653:
958:
942:
1215:
252:
1190:
1133:
2437:
1108:
1756:
1047:
186:
130:
685:
29:
1265:
relative to the plane of its orbit around the Sun (the "obliquity of the ecliptic"). If the Earth were "upright" (its axis at right angles to the orbital plane) there would be no Arctic, Antarctic, or
Tropical circles: at the poles the Sun would always circle along the horizon, and at the equator the
1269:
The positions of the
Tropical and Polar Circles are not fixed because the axial tilt changes slowly – a complex motion determined by the superimposition of many different cycles (some of which are described below) with short to very long periods. At noon of January 1st 2000 AD, the mean value of the
2464:
to the Earth's surface, locations sharing the same latitude—but having different elevations (i.e., lying along this normal)—no longer lie within this plane. Rather, all points sharing the same latitude—but of varying elevation and longitude—occupy the surface of a truncated
965:
There are five major circles of latitude, listed below from north to south. The position of the
Equator is fixed (90 degrees from Earth's axis of rotation) but the latitudes of the other circles depend on the tilt of this axis relative to the plane of Earth's orbit, and so are not perfectly fixed.
1307:
Short-term fluctuations over a matter of days do not directly affect the location of the extreme latitudes at which the Sun may appear directly overhead, or at which 24-hour day or night is possible, except when they actually occur at the time of the solstices. Rather, they cause a theoretical
892:, centered on the equator, the circles of latitude are horizontal, parallel, and equally spaced. On other cylindrical and pseudocylindrical projections, the circles of latitude are horizontal and parallel, but may be spaced unevenly to give the map useful characteristics. For instance, on a
904:
Arcs of circles of latitude are sometimes used as boundaries between countries or regions where distinctive natural borders are lacking (such as in deserts), or when an artificial border is drawn as a "line on a map", which was made in massive scale during the 1884
1277:
value of the tilt is decreasing by about 0.468″ per year. As a result (approximately, and on average), the
Tropical Circles are drifting towards the equator (and the Polar Circles towards the poles) by 15 m per year, and the area of the
900:
the circles of latitude are spaced more closely near the poles so that comparisons of area will be accurate. On most non-cylindrical and non-pseudocylindrical projections, the circles of latitude are neither straight nor parallel.
1338:
were intended to be defined by, or are approximated by, parallels. Parallels make convenient borders in the northern hemisphere because astronomic latitude can be roughly measured (to within a few tens of metres) by sighting the
909:, regarding huge parts of the African continent. North American nations and states have also mostly been created by straight lines, which are often parts of circles of latitudes. For instance, the northern border of
1493:
between Canada and the United States, from
British Columbia to Manitoba; "49th parallel" is a common expression for the border, though the majority of Canada's population actually lives south of the parallel.
857:
are at 90° north and 90° south, respectively. The
Equator is the longest circle of latitude and is the only circle of latitude which also is a great circle. As such, it is perpendicular to all meridians.
1081:
respectively). Similarly, the
Antarctic Circle marks the northernmost latitude in the Southern Hemisphere at which the Sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for 24 hours (at the
2704:
1282:, defined astronomically, is decreasing by 1,100 km (420 sq mi) per year. (However, the tropical belt as defined based on atmospheric conditions is expanding due to
820:
1443:
The border between 19th century
Russian territories to the north and conflicting American and British land claims in western North America. The conflicting claims led to the
2059:
1862:
1601:
1565:
1073:
The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the
Northern Hemisphere at which the Sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for 24 hours (at the
175:
with varying curvature in this projection; but are actually circular with different radii. All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a
1270:
tilt was 23° 26′ 21.406″ (according to IAU 2006, theory P03), the corresponding value being 23° 26′ 10.633" at noon of
January 1st 2023 AD.
2529:
1297:
of 9.2″ (corresponding to almost 300 m north and south). There are many smaller terms, resulting in varying daily shifts of some metres in any direction.
2678:
3448:
1167:
The Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn mark the northernmost and southernmost latitudes at which the Sun may be seen directly overhead at the
877:, but these can be divided into more precise measurements of latitude, and are often represented as a decimal degree (e.g. 34.637° N) or with
611:
1039:' (a circle on the surface of the Earth, centered on Earth's center). All the other parallels are smaller and centered only on Earth's axis.
2554:
Quan, Xiao-Wei; Hoerling, Martin P.; Perlwitz, Judith; Diaz, Henry F.; Xu, Taiyi (March 1, 2014). "How Fast Are the Tropics Expanding?".
433:
1273:
The main long-term cycle causes the axial tilt to fluctuate between about 22.1° and 24.5° with a period of 41,000 years. Currently, the
1320:
with tilt angles greater than 45 degrees will have the tropic circles closer to the poles and the polar circles closer to the equator.
