838:
2563:
better reflects the popular opinion of the electorate within a country; this means, for instance, that the political system contains just one majority-based mechanism. Contrast this with district voting in which the majority mechanism occurs twice: first, the majority of voters pick the representative and, second, the body of representatives make a subsequent majority decision. The doubled majority decision undermines voter support for that decision. The benefit of proportional representation is that it contains that majority mechanism just once. Additionally, coalition partnership may play an important role in moderating the level of affective polarization over parties, that is, the animosity and hostility against the opponent party identifiers/supporters.
1367:, coalition governments in Canada became much less possible in 1919, when the leaders of parties were no longer chosen by elected MPs but instead began to be chosen by party members. Such a manner of leadership election had never been tried in any parliamentary system before. According to Moore, as long as that kind of leadership selection process remains in place and concentrates power in the hands of the leader, as opposed to backbenchers, then coalition governments will be very difficult to form. Moore shows that the diffusion of power within a party tends to also lead to a diffusion of power in the parliament in which that party operates, thereby making coalitions more likely.
2024:(or their precursors; loose, indirect successors to the two major pre-war parties) could usually count on support from some members of the other major conservative party or from smaller conservative parties and independents. Finally in 1955, when Hatoyama IchirĹŤ's Democratic Party minority government called early House of Representatives elections and, while gaining seats substantially, remained in the minority, the Liberal Party refused to cooperate until negotiations on a long-debated "conservative merger" of the two parties were agreed upon, and eventually successful.
2271:), in the Spanish Government. There are two ways of conforming them: all of them based on a program and its institutional architecture, one consists on distributing the different areas of government between the parties conforming the coalition and the other one is, like in the Valencian Community, where the ministries are structured with members of all the political parties being represented, so that conflicts that may occur are regarding competences and not fights between parties.
695:
2510:
36:
1663:. The rise of populist parties also increases the time that it takes for a successful coalition to form. By 2016, the Greens were participating eleven governing coalitions on the state level in seven different constellations. During campaigns, parties often declare which coalitions or partners they prefer or reject. This tendency toward fragmentation also spread to the federal level, particularly during the
2644:. Unlike a coalition government, which is a more formalised partnership characterised by the sharing of the executive branch, a confidence and supply arrangement does not entail executive "power-sharing". Instead, it involves the governing party supporting specific proposals and priorities of the other parties in the arrangement, in return for their continued support on motions of confidence.
1620:, described as "sister parties" which form a joint parliamentary group, and for this purpose are always considered a single party. Coalition arrangements are often given names based on the colours of the parties involved, such as "red-green" for the SPD and Greens. Coalitions of three parties are often named after countries whose flags contain those colours, such as the black-yellow-green
1596:, which requires governments to control an absolute majority of seats. Every government since the foundation of the Federal Republic in 1949 has involved at least two political parties. Typically, governments involve one of the two major parties forming a coalition with a smaller party. For example, from 1982 to 1998, the country was governed by a coalition of the
2591:
majority, can collude to make the parliamentary discussion on the issue irrelevant by consistently disregarding the arguments of the opposition and voting against the opposition's proposals — even if there is disagreement within the ruling parties about the issue. However, in winner-take-all this seems always to be the case.
2590:
on issues when disagreement and the consequent discussion would be more fruitful. To forge a consensus, the leaders of ruling coalition parties can agree to silence their disagreements on an issue to unify the coalition against the opposition. The coalition partners, if they control the parliamentary
2562:
Advocates of proportional representation suggest that a coalition government leads to more consensus-based politics, as a government comprising differing parties (often based on different ideologies) need to compromise about governmental policy. Another stated advantage is that a coalition government
2423:
in order to gain a parliamentary majority, ending 13 years of Labour government. This was the first time that the
Conservatives and Lib Dems had made a power-sharing deal at Westminster. It was also the first full coalition in Britain since 1945, having been formed 70 years virtually to the day after
2027:
After it was founded in 1955, the
Liberal Democratic Party dominated Japan's governments for a long period: The new party governed alone without interruption until 1983, again from 1986 to 1993 and most recently between 1996 and 1999. The first time the LDP entered a coalition government followed its
2023:
was the strongest overall or decisive cross-bench group in the House of
Councillors, and it was willing to cooperate with both centre-left and centre-right governments even when it was not formally part of the cabinet; and in the House of Representatives, minority governments of Liberals or Democrats
1979:
vote automatically after the mandatory conference committee procedure fails which, by precedent, it does without real attempt to reconcile the different votes). Therefore, a party that controls the lower house can form a government on its own. It can also pass a budget on its own. But passing any law
2582:
Germany is the largest nation ever to have had proportional representation during the interbellum. After WW II, the German system, district based but then proportionally adjusted afterward, contains a threshold that keeps the number of parties limited. The threshold is set at five percent, resulting
2274:
Coalition governments in Spain had already existed during the 2nd
Republic, and have been common in some specific Autonomous Communities since the 1980s. Nonetheless, the prevalence of two big parties overall has been eroded and the need for coalitions appears to be the new normal since around 2015.
2613:
A single, more powerful party can shape the policies of the coalition disproportionately. Smaller or less powerful parties can be intimidated to not openly disagree. In order to maintain the coalition, they would have to vote against their own party's platform in the parliament. If they do not, the
2617:
Finally, a strength that can also be seen as a weakness is that proportional representation puts the emphasis on collaboration. All parties involved are looking at the other parties in the best light possible, since they may be (future) coalition partners. The pendulum may therefore show less of a
1646:
Coalition formation has become increasingly complex as voters increasingly migrate away from the major parties during the 2000s and 2010s. While coalitions of more than two parties were extremely rare in preceding decades, they have become common on the state level. These often include the liberal
879:
If an issue is discussed more deeply and in more detail in chamber than what appears in the coalition agreement, it indicates that the coalition parties do not share the same policy ideas. Hence, a more detailed written formulation of the issue helps parties in the coalition to limit 'agency loss'
2566:
Those who disapprove of coalition governments believe that such governments have a tendency to be fractious and prone to disharmony, as their component parties hold differing beliefs and thus may not always agree on policy. Sometimes the results of an election mean that the coalitions which are
1573:
with a five-party governing coalition, a so-called "rainbow government". The
Lipponen cabinets set the stability record and were unusual in the respect that both the centre-left (SDP) and radical left-wing (Left Alliance) parties sat in the government with the major centre-right party (National
1445:). In 1940, Bracken formed a wartime coalition government with almost every party in the Manitoba Legislature (the Conservatives, CCF, and Social Credit; however, the CCF broke with the coalition after a few years over policy differences). The only party not included was the small, communist
910:
Governing parties lose votes in the election after their legislative period, this is called “the governing cost”. In comparison, a single- party government has a higher electoral cost, than a party that holds the office of the prime minister. Furthermore, the party that holds the office of
1635:, in which the incumbent SPD–Green government was defeated but the opposition CDU/CSU–FDP coalition also fell short of a majority. A grand coalition government was subsequently formed between the CDU/CSU and the SPD. Partnerships like these typically involve carefully structured cabinets:
1630:
of the two major parties also occur, but these are relatively rare, as they typically prefer to associate with smaller ones. However, if the major parties are unable to assemble a majority, a grand coalition may be the only practical option. This was the case following the
901:
has a huge influence on the outcome of an election. However, the risk of retrospective voting is a lot weaker with coalition governments than in single party governments. Within the coalition, the party with the head of state has the biggest risk of retrospective voting.
2309:) united. Between 1960 and 2002, 17 coalition governments were formed in Turkey. The media and the general public view coalition governments as unfavorable and unstable due to their lack of effectiveness and short lifespan. Following Turkey's transition to a
1460:
in 1999 after being reduced to a minority. After two years, the newly elected
Liberal leader David Karwacki ordered the coalition be disbanded, the Liberal caucus disagreed with him and left the Liberals to run as New Democrats in the upcoming election. The
1703:
in 1971, lodged a case alleging electoral malpractice. In June 1975, Indira was found guilty and barred by the High Court from holding public office for six years. In response, a state of emergency was declared under the pretext of national security. The
1269:, no party got more than 17% of the vote. Thus, forming a coalition government is an expected and necessary part of Belgian politics. In Belgium, coalition governments containing ministers from six or more parties are not uncommon; consequently,
2632:
A legislative coalition or voting coalition is when political parties in a legislature align on voting to push forward specific policies or legislation, but do not engage in power-sharing of the executive branch like in coalition governments.
