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24:
325:. Specifically, they cite this right in the Constitution, "Under the general rules of taxation, every man and everything throughout the country (exports excepted) are subject to taxation in the discretion of Congress..." They argued that since the Judge works for his own salary from the state, but as a citizen of the United States, Judge Day should pay his taxes to support the Federal government. They believed that just because he worked for the state, he should not be exempted from his duties as an American citizen.
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government has the ability to tax the officials of the states. Justice
Bradley does not agree with the defendant's idea that being an official of a particular state makes him exempt from the federal law. He believes that if the court gives the states this right of taxing their own officials, then what would stop them from furthering their powers? He sees the gray line that this decision could bring about.
356:
within their respective spheres". He makes his opinion stronger by stating that since it is already in the
Constitution that that state may not tax the national government, then it should be the same way that the Federal government may not hinder upon state taxes. Justice Nelson refers to this action as the doctrine of "reciprocal immunity."
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Justice Nelson uses these examples to highlights the examples of federalism v. states powers. In his opinion, Nelson makes very clear that the national and state governments are part of one another but remain as "separate and distinct sovereignties, acting separately and independently of each other,
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In the dissenting opinion delivered by
Justice Bradley, he claims that he sees no distinct difference between the national government and the state government taxing the officials of the state. He claims that since every citizen living in a state is in fact a part of the United States, the national
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Judge J.M. Day, the county probate judge of
Massachusetts, argued that the Federal government is stretching their limits by taxing an officer of the State. He claimed that these powers are not expressly given to them in the Constitution, and that the Collector is ultimately violating State power.
304:
imposed a 5 percent tax on all personal incomes over $ 1000. In 1866 and 1867, the tax collector for the internal revenue of the United States taxed Judge J.M. Day of the Court of
Probate in Massachusetts. Since Judge Day believed this was not within the federal government's rights, he paid the
284:, where the Supreme Court ruled that the income tax imposed by the State of New York on an employee of the Federal Home Owners Load Corporation was constitutional, since there was no requirement of immunity contained in the Constitution or in any act of Congress.
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case that questioned the United States
Federal government's ability to impose a tax upon the "salary of a judicial officer of the State." Even though this particular case favors state employees' rights, it was overruled in 1939 by
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The plaintiff's main argument, in this case the
Collector, claimed that the Federal Government of the United States is supreme in the area of taxation given to them in the
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amount of $ 61.50 under protest and then proceeded to sue the
Circuit Court to recover his charges. After Day won this case, the United States issued a
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Mason, Alpheus and Donald
Stephenson. American Constitutional Law. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2009.
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Decided on April 3, 1871, in an 8 to 1 decision, the
Supreme Court decided in favor of the Defendant, Judge Day. Justice
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is still important to discussions of constitutional law because of Judge Nelson's statement of the doctrine of
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delivered the opinion of the court and cites several court cases from the past, including
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Congress did not have the right within their powers to impose a tax on state officials.
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Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
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College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
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529:
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San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
1198:
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
1705:
660:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
1230:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
2633:
1328:
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Nelson, joined by Chase, Clifford, Swayne, Miller, Davis, Field, Strong
141:
3252:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
2848:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
1553:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
3204:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
1954:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
457:
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565:
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3420:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
137:
84:
2715:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
2585:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
833:
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408:) 113 (1871) is available from:
375:
373:
275:, 78 U.S. (11 Wall.) 113 (1871), was a
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4863:
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949:
832:
784:
739:
686:
617:
567:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
564:
511:
469:
72:1871 United States Supreme Court case
4336:United States constitutional tax law
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538:Department of Commerce v. New York
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90:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
4950:
4924:United States Supreme Court cases
4919:United States federalism case law
4879:Amendment affecting apportionment
4657:
4426:Decline of sovereign tax immunity
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386:
4874:Apportionment of representatives
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83:
22:
4884:Origination of bills of revenue
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3030:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
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4934:1871 in United States case law
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2079:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
1022:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
891:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
309:which brought the case to the
1:
4844:Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co.
4733:Bowers v. Kerbaugh-Empire Co.
