Colony collapse disorder

1734:, will be used to monitor health trends and help establish whether the honey industry is under threat from supposed colony collapse disorder. Britain's 20,000 beekeepers have been invited to participate. In October 2010, David Aston of the British Beekeepers' Association stated, "We still do not believe CCD is a cause of colony losses in the UK, however we are continuing to experience colony losses, many if not most of which can be explained. The approach being taken in UK beekeeping is to raise the profile of integrated bee health management, in other words identifying and trying to eliminate factors that reduce the health status of a colony. This incorporates increasing the skill level of beekeepers through training and education, raising the profile of habitat destruction and its effect of forage (nectar and pollen) availability, and of course research on the incidence and distribution of diseases and conditions in the UK together with more applied research and development on providing solutions." 247:(the "vampire mite" scare), though this was ultimately never confirmed. The first report classified as CCD was in mid-November 2006 by a Pennsylvania beekeeper overwintering in Florida. By February 2007, large commercial migratory beekeepers wintering in California, Florida, Oklahoma, and Texas had reported heavy losses associated with CCD. Their reports of losses varied widely, ranging from 30% to 90% of their bee colonies; in some cases, beekeepers reported losses of nearly all of their colonies, with surviving colonies so weakened that they might no longer be able to pollinate or produce honey. In late February 2007, some larger non-migratory beekeepers in the mid-Atlantic and Pacific Northwest regions also reported significant losses of more than 50%. Colony losses were also reported in five Canadian provinces, several European countries, and countries in South and Central America and Asia. In 2010, the 1839:) are among the most important pollinators, vital to sustain natural habitats there in addition to their value for human societies (to sustain food resources). Where honeybee populations decline, there is also a decline in plant populations. In agriculture, some plants are completely dependent on honeybees to pollinate them to produce fruit, while other plants are only dependent on honeybees to enhance their capacity to produce better and healthier fruits. Honeybees also help plants to reduce time between flowering and fruit set, which reduces risk from harmful factors such as pests, diseases, chemicals, weather, etc. Specialist plants that require honeybees will be at more risk if honeybees decline, whereas generalist plants that use other animals as pollinators (or wind pollinating or self-pollinating) will suffer less because they have other sources of pollination. 604:, which outlined a strategy for addressing CCD consisting of four main components: survey and data collection; analysis of samples; hypothesis-driven research; mitigation and preventive action. The first annual report of the U.S. Colony Collapse Disorder Steering Committee was published in 2009. It suggested CCD may be caused by the interaction of many agents in combination. The same year, the CCD Working Group published a comprehensive descriptive study that concluded: "Of the 61 variables quantified (including adult bee physiology, pathogen loads, and pesticide levels), no single factor was found with enough consistency to suggest one causal agent. Bees in CCD colonies had higher pathogen loads and were co-infected with more pathogens than control populations, suggesting either greater pathogen exposure or reduced defenses in CCD bees." 901: 641:

pesticide and/or been subject to food stress (which might in turn be due to drought or heavy rain induced by climate change, or competition from a high density of honey bee hives placed nearby). Unfortunately, conducting well-replicated studies of the effects of multiple interacting stressors on bee colonies is exceedingly difficult. The number of stressor combinations rapidly becomes large, and exposure to stressors is hard or impossible to control with free-flying bees. Nonetheless, a strong argument can be made that it is the interaction among parasites, pesticides, and diet that lies at the heart of current bee health problems.

456:(NASS) reported 2.44 million honey-producing hives were in the United States in February 2008, down from 4.5 million in 1980, and 5.9 million in 1947, though these numbers underestimate the total number of managed hives, as they exclude several thousand hives managed for pollination contracts only, and also do not include hives managed by beekeepers owning fewer than 5 hives. This under-representation may be offset by the practice of counting some hives more than once; hives that are moved to different states to produce honey are counted in each state's total and summed in total counts. 8049: 4148: 2776: 1074: 1107: 710: 1214: 1363: 445: 1843:

would be lost, and this is only for one region of the world. Farms that have intensive systems (high density of crops) will be impacted the most compared to non-intensive systems (small local gardens that depend on wild bees) because of dependence on honeybees. These types of farms have a high demand for honeybee pollination services, which in the U.S. alone costs $ 1.25 billion annually. This cost is offset, however, as honeybees as pollinators generate 22.8 to 57 billion Euros globally.