2355:. Apart from this, when no party has had a majority, minority governments normally have been formed with one or more opposition parties agreeing to vote in favour of the legislation which governments need to function: for instance the
1848:, with five parties and independents represented at cabinet. Before 1989, Fianna Fáil had opposed participation in coalition governments, preferring single-party minority government instead. It formed a coalition government with the
1995:(through accessions in the House of Councillors) briefly controlled a single-party legislative majority for a few weeks before it lost the 2010 election (it, too, continued to govern as part of its previous ruling coalition).
1799:
and always a total of more than 10 parties in next elections. There are no majority winner of those elections and coalition governments are inevitable. The current government is a coalition of seven parties led by the major
2702:
A coalition government, in which "power-sharing" of executive offices is performed, has not occurred in the United States. The norms that allow coalition governments to form and persist do not exist in the United States.
1991:(LDP) held a legislative majority of its own in the National Diet until 1989 (when it initially continued to govern alone), and between the 2016 and 2019 elections (when it remained in its previous ruling coalition). The
2198:
exists) 120 seats in parliament – 61. Since it is rare for a party to win a full majority, they must form coalitions with other parties. For example, from 1996 to 1998, the country was governed by a coalition of the
1493:
and
Denmark's first coalition government in 1929. Since then, the norm has been coalition governments, though there have been periods where single-party governments were frequent, such as the decade after the end of
1980:(including important budget-related laws) requires either majorities in both houses of the legislature or, with the drawback of longer legislative proceedings, a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives.
1998:
From the constitutional establishment of parliamentary cabinets and the introduction of the new, now directly elected upper house of parliament in 1947 until the formation of the LDP and the reunification of the
1437:. During the Great Depression, Bracken survived at a time when other premiers were being defeated by forming a coalition government with the Manitoba Liberals (eventually, the two parties would merge into the
771:
There are different forms of coalition governments, minority coalitions and surplus majority coalition governments. A surplus majority coalition government controls more than the absolute majority of seats in
1533:, this was the closest any party has gotten to winning an outright majority in parliament since 1918. One party has thus never held a majority alone, and even one-party governments have needed to have
3714:
1747:
produced three Prime
Ministers in two years and forced the country back to the polls in 1998. The first successful coalition government in India which completed a whole five-year term was the
2074:
that was formed in 1994 when the LDP had agreed, if under internal turmoil and with some defections, to bury the main post-war partisan rivalry and support the election of JSP prime minister
1321:
attempted to form a coalition with the opposition
Liberals to broaden support for controversial conscription legislation. The Liberal Party refused the offer but some of their members did
1410:
refused to form a coalition with the third-place
Conservatives, so his party removed him. The Liberal–Conservative coalition introduced a winner-take-all preferential voting system (the "
779:
A coalition government may also be created in a time of national difficulty or crisis (for example, during wartime or economic crisis) to give a government the high degree of perceived
822:
For a coalition to come about the coalition partners need to compromise on their policy expectations. One coalition or probing partner must lose for the other one to win, to achieve a
868:
is an agreement negotiated between the parties that form a coalition government. It codifies the most important shared goals and objectives of the cabinet. It is often written by the
2321:, the government doesn't have to be formed by parliamentarians and therefore not obliged to result in a coalition government. However, the parliament can dissolve the cabinet if the
1928:
that held an absolute majority for a brief period from 1968 to 1969. Historically, control of the Israeli government has alternated between periods of rule by the right-wing
2618:
swing between political extremes. Still, facing external issues may then also be approached from a collaborative perspective, even when the outside force is not benevolent.
1561:, no party has had an absolute majority in the parliament since independence, and multi-party coalitions have been the norm. Finland experienced its most stable government (
1325:
and join the government. Although sometimes referred to as a coalition government, according to the definition above, it was not. It was disbanded after the end of the war.
1771:
in May 2014, the BJP secured a majority on its own (becoming the first party to do so since the 1984 election), and the National Democratic Alliance came into power, with
1592:
In Germany, coalition governments are the norm, as it is rare for any single party to win a majority in parliament. The German political system makes extensive use of the
3569:
1537:
with at least one other party to govern. For example, though Frederiksen's first government only consisted of the Social Democrats, it also relied on the support of the
2391:
about forming a coalition government if Labour failed to win a majority at the election; but there proved to be no need for a coalition as Labour won the election by a
1425:
Manitoba has had more formal coalition governments than any other province. Following gains by the United Farmer's/Progressive movement elsewhere in the country, the
1720:, an amalgam of political parties opposed to the emergency imposed between 1975 and 1977. As the popularity of the Janata Party dwindled, Desai had to resign, and
1422:
won a minority. They were able to win a majority in the subsequent election as Liberal and Conservative supporters shifted their anti-CCF vote to Social Credit.
829:
Before parties form a coalition government, they formulate a coalition agreement, in which they state what policies they try to adapt in the legislative period.
2676:
2015:
cabinet) interchanged with technical minority governments and cabinets without technical control of the House of Councillors (later called "twisted Diets",
1155:
While nominally two parties, the Coalition has become so stable, at least at the federal level, that in practice the lower house of Parliament has become a
3397:
2465:
2347:, coalition governments (sometimes known as "national governments") usually have only been formed at times of national crisis. The most prominent was the
1825:, coalition governments are common; not since 1977 has a single party formed a majority government. Coalition governments to date have been led by either
3863:
3349:
1085:
parties, but this was unusual: the UK usually has a single-party majority government. Not every parliament forms a coalition government, for example the
3484:
2652:
In the United States, political parties have formed legislative coalitions in the past in order to push forward specific policies or legislation in the
1438:
1207:
1203:
3645:"Inter-party conflict management in coalition governments: Analyzing the role of coalition agreements in Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands"
1932:
in coalition with several right-wing and religious parties and periods of rule by the center-left Labor in coalition with several left-wing parties.
1739:, which lasted until 1991, with two Prime Ministers, the second one being supported by Congress. The 1991 election resulted in a Congress-led stable
2371:
from March 1977 until July 1978, following a series of by-election defeats had eroded Labour's majority of three seats which had been gained at the
915:
suffer less electoral costs, then a junior coalition partner, when looking only on the electoral cost created by being in the coalition government.
2688:
1724:, a rival of his, became the fifth Prime Minister. However, due to lack of support, this coalition government did not complete its five-year term.
1414:") in the hopes that their supporters would rank the other party as their second preference; however, this strategy backfired in the subsequent
3332:
2579:" and, particularly in close elections, gain far more power in exchange for their support than the size of their vote would otherwise justify.
2460:
and lasted until 1992 due to policy disagreements, the longest lasting coalition was the Colorado-led coalition under the second government of
1775:
as Prime Minister. In 2019, Narendra Modi was re-elected as Prime Minister as the National Democratic Alliance again secured a majority in the
1987:
since the 1990s and, as of 2020, all since 1999 have been coalition governments, some of them still fell short of a legislative majority. The
2738:
2598:
way to form an alliance to stifle the growth of emerging parties. Of course, such an event is rare in coalition governments when compared to
2404:
2267:
Since 2015, there are many more coalition governments than previously in municipalities, autonomous regions and, since 2020 (coming from the
3261:
2743:
2372:
1429:
unexpectedly won the 1921 election. Like their counterparts in Ontario, they had not expected to win and did not have a leader. They asked
1332:, two of Canada's opposition parties signed an agreement to form what would become the country's second federal coalition government since
924:
3241:
3425:
3834:
1804:
1329:
723:
2614:
party has to leave the government and loses executive power. However, this is contradicted by the "kingmaker" factor mentioned above.