1300:
Finally, the Earth's rotational axis is not exactly fixed in the Earth, but undergoes small fluctuations (on the order of 15 m) called
601:
569:
1316:
These circles of latitude can be defined on other planets with axial inclinations relative to their orbital planes. Objects such as
3719:
579:
3923:
93:
2671:
2607:
158:
with varying curvature in this projection, but are actually halves of great ellipses, with identical radii at a given latitude.
65:
3441:
559:
2646:
72:
3913:
3709:
46:
2418:
539:
1765:
line (the historic division between slave and free states). In the US, defines part of the border between Oklahoma and
340:
3465:
2664:
639:
227:
112:
79:
3434:
2166:
2382:
1537:
1490:
425:
61:
50:
2328:
896:
the circles of latitude are more widely spaced near the poles to preserve local scales and shapes, while on a
3846:
884:
On a map, the circles of latitude may or may not be parallel, and their spacing may vary, depending on which
441:
3944:
780:
1438:
2483:
1749:
1308:
shifting of the parallels, that would occur if the given axis tilt were maintained throughout the year.
753:
with the centre of Earth in the middle, as the circles of latitude get smaller as the distance from the
946:
897:
889:
3643:
1458:
404:
2608:"Maritime Delimitation between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras)"
1707:
1392:
371:
318:
3638:
3457:
2813:
2414:
1444:
692:
and its use on a world map. This projection first came into use in the 16th century by the Dutch.
509:
469:
39:
2504:
1001:
These circles of latitude, excluding the Equator, mark the divisions between the five principal
86:
3785:
3658:
3593:
827:
665:
489:
1447:
between Britain and the United States, giving rise to the slogan "Fifty-four forty or fight."
1421:; the southern border of Northwest Territories with the northern borders of British Columbia,
3821:
3750:
3488:
1396:
1290:
632:
549:
299:
220:
2364:
652:
3892:
3633:
3583:
3503:
3478:
2691:
1826:
1685:
1329:
957:
874:
831:
669:
449:
399:
325:
668:. Also note increasing distances between the latitudes towards the poles and the parallel
8:
3663:
3568:
3518:
3493:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2878:
2873:
2844:
2839:
2794:
2761:
2724:
2478:
2453:
2404:
2390:
2376:
2358:
2340:
2322:
2308:
2290:
2264:
2238:
2220:
2206:
2188:
2080:
2038:
2016:
1998:
1990:
1976:
1962:
1940:
1932:
1922:
1888:
1880:
1852:
1844:
1834:
1812:
1798:
1762:
1727:
1697:
1675:
1661:
1619:
1583:
1531:
1513:
1499:
1484:
1470:
1452:
1408:
1386:
1379:
1357:
1250:
1222:
1162:
1032:
1028:
988:
893:
823:
770:
766:
738:
689:
657:
361:
309:
202:
198:
2444:
cross-section (orange) in this image are exaggerated with respect to those of the Earth.
941:
3897:
3339:
3287:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2278:
2178:
2160:
2134:
2116:
2098:
1843:, is approximated by the parallel. Historically, it defined the southern border of the
1666:
In the US, part of the border between Wyoming and Utah, the border between Wyoming and
1519:
281:
251:
155:
2581:
2183:
Two short sections of the border between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola.
1304:, which have a small effect on the Tropics and Polar Circles and also on the Equator.
3806:
3653:
3558:
3513:
2980:
2890:
2350:
2332:
2300:
2122:
1876:
1804:
1214:
1172:
1082:
1078:
1002:
906:
870:
846:
381:
366:
2614:
3918:
3871:
3841:
3831:
3780:
3755:
2804:
2789:
2775:
2754:
2738:
2717:
2563:
2346:
1653:
1545:
1418:
1258:
1246:
1197:
1158:
1140:
994:
976:
625:
376:
213:
172:
2656:
1189:
1132:
3866:
3801:
3770:
3668:
3598:
2650:
2642:
2466:
2368:
2314:
2274:
1928:
1476:
1371:
727:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3729:
3608:
3543:
3523:
2883:
2849:
2461:
2457:
2436:
2422:
2296:
1946:
1839:
In the US, the southern border of Arkansas, which meets the northern border of
1782:
1283:
1107:
885:
866:
589:
356:
330:
2567:
3938:
3851:
3836:
3816:
2799:
2768:
2731:
2152:
2026:
2022:
1505:
1254:
1168:
1115:
1086:
1074:
970:
922:
878:
745:
each other. A location's position along a circle of latitude is given by its
1688:, but the line was moved several miles south to avoid bisecting the city of
1035:. Of the parallels or circles of latitude, it is the longest, and the only '
3699:
3548:
2469:
formed by the rotation of this normal around the Earth's axis of rotation.
