 10106: 10065: 10032: 9969: 9941: 9898: 9744: 9740: 9727: 9690: 9677: 9590: 9577: 9415: 9402: 9393: 9320: 9242:Calvinist–Arminian debate 9222: 9078: 8981: 8921: 8706: 8697: 8649: 8582: 8524: 8515: 8467: 8458: 7629:Weaver, J. Denny (2001), 7159:Fahlbusch, Erwin (1999), 6974:Bird, Michael F. (2017), 6893:10.1163/15685276-12341457 6855:, Oxford University Press 6768:" by T. E. McComiskey in 6711:, 1996, Volume 23, p. 175 6621:by Marion L. Soards 1994 6599:New Testament christology 6455:by Manlio Simonetti 2001 4356:Tuomala, Jeffrey (1993), 4044:. BRILL. pp. 59–62. 4038:Chan, Mark L. Y. (2001). 3598:, as well the notions of 3484:way of seeing the cross." 3442:and Ecumenical Patriarch 3415:proto-orthodox Christians 3405:Heretical Christologies: 3131:Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger 3115:Some Christians, notably 2939: 2457:(only one nature) versus 1915: 1797:De Jesu Christo servatore 1670:, which teaches that the 1602:Atonement in Christianity 1598:Salvation in Christianity 1287:Definition and approaches 12054:In comparative mythology 11428:Anti-Christian sentiment 10608:Christian biblical canon 9979:Confessional Lutheranism 8184:Reeves, Michael (2015). 7946:28 February 2019 at the 7631:The Nonviolent Atonement 7435:Netland, Harold (2001), 7318:, Harper San Francisco, 7063:Ehrman, Bart D. (1993), 6601:by Frank J. Matera 1999 6495:by Herbert Lockyer 1988 6475:by Louise Perrotta 2004 6301:Calvin's First Catechism 6258:The Three Forms of Unity 6118:Gilson, Etienne (1994), 5479:Larry R. Helyer (2008). 5137:14 December 2023 at the 4595:Karl Barth's christology 4573:by Watson E. Mills 2003 4506:Massengale, Jamey. 2013. 3921:Olson, Roger E. (1999). 3279: 3268:Transfiguration of Jesus 3158:Christian views of Jesus 3111:Roman Catholic Mariology 2670:Second Council of Nicaea 2398:First Council of Ephesus 1794:(1539–1604) in his work 998:Christological doctrines 12207:Interactions with women 11482:Christianity portal 10641:Investiture Controversy 9841:Protestant ecclesiology 9584:Eastern Orthodox Church 8404:, James Clarke & Co 8219:, Philosophical Library 8000:Zondervan Academic Blog 7532:, James Clarke & Co 7173:. New York: Scribners. 6818:Baker, Mark D. (2006). 6411:by Georg Strecker 2000 6035:Price & Gaddis 2006 5973:Baker, Kenneth (1982). 5671:sourcebooks.fordham.edu 5440:Encyclopedia Britannica 4493:Jeremiah, David. 2009. 3263:Second Coming of Christ 3163:Christological argument 3073:. It states that Jesus 3061:) of Jesus Christ is a 2737:Eastern Orthodox Church 2467:('but being made one', 2418:and later contradicted 2360:First Council of Nicaea 2140: 2088:, questioned the idea. 1995:pre-existence of Christ 1837:Early notions of Christ 1828:Pre-existence of Christ 1503:Chalcedonian Definition 1479:Eastern Orthodox Church 1361:pre-existence of Christ 12217:Mary, sister of Martha 11837:Oral gospel traditions 11433:Christian universalism 10824:Western Rite Orthodoxy 10669:Protestant Reformation 10195:Christian universalism 10131:Wesleyan Quadrilateral 10121:Imparted righteousness 10004:Lutheran scholasticism 9858:Protestant Soteriology 8211:Moehlman, Conrad Henry 8204:Early high Christology 8173:Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti 8006:Christian Publishing. 7649:, InterVarsity Press, 7593:Schwarz, Hans (1998). 7473:Packer, J. I. (1973), 7450:, Gracewing Publishing 6518:by David D. Kupp 1997 5393:Dunn, James D. G. 5227:Wright, N. T. (1999). 4482:Beilby & Eddy 2009 4467:Beilby & Eddy 2009 4440:Beilby & Eddy 2009 4255:Beilby & Eddy 2009 3798:nowadays is excluded." 3734: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3480: 3273:Universal resurrection 3057: 2868: 2753:This section is empty. 2704:This section is empty. 2570:and one divine nature 2526: 2250: 2167: 2129:New Testament writings 2051: 2021: 1871: 1796: 1699: 1656: 1419: 1379:Christology from below 1353:Christology from above 844:Communicatio idiomatum 48: 12308:Christian terminology 11944:Life of Christ Museum 11939:Life of Christ in art 11091:Anointing of the Sick 10205:Grace in Christianity 10019:Theology of the Cross 9460:Immaculate Conception 9155:New Covenant theology 8574:Social trinitarianism 8150:5 August 2008 at the 7848:26 March 2023 at the 7537:Rahner, Karl (2004), 7356:. Downer Grove: IVP, 7130:Ehrman, Bart (2014), 6938:, New World Library, 6851:Bauckham, R. (2011), 6804:, Church Publishing, 6648:by Hans Schwarz 1998 6473:Matthew 1-2/ Luke 1–2 5265:Andrew Ter Ern Loke, 5207:24 March 2019 at the 3698:the Angel of the Lord 3596:resurrection of Jesus 3148:Catholic spirituality 3011:resurrection of Jesus 3005:Resurrection of Jesus 2858:). And the apostle: " 2835: 2803:'s human attributes. 2620:Armenian Apostolicism 2545:consider ecumenical. 2520: 2238: 2148: 2121:also argues that the 1862: 1832:Incarnation of Christ 1774:Subjective paradigm: 1713:Recapitulation theory 1640:resurrection of Jesus 1410: 35: 11760:Sayings on the cross 11718:Entry into Jerusalem 11412:Nondenominationalism 11285:Role in civilization 10752:Independent Catholic 10694:Relations with Islam 10674:Catholic Reformation 10126:Second work of grace 10116:Christian perfection 9984:Evangelical Catholic 9868:Conditional election 9786:Evangelical theology 9425:Apostolic succession 8741:Conditional Security 7964:Larry Hurtado's Blog 7915:The Bart Ehrman Blog 7909:(14 February 2013). 7874:Larry Hurtado's Blog 7815:THINKAPOLOGETICS.COM 7624:, Macmillan & Co 7580:, Liturgical Press, 7441:, InterVarsity Press 7145:, Liturgical Press, 6864:, InterVarsity Press 6720:Raymond Burke, 2008 6371:by Karl Rahner 2004 6281:Calvin's Christology 5673:. Vol. XIV, p. 207. 4959:Geza Vermez (2008), 4921:How Jesus became God 4857:, pp. 120, 122. 4374:10.1093/ajj/38.1.221 3878:, p. 134, n. 5. 3502:Penal substitution: 3168:Crucifixion of Jesus 3022:Acts of the Apostles 3001:Crucifixion of Jesus 2727:Eastern Christianity 2636:Formula of Hormisdas 2631:Eastern Roman Empire 2531:Council of Chalcedon 1932:Christology. In the 1873:Historically in the 1824:Exaltation of Christ 1788:Moral example theory 1739:Anselm of Canterbury 1731:Objective paradigm: 1664:Classical paradigm: 1459:Council of Chalcedon 1265:Council of Chalcedon 1137:Lutheran Christology 428:Independent Catholic 12313:Systematic theology 12249:Race and appearance 12187:(traditional uncle) 12093:Jesus the Splendour 11735:Agony in the Garden 11650:Sermon on the Mount 11458:Unlimited atonement 11443:Cultural Christians 10882:Jehovah's Witnesses 10504:Sermon on the Mount 10433:Christian tradition 10360:Lists of Christians 10281:Christianity portal 10250:Unlimited atonement 10057:Prosperity theology 9888:Unlimited atonement 9600:Cataphatic theology 9505:Papal infallibility 9450:Ecumenical Councils 9302:Counter-Reformation 8186:Rejoicing in Christ 8142:The Mary Hypothesis 7622:The Cross of Christ 7504:Systematic Theology 7500:Wolfhart Pannenberg 6667:The mystery of Mary 6665:Paul Haffner, 2004 6558:by Ulrich Luz 1995 6347:, pp. 755–767. 6049:, pp. 287–289. 6012:Mary, Mother of God 5898:Systematic Theology 5815:Mary and the Saints 5092:, pp. 110–111. 4526:, pp. 137–141. 4283:The Cross of Christ 3411:Ignatius of Antioch 2964:as the savior. The 2881:Modern developments 2616:Ethiopian Orthodoxy 2596:Eastern Catholicism 2523:Miaphysite Churches 2432:Cyril of Alexandria 2422:during a sermon in 2340:ecumenical councils 2316:ecumenical councils 2086:John A. T. Robinson 2007:Exaltation of Jesus 1891:. In contrast, the 1626:. Atonement is the 1375:Ignatius of Antioch 1131:Extra calvinisticum 750:Part of a series on 709:Christianity portal 566:Jehovah's Witnesses 246:History of theology 12234:Rejection of Jesus 11911:Christ myth theory 11728:Farewell Discourse 11303:Crusading movement 10571:Ante-Nicene period 10093:Lordship salvation 9999:Lutheran orthodoxy 9951:Believer's baptism 9684:Oriental Orthodoxy 9595:Apophatic theology 9555:Transubstantiation 9440:Christian humanism 9430:Assumption of Mary 8452:Christian theology 8400:Pugh, Ben (2015), 8112:www.britannica.com 7876:. 9 October 2017. 7694:www.britannica.com 7528:Pugh, Ben (2015), 6824:. Baker Academic. 6741:Theology for Today 6686:Walter A. Elwell, 6516:Matthew's Emmanuel 5738:(1776–1788), p. 21 5550:2 Corinthians 5:17 4975:, pp. ix, xi. 4549:, pp. 137–41. 3893:, p. ch. 6–9. 