295: 702:), those healthy colonies often enter the dying colony and rob its provisions for their own use. If the dying colony's provisions were contaminated (by natural or man-made toxins), the resulting pattern (of healthy colonies becoming sick when in proximity to a dying colony) might suggest to an observer that a contagious disease is involved. However, in typical CCD cases, provisions of dying colonies are not robbed, suggesting that toxins do not spread via robbing, thereby mimicking a disease. 22: 1655: 1178: 1454: 1542: 263:. The 2014 Farm Bill has allowed for up to $ 20 million worth of subsidies every fiscal year to be put toward conservation of honeybees, livestock, and farm-raised fish that suffer losses due to disease, weather events, or adverse conditions. In 2017, Congress implemented additional funding to protect bees from agricultural pesticide spray and dust applications while they are under contract to provide pollination services. 1530:(high-fructose or other), sugar and pollen substitute. In summer, they may only pollinate a single crop (e.g., almonds, cherries, or apples). The monoculture diet is thus attributed to bee rentals and migratory bee keeping. While it is claimed that single pollen diets are greatly inferior to mixed pollen diets, there are a few pollens, however, that are acceptable for honey bees to be introduced to exclusively, including 1310: 7844:, specifically, "Close to 100 crop species in the U.S. rely to some degree on pollination services provided by this one species—collectively, these crops make up approximately 1/3 of the U.S. diet ... Although economists differ in calculating the exact dollar value of honey bee pollination to American agriculture, virtually all estimates are in the range of billions of dollars". 1437:, under entomologist Steve Sheppard in 2009, confirmed high levels of pesticide residue in hive wax and found an association between it and significantly reduced bee longevity. A large 2010 survey of healthy and CCD-affected colonies also revealed elevated levels of pesticides in wax and pollen, but the amounts of pesticides were similar in both failing and healthy hives. 1376:

that fungicides, thought harmless to bees, may actually play a significant role in CCD. Their research also showed that spraying practices may need to be reviewed because the bees sampled by the authors foraged not from crops, but almost exclusively from weeds and wildflowers, suggesting that bees are more widely exposed to pesticides than thought.

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potassium, 500 ppm calcium, 300 ppm magnesium and 50 ppm each of sodium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper." A 2014 studies found that bees fed high-fructose corn syrup or sugar shows downregulation in several genes related to protein metabolism and oxidation reduction as compared to those fed the similarly low-protein honey.

107:

dissolution of communism in the former Soviet sphere of influence. As of 2020, the production has increased further by 50% compared to 2000, double the rate of growth in previous decades, notwithstanding CCD. Experts estimate that there are currently more honey bees alive worldwide than at any other point in human history.

588:, was established. Their preliminary report pointed out some patterns, but drew no strong conclusions. A survey of beekeepers early in 2007 indicated most hobbyist beekeepers believed that starvation was the leading cause of death in their colonies, while commercial beekeepers overwhelmingly believed invertebrate pests ( 1162:. Potentially toxic effects studied in the laboratory have often been followed by field studies that fail to show effects on actual bee populations. Despite gaps in the scientific evidence, regulators have restricted the use of neonicotinoids in Europe and elsewhere largely on the basis of concerns for bee health. 1085:, may have sublethal effects on bees, not killing them outright, but instead impairing their development and behavior. Maryann Frazier said "pesticides alone have not shown they are the cause of CCD. We believe that it is a combination of a variety of factors, possibly including mites, viruses and pesticides." 1606:(EMF) may reduce the ability of bees to return to their hive. In the course of their study, one half of their colonies broke down, including some control hives that did not have embedded DECT base stations. In April 2007, news of this study appeared in various media outlets, beginning with an article in 1819:

However, even though on a per-individual basis, many other species are actually more efficient at pollinating, on the 30% of crop types where honey bees are used, most native pollinators cannot be mass-utilized as easily or as effectively as honey bees—in many instances they will not visit the plants

1375:

In 2013, researchers collected pollen from hives and fed it to healthy bees. The pollen had an average of nine different pesticides and fungicides. Further, the researchers discovered that bees that ate pollen with fungicides were three times more likely to be infected by parasites. Their study shows

1194:

Neonicotinoids may interfere with bees' natural homing abilities, causing them to become disoriented and preventing them from finding their way back to the hive. These impairments may result from effects of neonicotinoids on the long-term and short-term memory of bees. Sublethal doses of imidacloprid

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In 2007 in the US, at least 24 different states had reported at least one case of CCD. In a 2007 survey of 384 responding beekeepers from 13 states, 23.8% met the specified criterion for CCD (that 50% or more of their dead colonies were found without bees and / or with very few dead bees in

278:

published in 2023 found the number of United States honey bee colonies "remained relatively stable" although 48% of colonies were lost in the year that ended April 1, 2023, with a 12-year average annual mortality rate of 39.6%. The previous year (2021-2022) the loss was 39% and the 2020-2021 loss was

251:

reported that data on overall honey bee losses for 2010 indicated an estimated 34% loss, which is statistically similar to losses reported in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Fewer colony losses occurred in the US over the winter of 2013–2014 than in recent years. Total losses of managed honey bee colonies from

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Our surveys, ... indicate that HFCS is NOT, in many cases, a factor. It may contribute (as another stressor), but we've got beekeepers who have never fed HFCS with the CCD problem. We have bees that had great stores of honey and natural pollen, STRONG bee populations, and the bees crashed with

