352:
216:
489:
471:
1360:
46:
346:
1870:
74:
210:
557:
521:, the governor of Guatemala, decided on the final conquest of the region. In 1686, the Governor himself arrived in San Mateo Ixtatán, after sending in troops under Captain Melchor Rodríguez Mazariegos, and successfully took control of the town. After recruiting Chuj warriors from the nearby villages, including 61 from San Mateo itself, he launched an invasion of the still unconquered
540:
fighting that followed, the Chuj managed to maintain their communal lands in the high mountains, and this prompted their modern reputation for rebelliousness. With the loss of much of their land, and the resultant extreme poverty, many of the Chuj were forced to migrate to
Guatemala's southern coast. As a people, they were reduced to becoming either peasants or migrant labourers.
609:
Descent is reckoned bilaterally and each side is of equal importance. Typically, the nuclear family shares a compound with the husband's brothers and parents and economic and child care activities are shared within the compound. The extended family will own several small parcels of land, at varying
323:
Estimates of total numbers vary from 30,000 to over 60,000. The populations of San Mateo Ixtatán and San
Sebastián Coatán, both of which are almost wholly Chuj, are about 16,000 and 9,000 respectively. There are nearly 4,000 Chuj-speakers in Nentón constituting about a third of the town. Because of
539:
Guatemala gained its independence from Spain in 1821. In the late 19th century the
Guatemalan government sanctioned the transfer of Chuj tribal land to powerful agricultural land owners. The process began in 1876, when they were forced to cede land to create the new municipality of Nenton. In the
454:
was established at San Mateo Ixtatán, overseen by
Dominican missionaries. The Chuj of San Mateo Ixtatán remained rebellious and resisted Spanish control for longer than their highland neighbours; their resistance was so determined that the Chuj remained pacified only while the immediate effects of
624:
Traditional Chuj beliefs, where most natural features—hills, rock outcrops, streams, and caves—have spirits, remain strong. The spirits in caves, who are often ancestors of the townspeople, may be approached for aid and advice. Death is the transition to "ancestorhood." Deathbed instructions are
543:
In the years that followed, the Chuj were involved in frequent uprisings and violent unrest caused by extreme poverty and a sense of grievance because of the loss of their lands. Political unrest and bloody reprisals against the Chuj increased after the Second World War. By the 1970s, violent
387:
homeland and they and their ancestors are thought to have lived there continuously since Proto-Maya began splitting into the modern Maya languages about 4,000 years ago. There is, on the outskirts of the modern town of San Mateo Ixtatán, archaeological evidence of a Chuj urban settlement,
625:
binding obligations, and spirits enforce them with sanctions of illness and misfortune. These spirits can be approached for advice and aid at family altars, cave entrances, hilltops, or, in San Mateo, at cross-sites and accesses to the Maya structures underneath the modern city.
646:
The Chuj wear distinctive "trade" garments which vary between each of the towns. Men usually wear a wool short-sleeved tunic, lightly embroidered at the neck and arms. Women wear a cotton broadcloth overblouse elaborately embroidered in red, yellow, green, and black.
544:
confrontations with the
Guatemalan police were common. In the late 1970s and early 1980s the confrontation with Guatemalan authorities became focused on the Chuj campaign to preserve their forests in the region. By the 1980s, when Guatemala was ruled by a
509:
mass. He described the inhabitants as "quarrelsome" and complained that their religious practices were such that they were
Christian in name only: they had built a pagan shrine in the hills among the ruins of
590:
Although the Chuj language remains viable, as with other Mayan languages, children, particularly in urban centres, increasingly do not learn Chuj as a first language or, in some cases, at all.
183:
in the 1530s; however, they were not finally subdued by the
Spanish colonial authorities until the 1680s. In the post-Colonial era, the Chuj lost much of their communal land, reducing them to
1661:
548:, the Chuj were involved in full-scale guerrilla activity against the Army, who regarded them as "internal enemies". During the decade, about 25% of the Chuj emigrated to the United States.
1210:
632:, combining with traditional beliefs, while in San Sebastián there is a sharp divide between those that hold traditional beliefs and those that follow the activist Catholicism of the
877:
324:
the irregular immigrant status of the Chuj in the U.S., it is not known how many Chuj live in Los
Angeles, but one estimate is that it equals the population of San Sebastián Coatán.