776:
necessary to have a majority in the government, whereas minority coalition governments do not hold the majority of legislative seats.
1951:. The premiership and foreign ministry portfolio were held by the head of each party for two years, and they switched roles in 1986.
2178:
2256:
2146:
1570:
100:
3856:
3784:
1968:
72:
3544:
2149:
was the first to be established through coordination between multiple political coalitions. This occurred when the newly formed
1187:
the two parties have merged, forming the Country Liberal Party, in 1978, and the Liberal National Party, in 2008, respectively.
2268:
2232:
2212:
1890:. It is the first time Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael have served in government together, having derived from opposing sides in the
1415:
1403:
1364:
1274:
826:, which is necessary for a coalition to form. If the parties are not willing to compromise, the coalition will not come about.
2858:
2527:
2137:
saw the first non-BN coalition federal government in the country's electoral history, formed through an alliance between the
1613:
1542:
787:, it can also play a role in diminishing internal political strife. In such times, parties have formed all-party coalitions (
53:
79:
2396:
2376:
2348:
2334:
1796:
1752:
1145:
1117:
1105:
837:
3741:
2070:-negotiated rainbow coalition that removed the LDP from power for the first time to break up in less than a year, and the
1940:
party in 2006 drew support from former Labor and Likud members, and Kadima ruled in coalition with several other parties.
1716:, which was also the first non-Congress national government. It existed from 24 March 1977 to 15 July 1979, headed by the
2338:
2107:
1399:
1398:, the governing Liberals formed a coalition with the opposition Conservatives in order to prevent the surging, left-wing
17:
3849:
2778:
2003:
in 1955, no single party formally controlled a legislative majority on its own. Only few formal coalition governments (
1605:
1593:
1566:
2043:
lasted until 1986 when the LDP won landslide victories in simultaneous double elections to both houses of parliament.
86:
2549:
2240:
2191:
2029:
1948:
1700:
1617:
1562:
591:
119:
1859:
has been in government on eight occasions. On all but one of those occasions, it was as a junior coalition party to
2684:
2669:
2665:
1988:
1964:
1834:
1546:
197:
1469:, while the Saskatchewan Liberals lost their remaining seats and have not been competitive in the province since.
1108:
were formed in it, who mainly work with each other to form coalition governments. The country was governed by the
3742:"The Institutional Origins of the Republican Party: Spatial Voting and the House Speakership Election of 1855–56"
2477:
2445:
2284:
2134:
2046:
There have been coalition cabinets where the post of prime minister was given to a junior coalition partner: the
1648:
1601:
68:
3370:
2194:. In order to get into power, parties need to get a total of 50% of the approximately (there can be more if an
4191:
3697:
3203:
2793:
2531:
2344:
2033:
1983:
In recent decades, single-party full legislative control is rare, and coalition governments are the norm: Most
1779:. India returned to an NDA led coalition government in 2024 as the BJP failed to achieve an outright majority.
1530:
1070:
716:
586:
364:
212:
57:
3477:
2294:
2111:
1434:
1376:
1345:
1266:
1199:
601:
2602:, which typically exist because of stifling of the growth of emerging parties, often through discriminatory
3223:
2302:
2019:, when they were not only technically, but actually divided). But during most of that period, the centrist
1976:
1776:
1768:
1732:
1705:
1680:
1664:
1632:
1621:
1499:
1254:
1113:
350:
182:
153:
3804:
Tushnet, Mark (2014). "Why Are There No Coalition Governments in the United States: A Speculative Essay".
1667:, which saw the CDU/CSU and SPD fall short of a combined majority of votes for the first time in history.
3140:
2680:
2657:
2493:
2473:
2416:
2091:
1917:
1845:
1760:
1575:
1538:
1482:
1433:, a professor in animal husbandry, to become leader and premier. Bracken changed the party's name to the
1352:
agreed to support the proposed coalition on confidence matters for 18 months. In the end, parliament was
1137:
765:
761:
654:
2020:
1659:, dwindling support for moderate parties has seen the rise of new forms of grand coalitions such as the
3644:
3266:
3162:
2692:
2244:
2224:
2200:
1875:
1864:
1811:
1791:, political freedom is significantly increased. Compared to only three parties allowed to exist in the
1587:
1511:
1457:
1426:
1357:
1340:
as Prime Minister. The agreement outlined a formal coalition consisting of two opposition parties, the
1310:
1133:
187:
158:
2461:
3927:
2713:
2587:
2290:
2236:
2220:
2115:
2103:
1992:
1944:
1841:
1660:
1627:
1380:
1262:
1258:
788:
709:
314:
3323:
2161:
formally joined the government (though it had been a part of an informal coalition since 2020). The
2098:
have ever been controlled by a single political party. Due to the social nature of the country, the
888:
Coalition governments can also impact voting behavior by diminishing the clarity of responsibility.
3478:"Making Minority Government Work:Hung Parliaments and the Challenges for Westminster and Whitehall"
2718:
2640:
arrangement, pledging to support the governing party on legislative bills and motions that carry a
2453:
2449:
2322:
2208:
2000:
1676:
429:
319:
2428:'s wartime coalition, Labour and the Liberal Democrats have entered into a coalition twice in the
93:
3127:"Armenia acting PM: We most likely will run in snap parliamentary election with My Step alliance"
3002:
2763:
2607:
2520:
2408:
2297:, with two political parties and independents represented at cabinet. It was also Turkey's first
2040:
1446:
1341:
1078:
359:
46:
2485:
4164:
4011:
3508:
2773:
2653:
2489:
2420:
2384:
2306:
2154:
2095:
1887:
1856:
1748:
1736:
1721:
1609:
1515:
1442:
1419:
1384:
1333:
1191:
1160:
1082:
780:
749:
596:
538:
484:
1375:
Several coalition governments have been formed within provincial politics. As a result of the
3902:
3690:
Coalition Government, Subnational Style: Multiparty Politics in Europe's Regional Parliaments
2637:
2216:
2162:
2158:
2012:
1849:
1792:
1656:
1640:
1534:
1507:
1353:
1149:
1141:
1129:
803:
416:
249:
1336:
if the minority Conservative government was defeated on a vote of non-confidence, unseating
3932:
3033:
2758:
2457:
2318:
2142:
2099:
1756:
1278:
1270:
1168:
869:
853:
526:
397:
387:
372:
299:
217:
3826:
3596:"Divided We Unite: The Nature of Partyism and the Role of Coalition Partnership in Europe"
1975:, yet the vote of the House of Representatives decision eventually overrides a dissenting
8:
3917:
3897:
3188:
2768:
2753:
2748:
2627:
2429:
2310:
1921:
1903:
1822:
1740:
1688:
1558:
1523:
1490:
1349:
1250:
1222:
1086:
1066:
1050:
986:
895:
because there is no direct responsibility within the governing parties in the coalition.
873:
811:
784:
638:
548:
402:
304:
254:
192:
3529:
on 11 May 2010. Churchill formed his War Cabinet on 11 May: Winston S. Churchill (1949)
2918:
E. Bergman, Matthew; Angelova, Mariyana; Bäck, Hanna; Müller, Wolfgang C. (2024-01-02).
2448:, there have been 4 coalition governments, all including at least both the conservative
3756:
3625:
2723:
2673:
2641:
2368:
2314:
2183:
2150:
1909:
1699:, who had unsuccessfully contested an election against Indira from the constituency of
1652:
1322:
1290:
1180:
876:. Coalitions that have a written agreement are more productive than those that do not.
861:
676:
269:
3715:"Q&A: The NDP and Liberals have a confidence and supply agreement. So what is it?"