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Leal, Walter S.; Bromenshenk, Jerry J.; Henderson, Colin B.; Wick, Charles H.; Stanford, Michael F.; Zulich, Alan W.; Jabbour, Rabih E.; Deshpande, Samir V.; McCubbin, Patrick E.; Welch, P.M.; Williams, T; Firth, D.R.; Skowronski, E; Lehmann, M.M.; Bilimoria, S.L.; Gress, J; Wanner, K.W.; Cramer Jr,

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Most of the focus on CCD has been toward environmental factors. CCD is a condition recognised for greatest impact in regions of 'industrial' or agricultural use of commercially bred bee colonies. Natural breeding and colony reproduction of wild bees is a complex and highly selective process, leading

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has been proven to decrease the likelihood of a bee colony surviving by 30% in a single generation, as well as decreasing the amount of new bee colonies being established. Extreme rainfall and lack thereof can both limit the extent to which bees are able to forage, thereby reducing their numbers and

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In 2010 a sequencing of the honey bee genome provided a possible explanation for the sensitivity of bees to pesticides. Its genome is deficient in the number of genes encoding detoxification enzymes, including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), glutathione-S-transferases, and carboxylesterases.

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With that said, honeybees perform some level of pollination of nearly 75% of all plant species directly used for human food worldwide. Catastrophic loss of honeybees could have significant impact, therefore; it is estimated that seven out of the 60 major agricultural crops in North American economy

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than bees fed pollen from one species, even if the pollen had a higher protein content. The authors hypothesised that CCD may be linked to a loss of plant diversity. Researchers found a proper diet that does lead to a healthy honey bee population. "The authors recommended a diet containing 1000 ppm

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of the cases of CCD had in common in the report; accordingly, there appeared to be at least some significant possibility that the phenomenon was correlated to nutritional stress that may not manifest in healthy, well-nourished colonies. This was similar to the findings of another independent survey

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Researchers are concerned that trucking colonies around the country to pollinate crops, where they intermingle with other bees from all over, helps spread viruses and mites among colonies. Additionally, such continuous movement and re-settlement is considered by some a strain and disruption for the

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mite responsible for the decline in bees and showed that the role of neonicotinoids in CCD had been overstated. The Save America's Pollinators Act (H.R. 2692) was introduced in Congress in 2013, and reintroduced in 2015. The proposed act asked that neonicotinoids be suspended until a full review of

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reported the bee population in the United Kingdom dropped by around 30% between 2007 and 2008, and an EFSA study revealed that in Italy the mortality rate was 40–50%. However, EFSA officials point out the figures are not very reliable because before the bees started dying, no harmonisation was used

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Reports show similar behavior in hives in the US in 1918 and 1919. Coined "mystery disease" by some, it eventually became more widely known as "disappearing disease". Oertel, in 1965, reported that hives afflicted with disappearing disease in Louisiana had plenty of honey in the combs, although few

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by western honey bees. According to FAO, the total value of global crops pollinated by honey bees was estimated at nearly US$ 200 billion in 2005. In the United States, shortages of bees have increased the cost to farmers renting them for pollination services by up to 20%. Declining numbers of

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first began moving his hives to different areas of the country for the winter of 1908, migratory beekeeping has become widespread in America. Bee rental for pollination is a crucial element of U.S. agriculture, which could not produce anywhere near its current levels with native pollinators alone.

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in their colonies, though the lack of uniformity as to which particular chemicals they use makes it unlikely that any single such chemical is involved. However, it is possible that not all such chemicals in use have been tested for possible effects on honey bees, and could therefore potentially be

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In 2010 fipronil was blamed for the spread of CCD among bees, in a study by the Minutes-Association for Technical Coordination Fund in France, which found that even at very low nonlethal doses, this pesticide impaired the ability to locate the hive, resulting in large numbers of foragers lost with

1238:

In 2012 several studies were published showing that neonicotinoids had previously undetected routes of exposure affecting bees including through dust, pollen, and nectar. Research also showed environmental persistence in agricultural irrigation channels and soil. The machines that plant corn seeds

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A meta-analysis study published in February 2010 found evidence from laboratory studies showing sublethal effects of imidacloprid on honey bees, but a lack of evidence on the environmental relevance of these findings. Similarly, a 2012 review concluded that in a laboratory setting, both lethal and

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mechanism, potentially linked to "stress" leading to a weakened immune system. Specifically, according to research done in 2007 at the Pennsylvania State University: "The magnitude of detected infectious agents in the adult bees suggests some type of immunosuppression". These researchers initially

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In Germany, where some of the first reports of CCD in Europe appeared, and where, according to the German national association of beekeepers, 40% of the honey bee colonies died, there was no scientific confirmation. In early May 2007, the German media reported no confirmed CCD cases seemed to have