3688:has many cases of 3433:Council of Ephesus 3193:Genealogy of Jesus 2974:Holy Name of Jesus 2955:Holy Name of Jesus 2933:Hans von Balthasar 2902:Liberal Protestant 2627:Chalcedonian Creed 2592:Church of the East 2527: 2348:Church of the East 2251: 2225:cosmic Christology 2198:Council of Ephesus 2168: 2082:Bishop of Woolwich 1963:'. While the term 1936:it translates the 1875:Alexandrian school 1761:Penal substitution 1608:Christian theology 1487:Church of the East 1420: 1412:Christ Pantocrator 1238:preexistent figure 448:Church of the East 312:Early Christianity 49: 12280: 12279: 12202:Language of Jesus 12149:Brothers of Jesus 12021:Session of Christ 11897:Mara bar Serapion 11698:Great Commandment 11593:Flight into Egypt 11500: 11499: 11466: 11465: 11394:Charta Oecumenica 10904: 10903: 10894:Iglesia ni Cristo 10709: 10708: 10689:French Revolution 10679:Thirty Years' War 10551:Apostolic fathers 10519:Great Commandment 10290: 10289: 10178: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10170: 10169: 10157:Messianic Judaism 9956:Immersion baptism 9908:Anglo-Catholicism 9769:Dispensationalism 9764:Covenant theology 9723: 9722: 9715:Aphthartodocetism 9673: 9672: 9573: 9572: 9218: 9217: 9098:Dispensationalism 9065:Church discipline 8917: 8916: 8897:Union with Christ 8669:Angelic hierarchy 8645: 8644: 8386:978-1-7252-5622-4 8350:978-0-310-51961-4 8318:978-0-8028-4559-7 8305:Bauckham, Richard 8248:Hurtado, Larry W. 8240:978-0-8028-7506-8 7784:www.newadvent.org 7656:978-0-8308-7491-0 7639:Witherington, Ben 7587:978-0-8146-5078-3 7548:978-0-86012-006-3 7521:978-0-85323-039-7 7493:978-0-664-24468-2 7484:Jesus God and Man 7466:978-0-19-955787-5 7415:978-0-88-141056-3 7380:978-1-4051-5360-7 7343:978-1-4051-0901-7 7325:978-0-06-065517-4 7302:978-1-108-19142-5 7245:978-0-664-22301-4 7199:Grillmeier, Alois 7152:978-0-8146-5856-7 7111:978-0-19-972712-4 7076:978-0-19-510279-6 7056:978-0-8028-3931-2 7043:Dunn, James D. G. 7035:978-0-8146-5616-7 6997:August 1996, 35+. 6967:978-0-310-51961-4 6945:978-1-57731-121-8 6831:978-1-4412-0627-5 6811:978-0-89869-211-2 6766:Angel of the Lord 6335:, pp. 30–31. 6206:978-90-429-1074-4 6183:, p. 208–12. 6155:978-81-8324-007-9 6129:978-0-268-00801-7 6092:978-81-8324-007-9 5986:978-0-89870-019-0 5947:978-1-4443-3361-9 5908:978-0-8254-2340-6 5881:978-0-8028-0629-1 5854:978-0-664-22810-1 5785:978-0-89622-537-4 5718:Charles Freeman, 5705:Jonathan Kirsch, 5378:978-0-8006-1899-5 5357:, pp. 15–19. 4775:978-0-664-24351-7 4737:978-0-664-24351-7 4688:978-81-8324-007-9 4658:Witherington 2009 4403:, pp. 71–72. 4334:, pp. 1, 26. 4257:, pp. 11–20. 4115:, pp. 16–17. 4051:978-90-04-11844-7 3989:, pp. 21–22. 3932:978-0-8308-1505-0 3228:Miracles of Jesus 3208:Harrowing of Hell 3203:Great Tribulation 3135:Pope Benedict XVI 2961:Nativity of Jesus 2951:Nativity of Jesus 2909:Roman Catholicism 2773: 2772: 2724: 2723: 2600:Eastern Orthodoxy 2576:Roman Catholicism 2491:Oriental Orthodox 2039:appeared on earth 1893:Antiochian school 1499:Reformed Churches 1469:Oriental Orthodox 1273:Eastern Orthodoxy 1175: 1174: 850:Consubstantiality 745: 744: 598: 597: 571:Latter Day Saints 556:Iglesia ni Cristo 521:United Protestant 506:Plymouth Brethren 441:Oriental Orthodox 16:(Redirected from 12320: 12270: 12269: 12145:(alleged father) 11999:Person of Christ 11872:Historical Jesus 11703:Olivet Discourse 11631:Great Commission 11527: 11520: 11513: 11504: 11503: 11490: 11489: 11480: 11479: 11323:Environmentalism 11273:Church buildings 11175: 11174: 10990:Eastern Orthodox 10985:Eastern Catholic 10897: 10896: 10864:Eastern Catholic 10842:Eastern Orthodox 10730: 10729: 10651:Age of Discovery 10636:East–West Schism 10534:Great Commission 10465: 10464: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10294: 10293: 10278: 10070: 9878:Prevenient grace 9742: 9741: 9729: 9728: 9679: 9678: 9610:Essence–energies 9579: 9578: 9520:Quartodecimanism 9404: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9312:Great Awakenings 8947:Incurvatus in se 8704: 8703: 8601:Hypostatic union 8522: 8521: 8492:Biblical studies 8465: 8464: 8445: 8438: 8431: 8422: 8421: 8405: 8389: 8371: 8353: 8335: 8334:, Harper Collins 8321: 8300: 8272: 8243: 8225:Bird, Michael F. 8220: 8199: 8180: 8179:, Baker Academic 8154: 8138:Vittorio Messori 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 7991: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7966:. 10 July 2015. 7956: 7950: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7903: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7866: 7857: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7776: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7737: 7728: 7727: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7686: 7659: 7634: 7625: 7613: 7590: 7572: 7556:Ramm, Bernard L. 7551: 7533: 7524: 7496: 7478: 7469: 7451: 7442: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7400:Meyendorff, John 7395: 7394: 7392: 7346: 7328: 7305: 7274:Letham, Robert. 7264: 7263:, Baker Academic 7248: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7164: 7155: 7137: 7136:, Harper Collins 7126: 7125: 7123: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7059: 7038: 7027: 6990: 6981: 6970: 6948: 6928: 6885:Brill Publishers 6865: 6856: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6814: 6781: 6762: 6756: 6738: 6732: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6697: 6691: 6684: 6678: 6669:Gracewing Press 6663: 6657: 6643: 6630: 6616: 6610: 6596: 6587: 6573: 6567: 6553: 6547: 6533: 6527: 6513: 6504: 6490: 6484: 6470: 6464: 6450: 6444: 6433:Grant R. Osborne 6426: 6420: 6406: 6400: 6386: 6380: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6323:, p. ch. 4. 6318: 6312: 6298: 6292: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6253: 6247: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6076: 6070: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6023: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5820:. Loyola Press. 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5769: 5763: 5752:Gerald O'Collins 5745: 5739: 5729: 5723: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5642: 5636: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5599: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5569: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5498: 5492: 5477: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5276: 5270: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5224: 5218: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5124: 5118: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4961:The Resurrection 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4924: 4917: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4722: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4672: 4661: 4655: 4644: 4638: 4625: 4611: 4605: 4591: 4582: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4404: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4208: 4202: 4191: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4101: 4095: 4080: 4079:, p. 16-17. 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3990: 3984: 3973: 3967: 3956: 3950: 3937: 3936: 3918: 3909: 3903: 3894: 3888: 3879: 3873: 3860: 3854: 3843: 3837: 3826: 3820: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3776: 3761: 3755: 3740:Richard Bauckham 3737: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3661: 3655: 3647: 3641: 3622: 3616: 3612:Areopagus sermon 3592:Early Christians 3589: 3583: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3519: 3515: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3459: 3453: 3403: 3397: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3352: 3346: 3335: 3324: 3322: 3314: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3290: 3188:Five Holy Wounds 3060: 3053:threefold office 3047:Threefold office 3041:Threefold office 3015:Pauline Epistles 2887:Historical Jesus 2768: 2765: 2755:You can help by 2748: 2741: 2733:East–West Schism 2719: 2716: 2706:You can help by 2699: 2692: 2688:9th–11th century 2612:Coptic Orthodoxy 2608:Syrian Orthodoxy 2559:hypostatic union 2484: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2447:hypostatic union 2255:synoptic Gospels 2242:Four Evangelists 2209:Pauline epistles 2155:Areopagus sermon 2123:Historical Jesus 2069:Richard Bauckham 2054: 2024: 1978:early Christians 1968: 1958: 1911: 1907: 1799: 1704: 1659: 1646:between God and 1630:or pardoning of 1586:deposit of faith 1399:Hypostatic union 1389:Person of Christ 1357:high Christology 1324: 1316: 