2090:
1755:
1703:
1689:
1649:
1589:
1426:
1301:
1068:
1036:
834:. On the ellipsoid or on spherical projection, all circles of latitude are
750:
742:
716:
314:
3426:
1429:; and the southern border of mainland Nunavut with the northern border of
1266:
Sun would always rise due east, pass directly overhead, and set due west.
3538:
3483:
2030:
1902:
1818:
1715:
1711:
1178:
The latitude of the tropical circles is equal to the Earth's axial tilt.
1046:
271:
185:
961:
Relationship of Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles
3856:
3673:
3618:
3578:
3508:
3386:
3282:
3237:
2703:
2410:
2282:
2226:
1954:
1737:
1719:
1637:
1262:
1240:
1093:
1024:
1020:
854:
850:
835:
774:
741:
to each other; that is, planes that contain any of these circles never
1744:. The southern border of Kansas with the northern border of Oklahoma.
3760:
3613:
3603:
3588:
3533:
3528:
3473:
2449:
2441:
2270:
2256:
2073:
2051:
1906:
1840:
1790:
1625:
1607:
1571:
1294:
1289:
The Earth's axial tilt has additional shorter-term variations due to
749:. Circles of latitude are unlike circles of longitude, which are all
746:
720:
661:
350:
276:
146:
1092:
The latitude of the polar circles is equal to 90° minus the Earth's
684:
28:
3861:
3689:
3553:
2248:
2230:
2144:
2108:
2069:
2047:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1741:
1732:
In the US, the southern border of Utah with the northern border of
1667:
1611:
1593:
1430:
1363:
910:
724:
677:
529:
346:
335:
163:
1777:. Geographically it is a Westward extension of the border between
1433:, leading to the expression "north of sixty" for the territories.
930:
918:
914:
3765:
3628:
3623:
3573:
3563:
3191:
2783:
2746:
2709:
2252:
2244:
2104:
1950:
1914:
1910:
1822:
1733:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1422:
1400:
1340:
1279:
1054:
1014:
982:
862:
754:
409:
266:
243:
193:
129:
1370:, the northern and southern limits of the area comprised by the
3876:
3826:
3775:
3648:
3498:
2212:
2194:
2170:
2140:
2086:
2008:
1872:
1868:
1829:. Also, part of the border between North Carolina and Georgia.
1736:. The southern border of Colorado with the northern borders of
1681:
1641:
1629:
1541:
1523:
1462:
1367:
1335:
926:
762:
519:
479:
417:
1293:, of which the main term, with a period of 18.6 years, has an
2396:
2148:
2126:
2004:
1986:
1982:
1766:
1633:
1414:
1317:
1234:
950:
842:
705:
673:
304:
138:
2452:. Elevation has an effect on a location with respect to the
1857:
In the US, part of the border between New Mexico and Texas.
888:
is used to map the surface of the Earth onto a plane. On an
2198:
2065:
1968:
1898:
1894:
1645:
1575:
773:
is half as long as the Equator (disregarding Earth's minor
758:
713:
709:
606:
499:
1817:
In the US, the southern border of Tennessee, which meets
134:
2553:
2313:
In Australia, much of the border between Queensland and
2007:
and Sudan, and within Sudan, the northern border of the
1670:, and part of the border between Nebraska and Colorado.
2643:
U.S. Naval Observatory – mean obliquity of the ecliptic
1648:. The parallel also defines much of the border between
1019:
The equator is the circle that is equidistant from the
2349:
and La Pampa Province, and part of the border between
757:
increases. Their length can be calculated by a common
676:. The Mercator projection comes from a globe inside a
2448:
Normally the circles of latitude are defined at zero
2381:
In Argentina, the border between Chubut Province and
2281:, and part of the border between South Australia and
1803:
In the US, a short section of the border between the
845:
between the Equator and the circle, with the angle's
783:
921:. Roughly half the length of the border between the
2686:
1552:(US). Also approximates most of the border between
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2588:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA. October 29, 2013
869:) circles of latitude between the Equator and the
814:
2147:, and a very short section of the border between
1518:In the United States, part of the border between
1504:In Canada, part of the border between Quebec and
849:at Earth's centre. The Equator is at 0°, and the
3936:
841:The latitude of the circle is approximately the
719:connecting all locations around Earth (ignoring
664:. The angles are untrue for area, especially at
945:The five major circles of latitude shown on an
830:, a circle of latitude is perpendicular to all
2456:formed by a circle of latitude. Since (in the
3442:
2672:
1710:occupation zones in Korea, and later between
1684:. The parallel was originally chosen for the
1395:, Canada, two sections of the border between
633:
221:
2072:, over a stretch of 41.6 km, partly in
966:The values below are for 27 September 2024:
936:
3456:
2460:) altitude and depth are determined by the
1680:In the US, the border between Nebraska and
1334:A number of sub-national and international
3449:
3435:
2679:
2665:
2021:The division between Republic of Vietnam (
1967:Part of the border between Mauritania and
1879:); the southern border of Arizona and the
1323:
1235:Movement of the Tropical and Polar Circles
640:
626:
607:Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
602:International Terrestrial Reference System
228:
214:
2395:Part of the border between Argentina and
2345:In Argentina, part of the border between
2327:In Argentina, part of the border between
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
2435:
1901:. In the US, part of the border between
1754:
1636:where they meet the northern borders of
956:
940:
683:
651:
3937:
2243:A short section of the border between
2211:Part of the border between Angola and
2193:A short section of the border between
2165:A short section of the border between
2025:) and Democratic Republic of Vietnam (
2003:A short section of the border between
1867:Part of the border between the US and
1628:. In the US, the southern borders of
1588:In the US, much of the border between
1457:In Canada, part of the border between
3430:
2660:
815:{\displaystyle \cos(60^{\circ })=0.5}
733:Circles of latitude are often called
2505:"What Are Longitudes and Latitudes?"