1763:, consisting of 13 separate parties, ruled India for two terms from 2004 to 2014 with
3693:
3629:
3617:
3452:
3304:
3090:
3049:
2980:
2941:
2900:
2854:
2425:
2392:
2356:
2252:
2228:
2204:
2075:
2063:
1960:
1709:
1519:
1503:
1486:
1195:
1176:
1069:
with a coalition of the four strongest parties in parliament since 1959, called the "
671:
345:
207:
202:
163:
136:
3570:"Los desafĂos de Lacalle, el nuevo presidente del paĂs más estable de LatinoamĂ©rica"
3018:
2880:
2468:
was frequently described as a "Prime Minister", the next coalition (under president
752:. Coalition governments usually occur when no single party has achieved an absolute
3656:
3607:
3331:. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung European Union and Green European Foundation. p. 19.
3294:
3080:
3041:
3014:
2972:
2931:
2896:
2892:
2728:
2603:
2599:
2572:
2481:
2364:
2119:
2071:
2059:
2037:
2004:
1984:
1684:
1462:
1411:
1395:
1242:
1156:
1109:
930:
823:
621:
377:
231:
2936:
2919:
1871:
of the two largest parties, as Fianna Fáil had fallen to third place in the Dáil.
3922:
3375:
2733:
2400:
2360:
2298:
2248:
2138:
1891:
1868:
1788:
1314:
1294:
1172:
1164:
792:
745:
699:
681:
506:
491:
2067:
1498:, during the 1970s, and in the late 2010s. Every government from 1982 until the
1257:, split between Francophone and Dutch-speaking parties (e.g. the Dutch-speaking
3246:
3208:
2846:
2488:, composed of his own National Party, the liberal Colorado Party, the eclectic
2055:
2051:
2047:
2008:
1764:
1337:
1226:
1210:
1074:
912:
891:
Electoral accountability is harder to achieve in coalition governments than in
880:
when the ministry overseeing that issue is managed by another coalition party.
849:
841:
807:
799:
577:
496:
450:
392:
3612:
3595:
3299:
3282:
2960:
1879:
1826:
1759:
as Prime Minister from 1999 to 2004. Then another coalition, the Congress-led
4185:
3621:
3526:
3308:
3109:
3094:
3053:
3045:
2984:
2976:
2945:
2904:
2821:
2788:
2783:
2412:
2388:
2195:
2166:
1972:
1772:
1713:
1692:
1636:
1466:
1407:
1318:
974:
845:
501:
479:
454:
284:
1712:'s first ever national coalition government under the prime ministership of
27:
Governmental style in which political parties cooperate to form a government
3354:
2798:
2661:
2469:
1933:
1728:
1717:
1495:
1430:
1101:
264:
2881:""Jamaika"-Sondierungsgespräche und Spieltheorie: Der Frontalzusammenstoß"
2583:
in empowered parties with at least a minimum amount of political gravity.
2567:
mathematically most probable are ideologically infeasible, for example in
3661:
3110:"European Parliament: Is the grand coalition really a thing of the past?"
2696:
2187:
1863:. The exception was a government with Fianna Fáil from 1993 to 1994. The
1801:
1453:
1387:, together with three independent MLAs, formed a coalition that governed
1298:
1062:
1034:
568:
533:
436:
424:
289:
3242:"German election: A guide to possible coalitions for the new government"
3085:
3068:
1912:, which typically has at least 10 parties holding representation in the
1833:. They have been joined in government by one or more smaller parties or
1727:
Congress returned to power in 1980 under Indira Gandhi, and later under
1225:, a nation internally divided along linguistic lines (primarily between
694:
3126:
3073:
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica
2595:
2534: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2380:
2301:
as the two largest political parties of opposing political ideologies (
1696:
1304:
1246:
1241:
also being by and large Francophone), each main political disposition (
1184:
1163:
being the major parties. This coalition is also found in the states of
958:
892:
773:
658:
648:
643:
382:
244:
3760:
3398:"Full video: NZ First leader Winston Peters announces next Government"
1198:
have occurred at state and territory level, for example following the
3841:
3069:"Sorting between and within coalitions: the Italian case (2001–2008)"
2576:
2575:. A second difficulty might be the ability of minor parties to play "
2352:
1883:
1860:
1830:
1744:
1529:
When the Social Democrats under Stauning won 46% of the votes in the
1478:
1022:
982:
938:
543:
441:
324:
279:
259:
3283:"Populist radical parties, pariahs, and coalition bargaining delays"
2509:
35:
3034:"The electoral cost of coalition participation: Can anyone escape?"
2822:"koalicja, Encyklopedia PWN: źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy"
2568:
2087:
1808:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1100:
became an independent state in 1991, following the collapse of the
1042:
1038:
1026:
929:
Countries which often operate with coalition cabinets include: the
757:
753:
666:
626:
309:
294:
274:
143:
2920:"Coalition agreements and governments' policy-making productivity"
1916:. The only faction to ever gain the majority of Knesset seats was
1179:
the Liberal and National parties compete separately, while in the
3430:
3402:
2586:
Coalition governments have also been criticized for sustaining a
2127:
1913:
1597:
1388:
1097:
1058:
1018:
1014:
966:
942:
934:
581:
239:
1360:, and the coalition dispersed before parliament was reconvened.
3262:"What explains the destabilisation of the German party system?"
2961:"Coalition Agreements, Issue Attention, and Cabinet Governance"
2433:
2351:
of 1931 to 1940. There were multi-party coalitions during both
1937:
1054:
1010:
1006:
990:
970:
962:
954:
946:
898:
631:
573:
471:
2122:, which includes parties representing the Malaysian states of
1485:
in 1918, there were only single-party governments in Denmark.
2123:
1929:
1925:
1046:
1030:
1002:
998:
994:
978:
950:
3325:
German Greens in Coalition Governments. A Political Analysis
2917:
2472:) was also Colorado-led, but it lasted only until after the
1441:, and decades later, the party would change its name to the
852:(CSU) presenting the 2013 coalition agreement for Germany's
3594:
Hahm, Hyeonho; Hilpert, David; König, Thomas (2023-03-30).
2853:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–109, 2020-12-31,
2476:, when the blancos abandoned the government. Following the
1647:
FDP and the Greens alongside one of the major parties, or
3740:
Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Nokken, Timothy P. (February 2000).
3545:"De Lacalle Herrera a Batlle: cĂłmo gobernar en coaliciĂłn"
2996:
2994:
2179:
Electoral system of New Zealand § MMP in New Zealand
2169:
is composed of four political coalitions and 19 parties.
1795:
era, a total of 48 political parties participated in the
1643:
while the SPD was granted the majority of cabinet posts.
1578:
was also a rainbow coalition of a total of five parties.
3141:"Coalition Government: Precedents from around the world"
2636:
In a parliamentary system, political parties may form a
2621:
2058:
had been toppled by the left wing of his own party, the
1418:
where, to the surprise of many, the right-wing populist
3426:"An 'historic moment' for the Green Party – James Shaw"
1112:
coalition after successfully gaining a majority in the
3281:
Bäck, Hanna; Debus, Marc; Imre, Michael (2022-11-25).
2991:
2679:. The most recent legislative coalition took place in
2415:, which had won the largest number of seats, formed a
3509:"Tories and Lib Dems enter full coalition government"
2456:. The first one was after the election of the blanco
1612:
held power. The CDU/CSU comprises an alliance of the
817:
2313:
in 2017, political parties focussed more on forming
2060:
JSP-Renewal-KĹŤmei-DSP-JNP-Sakigake-SDF-DRP coalition
1465:
was re-elected with a majority under its new leader
3643:Moury, Catherine; Timmermans, Arco (25 July 2013).