1315: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1269:hypostatic union 1235: 1167: 1160: 1153: 974:Threefold office 892:Hypostatic union 838:Active obedience 784:Christ (Messiah) 766: 747: 746: 737: 730: 723: 706: 551:Christadelphians 481:Free Evangelical 434:Eastern Orthodox 391: 390: 342:East–West Schism 74: 51: 50: 46: 43: 36:Paolo Veronese, 21: 12328: 12327: 12323: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12276: 12258: 12190: 12109: 12041:In other faiths 12035: 11958: 11954:Transfiguration 11915: 11858: 11788: 11688:Transfiguration 11562: 11554: 11536: 11531: 11501: 11496: 11474: 11462: 11416: 11371: 11289: 11170: 11164: 11119: 11044:One true church 10900: 10868: 10828: 10717: 10705: 10655: 10612: 10557: 10484:in Christianity 10470: 10456: 10450: 10442: 10401: 10377: 10369: 10326: 10321: 10291: 10286: 10254: 10245:Problem of Hell 10240:Problem of evil 10220:Omnibenevolence 10166: 10135: 10102: 10068: 10061: 10028: 10009:Neo-Lutheranism 9994:Loci Theologici 9965: 9937: 9894: 9883:Total depravity 9851:Church covenant 9822:Soli Deo gloria 9774:Supersessionism 9736: 9719: 9686: 9669: 9586: 9569: 9411: 9409:Catholic Church 9389: 9316: 9267:Semipelagianism 9214: 9125:A-millennialism 9074: 8977: 8973:Total depravity 8953:Occasion of sin 8913: 8693: 8641: 8578: 8554:Theology proper 8511: 8454: 8449: 8412: 8399: 8387: 8369: 8356: 8351: 8338: 8326:Ehrman, Bart D. 8324: 8319: 8303: 8290: 8275: 8262: 8246: 8241: 8223: 8209: 8196: 8171: 8163: 8161:Further reading 8158: 8157: 8152:Wayback Machine 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8091: 8089: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8063: 8054: 8053: 8049: 8039: 8037: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 7992: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7948:Wayback Machine 7938: 7934: 7924: 7922: 7907:Ehrman, Bart D. 7904: 7893: 7883: 7881: 7868: 7867: 7860: 7854:Christian theol 7850:Wayback Machine 7838: 7834: 7824: 7822: 7807: 7803: 7793: 7791: 7778: 7777: 7764: 7754: 7752: 7739: 7738: 7731: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7701: 7688: 7687: 7672: 7662: 7657: 7618:Taylor, Vincent 7588: 7570: 7549: 7522: 7494: 7467: 7425: 7423: 7416: 7390: 7388: 7381: 7350:MacLeod, Donald 7344: 7326: 7310:Mack, Burton L. 7303: 7246: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7153: 7121: 7119: 7112: 7096:Ehrman, Bart D. 7086: 7084: 7077: 7057: 7036: 7001:Cullmann, Oscar 6989:, Paulist Press 6968: 6946: 6841: 6839: 6832: 6812: 6793:Printed sources 6790: 6785: 6784: 6763: 6759: 6739: 6735: 6719: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6685: 6681: 6664: 6660: 6644: 6633: 6617: 6613: 6597: 6590: 6574: 6570: 6554: 6550: 6534: 6530: 6514: 6507: 6491: 6487: 6471: 6467: 6451: 6447: 6427: 6423: 6407: 6403: 6387: 6383: 6367: 6363: 6357:Grillmeier 1975 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6299: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6254: 6250: 6230: 6226: 6216: 6214: 6207: 6191: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6156: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6093: 6077: 6073: 6057: 6053: 6047:Meyendorff 1989 6045: 6041: 6037:, pp. 1–5. 6033: 6026: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5987: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5948: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5909: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5793: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5746: 5742: 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P. 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5409: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5285:Ethos Institute 5277: 5273: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5241: 5225: 5221: 5209:Wayback Machine 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5173: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5142: 5139:Wayback Machine 5125: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5062: 5057:Galatians 2:1–2 5055: 5051: 5043: 5030: 5026:, pp. 4–5. 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4938:, pp. 3–4. 4934: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4776: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4738: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4689: 4673: 4664: 4656: 4647: 4639: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4592: 4585: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4530: 4522: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4211: 4203: 4194: 4186: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4138: 4134: 4128:Pannenberg 1968 4126: 4119: 4111: 4104: 4096: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4052: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4014:Kärkkäinen 2016 4012: 4008: 4000: 3993: 3987:Beversluis 2000 3985: 3976: 3968: 3959: 3951: 3940: 3933: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3897: 3889: 3882: 3874: 3863: 3855: 3846: 3842:, pp. 1–3. 3838: 3829: 3821: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3779: 3762: 3758: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3683: 3679: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3644: 3623: 3619: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3528: 3522:Forensic Theory 3517: 3513: 3507:four main types 3501: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3481:Christus Victor 3477: 3473: 3460: 3456: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3379: 3353: 3349: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3173:Doubting Thomas 3143: 3117:Roman Catholics 3113: 3105:Main articles: 3103: 3095:Book of Hebrews 3049: 3043: 3007: 2999:Main articles: 2997: 2957: 2947: 2942: 2911: 2898: 2893: 2883: 2820: 2778: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2739: 2731:Main articles: 2729: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2690: 2674:Irene of Athens 2644: 2556:of Rome of the 2515: 2394: 2356: 2318:. For example, 2300: 2295: 2289: 2233: 2152:delivering the 2143: 2131: 2031:Kyrios Christos 2029:'s influential 2027:Wilhelm Bousset 2009: 2003: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1839: 1834: 1812: 1792:Faustus Socinus 1790:, developed by 1737:, developed by 1701:Christus Victor 1657:Christus Victor 1654:'s (1879–1978) 1642:, enabling the 1634:in general and 1604: 1596:Main articles: 1594: 1572:Various church 1529:Nontrinitarians 1483:Catholic Church 1405: 1391: 1383:low Christology 1289: 1185:is a branch of 1171: 1142: 1141: 1124:By denomination 1104: 1078: 1062: 1046: 994: 993: 984: 983: 970: 944: 924: 908: 885: 867: 834: 811: 795: 776: 775: 741: 678: 677: 648:Other religions 608: 600: 599: 388: 387: 367: 366: 287: 286: 266: 265: 199: 189: 188: 149: 148: 130: 129: 95: 94: 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12326: 12316: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12274: 12263: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12212:Mary Magdalene 12204: 12198: 12196: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12188: 12182: 12177: 12174: 12168: 12162: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12140: 12135: 12134:(legal father) 12129: 12123: 12117: 12115: 12111: 12110: 12108: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12096: 12095: 12085: 12080: 12079: 12078: 12068: 12067: 12066: 12056: 12051: 12045: 12043: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12007: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11986: 11985: 11984: 11979: 11968: 11966: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11925: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11913: 11908: 11907: 11906: 11905: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11879: 11868: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11834: 11832:Gospel harmony 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11798: 11796: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11731: 11730: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11674: 11673: 11663: 11662: 11661: 11647: 11646: 11645: 11635: 11634: 11633: 11628: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11575: 11569: 11567: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11552: 11550:List of topics 11547: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11530: 11529: 11522: 11515: 11507: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11484: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11424: 