395:
Like other Maya, the Chuj were a settled farming people who cultivated maize and beans. As far as the Chuj's political history is concerned, it is known that they were subject to
327:
In
Guatemala, the Chuj have a reputation for rebelliousness and antagonism to authority, the historic causes of which arise out of poverty and grievances over land distribution.
518:
1348:
910:
1753:
1651:
433:
1341:
1217:
879:
Language
International World Directory of Sociolinguistic and Language Planning Organizations: Sociolinguistic and Language Planning Organizations
455:
the Spanish expeditions lasted. But the longer-term effect was that disease and warfare substantially reduced Chuj numbers in the 16th century.
514:
temples, where they burnt incense and offerings and sacrificed turkeys. Eventually, de León was driven out of San Mateo Ixtatán by the Chuj.
1326:
692:
1334:
1216:(in Spanish). San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Sur – Unidad San Cristóbal de Las Casas. Archived from
1746:
177:
The Chuj, and their ancestors, are believed to have lived in the same area for 4,000 years. They first came into contact with Spanish
505:
reported that about eighty families lived in San Mateo Ixtatán but that they did not pay tribute to the Spanish Crown or attend the
2180:
1301:
259:
conscripts of the Spanish, for whom it meant the loose wool overgarment traditionally worn by Chuj men. The Chuj themselves use an
1739:
1309:
1278:
1169:
1142:
1114:
1089:
1064:
975:
944:
887:
848:
733:
914:
602:, although Church weddings are relatively rare because of the cost of having a priest officiate. Chuj men also practise "
187:. This resulted in a history of violent resistance to authority culminating in guerrilla activity against Guatemala's
2195:
1630:
1364:
1159:
2190:
838:
1356:
408:
693:"Hablantes de lengua indígena en México - Lenguas indígenas en México y hablantes (de 5 años y más) al 2005"
1762:
441:
293:
and Mexico. Following emigration to the United States in the 1980s, large numbers of the Chuj also live in
1237:
Conquest and survival in colonial Guatemala: A historical geography of the Cuchumatan Highlands 1500–1824
1270:
301:
159:
61:
610:
distances from the town center. In San Mateo and San Sebastián there is also access to communal land.
392:, also known as Ystapalapán, which includes mounds and plazas and dates from between 600 and 900 A.D.
309:
167:
146:. Population estimates vary between 30,000 and over 60,000. Their indigenous language is also called
399:
domination in the 15th century but freed themselves from K'iche' control in the early 16th century.
1720:
576:
151:
667:
1983:
1244:
Lovell, W. George (1988). "Surviving Conquest: the Maya of Guatemala in Historical Perspective".
696:
606:" where a woman is effectively abducted rather than her family formally petitioned for her hand.
174:. Los Angeles is believed to have a relatively large population of undocumented Chuj immigrants.
413:
The Spanish conquest of the Maya territories of the Guatemalan highlands began in 1524 when the
351:
2033:
1710:
1468:
1265:
Lovell, W. George (2000). "The Highland Maya". In Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (eds.).
911:"XI Censo Nacional de Población y VI de Habitación (Censo 2002) - Pertenencia de grupo étnico"
725:
584:
2185:
2159:
1715:
1585:
365:
North Guatemala at the time of first contact with the Spanish: Chuj territory circled in red.