4346:
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4017:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
2605:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
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2304:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
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766:United States v. Munoz-Flores
363:
295:
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4573:Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co.
4453:Uniformity of indirect taxes
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1868:Schillinger v. United States
1505:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
1054:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
316:
7:
4744:Taxable corporate dividends
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277:United States Supreme Court
144:1463; 2 A.F.T.R. (P-H) 2253
10:
4955:
4771:Taxable corporate earnings
4638:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
4615:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
4601:State import-export duties
4469:Brushaber v. Union Pacific
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835:Taxing and Spending Clause
4869:
4858:
4835:
4809:Deductions and exemptions
4808:
4789:
4770:
4743:
4716:
4674:Springer v. United States
4665:
4652:
4627:
4599:
4549:Springer v. United States
4530:
4504:United States v. Kahriger
4479:
4452:
4354:
4341:
4233:Virginia v. West Virginia
4219:
4205:
4177:
4163:
4000:
3977:
3973:
3956:
3856:
3845:No Bills of Attainder or
3838:
3778:
3758:
3736:United States v. Comstock
3698:
3684:
3638:
3136:
3078:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
2970:
2757:
2632:
2603:
2573:
2483:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
2440:
2430:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
2355:
2302:
2097:
1972:
1894:
1832:
1787:
1750:
1746:
1732:
1689:
1675:
1633:United States v. Morrison
1585:New York v. United States
1481:North American Co. v. SEC
1417:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
1280:
963:
959:
945:
867:Springer v. United States
845:
828:
794:
780:
752:
735:
699:
682:
630:
613:
577:
560:
524:
507:
258:
251:
243:
235:
230:
164:
159:
154:
149:
113:
103:
96:
82:
77:
4760:United States v. Phellis
4690:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
4565:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
4025:Sturges v. Crowninshield
3918:Barr v. City of Columbia
3870:Sturges v. Crowninshield
3628:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
3260:Graham v. John Deere Co.
3054:KVOS v. Associated Press
2824:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
2622:Dowling v. United States
2406:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
2366:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
2284:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
758:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
713:United States v. Johnson
4541:Hylton v. United States
4440:South Carolina v. Baker
4129:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
3332:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
3110:Goldstein v. California
3038:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
2451:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2422:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
1657:Taylor v. United States
965:Dormant Commerce Clause
899:United States v. Butler
851:Hylton v. United States
721:Gravel v. United States
689:Speech or Debate Clause
292:in the case's opinion.
97:Argued February 3, 1871
31:This article cites its
4379:Sovereign tax immunity
4265:New Jersey v. New York
3720:Sabri v. United States
3548:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
3348:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
3268:United States v. Adams
2547:De Sylva v. Ballentine
2467:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
2292:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
2132:Schreiber v. Sharpless
1914:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
1625:Jones v. United States
1617:United States v. Locke
1593:United States v. Lopez
923:Sabri v. United States
333:Supreme Court decision
302:United States Congress
4889:Federal voting rights
4798:Crane v. Commissioner
4385:McCulloch v. Maryland
4241:Virginia v. Tennessee
3704:McCulloch v. Maryland
2759:Copyright Act of 1976
2499:Douglas v. Cunningham
2442:Copyright Act of 1909
2148:Thornton v. Schreiber
2099:Copyright Act of 1870
1974:Copyright Act of 1831
1752:Copyright Act of 1790
1714:Juilliard v. Greenman
1529:Katzenbach v. McClung
1361:Hoke v. United States
1126:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
1030:Edwards v. California
353:Weston v. Charleston.
344:McCulloch v. Maryland
99:Decided April 3, 1871
4629:State tonnage duties
4432:Flint v. Stone Tracy
4393:Veazie Bank v. Fenno
4273:Virginia v. Maryland
4170:Import-Export Clause
4057:Stone v. Mississippi
3712:Lambert v. Yellowley
3572:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
3308:Gottschalk v. Benson
3284:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
3244:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
2204:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2071:Bolles v. Outing Co.