11422: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11414: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11385: 11379: 11377: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11340: 11335: 11333:Fundamentalism 11330: 11328:Existentialism 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11299: 11297: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11281: 11280: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11239: 11238: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11221: 11219:God the Father 11216: 11211: 11206: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11183: 11181: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11151: 11150: 11140: 11135: 11129: 11127: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11105: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11039:Body of Christ 11036: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11015: 11014: 11004: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10941: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10914: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10898: 10889: 10884: 10878: 10876: 10874:Restorationist 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10838: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10826: 10821: 10820: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10738: 10736: 10727: 10711: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10702: 10701: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10665: 10663: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10622: 10620: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10583: 10578: 10576:Late antiquity 10573: 10567: 10565: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10553: 10546:Church fathers 10543: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10475: 10473: 10462: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10383: 10381: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10320: 10319: 10312: 10305: 10297: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10284: 10271: 10270: 10265: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10162:Restorationism 10159: 10154: 10149: 10143: 10141: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10112: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10098:Predestination 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10074: 10072: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10038: 10036: 10034:Pentecostalist 10030: 10029: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9975: 9973: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9947: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9904: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9838: 9836:Fundamentalism 9833: 9829:Solus Christus 9825: 9818: 9815:Sola scriptura 9811: 9804: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9781:Evangelicalism 9778: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9756: 9750: 9748: 9738: 9737: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9675: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9567: 9562: 9560:Ultramontanism 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9470:Infant baptism 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9445:Traditionalism 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9326: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9228: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9148: 9146:Apocalypticism 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9113:Millenarianism 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9084: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9060:Full communion 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9030: 9024: 9019: 9017:Congregational 9010: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8987: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8909: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8882:Sanctification 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8852:Reconciliation 8849: 8847:Recapitulation 8844: 8842:Predestination 8839: 8834: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8815:Means of grace 8812: 8807: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8795: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8616:Christocentric 8613: 8608: 8603: 8594: 8588: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8549:Theocentricism 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8502:Law and Gospel 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8473: 8471: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8448: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8411: 8410:External links 8408: 8407: 8406: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8372: 8368:978-1107199262 8367: 8354: 8349: 8336: 8322: 8317: 8301: 8289:978-0802828613 8288: 8273: 8261:978-0802860705 8260: 8244: 8239: 8221: 8206: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8195:978-0830840229 8194: 8181: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8144:, Rome: 2005. 8129: 8099: 8073: 8047: 8021: 7981: 7951: 7932: 7891: 7858: 7832: 7801: 7762: 7729: 7711: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7635: 7626: 7614: 7605: 7591: 7586: 7573: 7568: 7552: 7547: 7534: 7525: 7520: 7507: 7497: 7492: 7479: 7470: 7465: 7459:, OUP Oxford, 7452: 7443: 7432: 7414: 7396: 7379: 7364: 7347: 7342: 7329: 7324: 7306: 7301: 7286: 7272: 7265: 7256: 7249: 7244: 7229: 7217: 7195: 7181: 7165: 7156: 7151: 7138: 7127: 7110: 7092: 7075: 7060: 7055: 7039: 7034: 7017: 6998: 6991: 6982: 6971: 6966: 6949: 6944: 6929: 6866: 6857: 6848: 6830: 6815: 6810: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6757: 6745:Elmer L. Towns 6733: 6713: 6701: 6692: 6679: 6658: 6631: 6611: 6588: 6568: 6548: 6528: 6505: 6485: 6465: 6445: 6421: 6401: 6381: 6361: 6359:, p. 755. 6349: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6293: 6273: 6266: 6248: 6224: 6205: 6185: 6181:O'Collins 2009 6173: 6154: 6134: 6128: 6110: 6091: 6071: 6051: 6039: 6024: 6004: 5985: 5965: 5946: 5926: 5907: 5887: 5880: 5860: 5853: 5833: 5827:978-0829430301 5826: 5803: 5784: 5764: 5740: 5724: 5711: 5698: 5688: 5658: 5656:, p. 149. 5643: 5641:, p. 463. 5639:Fahlbusch 1999 5628: 5617: 5594: 5583: 5564: 5553: 5542: 5493: 5469: 5467:, p. 142. 5465:O'Collins 2009 5457: 5426: 5407: 5384: 5377: 5359: 5342: 5340:, p. 113. 5330: 5323: 5302: 5271: 5258: 5239: 5219: 5190: 5171: 5151: 5119: 5106: 5094: 5082: 5071: 5060: 5049: 5028: 5016: 5004: 5002:, p. 122. 4992: 4990:, p. 132. 4977: 4965: 4952: 4940: 4925: 4923:, Course Guide 4907: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4869:, p. 175. 4859: 4847: 4845:, p. 3-6. 4835: 4820: 4808: 4806:, p. 125. 4793: 4774: 4755: 4736: 4717: 4706: 4687: 4662: 4660:, p. 106. 4645: 4626: 4606: 4583: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4528: 4511: 4499: 4486: 4471: 4459: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4405: 4390: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4299: 4287: 4279:Vincent Taylor 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4226: 4224:, p. 282. 4209: 4192: 4175: 4171:O'Collins 2009 4163: 4132: 4117: 4113:O'Collins 2009 4102: 4081: 4077:O'Collins 2009 4069: 4050: 4030: 4018: 4006: 4004:, p. 108. 3991: 3974: 3972:, p. 217. 3957: 3938: 3931: 3910: 3908:, p. 342. 3895: 3880: 3861: 3844: 3840:O'Collins 2009 3827: 3825:, p. 171. 