215:
803:
Maxwell, Judith. "Chuj." Encyclopedia of World Cultures. 1996. Retrieved June 8, 2012, from
1656:
1418:
967:
961:
534:
437:
396:
384:
233:
170:, with small numbers also residing in the neighboring border areas of the Mexican state of
695:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI). 2005. Archived from
461:
423:
305:
163:
8:
2119:
2099:
1620:
1443:
1267:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 2
1493:
1463:
560:
Chuj folk art: a Chuj woman with text in the Chuj language alluding to Maya corn culture
448:. In the 1530s, the Chuj submitted to the Spanish conquest and, in 1549, the first Chuj
1625:
1483:
599:
804:
1615:
1610:
1478:
1315:
1305:
1284:
1274:
1165:
1138:
1110:
1085:
1060:
971:
940:
883:
844:
729:
718:
450:
419:
378:
290:
2154:
1544:
502:
2104:
2094:
2028:
1942:
1776:
1676:
1635:
1559:
1524:
1438:
1253:
1198:
603:
98:
2149:
2064:
2018:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1856:
1836:
1498:
1488:
1433:
1408:
1211:"La ciudadanía del pueblo chuj en México: Una dialéctica negativa de identidades"
634:
580:
522:
229:
184:
155:
1781:
1549:
345:
1846:
1796:
1786:
1731:
1601:
1458:
575:
The Chuj historically speak a language, also called Chuj, which is part of the
545:
506:
488:
256:
255:
first used by the Spanish. According to folk tradition, the term was coined by
188:
179:
114:
1519:
1257:
2174:
2139:
2129:
2109:
2038:
1988:
1978:
1875:
1666:
1590:
1473:
1403:
619:
570:
511:
147:
118:
94:
1319:
1288:
2134:
1962:
1917:
1902:
1791:
1554:
1503:
1453:
1389:
470:
445:
415:
284:
1826:
300:
Most of the Chuj live in Guatemala, in the highlands of the department of
209:
2144:
2089:
2023:
2013:
1927:
1907:
1806:
1428:
1423:
1398:
1378:
477:
389:
294:
135:
1937:
1831:
587:, spoken in Mexico. The Chuj now also speak Spanish and are bi-lingual.
494:
The modern city of San Mateo Ixtatán, still the home of many of the Chuj
2069:
1922:
1448:
629:
428:
2074:
236:
of north western Guatemala and adjacent areas of the Mexican state of
2124:
2084:
1912:
1529:
1368:
304:. Their main centres of settlement in Huehuetenango are the towns of
139:
51:
2079:
840:
The Indians of Central and South America: Ethnohistorical Dictionary
313:
2114:
2048:
1932:
1897:
1684:
1564:
110:
2043:
1952:
1892:
1851:
1841:
1801:
1689:
1534:
317:
260:
237:
171:
316:. Additionally, small numbers also live in the Mexican state of
1947:
1816:
1811:
1569:
525:
from San Mateo Ixtatán and completed the conquest of the area.
252:
143:
79:
556:
1957:
1821:
1694:
1539:
1034:
1032:
338:
202:
1161:
Endangered Languages: Language Loss and Community Response
1157:
1029:
913:. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. 2002. Archived from
480:, the pre-Columbian Chuj settlement at San Mateo Ixtatán
1208:
1002:
422:
led his army into the region. In 1529 the Chuj city of
1158:
Grenoble, Lenore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J., eds. (1998).
1132:
1104:
1079:
1054:
939:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 103, 104, and 106.
934:
959:
628:
Catholicism is prevalent as well: in San Mateo it is
1865:
440:), a companion of Pedro de Alvarado, together with
383:The Chuj live in an area believed to have been the
1197:
717:
232:. Circled in red, the homeland of the Chuj in the
1264:
1243:
501:In the late 17th century, the Spanish missionary
158:. Most Chuj live in the Guatemalan department of
2172:
1761:
1295:
1747:
1342:
673:. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Guatemala
1128:
1126:
1084:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 106–107.
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
278:
960:Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. (2006).
871:
869:
867:
662:
660:
1754:
1740:
1349:
1335:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
1200:Gift of the Devil: a History of Guatemala
1133:Mersky, Marcie; Higonnet, Etelle (2008).
1123:
1105:Mersky, Marcie; Higonnet, Etelle (2008).
1098:
1080:Mersky, Marcie; Higonnet, Etelle (2008).
1055:Mersky, Marcie; Higonnet, Etelle (2008).
1041:
935:Mersky, Marcie; Higonnet, Etelle (2008).
876:Dominguez, F.; et al., eds. (1995).
875:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
312:with some living in parts of the town of
864:
832:
657:
555:
1302:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
1109:. Transaction Publishers. p. 104.
1059:. Transaction Publishers. p. 103.
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
613:
2173:
1234:
966:. Stanford University Press. pp.
752:
593:
1735:
1330:
1195:
836:
903:
809:
724:. Marshall Cavendish. 1999. p.
528:
426:(that is, Wajxaklajun) was given in
372:
263:based on their town of origin, i.e.
38:Regions with significant populations
1600:Descendants of Europeans (white or
1135:Quiet Genocide: Guatemala 1981–1983
1107:Quiet Genocide: Guatemala 1981–1983
1082:Quiet Genocide: Guatemala 1981–1983
1057:Quiet Genocide: Guatemala 1981–1983
1026:Pons Sáez 1997, pp. xxxiii, 153–154
937:Quiet Genocide: Guatemala 1981–1983
843:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 95.