3003:"Coalition government and electoral accountability"
1695:, were all members of the Congress party. However,
1148:parties are united in a coalition, known simply as
748:that enter into a power-sharing arrangement of the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1971:(=recorded, two-round votes in both houses of the
1675:After India's Independence on 15 August 1947, the
810:, form a new majority coalition, or continue as a
3350:"German election 2021: full results and analysis"
1265:being the two social-democratic parties). In the
4183:
3593:
3525:Churchill became Prime Minister on 10 May 1940,
2683:, a coalition was formed between members of the
2660:, a coalition was formed between members of the
1735:once again brought a coalition government under
1679:, the major political party instrumental in the
3642:
1253:, etc.) is, with the exception of the far-left
3453:"Generalitat Valenciana's political structure"
3395:
3204:"A history of Germany's coalition governments"
3160:
2157:. In 2022 after its registration, Sabah-based
2034:1983 House of Representatives general election
1683:, ruled the nation. The first Prime Minister,
760:. A party not having majority is common under
3857:
3739:
3280:
2739:List of democracy and election-related topics
2054:(DP) who took over after his JSP predecessor
1604:(FDP); from 1998 to 2005, a coalition of the
1273:can take an exceptionally long time. Between
1077:also operated a formal coalition between the
717:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3423:
3368:
3186:Moore, Christopher (2011). "Come together".
3001:Fisher, Stephen D.; Hobolt, Sara B. (2010).
3000:
2744:List of countries with coalition governments
1302:
925:List of countries with coalition governments
3799:
3797:
3692:. Ohio State University Press. p. 19.
3031:
2847:"Presidential and Parliamentary Government"
2108:United Malays National Organisations (UMNO)
883:
3864:
3850:
3835:United States Government Publishing Office
3321:
2958:
2145:. The federal government formed after the
2078:in exchange for the return to government.
1731:as the sixth Prime Minister. However, the
724:
710:
3676:
3660:
3611:
3298:
3084:
2959:Klüver, Heike; Bäck, Hanna (2019-03-11).
2935:
2550:Learn how and when to remove this message
2118:. It was later expanded and rebranded as
2048:JSP-DP-Cooperativist coalition government
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3794:
2499:
2207:; from 1999 to 2002, a coalition of the
1518:is a coalition of the Social Democrats,
836:
3803:
3733:
3576:(in European Spanish). 29 November 2019
3179:
3066:
2878:
14:
4184:
3871:
3827:"Congressional Record (Bound Edition)"
3542:
3067:Bergman, Matthew Edward (4 May 2020).
2269:November 2019 Spanish general election
1416:1952 British Columbia general election
1404:1941 British Columbia general election
1330:2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute
832:
3845:
3712:
3687:
3185:
3107:
2885:Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium
2622:Legislative coalitions and agreements
1614:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1439:Liberal-Progressive Party of Manitoba
2816:
2814:
2594:Powerful parties can also act in an
2532:adding citations to reliable sources
2503:
2335:National Government (United Kingdom)
2235:with confidence and supply from the
2147:2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis
1481:in 1849 through the introduction of
1190:Coalition governments involving the
1118:2018 Armenian parliamentary election
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3163:"Coalition Set To Topple Canada PM"
2851:Foundations of Comparative Politics
2339:United Kingdom coalition government
2223:held power. Between 2017 and 2020,
2112:Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA)
1651:coalitions of the SPD, Greens, and
1456:formed a formal coalition with the
1400:Cooperative Commonwealth Federation
24:
3396:Chapman, Grant (19 October 2017).
3362:
3032:Hjermitslev, Ida B. (2018-08-17).
2779:Category:Political party alliances
1606:Social Democratic Party of Germany
1594:constructive vote of no confidence
818:Formation of coalition governments
25:
4203:
3600:American Political Science Review
2811:
2328:
1618:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
1281:as no coalition could be formed.
1233:in the north and French-speaking
905:
592:Biology and political orientation
3424:Hurley, Emma (19 October 2017).
3338:from the original on 2018-10-19.
2647:
2508:
2375:. However, in the run-up to the
2153:coalition partnered with BN and
1963:, controlling a majority in the
1691:, and the third Prime Minister,
1449:, which had a handful of seats.
693:
34:
3825:
3780:
3774:
3706:
3636:
3587:
3562:
3536:
3519:
3501:
3490:from the original on 2010-04-14
3470:
3445:
3417:
3389:
3342:
3315:
3274:
3254:
3234:
3216:
3196:
3154:
3133:
3119:
3019:10.1016/j.electstud.2010.03.003
2519:needs additional citations for
2478:2019 Uruguayan general election
2464:, in which the national leader
2285:Coalition governments in Turkey
2135:2018 Malaysian general election
2116:Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)
2066:(JNP) as compromise PM for the
918:
802:and cabinet may be ousted by a
45:needs additional citations for
3819:
3713:Osman, Laura (22 March 2022).
3101:
3060:
3025:
2952:
2911:
2897:10.15358/0340-1650-2018-7-8-48
2872:
2839:
2172:
2143:Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN)
1969:election of the prime minister
1908:A similar situation exists in
1073:". Between 2010 and 2015, the
798:If a coalition collapses, the
766:majoritarian electoral systems
587:Theories of political behavior
213:Political history of the world
13:
1:
3749:Legislative Studies Quarterly
3161:Menon, Nirmala (2008-12-02).
2965:Comparative Political Studies
2937:10.1080/01402382.2022.2161794
2805:
1936:'s formation of the centrist
1837:members of parliament (TDs).
1743:for five years. The eleventh
1708:resulted in the formation of
1452:In Saskatchewan, NDP premier
1435:Progressive Party of Manitoba
1370:
1200:2010 Tasmanian state election
1159:, with the Coalition and the
602:Critique of political economy
3806:Boston University Law Review
2155:Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS)
2102:was formed by a three-party
1782:
1753:National Democratic Alliance
1681:Indian independence movement
1211:Australian Capital Territory
1123:
1114:National Assembly of Armenia
183:Outline of political science
7:
3543:ElPais (24 November 2019).
3369:Kuldip Singh (1995-04-11).
2706:
2474:2002 Uruguay banking crisis
2379:, Labour opposition leader
2159:Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)
2106:coalition, composed of the
2081:
2072:LDP-JSP-Sakigake government
1761:United Progressive Alliance
1483:proportional representation
1277:, Belgium operated under a
762:proportional representation
10:
4208:
3688:Downs, William M. (1998).
3267:London School of Economics
2693:Socialist Party of America
2625:
2439:
2432:, as well as twice in the
2332:
2291:first coalition government
2282:
2176:
2050:in 1948 of prime minister
1901:
1865:29th Government of Ireland
1842:first coalition government
1816:
1812:Onward Indonesia Coalition
1588:German governing coalition
1585:
1581:
1552:
1510:only consisted of her own
1472:
1427:United Farmers of Manitoba
1311:Liberal-Conservative Party
1297:was formed in 1864 by the
1216:
1092:
922:
789:national unity governments
764:, but not in nations with
188:Index of politics articles
3928:National unity government
3877:
3613:10.1017/S0003055423000266
3371:"OBITUARY: Morarji Desai"
3322:Jungjohann, Arne (2017).
3300:10.1177/13540688221136109
2879:Follert, Florian (2018).
2303:Republican People's Party
2278:
1993:Democratic Party of Japan
1945:national unity government
1897:
1477:From the creation of the
1402:from taking power in the
1381:United Farmers of Ontario
1303:
1284:
1255:Workers' Party of Belgium
3721:. Toronto Star Newspaper
3192:(June–July 2011): 53–54.
3046:10.1177/1354068818794216
2977:10.1177/0010414019830726
2719:Collaborative leadership
2608:plurality voting systems
2323:parliamentary opposition
2262:
2100:first federal government
2030:House of Representatives
2001:Japanese Socialist Party
1989:Liberal Democratic Party
1967:is enough to decide the
1965:House of Representatives
1954:
1733:general election of 1989
1677:Indian National Congress
1670:
1543:Socialist People's Party
893:single party governments
884:Electoral accountability
3649:Politics and Governance
2764:Plurality voting system
2462:Julio MarĂa Sanguinetti
2151:Perikatan Nasional (PN)
1767:as PM. However, in the
1502:were coalitions. While
1447:Labor-Progressive Party
1363:According to historian
597:Political organisations
360:International relations
198:Politics by subdivision
3549:Diario EL PAIS Uruguay
3143:. CBC News. 2010-05-13
3108:Marié, Awenig (2019).