3809: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3790: 3777: 3756: 3730: 3720: 3710: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3667: 3656: 3653: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3632: 3617: 3584: 3575: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3540:Cur Deus Homo? 3525: 3495: 3486: 3471: 3467:Church Fathers 3454: 3452: 3451: 3436: 3429: 3418: 3398: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3218:Last Judgement 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3102: 3099: 3045:Main article: 3042: 3039: 3034:eschatological 2996: 2993: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2910: 2907: 2897: 2894: 2882: 2879: 2827:Reformed faith 2819: 2816: 2797:Thomas Aquinas 2786:Thomas Aquinas 2777: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2751: 2749: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2702: 2700: 2689: 2686: 2643: 2640: 2514: 2511: 2424:Constantinople 2393: 2390: 2355: 2352: 2302:Following the 2299: 2296: 2291:Main article: 2288: 2285: 2275:Gospel of John 2249:, 17th century 2247:Pieter Soutman 2232: 2229: 2142: 2139: 2130: 2127: 2098:C. F. D. Moule 2094:Michael Ramsey 2043:Gospel of John 2005:Main article: 2002: 1999: 1938:Tetragrammaton 1919: 1914: 1900: 1897: 1879:Gospel of John 1838: 1835: 1816:Christ (title) 1811: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1785: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1710: 1691:God the Father 1644:reconciliation 1593: 1590: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1554:God the Father 1543: 1533: 1532: 1506: 1472: 1462: 1442:regarding the 1390: 1387: 1342:soteriological 1288: 1285: 1246:returns to God 1203:Kingdom of God 1189:that concerns 1173: 1172: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1100:Homoiousianism 1097: 1091: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1000: 999: 995: 991: 990: 989: 986: 985: 982: 981: 976: 971: 969: 968: 963: 958: 953: 947: 945: 943: 942: 935: 927: 925: 923: 922: 917: 911: 909: 907: 906: 899: 894: 888: 886: 884: 883: 876: 870: 868: 866: 865: 860: 854: 852: 847: 840: 835: 833: 832: 827: 822: 814: 812: 810: 809: 804: 798: 796: 794: 793: 786: 780: 777: 773: 772: 771: 768: 767: 759: 758: 752: 751: 743: 742: 740: 739: 732: 725: 717: 714: 713: 712: 711: 699: 698: 693: 688: 680: 679: 676: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 609: 607:Related topics 606: 605: 602: 601: 596: 595: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 545: 544: 542:Restorationist 538: 537: 536: 535: 534: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 451: 444: 437: 430: 425: 420: 419: 418: 413: 398: 397: 389: 386: 385: 380: 374: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 317:Church Fathers 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 288: 285: 284: 279: 273: 272: 271: 268: 267: 264: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 227: 226: 221: 216: 206: 200: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 150: 147: 146: 143: 137: 136: 135: 132: 131: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 96: 93: 92: 87: 81: 80: 79: 76: 75: 67: 66: 60: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12325: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12273: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12244:Mental health 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12193: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12175: 12172: 12169: 12166: 12163: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12133: 12130: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12112: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12069: 12065: 12064:In the Talmud 12062: 12061: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12038: 12032: 12031:Cosmic Christ 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12016:Second Coming 12014: 12012: 12009: 12005: 12004:Pre-existence 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11990: 11987: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11974: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11961: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11912: 11909: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11861: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11803: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11794:New Testament 11791: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11672: 11671:Lord's Prayer 11669: 11668: 11667: 11664: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11655: 11651: 11648: 11644: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11636: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11623: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11606:Unknown years 11604: 11601: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11588:Date of birth 11586: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11561: 11557: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11539: 11535: 11528: 11523: 11521: 11516: 11514: 11509: 11508: 11505: 11493: 11485: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11419: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11390: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11292: 11286: 11283: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11268:Popular piety 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11176: 11173: 11167: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11122: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11062: 11059: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11049:People of God 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10977: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10907: 10895: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10831: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10716: 10715:Denominations 10712: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10684:Enlightenment 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10615: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10552: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10466: 10463: 10460: 10454: 10449: 10445: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10404: 10398: 10397:New Testament 10395: 10393: 10392:Old Testament 10390: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10329: 10325: 10318: 10313: 10311: 10306: 10304: 10299: 10298: 10295: 10283: 10282: 10277: 10273: 10272: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10181: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10105: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10064: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10047:Faith healing 10045: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9923:Center church 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9913:Branch theory 9911: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9897: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9826: 9824: 9823: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9734:Protestantism 9730: 9726: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9710:Monothelitism 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9700:Monophysitism 9698: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9689: 9685: 9680: 9676: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9589: 9585: 9580: 9576: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9530:Sacerdotalism 9528: 9526: 9525:Real presence 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9277:Scholasticism 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9262:Caesaropapism 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9247:Apostolic Age 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9211: 9210:War in Heaven 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9195:Second Coming 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9185:New Jerusalem 9183: 9181: 9180:Millennialism 9178: 9176: 9175:Last Judgment 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8948: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8920: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8826: 8825:Mortification 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8810:Justification 8808: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8783:Glorification 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8679:Fallen angels 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8564:Impassibility 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8441: 8439: 8434: 8432: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8403: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8378: 8373: 8370: 8364: 8360: 8355: 8352: 8346: 8343:, Zondervan, 8342: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8285: 8281: 8280: 8274: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8035: 8031: 8025: 8009: 8005: 8004:HarperCollins 8001: 7997: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7936: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7836: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7750: 7746: 7744: 7736: 7734: 7725: 7723: 7715: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7604: 7603:0-8028-4463-4 7600: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7571: 7569:9781573830089 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7526: 7523: 7517: 7513: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7433: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7397: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7365: 7363: 7362:0-8308-1537-6 7359: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7339: 7335: 7330: 7327: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7287: 7285: 7284:0-8308-1532-5 7281: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7230: 7220: 7218:9780860120063 7214: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7194: 7193:0-8028-2792-6 7190: 7186: 7182: 7180: 7179:0-684-15532-X 7176: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7154: 7148: 7144: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7128: 7117: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7082: 7078: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7061: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7031: 7026: 7025: 7018: 7016: 7015:0-664-24351-7 7012: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6995:Bible Review. 