1245:By definition, the positions of the
51:adding citations to reliable sources
22:
2582:"Basics of Space Flight, Chapter 2"
1152:
612:Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
574:European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
13:
2251:, and parts of the border between
1624:Originally the northward limit of
1413:In Canada, the southern border of
484:Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
450:Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
341:Horizontal position representation
184:
14:
3956:
2636:
2363:In Argentina, the border between
2295:In Argentina, the border between
1909:, and part of the border between
672:. The only true world map is the
2702:
2502:
2421:). The northern boundary of the
2167:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1536:Approximates the portion of the
1311:
1213:
1188:
1131:
1106:
1062:
1045:
1027:. It divides the Earth into the
917:while the southern border is at
400:Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
250:
128:
27:
1785:and part of the border between
564:N. American Vertical Datum 1988
38:needs additional citations for
2600:
2574:
2547:
2522:
2496:
1927:In Mexico, the border between
1606:In the US, the border between
1570:In the US, the border between
803:
790:
594:Internet link to a point 2010
524:Geodetic Reference System 1980
442:Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS)
1:
3847:Inferior and superior planets
2489:
1769:, most of the border between
1355:
584:Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
2431:
1989:, partly disputed (see also
1417:with the northern border of
534:Geographic point coord. 1983
7:
2484:List of circles of latitude
2472:
2225:Part of the border between
2139:Most of the border between
2121:Part of the border between
2103:Part of the border between
2085:Part of the border between
2064:Part of the border between
1981:Much of the border between
1945:Part of the border between
1893:Part of the border between
1538:Canada–United States border
765:function. For example, the
494:Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
205:, and has a latitude of 0°.
10:
3961:
3924:Medieval Islamic astronomy
3721:On the Sizes and Distances
2402:
2388:
2374:
2356:
2338:
2320:
2306:
2288:
2262:
2236:
2218:
2204:
2186:
2176:
2158:
2132:
2114:
2096:
2078:
2057:
2036:
2014:
1996:
1974:
1960:
1938:
1920:
1886:
1860:
1850:
1832:
1810:
1796:
1747:
1725:
1695:
1673:
1659:
1617:
1599:
1581:
1563:
1529:
1511:
1497:
1482:
1468:
1450:
1436:
1406:
1384:
1377:
1327:
1238:
1156:
1066:
1012:
1008:
947:equirectangular projection
890:equirectangular projection
777:by 0.335%), stemming from
554:World Geodetic System 1984
197:divides the planet into a
154:Lines of longitude appear
3914:Medieval European science
3906:
3885:
3794:
3743:
3682:
3644:Sosigenes the Peripatetic
3464:
2701:
2698:
2649:October 12, 2007, at the
2586:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2568:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00287.1
2409:The northern boundary of
1702:The boundary between the
1459:Newfoundland and Labrador
1361:
937:Major circles of latitude
881:(e.g. 22°14'26" S).
544:North American Datum 1983
514:South American Datum 1969
171:Lines of latitude appear
2413:for the purposes of the
2046:maritime border between
1263:tilt of the Earth's axis
405:Global Pos. System (GPS)
372:Spatial reference system
3639:Sosigenes of Alexandria
3458:Ancient Greek astronomy
2415:Antarctic Treaty System
2353:and La Pampa Province.
1445:Oregon boundary dispute
1324:Other notable parallels
838:, except the Equator.