915:South Dakota v. Dole
705:Kilbourn v. Thompson
108:The Collector v. Day
4666:History and purpose
4589:California v. Texas
4520:California v. Texas
4480:Regulatory taxation
3990:Hepburn v. Griswold
3934:Kansas v. Hendricks
3910:De Veau v. Braisted
3180:Altvater v. Freeman
2188:Belford v. Scribner
2172:Thompson v. Hubbard
2156:Banks v. Manchester
2007:Stevens v. Gladding
1906:Pennock v. Dialogue
1834:Patent infringement
1513:Boynton v. Virginia
1377:Hammer v. Dagenhart
583:Powell v. McCormack
449:Library of Congress
4864:Related provisions
4836:Diminution of loss
4752:Eisner v. Macomber
4725:Eisner v. Macomber
4364:Scope of authority
4225:Florida v. Georgia
3980:Legal Tender Cases
3894:Samuels v. McCurdy
3886:Hawker v. New York
3816:Boumediene v. Bush
3404:Dickinson v. Zurko
2872:Eldred v. Ashcroft
2475:Manners v. Morosco
2276:Scribner v. Straus
2180:Higgins v. Keuffel
2164:Callaghan v. Myers
2047:Higgins v. Keuffel
2039:Callaghan v. Myers
1946:Egbert v. Lippmann
1930:Cochrane v. Deener
1789:Patent Act of 1793
1696:Legal Tender Cases
1465:Wickard v. Filburn
907:Helvering v. Davis
787:Presentment Clause
742:Origination Clause
514:Enumeration Clause
497:U.S. Supreme Court
282:Graves v. New York
261:Graves v. New York
175:Associate Justices
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4854:
4853:
4648:
4647:
4417:Davis v. Michigan
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4201:
4200:
4183:Brown v. Maryland
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4049:Bronson v. Kinzie
4033:Ogden v. Saunders
3952:
3951:
3834:
3833:
3792:Ex parte Merryman
3768:Suspension Clause
3754:
3753:
3728:Gonzales v. Raich
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3276:Brenner v. Manson
3070:Buck v. Gallagher
2990:Ferris v. Frohman
2739:Iancu v. Brunetti
2108:Perris v. Hexamer
2087:Mifflin v. Dutton
1983:Wheaton v. Peters
1922:O'Reilly v. Morse
1860:Rowell v. Lindsay
1761:Wheaton v. Peters
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1641:Gonzales v. Raich
1537:Maryland v. Wirtz
1401:Gold Clause Cases
1222:Granholm v. Heald
974:Brown v. Maryland
941:
940:
824:
823:
776:
775:
731:
730:
678:
677:
609:
608:
556:
555:
546:Trump v. New York
323:U.S. Constitution
268:
267:
223:Joseph P. Bradley
70:
69:
62:
37:does not provide
4946:
4860:
4859:
4654:
4653:
4488:Head Money Cases
4461:Head Money Cases
4401:Collector v. Day
4356:Authority to tax
4343:
4342:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4307:
4306:
4207:
4206:
4165:
4164:
4009:Fletcher v. Peck
3975:
3974:
3958:
3957:
3878:Ex parte Garland
3840:
3839:
3784:Ex parte Bollman
3760:
3759:
3686:
3685:
3500:Bilski v. Kappos
3356:Diamond v. Diehr
3324:Dann v. Johnston
2808:Stewart v. Abend
2116:Trade-Mark Cases
1999:Stephens v. Cady
1822:Evans v. Hettich
1748:
1747:
1739:Copyright Clause
1734:
1733:
1691:
1690:
1677:
1676:
1345:Champion v. Ames
1305:Paul v. Virginia
1289:Gibbons v. Ogden
961:
960:
947:
946:
859:Collector v. Day
830:
829:
799:Pocket Veto Case
782:
781:
737:
736:
684:
683:
636:Ex parte Siebold
620:Elections Clause
615:
614:
562:
561:
509:
508:
490:
483:
476:
467:
466:
462:
456:
453:
447:
444:
438:
435:
429:
426:
420:
417:
411:
394:Collector v. Day
380:
377:
272:Collector v. Day
211:Stephen J. Field
199:Samuel F. Miller
160:Court membership
87:
86:
78:Collector v. Day
75:
74:
65:
58:
54:
51:
45:
26:
25:
18:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4893:
4865:
4850:
4831:
4804:
4785:
4766:
4739:
4712:
4661:
4644:
4623:
4609:Privilege taxes
4595:
4526:
4475:
4448:
4350:
4337:
4334:
4304:
4295:
4249:Wharton v. Wise
4215:
4197:
4173:
4151:
3996:
3969:
3963:Contract Clause
3948:
3852:
3830:
3774:
3750:
3694:
3693:of Section VIII
3672:
3641:trademark cases
3634:
3540:Kappos v. Hyatt
3340:Parker v. Flook
3132:
2973:copyright cases
2966:
2952:Allen v. Cooper
2896:Golan v. Holder
2753:
2628:
2599:
2569:
2436:
2351:
2298:
2124:Merrell v. Tice
2093:
2055:Holmes v. Hurst
2031:Baker v. Selden
1991:Backus v. Gould
1968:
1890:
1844:Evans v. Jordan
1828:
1783:
1742:
1741:of Section VIII
1720:
1685:
1684:of Section VIII
1663:
1569:EEOC v. Wyoming
1321:Kidd v. Pearson
1297:Passenger Cases
1276:
1166:Maine v. Taylor
955:
954:of Section VIII
952:Commerce Clause
937:
841:
820:
790:
772:
748:
727:
695:
674:
668:Moore v. Harper
626:
605:
599:Cook v. Gralike
573:
552:
520:
503:
494:
460:
454:
451:
445:
442:
436:
433:
427:
424:
418:
415:
409:
389:
384:
383:
378:
371:
366:
335:
319:
298:
290:dual federalism
254:
213:
201:
189:
187:Nathan Clifford
171:Salmon P. Chase
145:
98:
92:
73:
66:
55:
49:
46:
43:
39:page references
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
4952:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4821:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4756:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4436:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4310:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4212:Compact Clause
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4187:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:Sveen v. Melin
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4073:Block v. Hirsh
4069:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3985:
3983:
3971:
3970:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3926:Teague v. Lane
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3862:Calder v. Bull
3857:
3854:
3853:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3645:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3556:Gunn v. Minton
3552:
3544:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2539:Mazer v. Stein
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2023:Paige v. Banks
2019:
2015:Little v. Hall
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:Voss v. Fisher
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1814:Evans v. Eaton
1810:
1806:Evans v. Eaton
1802:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1769:Paige v. Banks
1765:
1756:
1754:
1744:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1682:Coinage Clause
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1613:
1609:Reno v. Condon
1605:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
969:
967:
957:
956:
943:
942:
939:
938:
936:
935:
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
887:
879:
871:
863:
855:
846:
843:
842:
826:
825:
822:
821:
819:
818:
810:
802:
795:
792:
791:
789:of Section VII
778:
777:
774:
773:
771:
770:
762:
753:
750:
749:
733:
732:
729:
728:
726:
725:
717:
709:
700:
697:
696:
680:
679:
676:
675:
673:
672:
664:
656:
648:
644:Smiley v. Holm
640:
631:
628:
627:
611:
610:
607:
606:
604:
603:
595:
587:
578:
575:
574:
558:
557:
554:
553:
551:
550:
542:
534:
525:
522:
521:
505:
504:
493:
492:
485:
478:
470:
464:
463:
431:Google Scholar
388:
387:External links
385:
382:
381:
368:
367:
365:
362:
334:
331:
318:
315:
297:
294:
266:
265:
256:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
228:
227:
226:
225:
215:William Strong
191:Noah H. Swayne
176:
173:
168:
162:
161:
157:
156:
152:
151:
147:
146:
131:
115:
111:
110:
105:
104:Full case name
101:
100:
94:
93:
88:
80:
79:
71:
68:
67:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4951:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4861:
4857:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:Taxable gains
4788:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4659:Amendment XVI
4655:
4651:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:Smyth v. Ames
4062:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3851:of Section IX
3850:
3848:
3847:Ex post facto
3841:
3837:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:Ex parte Endo
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:Habeas corpus
3761:
3757:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:Gibbs v. Buck
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:Patent misuse
2572:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:Brady v. Daly
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:Brady v. Daly
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:Patentability
1893:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:Tyler v. Tuel
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
991:
987:
984:
983:
979:
976:
975:
971:
970:
968:
966:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
933:
932:
928:
925:
924:
920:
917:
916:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
900:
896:
893:
892:
888:
885:
884:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
852:
848:
847:
844:
840:
836:
831:
827:
816:
815:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
797:
796:
793:
788:
783:
779:
768:
767:
763:
760:
759:
755:
754:
751:
747:
743:
738:
734:
723:
722:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
706:
702:
701:
698:
694:
690:
685:
681:
670:
669:
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
645:
641:
638:
637:
633:
632:
629:
625:
621:
616:
612:
601:
600:
596:
593:
592:
588:
585:
584:
580:
579:
576:
572:
568:
563:
559:
548:
547:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
531:
530:Utah v. Evans
527:
526:
523:
519:
515:
510:
506:
501:
498:
491:
486:
484:
479:
477:
472:
471:
468:
459:
450:
441:
432:
423:
414:
413:CourtListener
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:
376:
374:
369:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
345:
340:
339:Samuel Nelson
330:
326:
324:
314:
312:
308:
307:writ of error
303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
278:
274:
273:
263:
262:
257:
253:Superseded by
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:Case opinions
229:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:Samuel Nelson
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:Chief Justice
166:
165:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
139:
135:
129:
128:
123:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
95:
91:
81:
76:
64:
61:
53:
50:November 2010
41:
40:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
4842:
4823:
4815:
4796:
4777:
4758:
4750:
4731:
4723:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4636:
4613:
4608:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4532:Direct taxes
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4467:
4459:
4438:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4407:
4400:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4378:
4368:
4363:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4214:of Section X
4189:
4181:
4172:of Section X
4143:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3988:
3978:
3942:Smith v. Doe
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3846:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3765:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
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3418:
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3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3139:patent cases
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2745:
2737:
2731:Matal v. Tam
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2620:
2612:
2591:
2583:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1712:
1704:
1694:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
980:
972:
929:
921:
913:
905:
897:
889:
881:
873:
865:
858:
857:
849:
839:Section VIII
812:
804:
764:
756:
719:
711:
703:
666:
658:
650:
642:
634:
597:
589:
581:
544:
536:
528:
393:
358:
352:
348:
342:
336:
327:
320:
299:
285:
281:
271:
270:
269:
259:
218:
206:
194:
182:
125:
107:
56:
47:
36:
15:
3849:Laws Clause
1706:Knox v. Lee
746:Section VII
203:David Davis
4908:Categories
3772:Section IX
2634:Lanham Act
1329:In re Debs
693:Section VI
624:Section IV
518:Section II
458:OpenJurist
364:References
296:Background
142:U.S. LEXIS
140:122; 1870
4348:Article I
3967:Section X
500:Article I
317:Arguments
286:Collector
114:Citations
2577:case law
1898:case law
1836:case law
502:case law
392:Text of
236:Majority
136:113; 20
422:Findlaw
247:Bradley
244:Dissent
150:Holding
33:sources
4847:(1926)
4828:(1931)
4820:(1915)
4801:(1947)
4782:(1955)
4763:(1921)
4755:(1920)
4736:(1926)
4728:(1920)
4717:Income
4709:(1916)
4701:(1915)
4693:(1911)
4685:(1895)
4677:(1881)
4641:(1851)
4618:(1851)
4592:(2020)
4584:(2012)
4576:(1916)
4568:(1911)
4560:(1895)
4552:(1881)
4544:(1796)
4523:(2020)
4515:(2012)
4507:(1953)
4499:(1922)
4491:(1884)
4472:(1915)
4464:(1884)
4443:(1988)
4435:(1911)
4420:(1989)
4412:(1895)
4404:(1871)
4396:(1869)
4388:(1819)
4373:(1915)
4292:(2018)
4284:(2009)
4276:(2003)
4268:(1998)
4260:(1985)
4252:(1894)
4244:(1893)
4236:(1871)
4228:(1855)
4194:(1951)
4186:(1827)
4148:(2018)
4140:(1987)
4132:(1983)
4124:(1983)
4116:(1978)
4108:(1977)
4100:(1965)
4092:(1935)
4084:(1934)
4076:(1921)
4068:(1898)
4060:(1880)
4052:(1843)
4044:(1837)
4036:(1827)
4028:(1819)
4020:(1819)
4012:(1810)
4001:Others
3993:(1870)
3945:(2003)
3937:(1997)
3929:(1989)
3921:(1964)
3913:(1960)
3905:(1951)
3897:(1925)
3889:(1898)
3881:(1866)
3873:(1819)
3865:(1798)
3827:(2020)
3819:(2008)
3811:(2001)
3803:(1944)
3795:(1861)
3787:(1807)
3747:(2013)
3739:(2010)
3731:(2005)
3723:(2004)
3715:(1926)
3707:(1819)
3669:(2020)
3661:(1938)
3653:(1915)
3639:Other
3631:(2019)
3623:(2017)
3615:(2016)
3607:(2015)
3599:(2015)
3591:(2014)
3583:(2014)
3575:(2013)
3567:(2013)
3559:(2013)
3551:(2013)
3543:(2012)
3535:(2012)
3527:(2011)
3519:(2011)
3511:(2011)
3503:(2010)
3495:(2008)
3487:(2007)
3479:(2007)
3471:(2007)
3463:(2006)
3455:(2006)
3447:(2006)
3439:(2005)
3431:(2002)
3423:(2001)
3415:(1999)
3407:(1999)
3399:(1998)
3391:(1997)
3383:(1996)
3375:(1990)
3367:(1989)
3359:(1981)
3351:(1980)
3343:(1978)
3335:(1976)
3327:(1976)
3319:(1973)
3311:(1972)
3303:(1971)
3295:(1969)
3287:(1969)
3279:(1966)
3271:(1966)
3263:(1966)
3255:(1965)
3247:(1964)
3239:(1964)
3231:(1964)
3223:(1961)
3215:(1950)
3207:(1950)
3199:(1948)
3191:(1945)
3183:(1943)
3175:(1942)
3167:(1926)
3159:(1916)
3151:(1908)
3137:Other
3129:(1975)
3121:(1974)
3113:(1973)
3105:(1968)
3097:(1962)
3089:(1960)
3081:(1949)
3073:(1939)
3065:(1939)
3057:(1936)
3049:(1934)
3041:(1932)
3033:(1931)
3025:(1923)