402:
13:
291:Mayan people who live in Guatemala
14:
2207:
289:The Chuj are a small grouping of
1868:
1358:
1209:Limón Aguirre, Fernando (2008).
583:. It is most closely related to
487:
469:
350:
344:
271:(from San Sebastián Coatán), or
214:
208:
72:
44:
2181:Indigenous peoples in Guatemala
1151:
1073:
1020:
1011:
993:
984:
882:. John Benjamins. p. 353.
1246:Latin American Research Review
999:Limón Aguirre 2008, pp. 10–11.
953:
928:
710:
685:
1:
1189:
409:Spanish conquest of Guatemala
1763:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
1017:Pons Sáez 1997, pp. 149–150.
837:Olson, James Stuart (1991).
598:The Chuj traditionally have
7:
564:
194:
162:, in the municipalities of
10:
2212:
1271:Cambridge University Press
1235:Lovell, W. George (1984).
1038:Pons Sáez 1997, p. xxxiii.
990:Limón Aguirre 2008, p. 10.
617:
568:
551:
532:
519:Enrique Enriquez de Guzmán
406:
376:
330:
282:
267:(from San Mateo Ixtatán),
2057:
1971:
1885:
1863:
1769:
1703:
1675:
1644:
1599:
1578:
1512:
1385:
1375:
1298:La Conquista del Lacandón
1296:Pons Sáez, Nuria (1997).
1258:10.1017/S0023879100022202
1008:Lovell 2000, pp. 416–417.
279:Overview and demographics
109:
104:
93:
88:
70:
60:
42:
37:
32:
27:
2196:Huehuetenango Department
1770:More than 100,000 people
1386:Guatemalan native groups
1377:Ancestral background of
650:
641:
1886:20,000 – 100,000 people
720:Peoples of the Americas
668:"Resultados Censo 2018"
138:, whose homeland is in
2058:Less than 1,000 people
1365:Ancestry and ethnicity
1300:(in Spanish). Mexico:
561:
2191:Mesoamerican cultures
1972:1,000 – 20,000 people
1645:Descendants of Asians
559:
1273:. pp. 392–444.
614:Religion and beliefs
535:History of Guatemala
385:Proto-Mayan language
310:San Sebastián Coatán
168:San Sebastián Coatán
16:Group of Maya people
1379:Guatemalan citizens
1196:Handy, Jim (1984).
638:group in the town.
594:Marriage and family
150:and belongs to the
24:
1579:Guatemalan mestizo
1513:Former and extinct
600:arranged marriages
562:
22:
2168:
2167:
1729:
1728:
1311:978-968-36-6150-0
1280:978-0-521-65204-9
1269:. Cambridge, UK:
1171:978-0-521-59712-8
1144:978-1-4128-0796-8
1116:978-1-4128-0796-8
1091:978-1-4128-0796-8
1066:978-1-4128-0796-8
977:978-0-8047-4817-9
946:978-1-4128-0796-8
889:978-90-272-1951-0
850:978-0-313-26387-3
735:978-0-7614-7050-2
529:Post-colonial era
462:San Mateo Ixtatán
434:Gonzalo de Ovalle
424:San Mateo Ixtatán
420:Pedro de Alvarado
379:Maya civilization
373:Pre-Columbian era
370:
369:
366:
359:
358:
306:San Mateo Ixtatán
245:
244:
241:
223:
222:
164:San Mateo Ixtatán
124:
123:
2203:
1984:Chichimeca Jonaz
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1677:Afro-descendants
1363:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1292:
1261:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1052:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
991:
988:
982:
981:
963:The Ancient Maya
957:
951:
950:
932:
926:
925:
923:
922:
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
873:
862:
861:
859:
857:
834:
807:
805:Encyclopedia.com
801:
750:
749:
744:
742:
723:
714:
708:
707:
705:
704:
689:
683:
682:
680:
678:
672:
664:
604:bride kidnapping
491:
473:
403:Spanish conquest
364:
354:
348:
339:
335:
334:
228:
218:
212:
203:
199:
198:
78:
76:
75:
50:
48:
47:
28:Total population
25:
21:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2053:
1967:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1765:
1760:
1730:
1725:
1699:
1671:
1640:
1595:
1574:
1508:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1312:
1281:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1164:. p. 101.