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Between 2007–2013 after CCD was described in the US, annual winter colony losses doubled from 15% pre-CCD to 30%. Such loss rates fell to 24% from 2014 to 2017 and CCD symptoms were not as commonly associated with hive losses. While CCD has increased hive losses, honey bee colony numbers in the US

1502:

In 2007, one of the patterns reported by the CCD Study Group at Pennsylvania State was that all producers in a preliminary survey noted a period of "extraordinary stress" affecting the colonies in question prior to their die-off, most commonly involving poor nutrition and/or drought. This was the

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In May 2003, the French Directorate-General of Food at the Ministry of Agriculture determined that a case of mass bee mortality observed in southern France was related to acute fipronil toxicity. Toxicity was linked to defective seed treatment, which generated dust. In February 2003, the ministry

511:

In 2010, David Aston of the British Beekeepers' Association stated, "We still do not believe CCD (which is now better defined) is a cause of colony losses in the UK, however we are continuing to experience colony losses, many if not most of which can be explained." He feels recent studies suggest

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Throughout the year in 2017, NASS reported total US hives ranged between 2.63 and 2.99 million throughout the year for operations with more than five colonies, and 35–43 thousand hives for those with fewer than 5 colonies. In the same year, operations with more than 5 colonies

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Liu, Zhiguang; Chen, Chao; Niu, Qingsheng; Qi, Wenzhong; Yuan, Chunying; Su, Songkun; Liu, Shidong; Zhang, Yingsheng; Zhang, Xuewen; Ji, Ting; Dai, Rongguo; Zhang, Zhongyin; Wang, Shunhai; Gao, Fuchao; Guo, Haikun; Lv, Liping; Ding, Guiling; Shi, Wei (5 August 2016). "Survey results of honey bee

1407:

A study at the University of Texas in Austin found that commonly used antibiotics found in beekeeping to prevent disease lower the gut microbial levels in honeybees, making them more susceptible to disease. A widespread occurrence of viral infections within a beehive can lead to colony collapse.

640:

Bees of all species are likely to encounter multiple stressors during their lives, and each is likely to reduce the ability of bees to cope with the others. A bee or bee colony that appears to have succumbed to a pathogen may not have died if it had not also been exposed to a sublethal dose of a

523:

A case study published in 2012 examined and identified a colony loss incident in Switzerland, surveyed by the Swiss Bee Research Centre in October 2009, as the first case of CCD outside of the United States. While the incident matched the criteria suggested by prior US hive surveys, analysis of

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CCD is not the same as colony decline that can be caused by various issues such as queen health, varroa mite infestation, nutrition, and various diseases. In collapsed colonies, CCD is suspected when it is observed that few adult bees are physically present in the colony. Unlike with other acute

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defined by a specific set of symptoms that was previously given many different names (among them "disappearing disease", "spring dwindle", "May disease", "autumn collapse", and "fall dwindle disease"). The cause of these historic collapses has never been determined, but CCD has been described as

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to control lepidopteran and coleopteran pests did not negatively impact the survival of honeybee larvae or adults. Additionally, larvae consumed only a small percent of their protein from pollen, and there was also a lack of geographic correlation between GM crop locations and regions where CCD

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mites at the time of collapse. They did find an association of sublethal effects of some pesticides with CCD, including two common miticides in particular, coumaphos and fluvalinate, which are pesticides registered for use by beekeepers to control varroa mites. Studies also identified sublethal

503:

In 2009, Tim Lovett, president of the British Beekeepers' Association, said: "Anecdotally, it is hugely variable. There are reports of some beekeepers losing almost a third of their hives and others losing none." John Chapple, chairman of the London Beekeepers' Association, put losses among his

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growing in California, where honey bees are the predominant pollinator and the crop value in 2011 was $ 3.6 billion. In 2000, the total U.S. crop value that was wholly dependent on honey bee pollination was estimated to exceed $ 15 billion. California almond production increased from

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Evaluating pesticide contributions to CCD is particularly difficult for several reasons. First, the variety of pesticides in use in the different areas reporting CCD makes it difficult to test for all possible pesticides simultaneously. Second, many commercial beekeeping operations are mobile,

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lost, on average, the same number of colonies as those that did not. The 37.9% of operations that reported having at least some of their colonies die with a complete lack of bees had a total loss of 40.8% of colonies compared to the 17.1% loss reported by beekeepers without this symptom. Large

106:

In contrast, the bee population worldwide has been increasing steadily since 1975, based on honey production, with China responsible for most of the growth. The period of time with the lowest growth in worldwide honey production was between 1991 and 1999, due to the economic collapse after the

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370 million pounds in 1995 to a record 2,500 million pounds in 2019, with an increase of over 30% in the last decade alone. Because of such high demand in pollinators, the cost of renting honey bees has increased significantly, and California's almond industry rents approximately 1.6

1624:

A review of 919 peer-reviewed scientific studies investigating the effects of EMF on wildlife, humans, and plants included 7 studies involving honey bees; 6 of which reported negative effects from exposure to EMF radiation, but none demonstrated any specific link to CCD. A 2004

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about his study on bee deaths". Professor of entomology at Penn State University James Frazier, who was researching the sublethal impact of pesticides on bees, said that while Bromenshenk's study generated some useful data, Bromenshenk has a conflict of interest as CEO of a company developing

705:

Additional evidence that CCD is an infectious disease came from the following observations: the hives of colonies that had died from CCD could be reused with a healthy colony only if they were first treated with DNA-destroying radiation, and the CCD Working Group report in 2010 indicated that

607:

The second annual Steering Committee report was released in November 2010. The group reported that although many associations—including pesticides, parasites, and pathogens—had been identified throughout the course of research, "it is becoming increasingly clear that no single factor alone is

515:

Beekeepers in Scotland also reported losses from 2007 to 2009. Andrew Scarlett, a Perthshire-based bee farmer and honey packer, lost 80% of his 1,200 hives during the 2009–2010 winter. He attributed the losses to a virulent bacterial infection that quickly spread because of a lack of bee

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on cucurbits), but typically not on a commercial scale. While some farmers of a few kinds of native crops do bring in honey bees to help pollinate, none specifically need them, and when honey bees are absent from a region, there is a presumption that native pollinators may reclaim the niche,

1297:

voted for a two-year restriction on neonicotinoid insecticides. The ban restricted the use of imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam for use on crops that are attractive to bees. Eight nations voted against the motion, including the British government, which argued that the science was

947:, which has been used in a German research project to reduce the microsporidian's impact, and is mentioned as a possible remedy by the CCDWG. Higes also claims to have successfully cured colonies with fumagillin. A review of these results described these results as promising, but cautioned " 1173:

Most corn (maize) grown in the US is grown from seeds treated with neonicotinoids. Although maize is wind-pollinated, honey bees that happen to be foraging on the plants may be exposed to pesticide residues in the nectar and pollen. Honey bees may also be exposed by foraging on wild plants

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study of afflicted and unafflicted colonies were reported. RNA from all organisms in a colony was sequenced and compared with sequence databases to detect the presence of pathogens. All colonies were found to be infected with numerous pathogens, but only the IAPV virus showed a significant

1508:

done in 2007 in which small-scale beekeeping operations (up to 500 colonies) in several states reported their belief that malnutrition and/or weak colonies was the factor responsible for their bees dying in over 50% of the cases, whether the losses were believed to be due to CCD or not.

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entire hive, possibly rendering it less resistant to all sorts of systemic disorder. In addition to the concern surrounding viruses and mites in transporting bees across the country, the stress bees experience in transport is a potential mechanism involved in colony collapse disorder.

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Pollination services are provided both by wild, free-living organisms (mainly bees, but also to name a few many butterflies, moths and flies), and by commercially managed bee species. Bees are the predominant and most economically important group of pollinators in most geographical

1282:(EFSA), reported that some neonicotinoids posed an unacceptably high risk to bees, and identified several data gaps not previously considered. Their review concluded, "A high acute risk to honey bees was identified from exposure via dust drift for the seed treatment uses in maize, 1519:. At least one researcher has stated, however, that if this were the sole factor involved, this should have led to the exclusive appearance of CCD in wintering colonies being fed HFCS, but many reports of CCD had occurred in other contexts with beekeepers who had not used HFCS. 1628:

Honeybees can detect weak static, or low-frequency magnetic fields, which they use as one of several cues in navigation. However, no mechanism has been established by which weak radio frequency energy can affect the behavior of insects, apart from minor heating effects.

1382:, an entomologist at the University of Maryland, has been quoted as saying "Fungicides, which we didn't expect to harm insects, seem to have a sub-lethal effect on bee health". He went on further to state this is important because fungicides are not heavily regulated. 1242:

In 2015, an 11-year British study showed a correlation between increasing agricultural use of neonicotinoid seed treatments and escalating honey bee colony losses at a landscape level. This was the first field study to establish a link between neonicotinoids and CCD.

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and honey into long-term storage, effectively meaning a delay may occur from days to months before contaminated provisions are fed to the colony, negating any attempts to associate the appearance of symptoms with the actual time when exposure to pesticides occurred.

1221:

A 2013 literature review concluded that neonicotinoids in the amounts typically used were harmful to bees and that alternatives were urgently needed. The doses taken up by bees were not lethal, but possible chronic problems could be caused by long-term exposure.

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prefer to attach to nurse bees as this results in higher fitness leading into the reproductive stage. The mites then feed on larvae during their reproductive stage and increased fitness leads to an increase in mite fecundity (number of female offspring). Due to

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scanners to diagnose bee diseases. A few months later, the methods used to interpret the mass spectrometry data in the Bromenshenk study were called into question, raising doubts as to whether IIV-6 was ever correctly identified in any of the samples examined.