3711:On Sizes and Distances
2445:
1759:
1718:, from 1945 until the
1475:The southern limit of
962:
954:
898:Gall–Peters projection
828:Gall-Peters projection
816:
693:
681:
189:
3822:Deferent and epicycle
3751:Antikythera mechanism
2620:on September 24, 2015
2532:Trópico en movimiento
2439:
2273:, the border between
1758:
1397:Northwest Territories
960:
944:
817:
687:
655:
300:Geographical distance
188:
3893:Babylonian astronomy
3584:Hippocrates of Chios
2440:The features of the
1374:of 9 February 1920.
1330:Baseline (surveying)
997:(66°33′50.1″ S)
991:(23°26′09.9″ S)
979:(23°26′09.9″ N)
973:(66°33′50.1″ N)
781:
474:Sea Level Datum 1929
326:Geodetic coordinates
62:"Circle of latitude"
47:improve this article
3945:Circles of latitude
3664:Theon of Alexandria
2795:Tropic of Capricorn
2763:Tropic of Capricorn
2726:Tropic of Capricorn
2688:Circles of latitude
2479:Circles of a sphere
2383:Santa Cruz Province
1933:Baja California Sur
1881:New Mexico Bootheel
1845:Louisiana Territory
1763:Missouri Compromise
1479:from 1799 to 1821.
1251:Tropic of Capricorn
1223:Tropic of Capricorn
1163:Tropic of Capricorn
1033:Southern Hemisphere
1029:Northern Hemisphere
989:Tropic of Capricorn
894:Mercator projection
879:minutes and seconds
824:Mercator projection
767:60th parallel north
690:Mercator projection
658:Mercator projection
504:European Datum 1950
462:Standards (history)
362:Reference ellipsoid
310:Figure of the Earth
203:Southern Hemisphere
199:Northern Hemisphere
3898:Egyptian astronomy
3812:Circle of latitude
2556:Journal of Climate
2446:
2365:Río Negro Province
2279:Northern Territory
1760:
1261:all depend on the
1079:December solstices
1003:geographical zones
985:(0° latitude)
963:
955:
812:
698:circle of latitude
694:
682:
670:lines of longitude
382:Vertical positions
190:
177:circle of latitude
3932:
3931:
3807:Celestial spheres
3424:
3423:
2429:
2428:
2351:San Luis Province
2333:La Pampa Province
2301:Santa Fe Province
2123:Equatorial Guinea
1805:Missouri Bootheel
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1203:
1202:
1173:December solstice
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1121:
1120:
1060:
1059:
907:Berlin Conference
737:because they are
650:
649:
598:
597:
377:Spatial relations
367:Satellite geodesy
322:
238:
237:
123:
122:
115:
97:
18:Geographic notion
3952:
3919:Indian astronomy
3872:Sublunary sphere
3842:Hipparchic cycle
3781:Mural instrument
3756:Armillary sphere
3735:
3725:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
2805:Antarctic Circle
2790:Tropic of Cancer
2778:
2777:Antarctic Circle
2771:
2764:
2757:
2756:Tropic of Cancer
2749:
2741:
2740:Antarctic Circle
2734:
2727:
2720:
2719:Tropic of Cancer
2712:
2706:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2613:. Archived from
2612:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2562:(5): 1999–2013.
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2500:
2347:Mendoza Province
2329:Córdoba Province
2151:and Tanzania in
1991:Hala'ib Triangle
1686:Mason–Dixon line
1419:British Columbia
1346:
1345:
1259:Antarctic Circle
1247:Tropic of Cancer
1217:
1210:
1209:
1198:Tropic of Cancer
1192:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1159:Tropic of Cancer
1153:Tropical circles
1141:Antarctic Circle
1135:
1128:
1127:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1049:
1042:
1041:
995:Antarctic Circle
977:Tropic of Cancer
821:
819:
818:
813:
802:
801:
702:line of latitude
642:
635:
628:
466:
465:
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
353:
312:
254:
240:
239:
230:
223:
216:
132:
125:
124:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
96:
55:
31:
23:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3902:
3881:
3867:Spherical Earth
3802:Callippic cycle
3790:
3771:Equatorial ring
3739:
3733:
3723:
3713:
3703:
3693:
3678:
3669:Theon of Smyrna
3460:
3455:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2694:
2685:
2651:Wayback Machine
2639:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2509:timeanddate.com
2501:
2497:
2492:
2475:
2458:geodetic system
2434:
2369:Chubut Province
2315:New South Wales
2275:South Australia
1929:Baja California
1477:Russian America
1393:Victoria Island
1372:Svalbard Treaty
1332:
1326:
1314:
1243:
1237:
1165:
1157:Main articles:
1155:
1089:respectively).