1156:
1152:
1145:
1137:. p. 105.
1131:
1124:
1117:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1053:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
985:
978:
958:
954:
947:
933:
929:
920:
918:
917:on 12 June 2008
909:
908:
904:
894:
892:
890:
874:
865:
855:
853:
851:
835:
810:
802:
753:
740:
738:
736:
716:
715:
711:
702:
700:
691:
690:
686:
676:
674:
670:
666:
665:
658:
653:
644:
635:Catholic Action
622:
616:
596:
581:Mayan languages
573:
567:
554:
537:
531:
523:Lacandon region
499:
498:
497:
496:
495:
492:
483:
482:
481:
474:
465:
464:
411:
405:
381:
375:
355:
349:
333:
287:
281:
275:(from Nentón).
269:ajSan Sabastyán
230:Central America
219:
213:
197:
185:extreme poverty
156:Mayan languages
73:
71:
45:
43:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2160:Western Apache
2157:
2155:Tohono Oʼodham
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1545:Lakandon Chʼol
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
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734:
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579:branch of the
569:Main article:
566:
563:
553:
550:
546:military junta
530:
527:
507:Roman Catholic
503:Alonso de León
493:
486:
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332:
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280:
277:
243:
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225:
224:
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196:
193:
191:in the 1980s.
189:military junta
180:conquistadores
122:
121:
115:Evangelicalist
107:
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86:
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1876:Mexico portal
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1233:
1223:on 2012-04-02
1219:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1173:
1167:
1163:
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1154:
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1129:
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1118:
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1108:
1101:
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1035:
1033:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
979:
973:
969:
965:
964:
956:
948:
942:
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872:
870:
868:
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831:
829:
827:
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823:
821:
819:
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815:
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790:
788:
786:
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778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
748:
737:
731:
727:
722:
721:
713:
699:on 2008-06-11
698:
694:
688:
669:
663:
661:
656:
648:
639:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
620:Maya religion
611:
607:
605:
601:
591:
588:
586:
582:
578:
572:
571:Chuj language
558:
549:
547:
541:
536:
526:
524:
520:
515:
513:
512:pre-Columbian
508:
504:
490:
479:
476:The ruins of
472:
463:
456:
453:
452:
447:
443:
442:Santa Eulalia
439:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
418:
417:
410:
400:
398:
393:
391:
386:
380:
363:
362:
353:
347:
341:
340:
337:
336:
328:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Huehuetenango
298:
296:
292:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
217:
211:
205:
204:
201:
200:
192:
190:
186:
182:
181:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:Huehuetenango
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
120:
119:Maya religion
116:
112:
108:
103:
100:
96:
92:
87:
84:approx. 3,000
83:
81:
69:
65:
63:
62:Huehuetenango
59:
55:
53:
41:
36:
31:
26:
2186:Maya peoples
2130:Motozintleco
1993:
1903:Chontal Maya
1550:Manche Chʼol
1413:
1297:
1266:
1252:(2): 25–58.
1249:
1245:
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1199:
1175:. Retrieved
1160:
1153:
1134:
1106:
1100:
1081:
1075:
1056:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
962:
955:
936:
930:
919:. Retrieved
915:the original
905:
893:. Retrieved
878:
854:. Retrieved
839:
747:chuj people.