6992: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6963: 6960:, Zondervan, 6959: 6955: 6950: 6947: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6816: 6813: 6807: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6779: 6778:0-8010-2075-1 6775: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6754: 6753:0-15-516138-5 6750: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6729:1-57918-355-7 6726: 6723: 6717: 6710: 6705: 6696: 6689: 6683: 6676: 6675:0-85244-650-0 6672: 6668: 6662: 6655: 6654:0-8028-4463-4 6651: 6647: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6628: 6627:0-664-25221-4 6624: 6620: 6615: 6608: 6607:0-664-25694-5 6604: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6585: 6584:0-664-25752-6 6581: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6564:0-521-43576-5 6561: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6544:0-664-25752-6 6541: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6524:0-521-57007-7 6521: 6517: 6512: 6510: 6502: 6501:0-310-28051-6 6498: 6494: 6489: 6482: 6481:0-8294-1541-6 6478: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6461:0-8308-1486-8 6458: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6441:0-310-32370-3 6438: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6417:0-664-22336-2 6414: 6410: 6405: 6398: 6397:0-19-927836-9 6394: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6377:0-86012-006-6 6374: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6317: 6310: 6309:0-664-22725-2 6306: 6302: 6297: 6290: 6289:0-521-54154-9 6286: 6282: 6277: 6269: 6267:9781954887176 6263: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6244:0-664-23269-8 6241: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6138: 6131: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6075: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6048: 6043: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6008: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5930: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5837: 5829: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5768: 5761: 5760:0-567-08354-3 5757: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5737: 5733: 5732:Edward Gibbon 5728: 5721: 5715: 5708: 5702: 5692: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5635: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5613:0-86012-006-6 5610: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5511:(1–2): 1–18. 5510: 5506: 5505: 5497: 5490: 5489:0-8308-2888-5 5486: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5466: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5408:0-664-25095-5 5404: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5339: 5334: 5326: 5324:9780802875129 5320: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5262: 5246: 5242: 5240:0-8308-2200-3 5236: 5232: 5231: 5223: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5198:Gerd Lüdemann 5194: 5178: 5174: 5172:0-8028-2861-2 5168: 5164: 5163: 5155: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5116: 5115:Honest to God 5110: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5090:Bauckham 2011 5086: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4974: 4969: 4963:, pp. 138–139 4962: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4922: 4919:Bart Ehrman, 4916: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4800: 4798: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4759: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4721: 4715: 4714:Matthew 28:19 4710: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4679: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4643:, p. 15. 4642: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4602:90-279-3109-7 4599: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4581:pp. 1109–1110 4580: 4579:0-86554-864-1 4576: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4536:Acts 17:16–34 4532: 4525: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4509: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4484:, p. 19. 4483: 4478: 4476: 4469:, p. 18. 4468: 4463: 4457:, p. 18. 4456: 4451: 4449: 4442:, p. 17. 4441: 4436: 4430:, p. 25. 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4346:, p. 31. 4345: 4340: 4333: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4230: 4223: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4173:, p. 16. 4172: 4167: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4130:, p. 33. 4129: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3955:, p. 81. 3954: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3915: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3859:, p. 15. 3858: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3810: 3794: 3787: 3781: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3752:Martin Hengel 3750:and the late 3749: 3745: 3744:Larry Hurtado 3741: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686:Old Testament 3681: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3651: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3572:Peter Abelard 3567: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3523: 3512: 3511:Ransom Theory 3508: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3391: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3354:Definitions: 3351: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3320: 3312: 3305: 3295: 3289: 3285: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3058:munus triplex 3054: 3048: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2985:Matthew 28:20 2981: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2906: 2903: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852:Ephesians 3:9 2849: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2718: 2715:February 2019 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2625:Although the 2623: 2622:) reject it. 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2519: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2455:monophysitism 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304:Apostolic Age 2294: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2228: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2193:adoptionistic 2190: 2186: 2185:Philippians 2 2181: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2135:Apostolic Age 2126: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2110:Gerd Lüdemann 2107: 2106:Larry Hurtado 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2077:Honest to God 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061:Larry Hurtado 2058: 2057:Martin Hengel 2053: 2046: 2045:was written. 