1904:, CCD was a recurring theme with Holmes blaming pesticides in episode 10 and theorizing cures in episode 14. In episode 23 "Absconded", Holmes and Watson investigated the death of a USDA researcher undertaking field studies of a CCD outbreak in Northeast USA. 2593:

Cepero, Almudena; Ravoet, Jorgen; Gómez-Moracho, Tamara; Bernal, José Luis; Del Nozal, Maria J.; Bartolomé, Carolina; Maside, Xulio; Meana, Aránzazu; González-Porto, Amelia V.; de Graaf, Dirk C.; Martín-Hernández, Raquel; Higes, Mariano (15 September 2014).

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infestations; however, treatment can lead to higher levels of viral infections in colonies. High doses of treatment or the use of miticides for an extended period of time can lead to immune-suppression in honey bees, making them more susceptible to viruses.

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operations were more likely to have this symptom, suggesting a contagious condition may be a causal factor. About 60% of all colonies that were reported dead in this survey died without the presence of dead bees in the hive, thus possibly suffered from CCD.

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A study published in 2010 found that bees that were fed pollen from a variety of different plant species showed signs of having a healthier immune system than those eating pollen from a single species. Bees fed pollen from five species had higher levels of

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causes of die-off such as pesticide exposure, few if any dead bees are found in or near the hive, as if the hive had simply been abandoned. A colony that has collapsed from CCD is generally characterized by all of these conditions occurring simultaneously:

1616:

were implicated at the time by other media reports, they were not covered in the quoted study. The researchers involved have since stated that their research did not include findings on cell phones, nor their relationship to CCD, and indicated that the

512:"further evidence to the evolving picture that there are complex interactions taking place between a number of factors, pathogens, environmental, beekeeping practices and other stressors, which are causing honey bee losses described as CCD in the US". 381:

Before any symptomatic manifestation of colony collapse disorder, various physio-pathological traits may serve as biomarkers for colony health as well as predict CCD status. Bees of collapsing colonies tend to have a soft fecal matter, half-filled

1725:

In the United Kingdom, a national bee database was set up in March 2009 to monitor colony collapse as a result of a 15% reduction in the bee population that had taken place over the previous two years. In particular, the register, funded by the

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vanEngelsdorp, Dennis; Evans, Jay D.; Saegerman, Claude; Mullin, Chris; Haubruge, Eric; Nguyen, Bach Kim; Frazier, Maryann; Frazier, Jim; Cox-Foster, Diana; Chen, Yanping; Underwood, Robyn; Tarpy, David R.; Pettis, Jeffery S. (3 August 2009).

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mites, honey bee tracheal mites, and/or small hive beetles) were the leading cause of colony mortality. A scholarly review in June 2007 similarly addressed numerous theories and possible contributing factor, but left the issue unresolved.

1752:, therefore their necessity as pollinators in the U.S. and other regions in the Western Hemisphere is limited to strictly agricultural and ornamental uses, as no native plants require honey bee pollination, except where concentrated in 1625:

exploratory study was conducted on the non-thermal effects of electromagnetic exposure and learning. The investigators did not find any change in behavior due to RF exposure from the DECT base station operating at 1880–1900 MHz.

1711:. Native bees can be helped to establish themselves by providing suitable nesting locations and some additional crops the bees could use to feed from (e.g. when the pollination season of the commercial crops on the farm has ended). 893:. A research team claim to have ruled out many other potential causes, however, a 2009 survey of US CCD-affected bee populations found only about half of the colonies sampled, both in CCD and control populations, were infected with 1408:

Researchers state that although the antibiotics are necessary, beekeepers should exercise caution when determining amount and length of use. A widespread occurrence of viral infections within a beehive can lead to colony collapse.

242:

Losses had remained stable since the 1990s at 17–20% per year, attributable to a variety of factors, such as mites, diseases, and management stress. In the winter of 2004–2005, a spontaneous collapse occurred and was attributed to

500:

in the way different countries collected statistics on their bee populations. At that time (2008), the reports blamed the high death rate on the varroa mite, two seasons of unusually wet European summers, and some pesticides.

1321:(EPA) for continuing to allow the use of neonicotinoids in the United States. The suit specifically asked for suspension of clothianidin and thiamethoxam. The EPA responded to the suit by pointing to research which found the 5046:

Higes, Mariano; Martín-Hernández, Raquel; Garrido-Bailón, Encarna; González-Porto, Amelia V.; García-Palencia, Pilar; Meana, Aranzazu; Del Nozal, María J.; Mayo, R.; Bernal, José L. (2009). "Honeybee colony collapse due to

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in samples of wax from hives, as well as lower levels of 70 other pesticides. Increased levels of the organophosphate Coumaphos in wax have been associated with decreased survivorship of developing queens. Researchers from

405:

have been determined as potential signs for CCD status. Genetic expression of these transcripts were either upregulated or downregulated depending on genes when comparing them to healthy bees. The abundance of unusual

524:

laboratory tests for pathogens found a lack of differentiation in pathogen loads or co-infection levels between CCD and non-CCD hives. The case study further notes that the colonies did not have damaging levels of

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Smith, Kristine M.; Loh, Elizabeth H.; Rostal, Melinda K.; Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos M.; Mendiola, Luciana; Daszak, Peter (2013). "Pathogens, Pests, and Economics: Drivers of Honey Bee Colony Declines and Losses".