2924:West European Politics
2774:Political organisation
2654:United States Congress
2165:led by Prime Minister
1749:Bharatiya Janata Party
1722:Chaudhary Charan Singh
1639:of the CDU/CSU became
1443:Manitoba Liberal Party
1420:BC Social Credit Party
857:
69:"Coalition government"
4192:Coalition governments
3903:Confidence and supply
2638:confidence and supply
2500:Support and criticism
2424:the establishment of
2403:(Britain's first for
2397:2010 general election
2377:1997 general election
2373:October 1974 election
2295:1961 general election
2293:was formed after the
2241:2023 general election
2217:confidence and supply
2120:Barisan Nasional (BN)
1943:Israel also formed a
1920:, an alliance of the
1850:Progressive Democrats
1846:1948 general election
1844:was formed after the
1777:17th general election
1769:16th general election
1665:2021 federal election
1633:2005 federal election
1602:Free Democratic Party
1535:confidence agreements
1458:Saskatchewan Liberals
1377:1919 Ontario election
1267:2019 federal election
840:
804:vote of no confidence
744:, is a government by
677:Political campaigning
417:Public administration
250:Collective leadership
3933:Consensus government
3833:. Washington, D.C.:
3662:10.17645/pag.v1i2.94
3358:. 27 September 2021.
3224:"The sister parties"
2971:(13–14): 1995–2031.
2759:Parliamentary system
2677:speaker of the House
2528:improve this article
2492:and the center left
2486:coaliciĂłn multicolor
2458:Luis Alberto Lacalle
2319:separation of powers
2257:coalition government
2233:Coalition Government
2139:Pakatan Harapan (PH)
2092:independence in 1957
2041:coalition government
1985:governments of Japan
1977:House of Councillors
1757:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
1608:(SPD) and the minor
1539:Social Liberal Party
1346:New Democratic Party
1279:caretaker government
1271:government formation
1261:and French-speaking
1067:consensus government
1065:has been ruled by a
899:Retrospective voting
874:parliamentary groups
854:third Merkel cabinet
781:political legitimacy
738:coalition government
527:Separation of powers
398:Political psychology
373:Comparative politics
351:political scientists
338:Academic disciplines
218:Political philosophy
54:improve this article
4159: ∘
4156: ∘
4153: ∘
4150: ∘
4147: ∘
4144: ∘
4139: ∘
4136: ∘
4133: ∘
4130: ∘
4127: ∘
4124: ∘
4119: ∘
4116: ∘
4113: ∘
4110: ∘
4107: ∘
4104: ∘
4099: ∘
4096: ∘
4093: ∘
4090: ∘
4087: ∘
4084: ∘
4079: ∘
4076: ∘
4073: ∘
4070: ∘
4067: ∘
4064: ∘
4059: ∘
4056: ∘
4053: ∘
4050: ∘
4047: ∘
4044: ∘
4039: ∘
4036: ∘
4033: ∘
4030: ∘
4027: ∘
4024: ∘
4006: ∘
4002: ∘
3998: ∘
3993: ∘
3989: ∘
3984: ∘
3979: ∘
3975: ∘
3970: ∘
3966: ∘
3962: ∘
3958: ∘
3953: ∘
3949: ∘
3944: ∘
3918:Majority government
3898:Minority government
3755:(1): 114, 128–130.
3212:. 15 December 2017.
3167:Wall Street Journal
3086:10.1017/ipo.2020.12
3040:: 135406881879421.
2826:encyklopedia.pwn.pl
2769:Political coalition
2754:Minority government
2749:Majority government
2628:Parliamentary group
2430:Scottish Parliament
2349:National Government
2315:electoral alliances
2311:presidential system
2255:won eight formed a
2096:federal governments
1904:Rotation government
1789:toppling of Suharto
1787:As a result of the
1741:minority government
1689:Lal Bahadur Shastri
1251:right-wing populism
1237:in the south, with
1132:, the conservative
1130:Australian politics
1104:. Since then, many
1087:European Parliament
1051:Trinidad and Tobago
866:coalition agreement
833:Coalition agreement
812:minority government
785:collective identity
700:Politics portal
549:Election commission
520:Government branches
403:Political sociology
255:Confessional system
193:Politics by country
18:Coalition agreement
3889:Opposition parties
3886:Government parties
3883:Type of government
3872:Coalition spectrum
3270:. 28 October 2021.
2724:Electoral alliance
2674:Nathaniel P. Banks
2642:vote of confidence
2383:was in talks with
2186:was introduced in
2163:current government
2141:coalition and the
2028:third loss of its
1876:current government
1547:Red–Green Alliance
1406:. Liberal premier
1181:Northern Territory
862:multi-party states
858:
383:Political analysis
315:Semi-parliamentary
4179:
4178:
4174:
4173:
3908:Rainbow coalition
3531:Their Finest Hour
3513:The New Statesman
3007:Electoral Studies
2860:978-1-108-92494-8
2689:Progressive Party
2600:two-party systems
2560:
2559:
2552:
2494:Independent Party
2426:Winston Churchill
2421:Liberal Democrats
2253:New Zealand First
2229:New Zealand First
2192:the 1996 election
2076:Tomiichi Murayama
2064:Morihiro Hosokawa
1867:(2011–16), was a
1807:to let governing
1622:Jamaica coalition
1516:second government
1504:Mette Frederiksen
1491:second government
1487:Thorvald Stauning
1365:Christopher Moore
1317:, Prime Minister
1196:Australian Greens
1177:Western Australia
1106:political parties
746:political parties
742:coalition cabinet
734:
733:
682:Political parties
622:Electoral systems
346:Political science
320:Semi-presidential
232:Political systems
208:Political history
203:Political economy
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4199:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3880:
3879:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3814:
3813:
3801:
3792:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3746:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3685:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3615:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3540:
3534:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3457:gvaoberta.gva.es
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3189:Canada's History
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3029:
3023:
3022:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2818:
2729:Electoral fusion
2685:Democratic Party
2670:Republican Party
2666:Opposition Party
2606:regulations and
2604:nomination rules
2573:Northern Ireland
2555:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2512:
2504:
2482:Luis Lacalle Pou
2452:and the liberal
2385:Liberal Democrat
2325:is in majority.
2038:New Liberal Club
2032:majority in the
1687:, his successor
1685:Jawaharlal Nehru
1628:Grand coalitions
1576:Katainen cabinet
1574:Coalition). The
1512:Social Democrats
1508:first government
1463:Saskatchewan NDP
1412:Alternative Vote
1396:British Columbia
1358:Governor General
1308:
1307:
1243:Social democracy
1157:two-party system
1146:Liberal National
1110:My Step Alliance
1083:Liberal Democrat
931:Nordic countries
824:Nash equilibrium
793:grand coalitions
726:
719:
712:
698:
697:
488:
433:
388:Political theory
378:Election science
368:
354:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4017:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3923:Grand coalition
3873:
3870:
3822:
3817:
3802:
3795:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3719:www.thestar.com
3711:
3707:
3700:
3686:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3641:
3637:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3541:
3537:
3524:
3520:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3379:
3376:The Independent
3367:
3363:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3279:
3275:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3065:
3061:
3030:
3026:
2999:
2992:
2957:
2953:
2916:
2912:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2794:Unholy alliance
2734:Hung parliament
2709:
2650:
2630:
2624:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2525:
2513:
2502:
2466:Alberto Volonté
2442:
2401:hung parliament
2361:James Callaghan
2341:
2331:
2299:grand coalition
2287:
2281:
2265:
2251:won eleven and
2203:with the minor
2181:
2175:
2084:
1957:
1906:
1900:
1892:Irish Civil War
1869:grand coalition
1819:
1785:
1673:
1661:Kenya coalition
1649:"red–red–green"
1600:with the minor
1590:
1584:
1555:
1475:
1373:
1323:cross the floor
1315:First World War
1295:Great Coalition
1287:
1263:Socialist Party
1219:
1173:South Australia
1165:New South Wales
1142:Country Liberal
1126:
1095:
927:
921:
908:
886:
835:
820:
730:
692:
687:
686:
617:
616:
607:
606:
564:
563:
554:
553:
522:
521:
512:
511:
507:Public interest
492:Domestic policy
482:
475:
474:
463:
462:
427:
420:
419:
408:
407:
369:
362:
355:
348:
340:
339:
330:
329:
235:
234:
223:
222:
178:
177:
168:
137:Politics series
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4205:
4195:
4194:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4161:
4141:
4121:
4101:
4081:
4061:
4041:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4008:
3995:
3986:
3981:
3972:
3955:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3913:Full coalition
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3793:
3789:106–108 (1917)
3773:
3732:
3705:
3698:
3675:
3655:(2): 117–131.