1071:
1065:
1017:
1011:
939:
797:
793:
782:
779:
778:
728:coordinate line
708:is an abstract
646:
617:
616:
463:
455:
454:
443:
435:
427:
419:
411:
395:
387:
386:
345:
295:
287:
286:
262:
234:
141:
119:
108:
102:
99:
56:
54:
44:
32:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3958:
3948:
3947:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3731:On the Heavens
3727:
3717:
3707:
3704:(Eratosthenes)
3697:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Philip of Opus
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2707:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2638:
2637:External links
2635:
2632:
2631:
2599:
2573:
2546:
2521:
2503:Kher, Aparna.
2494:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2423:Southern Ocean
2407:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2297:Chaco Province
2293:
2287:
2286:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1947:Western Sahara
1943:
1937:
1936:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1807:and Arkansas.
1801:
1795:
1794:
1783:North Carolina
1752:
1746:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1325:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1284:global warming
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1175:respectively.
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1087:June Solstices
1067:Main article:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1013:Main article:
1010:
1007:
999:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
938:
935:
811:
808:
805:
800:
796:
792:
789:
786:
666:high latitudes
648:
647:
645:
644:
637:
630:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
604:
596:
595:
592:
586:
585:
582:
576:
575:
572:
566:
565:
562:
556:
555:
552:
546:
545:
542:
536:
535:
532:
526:
525:
522:
516:
515:
512:
506:
505:
502:
496:
495:
492:
486:
485:
482:
476:
475:
472:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
402:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
357:Map projection
354:
343:
338:
333:
331:Geodetic datum
328:
323:
307:
302:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
279:
274:
269:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
247:
246:
236:
235:
233:
232:
225:
218:
210:
207:
206:
181:
180:
168:
167:
160:
159:
151:
150:
143:
142:
133:
121:
120:
35:
33:
26:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3957:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:Metonic cycle
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Heliocentrism
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3817:Counter-Earth
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3724:(Aristarchus)
3722:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2801:
2800:Arctic Circle
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2770:Arctic Circle
2765:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2742:
2735:
2733:Arctic Circle
2728:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2535:
2534:(in Spanish)"
2533:
2525:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2153:Lake Victoria
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2029:) during the
2028:
2027:North Vietnam
2024:
2023:South Vietnam
2020:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:The historic
1757:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:(1950–1953).
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:(Canada) and
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1506:New Brunswick
1503:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1312:Other planets
1309:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:Arctic Circle
1252:
1248:
1242:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:June solstice
1164:
1160:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1116:Arctic Circle
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1063:Polar circles
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1006:
1004:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:Arctic Circle
969:
968:
967:
959:
952:
948:
943:
934:
932:
928:
924:
923:United States
920:
916:
912:
908:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
861:There are 89
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
809:
806:
798:
794:
787:
784:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:great circles
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
726:
723:) at a given
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