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exposure on honeybees. One of the few peer-reviewed studies was published in 1981 and found that even at microwave radiation powers far higher than used in communication, that bees were not significantly affected.

1302:", established at the 1992 Rio Conference on the Environment and Development, which advocated that "lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent 958:

was reported in a few hives in California. The researcher did not, however, believe this was conclusive evidence of a link to CCD; "We don't want to give anybody the impression that this thing has been solved". A

422:

in the guts of CCD bees. This evidence suggests that these poly(A)-rRNA sequences play the role of degradation intermediates to help in protein folding and enzymatic activity of rRNA. Furthermore, the presence of

4052:

Williams, Geoffrey R.; Tarpy, David R.; Vanengelsdorp, Dennis; Chauzat, Marie-Pierre; Cox-Foster, Diana L.; Delaplane, Keith S.; Neumann, Peter; Pettis, Jeffery S.; Rogers, Richard E. L.; Shutler, Dave (2010).

1185:

To date, most of the evaluation of possible roles of pesticides in CCD have relied on the use of surveys submitted by beekeepers, but direct testing of samples from affected colonies seems likely to be needed.

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sub-lethal effects on foraging behavior, memory, and learning ability were observed in honey bees exposed to neonicotinoids, but that these effects were not seen in field studies with field-realistic dosages.

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mites within colonies before winter was observed to weaken the immune systems of bees and introduce viruses that led to colony death during the winter. About 27% of hives did not survive the winter, and the

223:

mites, and commercial beekeepers retiring and going out of business. However, in late 2006 and early 2007, the rate of attrition was alleged to have reached new proportions, and people began to use the term

1230:

In 2005 a team of scientists found pollen obtained from seeds dressed with imidacloprid contain significant levels of the insecticide, and suggested that polluted pollen might cause honey bee colony death.

878:. The testing and diagnosis of samples from affected colonies (already performed) makes this highly unlikely, as the symptoms are fairly well known and differ from what is classified as CCD. A high rate of 3746: 397:

in CCD bees. These traits express at various degrees across four bee age groups (newly emerged bees, nurse bees, non-pollen foragers, and pollen foragers) and were confirmed not to be associated with age.

636:

and more. The review concluded that "a strong argument can be made that it is the interaction among parasites, pesticides, and diet that lies at the heart of current bee health problems." Furthermore:

1515:(HFCS) to supplement winter stores. The variability of HFCS may be relevant to the apparent inconsistencies of results. One European writer has suggested a possible connection with HFCS produced from 1210:(HFCS), which is used to feed honey bees when forage is not available, caused bees to exhibit symptoms consistent with CCD. The control group fed HFCS without insecticide does not show such symptoms. 393:. The defective rectum indicates nutritional disruption or water imbalance, whereas rectal enteroliths suggest a malfunction of excretory physiology which might further lead to constipation and poor 7163: 3583:

Kong, Qiongman; Stockinger, Michael P.; Chang, Yueming; Tashiro, Hirofumi; Lin, Chien-liang Glenn (August 2008). "The presence of rRNA sequences in polyadenylated RNA and its potential functions".

549:

In China, a three-year survey from 2010 to 2013 (using COLOSS questionnaires) showed colony losses of 10.1% on average. Comb renewal and queen problems were identified as significant risk factors.

279:

50.8%. Beekeepers told the surveying scientists that 21% loss over the winter is acceptable and more than three-fifths of beekeepers surveyed said their losses were higher than that in 2022-2023.

3731:

van Engelsdorp, D.; Underwood, R.; Caron, D.; Hayes, J. Jr. (2007). "An estimate of managed colony losses in the winter of 2006–2007: A report commissioned by the Apiary Inspectors of America".

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and at one time it was considered the cause of CCD. It was named after the place it was first identified; its place of origin is unknown. In September 2007, results of a large-scale statistical

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transporting hives over large geographic distances over the course of a season, potentially exposing the colonies to different pesticides at each location. Third, the bees themselves place

5529: 4553: 4529: 838:

Research in 2009 has found that an indicator for an impaired protein production is common among all bees affected by CCD, a pattern consistent with IAPV infection. It is conjectured that

3349:

vanEngelsdorp, Dennis; Meixner, Marina Doris (January 2010). "A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them".