3635:
3586:
3561:
3535:
3518:
3500:
3483:. 2008-12-02.
3469:
3444:
3416:
3388:
3361:
3341:
3314:
3287:Party Politics
3273:
3253:
3250:. 17 May 2021.
3247:Deutsche Welle
3233:
3230:. 17 May 2021.
3228:Deutschland.de
3215:
3209:Deutsche Welle
3195:
3178:
3153:
3132:
3118:
3100:
3059:
3038:Party Politics
3024:
3013:(3): 358–369.
2990:
2951:
2910:
2891:(7–8): 48–50.
2871:
2859:
2838:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2662:American Party
2649:
2646:
2626:Main article:
2623:
2620:
2558:
2557:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2454:Colorado Party
2450:National Party
2441:
2438:
2434:Welsh Assembly
2399:resulted in a
2359:government of
2345:United Kingdom
2330:
2329:United Kingdom
2327:
2280:
2277:
2264:
2261:
2247:won 49 seats,
2211:and the minor
2177:Main article:
2174:
2171:
2094:, none of its
2083:
2080:
2056:Tetsu Katayama
2052:Ashida Hitoshi
1956:
1953:
1899:
1896:
1852:in that year.
1818:
1815:
1784:
1781:
1765:Manmohan Singh
1737:National Front
1672:
1669:
1657:eastern states
1583:
1580:
1554:
1551:
1500:2015 elections
1474:
1471:
1372:
1369:
1350:Bloc Québécois
1338:Stephen Harper
1286:
1283:
1218:
1215:
1125:
1122:
1116:following the
1094:
1091:
1075:United Kingdom
920:
917:
913:prime minister
907:
906:Governing cost
904:
885:
882:
850:Horst Seehofer
842:Sigmar Gabriel
834:
831:
819:
816:
808:snap elections
800:prime minister
732:
731:
729:
728:
721:
714:
706:
703:
702:
689:
688:
685:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
663:
662:
646:
641:
636:
635:
634:
624:
618:
614:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
571:
565:
562:Related topics
561:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
530:
529:
523:
519:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
504:
499:
497:Foreign policy
494:
489:
476:
470:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:
444:
439:
434:
421:
415:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
400:
395:
393:Policy studies
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
358:
356:
344:
341:
337:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
236:
230:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
179:
176:Primary topics
175:
174:
173:
170:
169:
167:
166:
161:
156:
150:
147:
146:
140:
139:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4204:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4142:
4122:
4102:
4082:
4062:
4042:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3996:
3987:
3982:
3973:
3956:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3777:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3528:
3527:David Cameron
3522:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3420:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3334:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3122:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Power sharing
2787:
2785:
2784:Popular front
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:United States
2645:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2610:, and so on.
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2554:
2551:
2543:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2517:This section
2515:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:, the blanco
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:1989 election
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:David Cameron
2410:
2409:Conservatives
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:Paddy Ashdown
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:Justice Party
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:. During the
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2196:Overhang seat
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2167:Anwar Ibrahim
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:in 1993 with
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:nejire kokkai
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:National Diet
1970:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1797:1999 election
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:Narendra Modi
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:Morarji Desai
1711:
1707:
1706:next election
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:Indira Gandhi
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:Angela Merkel
1634:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:1935 election
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1467:Lorne Calvert
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:Duff Pattullo
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:Liberal Party
1339:
1335:
1334:Confederation
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:Robert Borden
1316:
1313:. During the
1312:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:2007 and 2011
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1150:the Coalition
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Magic Formula
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:Guinea-Bissau
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
926:
916:
914:
903:
900:
896:
894:
889:
881:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
851:
847:
846:Angela Merkel
843:
839:
830:
827:
825:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
727:
722:
720:
715:
713:
708:
707:
705:
704:
701:
696:
691:
690:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
660:
656:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
611:
610:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
558:
557:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
528:
525:
524:
516:
515:
508:
505:
503:
502:Civil society
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
486:
481:
480:Public policy
478:
477:
473:
467:
466:
456:
452:
448:
447:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
431:
426:
423:
422:
418:
412:
411:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
366:
361:
357:
352:
347:
343:
342:
334:
333:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
300:Parliamentary
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Hybrid regime
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
227:
226:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
172:
171:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
149:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4165:Non-partisan
4163:
4012:Non-partisan
4010:
3912:
3907:
3830:
3809:
3805:
3786:
3776:
3766:February 25,
3764:. Retrieved
3752:
3748:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3718:
3708:
3689:
3666:. Retrieved
3652:
3648:
3638:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3578:. Retrieved
3573:
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3551:(in Spanish)
3548:
3538:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3492:. Retrieved
3472:
3460:. Retrieved
3456:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3429:
3419:
3407:. Retrieved
3401:
3391:
3380:. Retrieved
3374:
3364:
3355:The Guardian
3353:
3344:
3324:
3317:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3265:
3256:
3245:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3207:
3198:
3187:
3181:
3170:. Retrieved
3166:
3156:
3145:. Retrieved
3135:
3121:
3103:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3037:
3027:
3010:
3006:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2930:(1): 31–60.
2927:
2923:
2913:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2864:, retrieved
2850:
2841:
2830:. Retrieved
2825:
2799:United front
2714:Cohabitation
2701:
2651:
2635:
2631:
2616:
2612:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2565:
2561:
2546:
2537:
2526:Please help
2521:verification
2518:
2490:Open Cabildo
2470:Jorge Batlle
2443:
2342:
2288:
2273:
2266:
2182:
2132:
2085:
2068:IchirĹŤ Ozawa
2045:
2026:
2016:
2011:, initially
1997:
1982:
1958:
1942:
1934:Ariel Sharon
1907:
1873:
1857:Labour Party
1854:
1839:
1820:
1786:
1729:Rajiv Gandhi
1726:
1718:Janata Party
1674:
1645:
1626:
1591:
1571:independence
1556:
1528:
1496:World War II
1476:
1451:
1431:John Bracken
1424:
1393:
1391:until 1923.
1385:Labour Party
1374:
1362:
1327:
1288:
1220:
1189:
1154:
1127:
1102:Soviet Union
1096:
1079:Conservative
928:
919:Distribution
909:
897:
890:
887:
878:
865:
859:
828:
821:
797:
778:
770:
741:
737:
735:
430:street-level
305:Presidential
265:Dictatorship
135:Part of the
116:
110:October 2023
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3831:govinfo.gov
3820:Works cited
3725:27 November
3668:4 September
2828:(in Polish)
2697:Champ Clark
2596:oligocratic
2484:formed the
2407:), and the
2237:Green Party
2221:Green Party
2188:New Zealand
2173:New Zealand
2086:Ever since
1922:Labor Party
1894:(1922–23).
1888:Green Party
1880:Fianna Fáil
1835:independent
1827:Fianna Fáil
1802:centre-left
1489:formed his
1454:Roy Romanow
1328:During the
1299:Clear Grits
1213:elections.
1192:Labor Party
1161:Labor Party
1128:In federal
1063:Switzerland
1035:New Zealand
937:countries,
569:Sovereignty
534:Legislature
437:Technocracy
425:Bureaucracy
290:Meritocracy
270:Directorial
3787:Cong. Rec.