2044: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2025:, especially 2023: 2016: 2014: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1993:included the 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1930:New Testament 1927: 1926: 1918: 1913: 1899:Pre-existence 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1868: 1861: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1695:inherited sin 1692: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1566:Monothelitism 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1525:Patristic era 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1509:Monarchianism 1507: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455:Monophysitism 1453: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1440:New Testament 1437: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1314: 1307: 1297: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:becomes human 1239: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1205:, and in the 1204: 1200: 1199:Jewish people 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095:Homoousionism 1093: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1074:Monophysitism 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1058:Monothelitism 1056: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 997: 996: 988: 987: 980: 977: 975: 972: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 948: 946: 941: 940: 936: 934: 933: 929: 928: 926: 921: 918: 916: 913: 912: 910: 905: 904: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 887: 882: 881: 877: 875: 872: 871: 869: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 853: 851: 848: 846: 845: 841: 839: 836: 831: 830:Pre-existence 828: 826: 823: 821: 820: 816: 815: 813: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 797: 792: 791: 787: 785: 782: 781: 779: 778: 770: 769: 765: 761: 760: 757: 754: 753: 749: 748: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 719: 718: 716: 715: 710: 705: 701: 700: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 683: 682: 681: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 604: 603: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 548: 547: 546: 543: 540: 539: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 457: 456: 452: 450: 449: 445: 443: 442: 438: 436: 435: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 407: 406: 402: 401: 400: 399: 396: 393: 392: 384: 381: 379: 378:Denominations 376: 375: 371: 370: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 270: 269: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 198: 193: 192: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 159:New Testament 157: 155: 154:Old Testament 152: 151: 144: 142: 139: 138: 134: 133: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 78: 77: 73: 69: 68: 65: 62: 61: 57: 53: 52: 39: 34: 30: 19: 18:Christologies 12154:Holy Kinship 12105:Master Jesus 12083:Baháʼí Faith 11988: 11977:Christianity 11964:Christianity 11934:Christ Child 11929:Bibliography 11779:Resurrection 11693:Homelessness 11602:(apocryphal) 11583:Virgin birth 11573:Annunciation 11565:Jesus's life 11392: 11187:Architecture 11081:Confirmation 11029:Ecclesiology 10960:Original sin 10950:Nicene Creed 10944: 10747:Old Catholic 10631:Papal States 10563:Great Church 10529:Resurrection 10471:Christianity 10428:New Covenant 10379:(Scriptures) 10324:Christianity 10279: 10230:Omnipresence 10200:Divine mercy 10024:Two kingdoms 9918:Broad church 9827: 9820: 9813: 9806: 9799: 9794: 9705:Monoenergism 9695:Miaphysitism 9395:By tradition 9335:Biblical law 9287:Conciliarism 9153: / 9123: / 9119: / 9050:Conciliarity 9027:Presbyterian 8983:Ecclesiology 8958:Original sin 8945: 8936:Anthropology 8923:Hamartiology 8872:Resurrection 8862:Regeneration 8837:Perseverance 8831:Ordo salutis 8829: 8793:Irresistible 8765: 8761:Eternal life 8751:Divinization 8626:Resurrection 8569:Perichoresis 8559:Immutability 8544:Pneumatology 8538: 8507:Hermeneutics 8482:Preservation 8401: 8376: 8358: 8340: 8330: 8311:, Eerdmans, 8308: 8282:, Eerdmans, 8278: 8254:, Eerdmans, 8251: 8229: 8215: 8185: 8176: 8141: 8132: 8120:. Retrieved 8111: 8102: 8090:. Retrieved 8076: 8064:. Retrieved 8050: 8038:. Retrieved 8024: 8012:. Retrieved 7999: 7972:. Retrieved 7963: 7954: 7935: 7923:. Retrieved 7914: 7882:. Retrieved 7873: 7853: 7841: 7835: 7823:. Retrieved 7814: 7804: 7792:. Retrieved 7783: 7753:. Retrieved 7742: 7721: 7714: 7702:. Retrieved 7693: 7646: 7630: 7621: 7609: 7594: 7577: 7559: 7538: 7529: 7511: 7503: 7483: 7474: 7456: 7447: 7437: 7424:. Retrieved 7404: 7389:, retrieved 7369: 7353: 7333: 7314: 7291: 7275: 7268: 7260: 7252: 7234: 7222:, retrieved 7207: 7203:Rahner, Karl 7184: 7168: 7160: 7142: 7132: 7120:, retrieved 7100: 7085:, retrieved 7065: 7046: 7023: 7004: 6994: 6986: 6976: 6957: 6934: 6876: 6870: 6861: 6852: 6840:. 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Retrieved 5229: 5222: 5214:Free Inquiry 5212: 5193: 5181:. Retrieved 5161: 5154: 5127: 5126:Hick, John, 5122: 5114: 5109: 5104:, p. 6. 5097: 5085: 5074: 5068:Acts 9:26–28 5063: 5052: 5047:, p. 5. 5019: 5014:, p. 4. 5007: 4995: 4968: 4960: 4955: 4950:, p. 3. 4948:Talbert 2011 4943: 4920: 4898: 4886: 4881:, p. 3. 4874: 4867:Netland 2001 4862: 4850: 4843:Talbert 2011 4838: 4811: 4784:. Retrieved 4764: 4758: 4746:. Retrieved 4726: 4720: 4709: 4697:. Retrieved 4677: 4613: 4609: 4594: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4547:McGrath 2006 4542: 4531: 4524:McGrath 2006 4507: 4502: 4494: 4489: 4462: 4435: 4423: 4382:, retrieved 4365: 4361: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4322:, p. 1. 4315: 4307: 4302: 4297:, p. 8. 4290: 4282: 4274: 4267:Gustaf Aulen 4262: 4250: 4245:, p. 2. 4238: 4229: 4222:McGrath 2007 4187: 4166: 4154:. Retrieved 4145: 4135: 4100:, p. 4. 4072: 4060:. Retrieved 4040: 4033: 4028:, p. 3. 4021: 4009: 3922: 3793: 3780: 3759: 3748:N. T. Wright 3723: 3713: 3690:Christophany 3680: 3659: 3645: 3635: 3628: 3627:Alexandria: 3620: 3608:Apostle Paul 3587: 3578: 3566: 3557: 3521: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3489: 3474: 3463:Gustaf Aulén 3457: 3401: 3390: 3380: 3350: 3333: 3288: 3248:Pneumatology 3198:Great Church 3183:Eutychianism 3129: 3121: 3114: 3090: 3050: 3030: 3019: 3008: 2980:Matthew 1:23 2978: 2970:Matthew 1:21 2968:emphasis of 2958: 2931: 2912: 2899: 2869: 2859: 2836: 2821: 2811: 2805: 2793:13th century 2790: 2779: 2761: 2757:adding to it 2752: 2712: 2708:adding to it 2703: 2667: 2663:Monothelites 2656: 2645: 2624: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2547: 2528: 2506: 2494: 2487:dyophysitism 2459:Nestorianism 2451:dyophysitism 2443:miaphysitism 2440: 2435: 2409: 2396:In 431, the 2395: 2381: 2378:Nicene Creed 2371: 2358:In 325, the 2357: 2344: 2308:monoprosopic 2301: 2278: 2264: 2252: 2239: 2222: 2212: 2206: 2182: 2175: 2169: 2153: 2132: 2114:N. T. Wright 2075: 2073: 2065:N. T. Wright 2047: 2035: 2030: 2017: 2010: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1970: 1947: 1946: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1902: 1882: 1872: 1863: 1855: 1840: 1820:Resurrection 1805: 1743:Jesus Christ 1652:Gustaf Aulèn 1648:his creation 1636:original sin 1605: 1571: 1560:Nestorianism 1534: 1475:Dyophysitism 1465:Miaphysitism 1449: 1433: 1427: 1424:Jesus Christ 1421: 1382: 1378: 1364: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1335: 1327:Jesus Christ 1291: 1290: 1281:miaphysitism 1257:early church 1254: 1215: 1182: 1179:Christianity 1176: 1129: 1118:Theopaschism 1113:Nestorianism 1082:Miaphysitism 1069:Dyophysitism 1053:Dyothelitism 1042:Monoenergism 1019:Chalcedonism 1014:Eutychianism 1009:Apollinarism 939:Syncatabasis 937: 930: 920:Intercession 901: 878: 842: 817: 788: 755: 613:Civilization 453: 446: 439: 432: 423:Old Catholic 403: 261:Universalism 240: 184:New Covenant 120:Resurrection 64:Christianity 37: 29: 12293:Christology 12180:Descendants 12138:Holy Family 12121:Genealogies 12088:Manichaeism 11994:Incarnation 11989:Christology 11982:1st century 11864:Historicity 11755:Crucifixion 11723:Last Supper 11448:Persecution 11383:Christendom 11376:Cooperation 11313:Charismatic 11224:Holy Spirit 11133:Natural law 11096:Holy orders 10945:Christology 10938:Holy Spirit 10807:Pentecostal 10787:Evangelical 10782:Charismatic 10626:Monasticism 10618:Middle Ages 10581:Constantine 10524:Crucifixion 10406:Foundations 10235:Omniscience 10225:Omnipotence 10215:Love of God 10069:(Calvinist) 10052:Glossolalia 9928:High church 9808:Sola gratia 9650:Tabor Light 9635:Proskynesis 9620:Metousiosis 9615:Gnomic will 9500:Natural law 9475:Josephology 9465:Indulgences 9330:Apologetics 9297:Reformation 9292:Renaissance 9205:Tribulation 9088:Historicism 9080:Eschatology 8778:Forgiveness 8699:Soteriology 8637:Holy Spirit 8621:Incarnation 8539:Christology 8477:Inspiration 7665:Web-sources 7595:Christology 7122:27 February 6887:: 119–152. 