691:
686:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
643:
638:
636:
631:
629:
624:
623:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
578:
577:
573:
571:
568:
567:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
551:
548:
547:
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
531:
528:
527:
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
501:
498:
497:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
481:
478:
477:
473:
471:
468:
467:
459:
458:
451:
448:
446:
440:
438:
432:
430:
424:
422:
418:BeiDou (BDS)
416:
414:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
391:
390:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
352:
348:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
320:
319:circumference
316:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
291:
290:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
258:
257:
253:
249:
248:
245:
242:
241:
231:
226:
224:
219:
217:
212:
211:
209:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:
187:
183:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
157:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
126:
117:
114:
106:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
42:
41:
36:This article
34:
30:
25:
24:
21:
16:
3811:
3730:
3720:
3714:(Hipparchus)
3710:
3701:Catasterismi
3700:
3690:
3549:Eratosthenes
3365:
3342:
3313:
3290:
3190:
2884:
2867:
2850:
2833:
2809:
2782:
2745:
2708:
2687:
2622:. Retrieved
2615:the original
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2585:
2576:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2531:
2524:
2512:. Retrieved
2508:
2498:
2447:
2091:Sierra Leone
2043:
1949:(claimed by
1690:Philadelphia
1650:Pennsylvania
1590:South Dakota
1427:Saskatchewan
1352:Description
1333:
1315:
1306:
1302:polar motion
1299:
1288:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1244:
1177:
1166:
1091:
1072:
1069:Polar circle
1037:great circle
1018:
1000:
964:
903:
883:
860:
840:
734:
732:
717:small circle
701:
697:
695:
394:Technologies
349: /
261:Fundamentals
192:
176:
109:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
45:Please help
40:verification
37:
20:
15:
3832:Geocentrism
3744:Instruments
3734:(Aristotle)
3539:Cleostratus
3504:Aristarchus
3484:Anaximander
3466:Astronomers
2031:Vietnam War
1903:Mississippi
1819:Mississippi
1716:South Korea
1712:North Korea
836:rhumb lines
272:Geodynamics
3907:Influenced
3886:Influences
3857:Octaeteris
3786:Triquetrum
3674:Timocharis
3659:Theodosius
3619:Posidonius
3579:Hipparchus
3569:Heraclides
3509:Aristyllus
3494:Apollonius
3489:Andronicus
2490:References
2411:Antarctica
2283:Queensland
2227:Mozambique
1955:Mauritania
1738:New Mexico
1720:Korean War
1638:California
1520:Washington
1491:the border
1341:North Star
1328:See also:
1241:Axial tilt
1239:See also:
1094:axial tilt
1025:South Pole
1021:North Pole
931:49° N
919:37° N
915:41° N
886:projection
875:hemisphere
855:South Pole
851:North Pole
826:or on the
775:flattening
173:horizontal
103:April 2012
73:newspapers
3761:Astrolabe
3694:(Ptolemy)
3614:Philolaus
3604:Oenopides
3589:Hypsicles
3534:Cleomedes
3529:Callippus
3519:Autolycus
3474:Aglaonice
2692:meridians
2592:March 26,
2514:April 15,
2450:elevation
2442:ellipsoid
2432:Elevation
2271:Australia
2257:Argentina
2074:Lake Chad
2052:Nicaragua
1907:Louisiana
1877:Chihuahua
1841:Louisiana
1791:Tennessee
1626:New Spain
1608:Wisconsin
1572:Minnesota
1295:amplitude
832:meridians
822:. On the
799:∘
788:
747:longitude
743:intersect
735:parallels
721:elevation
662:world map
351:Longitude
277:Geomatics
147:Longitude
3939:Category
3862:Solstice
3795:Concepts
3691:Almagest
3634:Seleucus
3594:Menelaus
3554:Euctemon
2647:Archived
2473:See also
2277:and the
2249:Botswana
2231:Zimbabwe
2145:Tanzania
2109:Ethiopia
2070:Cameroon
2048:Honduras
2044:de facto
2011:region.
1787:Kentucky
1779:Virginia
1775:Arkansas
1771:Missouri
1742:Oklahoma
1708:American
1668:Colorado
1654:New York
1612:Illinois
1594:Nebraska
1546:New York
1540:between
1489:Much of
1431:Manitoba
1364:Svalbard
1349:Parallel
1291:nutation
1083:December
1031:and the
929:follows
911:Colorado
873:in each
863:integral
739:parallel
725:latitude
678:cylinder
530:ISO 6709
428:(Europe)
426:Galileo
412:(Russia)
410:GLONASS
347:Latitude
336:Geodesic
294:Concepts
164:Latitude
156:vertical
3766:Dioptra
3629:Pytheas
3624:Ptolemy
3574:Hicetas
3564:Geminus
3559:Eudoxus