3699:0814207472
3580:2020-03-08
3555:2020-03-08
3494:2009-12-07
3437:19 October
3409:19 October
3382:2009-06-27
3293:: 96–107.
3172:2008-12-02
3147:2009-05-14
2866:2024-03-13
2832:2024-06-30
2806:References
2444:Since the
2381:Tony Blair
2353:world wars
2333:See also:
2283:See also:
2114:, and the
2036:. The LDP-
2021:Ryokufūkai
1902:See also:
1840:Ireland's
1751:(BJP)-led
1745:parliament
1701:Rae Bareli
1697:Raj Narain
1641:Chancellor
1586:See also:
1563:Lipponen I
1545:, and the
1522:, and the
1371:Provincial
1305:Parti bleu
1247:liberalism
1229:-speaking
1185:Queensland
959:East Timor
923:See also:
848:(CDU) and
774:parliament
659:Governance
649:Government
644:Federalism
245:City-state
80:newspapers
3630:260582136
3622:0003-0554
3606:: 69–87.
3309:1354-0688
3095:0048-8402
3079:: 42–66.
3054:1354-0688
2985:0010-4140
2946:0140-2382
2905:0340-1650
2699:speaker.
2695:to elect
2672:to elect
2588:consensus
2577:kingmaker
2419:with the
2417:coalition
2411:, led by
2393:landslide
2367:with the
2317:. Due to
2289:Turkey's
2231:formed a
2219:from the
2215:and with
1949:1984–1988
1918:Alignment
1884:Fine Gael
1861:Fine Gael
1831:Fine Gael
1793:New Order
1783:Indonesia
1655:. In the
1524:Moderates
1479:Folketing
1354:prorogued
1124:Australia
1023:Lithuania
983:Indonesia
939:Australia
756:after an
750:executive
639:Unitarism
627:Elections
615:Subseries
544:Judiciary
539:Executive
442:Adhocracy
325:Theocracy
280:Feudalism
260:Democracy
4186:Category
3951:⇐
3485:Archived
3333:Archived
2707:See also
2569:Flanders
2540:May 2014
2405:36 years
2369:Liberals
2245:National
2213:Alliance
2205:NZ First
2201:National
2104:Alliance
2088:Malaysia
2082:Malaysia
1886:and the
1809:big tent
1653:The Left
1569:) since
1383:and the
1344:and the
1239:Brussels
1235:Wallonia
1231:Flanders
1202:and the
1194:and the
1169:Victoria
1138:National
1081:and the
1043:Thailand
1039:Pakistan
1027:Malaysia
758:election
754:majority
667:Ideology
485:doctrine
446:Service
310:Republic
295:Monarchy
275:Federacy
164:Category
144:Politics
4004:—
4000:—
3991:—
3977:—
3968:—
3964:—
3960:—
3462:5 April
3431:Newshub
3403:Newshub
2440:Uruguay
2387:leader
2363:formed
2343:In the
2128:Sarawak
2090:gained
1914:Knesset
1823:Ireland
1817:Ireland
1598:CDU/CSU
1582:Germany
1559:Finland
1553:Finland
1520:Venstre
1473:Denmark
1389:Ontario
1356:by the
1259:Vooruit
1223:Belgium
1217:Belgium
1134:Liberal
1098:Armenia
1093:Armenia
1059:Ukraine
1019:Lesotho
1015:Lebanon
987:Ireland
967:Germany
943:Austria
935:Benelux
872:of the
870:leaders
844:(SPD),
806:, call
672:Culture
582:Country
240:Anarchy
154:Outline
94:scholar
3812:: 964.
3761:440395
3759:
3696:
3628:
3620:
3574:DW.COM
3307:
3093:
3052:
2983:
2944:
2903:
2857:
2395:. The
2365:a pact
2357:Labour
2279:Turkey
2225:Labour
2209:Labour
2110:, the
1938:Kadima
1910:Israel
1898:Israel
1610:Greens
1541:, the
1514:, her
1379:, the
1348:. The
1309:, and
1293:, the
1291:Canada
1285:Canada
1057:, and
1055:Turkey
1011:Latvia
1007:Kosovo
991:Israel
971:Greece
963:France
955:Cyprus
947:Brazil
933:, the
632:voting
574:Polity
472:Policy
451:Public
365:theory
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3757:JSTOR
3745:(PDF)
3626:S2CID
3488:(PDF)
3481:(PDF)
3336:(PDF)
3329:(PDF)
3113:(PDF)
2656:. In
2263:Spain
2124:Sabah
1961:Japan
1955:Japan
1947:from
1930:Likud
1926:Mapam
1878:is a
1755:with
1710:India
1671:India
1227:Dutch
1171:. In
1047:Spain
1031:Nepal
1003:Kenya
999:Japan
995:Italy
979:India
951:Chile
740:, or
655:forms
578:State
455:Civil
159:Index
101:JSTOR
87:books
3768:2019
3727:2023
3694:ISBN
3670:2018
3618:ISSN
3464:2020
3439:2017
3411:2017
3305:ISSN
3091:ISSN
3050:ISSN
2981:ISSN
2942:ISSN
2901:ISSN
2855:ISBN
2691:and
2681:1917
2668:and
2658:1855
2337:and
2305:and
2133:The
2126:and
2013:49th
2009:47th
2005:46th
1924:and
1874:The
1855:The
1805:PDIP
1616:and
1565:and
1208:2020
1206:and
1204:2016
1183:and
1175:and
1167:and
1144:and
864:, a
73:news
3785:55
3781:GPO
3657:doi
3608:doi
3604:118
3295:doi
3081:doi
3042:doi
3015:doi
2973:doi
2932:doi
2893:doi
2571:or
2530:by
2249:ACT
2190:in
2184:MMP
1959:In
1829:or
1821:In
1557:In
1506:'s
1394:In
1289:In
1221:In
973:,
860:In
795:).
783:or
56:by
4188::
3829:.
3810:94
3808:.
3796:^
3783:,
3753:25
3751:.
3747:.
3717:.
3678:^
3651:.
3647:.
3624:.
3616:.
3602:.
3598:.
3572:.
3547:.
3511:.
3455:.
3428:.
3400:.
3373:.
3352:.
3303:.
3291:30
3289:.
3285:.
3264:.
3244:.
3226:.
3206:.
3165:.
3089:.
3077:51
3075:.
3071:.
3048:.
3036:.
3011:29
3009:.
3005:.
2993:^
2979:.
2969:52
2967:.
2963:.
2940:.
2928:47
2926:.
2922:.
2899:.
2889:47
2887:.
2883:.
2849:,
2824:.
2813:^
2687:,
2664:,
2496:.
2436:.
2259:.
2243:,
2227:,
2130:.
2007:,
1882:,
1624:.
1567:II
1549:.
1526:.
1301:,
1249:,
1245:,
1152:.
1140:,
1136:,
1120:.
1089:.
1061:.
1053:,
1049:,
1045:,
1041:,
1037:,
1033:,
1029:,
1025:,
1021:,
1017:,
1013:,
1009:,
1005:,
1001:,
997:,
993:,
989:,
985:,
981:,
977:,
969:,
965:,
961:,
957:,
953:,
949:,
945:,
941:,
814:.
791:,
768:.
736:A
657:/
580:/
576:/
453:/
3865:e
3858:t
3851:v
3837:.
3791:.
3770:.
3729:.
3702:.
3672:.
3659::
3653:1
3632:.
3610::
3583:.
3558:.
3533:.
3515:.
3497:.
3466:.
3441:.
3413:.
3385:.
3311:.
3297::
3175:.
3150:.
3129:.
3115:.
3097:.
3083::
3056:.
3044::
3021:.
3017::
2987:.
2975::
2948:.
2934::
2907:.
2895::
2835:.
2553:)
2547:(
2542:)
2538:(
2524:.
856:.
725:e
718:t
711:v
661:)
653:(
487:)
483:(
457:)
449:(
432:)
428:(
367:)
363:(
353:)
349:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.