746:
739:. Retrieved
719:
712:
701:. Retrieved
697:the original
687:
675:. Retrieved
645:
633:
627:
623:
608:
597:
589:
574:
542:
538:
516:
500:
449:
446:Jacaltenango
427:
416:conquistador
414:
412:
394:
382:
326:
322:
299:
288:
285:Maya peoples
272:
268:
265:ajSan Matéyo
264:
248:
246:
178:
176:
131:
127:
125:
19:Ethnic group
1721:Salvadorans
1520:Acala Chʼol
1484:Sipakapense
1392:and others)
577:Q'anjobalan
478:Wajxaklajun
390:Wajxaklajun
295:Los Angeles
152:Q'anjobalan
136:Maya people
2175:Categories
2070:Chiricahua
2034:Qʼanjobʼal
2014:Mexicanero
1479:Sakapultek
1469:Qʼanjobʼal
1227:2011-09-15
1190:References
921:2008-05-27
703:2008-06-01
618:See also:
585:Tojolab'al
533:See also:
429:encomienda
407:See also:
377:See also:
283:See also:
154:branch of
2125:Mezcalero
2095:Kaqchikel
2085:Ixcatecos
2029:Pima Bajo
1943:Tojolabal
1827:Purépecha
1777:Chinantec
1711:Americans
1560:Tojolabal
1530:Chinamita
1525:Alaguilac
1494:Tzʼutujil
1464:Poqomchiʼ
1439:Kaqchikel
1369:Guatemala
630:syncretic
517:In 1684,
451:reduccion
247:The name
234:highlands
140:Guatemala
89:Languages
52:Guatemala
33:c. 94,000
2065:Awakatek
2039:Qʼeqchiʼ
2019:Ocuiltec
2009:Lacandon
2004:Jakaltek
1999:Guarijio
1953:Wixarika
1938:Tepehuán
1933:Popoluca
1913:Cuicatec
1837:Tlapanec
1832:Rarámuri
1716:Mexicans
1704:Americas
1685:Garifuna
1662:Lebanese
1565:Toquegua
1499:Uspantek
1489:Tektitek
1474:Qʼeqchiʼ
1434:Jakaltek
1419:Chʼortiʼ
1409:Awakatek
1320:40857165
1289:33359444
565:Language
273:ajNenton
195:Ethnonym
111:Catholic
105:Religion
2100:Kʼicheʼ
2075:Cochimí
2049:Tepehua
2044:Tacuate
1898:Chatino
1857:Zapotec
1852:Tzotzil
1847:Tzeltal
1842:Totonac
1802:Mazatec
1797:Mazahua
1787:Huastec
1690:Mulatto
1631:Spanish
1626:Russian
1621:Italian
1602:Criollo
1586:Mestizo
1535:Kejache
1459:Poqomam
1444:Kʼicheʼ
968:763–765
552:Culture
397:K'iche'
331:History
318:Chiapas
261:autonym
257:Tzeltal
238:Chiapas
172:Chiapas
99:Spanish
2140:Paipai
2115:Kumiai
2110:Kiliwa
2105:Kikapú
2080:Cucapá
1989:Chocho
1979:Akatek
1948:Triqui
1893:Amuzgo
1812:Mixtec
1667:Romani
1657:Korean
1652:Jewish
1616:German
1611:French
1591:Ladino
1570:Yalain
1404:Akatek
1318:
1308:
1287:
1277:
1177:7 June
1168:
1141:
1113:
1088:
1063:
974:
943:
895:7 June
886:
856:7 June
847:
741:7 June
732:
314:Nentón
253:exonym
251:is an
144:Mexico
134:are a
80:Mexico
77:
66:89,663
56:91,391
49:
2135:Opata
2120:Lipán
1963:Zoque
1958:Yaqui
1918:Huave
1822:Otomi
1817:Nahua
1782:Chʼol
1695:Zambo
1636:Swiss
1555:Pipil
1540:Kowoj
1504:Xinca
1454:Mopan
1221:(PDF)
1214:(PDF)
677:9 May
671:(PDF)
651:Notes
642:Dress
2150:Teko
2145:Seri
2090:Ixil
2024:Pame
1994:Chuj
1928:Mayo
1908:Cora
1807:Mixe
1792:Maya
1429:Ixil
1424:Itza
1414:Chuj
1399:Achi
1390:Maya
1316:OCLC
1306:ISBN
1285:OCLC
1275:ISBN
1179:2012
1166:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1061:ISBN
972:ISBN
941:ISBN
897:2012
884:ISBN
858:2012
845:ISBN
743:2012
730:ISBN
679:2020
444:and
308:and
249:Chuj
166:and
148:Chuj
142:and
132:Chuh
128:Chuj
126:The
95:Chuj
23:Chuj
1923:Mam
1449:Mam
1367:in
1254:doi
726:306
432:to
130:or
2177::
1314:.
1304:.
1283:.
1250:23
1248:.
1125:^
1043:^
1031:^
970:.
866:^
811:^
754:^
745:.
728:.
659:^
438:es
320:.
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1260:.
1256::
1239:.
1230:.
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1181:.
1147:.
1119:.
1094:.
1069:.
980:.
949:.
924:.
899:.
860:.
706:.
681:.
436:(
240:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