3514:Attalus
3479:Agrippa
2784:Equator
2748:Equator
2711:Equator
2624:May 13,
2539:May 13,
2253:Bolivia
2245:Namibia
2105:Somalia
2060:13°05'N
1951:Morocco
1915:Florida
1911:Alabama
1863:31°20'N
1827:Georgia
1823:Alabama
1750:36°30'N
1734:Arizona
1602:42°30'N
1566:43°30'N
1558:Wyoming
1554:Montana
1550:Vermont
1439:54°40'N
1423:Alberta
1401:Nunavut
1336:borders
1280:Tropics
1275:average
1206:
1124:
1055:Equator
1015:Equator
1009:Equator
983:Equator
865:(whole
755:Equator
590:Geo URI
560:NAVD 88
470:NGVD 29
444:(Japan)
436:(India)
420:(China)
282:History
267:Geodesy
244:Geodesy
194:equator
87:scholar
3877:Zodiac
3827:Equant
3776:Gnomon
3654:Thales
3649:Strabo
3499:Aratus
2462:normal
2213:Zambia
2195:Brazil
2171:Angola
2141:Uganda
2087:Guinea
2009:Darfur
1953:) and
1873:Sonora
1869:Mexico
1704:Soviet
1682:Kansas
1642:Nevada
1630:Oregon
1542:Quebec
1524:Oregon
1463:Quebec
1368:Norway
927:Canada
913:is at
867:degree
847:vertex
763:cosine
580:GCJ-02
570:ETRS89
550:WGS 84
540:NAD 83
520:GRS 80
480:OSGB36
434:NAVIC
315:radius
201:and a
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
3683:Works
3599:Meton
3544:Conon
3414:45x90
3407:45x90
3400:45x90
3393:45x90
2618:(PDF)
2611:(PDF)
2454:plane
2417:(see
2397:Chile
2149:Kenya
2127:Gabon
2005:Libya
1987:Sudan
1983:Egypt
1767:Texas
1634:Idaho
1415:Yukon
1318:Pluto
951:Earth
871:poles
843:angle
771:south
706:Earth
674:globe
660:of a
510:SAD69
490:SK-42
305:Geoid
139:Earth
94:JSTOR
80:books
3524:Bion
3186:170°
3181:160°
3176:140°
3171:130°
3166:110°
3161:100°
3126:170°
3121:160°
3116:140°
3111:130°
3106:110°
3101:100°
3066:175°
3061:165°
3056:155°
3051:145°
3046:135°
3041:125°
3036:115°
3031:105°
2976:175°
2971:165°
2966:155°
2961:145°
2956:135°
2951:125°
2946:115°
2941:105°
2885:180°
2879:150°
2874:120°
2851:180°
2845:150°
2840:120°
2626:2014
2594:2015
2541:2014
2516:2020
2467:cone
2405:60°S
2391:52°S
2377:46°S
2367:and
2359:42°S
2341:36°S
2331:and
2323:35°S
2309:29°S
2299:and
2291:28°S
2265:26°S
2255:and
2247:and
2239:22°S
2229:and
2221:16°S
2207:13°S
2199:Peru
2197:and
2189:10°S
2169:and
2143:and
2125:and
2107:and
2089:and
2081:10°N
2068:and
2066:Chad
2050:and
2039:15°N
2017:17°N
1999:20°N
1985:and
1977:22°N
1969:Mali
1963:25°N
1941:26°N
1931:and
1923:28°N
1913:and
1905:and
1899:Iraq
1897:and
1895:Iran
1889:31°N
1875:and
1853:32°N
1835:33°N
1825:and
1813:35°N
1799:36°N
1789:and
1781:and
1773:and
1740:and
1728:37°N
1714:and
1706:and
1698:38°N
1676:40°N
1662:41°N
1652:and
1646:Utah
1644:and
1632:and
1620:42°N
1610:and
1592:and
1584:43°N
1576:Iowa
1574:and
1556:and
1548:and
1532:45°N
1522:and
1514:46°N
1500:48°N
1485:49°N
1471:51°N
1461:and
1453:52°N
1425:and
1409:60°N
1399:and
1387:70°N
1380:74°N
1358:81°N
1257:and
1171:and
1161:and
1085:and
1077:and
1075:June
1023:and
925:and
853:and
759:sine
714:west
710:east
688:The
656:The
500:ED50
317:and
191:The
66:news
3387:85°
3382:75°
3377:65°
3372:55°
3366:45°
3360:35°
3355:25°
3350:15°
3335:85°
3330:75°
3325:65°
3320:55°
3314:45°
3308:35°
3303:25°
3298:15°
3283:90°
3278:80°
3273:70°
3268:60°
3263:50°
3258:40°
3253:30°
3248:20°
3243:10°
3238:90°
3233:80°
3228:70°
3223:60°
3218:50°
3213:40°
3208:30°
3203:20°
3198:10°
3156:80°
3151:70°
3146:50°
3141:40°
3136:20°
3131:10°
3096:80°
3091:70°
3086:50°
3081:40°
3076:20°
3071:10°
3026:95°
3021:85°
3016:75°
3011:65°
3006:55°
3001:45°
2996:35°
2991:25°
2986:15°
2936:95°
2931:85°
2926:75°
2921:65°
2916:55°
2911:45°
2906:35°
2901:25°
2896:15°
2868:90°
2862:60°
2857:30°
2834:90°
2828:60°
2823:30°
2564:doi
2419:map
2269:In
2179:8°S
2161:7°S
2135:1°S
2117:1°N
2099:8°N
1993:).
1391:On
1362:In
1286:.)
949:of
810:0.5
785:cos
769:or
761:or
704:on
700:or
166:(φ)
149:(λ)
137:of
135:Map
49:by
3941::
3340:5°
3288:5°
3192:0°
2981:5°
2891:5°
2814:0°
2690:/
2645:.
2584:.
2560:27
2558:.
2507:.
2425:.
2399:.
2385:.
2371:.
2335:.
2317:.
2303:.
2285:.
2259:.
2233:.
2215:.
2201:.
2173:.
2155:.
2129:.
2111:.
2093:.
2054:.
2033:.
1971:.
1957:.
1935:.
1917:.
1883:.
1847:.
1821:,
1793:.
1692:.
1656:.
1640:,
1614:.
1596:.
1578:.
1560:.
1526:.
1508:.
1465:.
1403:.
1366:,
1343:.
1253:,
1249:,
1096:.
1005:.
933:.
795:60
730:.
696:A
3450:e
3443:t
3436:v
3344:S
3292:N
2817:E
2811:W
2680:e
2673:t
2666:v
2653:.
2628:.
2596:.
2570:.
2566::
2543:.
2530:"
2518:.
1871:(
953:.
807:=
804:)
791:(
712:–
680:.
641:e
634:t
627:v
321:)
313:(
229:e
222:t
215:v
179:.
116:)
110:(
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