3017:(1919)
3009:(1918)
3001:(1914)
2993:(1912)
2985:(1911)
2971:Other
2963:(2020)
2955:(2020)
2947:(2019)
2939:(2019)
2931:(2017)
2923:(2014)
2915:(2014)
2907:(2013)
2899:(2012)
2891:(2010)
2883:(2005)
2875:(2003)
2867:(2001)
2859:(1998)
2851:(1998)
2843:(1996)
2835:(1994)
2827:(1994)
2819:(1991)
2811:(1990)
2803:(1989)
2795:(1985)
2787:(1985)
2779:(1984)
2771:(1977)
2750:(2020)
2742:(2019)
2734:(2017)
2726:(2014)
2718:(2014)
2710:(2003)
2702:(2003)
2694:(2001)
2686:(2001)
2678:(1999)
2670:(1995)
2662:(1992)
2654:(1987)
2646:(1982)
2625:(1985)
2617:(1941)
2596:(1942)
2588:(1917)
2566:(1973)
2558:(1964)
2550:(1956)
2542:(1954)
2534:(1952)
2526:(1943)
2518:(1940)
2510:(1939)
2502:(1935)
2494:(1931)
2486:(1923)
2478:(1920)
2470:(1917)
2462:(1914)
2454:(1911)
2433:(1911)
2425:(1911)
2417:(1909)
2409:(1909)
2401:(1908)
2393:(1908)
2385:(1907)
2377:(1903)
2369:(1896)
2348:(1979)
2340:(1948)
2332:(1941)
2324:(1939)
2316:(1913)
2295:(1912)
2287:(1909)
2279:(1908)
2271:(1908)
2263:(1908)
2255:(1908)
2247:(1907)
2239:(1907)
2231:(1907)
2223:(1903)
2215:(1903)
2207:(1899)
2199:(1899)
2191:(1892)
2183:(1891)
2175:(1889)
2167:(1888)
2159:(1888)
2151:(1888)
2143:(1884)
2135:(1884)
2127:(1881)
2119:(1879)
2111:(1879)
2090:(1903)
2082:(1903)
2074:(1899)
2066:(1899)
2058:(1899)
2050:(1891)
2042:(1888)
2034:(1879)
2026:(1872)
2018:(1856)
2010:(1854)
2002:(1853)
1994:(1849)
1986:(1834)
1965:(1885)
1957:(1885)
1949:(1881)
1941:(1878)
1933:(1876)
1925:(1853)
1917:(1851)
1909:(1829)
1887:(1938)
1879:(1913)
1871:(1894)
1863:(1885)
1855:(1885)
1847:(1815)
1825:(1822)
1817:(1822)
1809:(1818)
1801:(1810)
1780:(1908)
1772:(1872)
1764:(1834)
1717:(1884)
1709:(1871)
1660:(2016)
1652:(2012)
1644:(2005)
1636:(2000)
1628:(2000)
1620:(2000)
1612:(2000)
1604:(1996)
1596:(1995)
1588:(1992)
1580:(1985)
1572:(1983)
1564:(1981)
1556:(1981)
1548:(1976)
1540:(1968)
1532:(1964)
1524:(1964)
1516:(1960)
1508:(1951)
1500:(1950)
1492:(1949)
1484:(1946)
1476:(1944)
1468:(1942)
1460:(1942)
1452:(1941)
1444:(1940)
1436:(1938)
1428:(1937)
1420:(1936)
1412:(1935)
1404:(1935)
1396:(1935)
1388:(1923)
1380:(1918)
1372:(1914)
1364:(1913)
1356:(1911)
1348:(1903)
1340:(1895)
1332:(1895)
1324:(1888)
1316:(1885)
1308:(1869)
1300:(1849)
1292:(1824)
1281:Others
1273:(2023)
1265:(2019)
1257:(2018)
1249:(2015)
1241:(2008)
1233:(2007)
1225:(2005)
1217:(1994)
1209:(1994)
1201:(1994)
1193:(1992)
1185:(1992)
1177:(1989)
1169:(1986)
1161:(1984)
1153:(1983)
1145:(1982)
1137:(1981)
1129:(1980)
1121:(1978)
1113:(1978)
1105:(1977)
1097:(1977)
1089:(1976)
1081:(1970)
1073:(1967)
1065:(1959)
1057:(1954)
1049:(1951)
1041:(1945)
1033:(1941)
1025:(1935)
1017:(1925)
1009:(1905)
1001:(1886)
993:(1852)
985:(1829)
977:(1827)
934:(2012)
926:(2004)
918:(1987)
910:(1937)
902:(1936)
894:(1922)
886:(1916)
878:(1895)
870:(1881)
862:(1871)
854:(1796)
817:(1998)
809:(1983)
801:(1929)
769:(1990)
761:(1911)
724:(1972)
716:(1966)
708:(1881)
671:(2023)
663:(2015)
655:(1995)
647:(1932)
639:(1879)
602:(2001)
594:(1995)
586:(1969)
549:(2020)
541:(2019)
533:(2002)
461:
455:
452:
446:
443:
440:Justia
437:
434:
428:
425:
419:
416:
410:
351:, and
264:(1939)
221:
219:·
217:
209:
207:·
205:
197:
195:·
193:
185:
183:·
181:
138:L. Ed.
406:Wall.
400:
134:Wall.
569:and
404:(11
402:U.S.
127:more
119:U.S.
35:but
3965:of
3770:of
837:of
744:of
691:of
622:of
571:III
516:of
132:11
122:113
117:78
4910::
398:78
396:,
372:^
347:,
313:.
4329:e
4322:t
4315:v
489:e
482:t
475:v
130:)
124:(
63:)
57:(
52:)
48:(
42:.
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