6842:20 November 6646:Christology 6526:pp. 220–224 6419:pp. 401–403 6345:Rahner 2004 5762:pp. 144–145 5654:Rausch 2003 5602:Karl Rahner 5338:Ehrman 2014 5295:8 September 5000:Ehrman 2014 4988:Ehrman 2014 4903:Ehrman 2003 4855:Ehrman 2014 4831:Ehrman 2014 4804:Ehrman 2014 4455:Weaver 2001 4416:Packer 1973 4401:Taylor 1956 4384:11 December 4368:: 221–255, 4243:Weaver 2001 4205:Ehrman 1993 4002:Ehrman 2014 3891:Ehrman 2014 3823:Ehrman 2014 3546:satisfactio 3534:satisfactio 3395:John 1:1–14 3071:John Calvin 2918:Karl Rahner 2916:theologian 2871:John Calvin 2864:Hebrews 7:3 2848:Hebrews 1:2 2840:Hebrews 1:3 2818:Reformation 2808:Middle Ages 2584:Lutheranism 2580:Anglicanism 2543:Protestants 2428:Celestine I 2312:dyoprosopic 2231:The Gospels 2189:incarnation 2119:Brant Pitre 2013:adoptionist 1889:Incarnation 1867:adoptionism 1747:crucifixion 1513:Adoptionism 1511:(including 1495:Anglicanism 1491:Lutheranism 1444:dual nature 1338:Ontological 1292:Christology 1259:and at the 1250:adoptionism 1183:Christology 1037:Dyoenergism 1004:Adoptionism 863:Humiliation 825:Incarnation 807:God the Son 756:Christology 501:Pentecostal 383:(full list) 357:Reformation 322:Constantine 241:Christology 231:Apologetics 224:Holy Spirit 145:Foundations 115:Crucifixion 45: 1560 12287:Categories 12026:Son of God 11921:Depictions 11659:Beatitudes 11616:Temptation 11560:Chronology 11362:Prosperity 11338:Liberation 11278:Cathedrals 11263:Pilgrimage 11248:Literature 11125:Philosophy 11061:Sacraments 11034:Four marks 10995:Protestant 10970:Born again 10767:Anabaptist 10757:Protestant 10699:Influences 10661:Modern era 10365:By country 10152:Anabaptism 10088:Free Grace 9933:Low church 9565:Veneration 9510:Priesthood 9420:Absolution 9360:Missiology 9350:Homiletics 9272:Iconoclasm 9257:Patristics 9224:Historical 9200:Soul sleep 9141:Apocalypse 9136:Antichrist 9038:Historical 9008:Missiology 8996:Confession 8867:Repentance 8857:Redemption 8805:Imputation 8798:Prevenient 8746:Conversion 8711:Absolution 8534:Paterology 8529:Attributes 8460:Systematic 7426:9 November 7391:16 October 7087:16 October 6656:pp 132–134 6236:Ann Loades 6067:0664227481 6020:0802822665 5580:: 356–359. 5251:16 October 5183:16 October 4622:0567223574 4428:Baker 2006 4098:Brown 2004 4026:Brown 2004 3906:Davis 1990 3805:References 3769:Son of God 3765:Saint Paul 3604:redemption 3550:justice)." 3292:(from the 3243:Paterology 3127:dialogue. 3125:ecumenical 2989:Ulrich Luz 2949:See also: 2885:See also: 2782:Franciscan 2764:March 2019 2678:veneration 2554:Pope Leo I 2550:dyophysite 2541:and other 2495:miaphysite 2470:κατὰ φύσιν 2464:Mia Physis 2414:title for 2373:homoousios 2328:Gnosticism 2269:, and his 2260:John 21:25 2218:Son of God 2150:Saint Paul 2102:James Dunn 1934:Septuagint 1922:The title 1848:Son of God 1844:Son of Man 1814:See also: 1753:for human 1751:substitute 1550:Son of God 1497:, and the 1435:hypostasis 1393:See also: 1294:(from the 1248:", versus 1222:Son of God 1218:Son of Man 1108:Homoianism 961:Perfection 858:Exaltation 802:Son of God 561:Irvingians 526:Waldensian 466:Anabaptist 455:Protestant 12239:Criticism 12224:Christmas 12100:Mandaeism 12076:Ahmadiyya 11784:Ascension 11708:Anointing 11643:Disciples 11626:Selecting 11438:Criticism 11388:Ecumenism 11352:Mysticism 11318:Democracy 11308:Anarchism 11295:Movements 11258:Mythology 11236:Catechism 11231:Education 11148:Evolution 11071:Eucharist 11054:Canon law 11012:Theotokos 11007:Mariology 10965:Salvation 10955:Tradition 10802:Methodist 10762:Adventist 10596:Chalcedon 10147:Adventism 10067:Reformed 9863:Assurance 9801:Sola fide 9754:Adiaphora 9665:Theotokos 9645:Symphonia 9640:Sobornost 9630:Phyletism 9540:Sainthood 9535:Sacrament 9515:Purgatory 9495:Modernism 9485:Mariology 9380:Political 9355:Liturgics 9340:Education 9322:Practical 9237:Orthodoxy 9160:End times 9131:Adventism 9108:Preterism 9022:Episcopal 9001:Eucharist 8991:Sacrament 8887:Synergism 8877:Salvation 8820:Monergism 8726:Atonement 8721:Assurance 8651:Cosmology 8631:Ascension 8469:Scripture 8394:Atonement 7842:atonement 7336:, Wiley, 6925:148616605 6909:0029-5973 6901:1568-5276 6399:pp. 22–23 6321:Dunn 2003 5533:162364599 5525:1613-009X 5102:Loke 2017 5079:Acts 15:2 5045:Loke 2017 5024:Loke 2017 5012:Loke 2017 4973:Bird 2017 4936:Loke 2017 4891:Mack 1995 4879:Loke 2017 4816:Loke 2017 4624:pp. 50–51 4604:pp. 19–23 4344:Pugh 2015 4332:Pugh 2015 4320:Pugh 2015 4295:Pugh 2015 3857:Ramm 1993 3694:theophany 3634:Antioch: 3600:salvation 3444:Sergius I 3440:Heraclius 3422:heretical 3178:Eucharist 3107:Mariology 3101:Mariology 3063:Christian 3026:Acts 2:23 2927:Luke 9:26 2923:Mark 8:38 2856:Micah 5:2 2539:Anglicans 2535:Lutherans 2507:Theotokos 2449:) versus 2436:Theotokos 2411:Theotokos 2406:Mariology 2402:Nestorius 2202:atonement 2090:John Hick 1745:suffered 1683:sacrifice 1628:forgiving 1612:atonement 1592:Salvation 1582:orthodoxy 1331:salvation 1244:and then 1207:salvation 1087:Henotikon 992:Doctrines 951:Knowledge 915:Imitation 668:Symbolism 628:Ecumenism 618:Criticism 496:Moravian 491:Methodist 461:Adventist 332:Augustine 282:Tradition 256:Salvation 125:Ascension 12272:Category 12143:Panthera 12128:(mother) 11887:Josephus 11740:Betrayal 11683:Miracles 11678:Parables 11638:Ministry 11621:Apostles 11578:Nativity 11492:Category 11357:Pacifism 11171:features 11155:Politics 11108:Ablution 11076:Marriage 10980:Catholic 10910:Theology 10817:Reformed 10797:Lutheran 10792:Holiness 10772:Anglican 10742:Catholic 10646:Crusades 10591:Nicaea I 10541:Apostles 10514:Miracles 10509:Parables 10499:Ministry 10489:Nativity 10453:timeline 10350:Prophets 10345:Glossary 10183:See also 10108:Wesleyan 9971:Lutheran 9900:Anglican 9625:Phronema 9455:Filioque 9435:Dogmatic 9375:Polemics 9370:Pastoral 9151:Covenant 9103:Futurism 9093:Idealism 9070:Shunning 9055:Koinonia 8968:Theodicy 8941:The Fall 8907:Blessing 8756:Election 8716:Adoption 8689:Theodicy 8674:Humanity 8659:Creation 8497:Exegesis 8487:Canonics 8328:(2014), 8307:(2008), 8298:61461917 8270:51623141 8250:(2003), 8227:(2017), 8213:(1960), 8175:(2016), 8166:Overview 8148:Archived 8116:Archived 8086:Archived 8060:Archived 8034:Archived 8008:Archived 7968:Archived 7944:Archived 7919:Archived 7878:Archived 7846:Archived 7819:Archived 7788:Archived 7749:Archived 7698:Archived 7641:(2009), 7620:(1956), 7420:Archived 7402:(1989). 7385:archived 7352:(1998). 7312:(1995), 7116:archived 7098:(2003), 7081:archived 7045:(2003), 7003:(1980). 6917:44505332 6836:Archived 6709:Communio 6443:p. lxxix 6217:14 March 6211:Archived 6166:14 March 6160:Archived 6103:14 March 6097:Archived 5997:14 March 5991:Archived 5958:14 March 5952:Archived 5919:14 March 5913:Archived 5796:14 March 5790:Archived 5675:Archived 5625:John 1:3 5604:(2004). 5574:Emmanuel 5444:Archived 5413:Archived 5395:(1990). 5313:(2024). 5289:Archived 5245:Archived 5205:Archived 5177:Archived 5135:Archived 5117:, p. 72. 4786:14 March 4780:Archived 4748:14 March 4742:Archived 4699:14 March 4693:Archived 4378:archived 4156:27 March 4150:Archived 4062:14 March 4056:Archived 3786:Arianism 3663:Ehrman: 3304:Khristós 3141:See also 3067:Eusebius 2966:salvific 2914:Catholic 2875:the Word 2844:John 1:3 2588:Reformed 2572:(physis) 2529:The 451 2324:Ebionism 2320:Arianism 2271:miracles 2267:parables 2100:(1977), 2096:(1980), 1618:through 1574:councils 1546:Arianism 1540:Docetism 1517:Modalism 1429:prosopic 1418:, Greece 1395:Prosopon 1346:salvific 1306:Khristós 1187:theology 1029:Docetism 979:Redeemer 903:Prosopon 880:Homoiōma 774:Concepts 686:Glossary 633:Glossary 516:Reformed 486:Lutheran 471:Anglican 405:Catholic 347:Crusades 337:Ignatius 327:Councils 292:Apostles 197:Theology 110:Ministry 100:Nativity 56:a series 54:Part of 12195:Related 12165:Joachim 12059:Judaism 12049:Jesuism 11949:Statues 11902:Gospels 11892:Tacitus 11882:Sources 11807:Matthew 11802:Gospels 11713:Passion 11666:Prayers 11611:Baptism 11600:Infancy 11545:Outline 11421:Related 11214:Trinity 11179:Culture 11143:Science 11113:Hygiene 11103:Mission 11086:Penance 11066:Baptism 11002:Worship 10975:Liturgy 10923:Trinity 10834:Eastern 10812:Quakers 10777:Baptist 10734:Western 10724:members 10494:Baptism 10448:History 10438:Worship 10340:Outline 10014:Pietism 9989:Haugean 9943:Baptist 9798: ( 9746:General 9660:Theosis 9655:Theoria 9605:Economy 9550:Thomism 9545:Scotism 9480:Liturgy 9307:Pietism 9282:Thomism 9190:Rapture 9115: ( 9015: ( 8902:Worship 8892:Theosis 8736:Calling 8731:Baptism 8599: ( 8584:Trinity 8188:. IVP. 8092:5 March 8066:5 March 8040:5 March 7755:2 March 7612:, Brill 7205:(ed.), 7163:, Brill 6879:(2–3). 6788:Sources 6429:Matthew 6379:p. 1822 5696:192–142 5132:page 27 3298:Χριστός 3253:Rapture 3133:(later 3091:messiah 3079:prophet 3055:(Latin 2814:image. 2791:In the 2503:Ephesus 2426:. 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