2560: 2262: 8674: 1359:

every pollen-finding expedition, though no mention was made regarding any of the other symptoms of CCD; other studies, however, have shown no acute effect of fipronil on honey bees.

87:

received reports of a decline greater than 50%. The phenomenon became more global when it affected some Asian and African countries as well. From 1990 to 2021, the United Nation’s

8717:

Artz, DR (November 2013). "Nesting site density and distribution affect Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) reproductive success and almond yield in a commercial orchard".

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the hive or apiary). In 2006–2007, CCD-suffering operations had a total loss of 45% compared to the total loss of 25% of all colonies experienced by non-CCD suffering beekeepers.

7823: 7130: 1573:

Despite considerable discussion on the Internet and in the lay media, there have been almost no careful studies, published in peer reviewed scientific literature, on effects of

535:

At the end of May 2012, the Swiss government reported about half of the bee population had not survived the winter. The main cause of the decline was thought to be the parasite

8310:"Can electromagnetic exposure cause a change in behaviour? Studying possible non-thermal influences on honey bees – an approach within the framework of educational informatics" 7258: 4288: 577:. The current scientific consensus is that no single factor is causing CCD, but that some of these factors in combination may lead to CCD either additively or synergistically. 180:". After it was recognized that the syndrome does not seem to be seasonally restricted and that it may not be a "disease" in the standard sense—there may not be one specific 198:

to the rest of the UK in 1906. These losses were later attributed to a combination of factors, including adverse weather, intensive apiculture leading to inadequate forage,

3135: 2933: 2653: 504:

150 members at between a fifth and a quarter. "There are still a lot of mysterious disappearances; we are no nearer to knowing what is causing them." The government's

6727: 1565:, which is normally present in honey, assists bees in detoxifying certain pesticides. Its absence in artificial nutrients fed to bees may therefore contribute to CCD. 4630: 1722:

but are still susceptible to other factors associated with colony collapse disorder, and have detrimental traits that limit their relevance in commercial apiculture.

8781: 7943: 7318: 5032: 1663: 110:

Several possible causes for CCD have been proposed, but no single proposal has gained widespread acceptance among the scientific community. Suggested causes include

1756:

situations—where the pollination need is so great at bloom time that pollinators must be concentrated beyond the capacity of native bees (with current technology).

8220: 3754: 3084: 2242: 1029: 2286: 1150:, typically used as seed treatments in order to reduce the application of foliar pesticides as the plants grow. The three main compounds in agricultural use are 83:) colonies in North America. Beekeepers in most European countries had observed a similar phenomenon since 1998, especially in Southern and Western Europe; the 5973: 51:, plenty of food, and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees. While such disappearances have occurred sporadically throughout the history of 951:

may not be to blame for all cases of colony collapse". Various areas in Europe have reported this fungus, but no direct link to CCD has yet been established.

259:

and Department of Agriculture formed a task force to address the issue. Since 2014, Congress has substantially subsidized the pollinator industry through the

8692: 1008:

When healthy bees are fed pollen filled with fungicides, insecticides, and other agrochemicals—including imidacloprid—they are more likely to be infected by

8370: 7416: 476:

lost 77.8 thousand hives (2.6–3.0%) with CCD symptoms and those with fewer than 5 colonies lost 6 thousand hives (14–17%) with CCD symptoms.

7431: 6726:

Tapparo, Andrea; Marton, Daniele; Giorio, Chiara; Zanella, Alessandro; Soldà, Lidia; Marzaro, Matteo; Vivan, Linda; Girolami, Vincenzo (31 January 2012).

252:

all causes were 23.2% nationwide, a marked improvement over the 30.5% loss reported for the winter of 2012–2013 and the eight-year average loss of 29.6%.

508:

continued to deny the existence of CCD in Britain; it attributes the heavy losses to the varroa mite and rainy summers that stop bees foraging for food.

8872:

Partap, U.M.A.; T.E.J. Partap; H.E. Yonghua (2001). "Pollination failure in apple crop and farmers management strategies in Hengduan Mountains, China".

8252:

Gary, Norman E.; Westerdahl, Becky Brown (1981). "Flight, orientation, and homing abilities of honeybees following exposure to 2.45-GHz CW microwaves".

267:, also known as the 2018 Farm Bill, increased the monetary cap for the annual financial aid for emergency assistance from $ 20 million to $ 34 million. 3903: 3801: 1727: 1257:(CST) was at the center of discussion, and led to a partial ban of imidacloprid in France. The imidacloprid pesticide Gaucho was banned in 1999 by the 4871: 3258: 1036:

were found in every killed colony the group studied. In their study, they found neither agent alone seemed deadly, but a combination of the virus and

8904:

Kluser, Stéphane; Neumann, Peter; Chauzat, Marie-Pierre; Pettis, Jeffery S.; Peduzzi, Pascal; Witt, Ron; Fernandez, Norberto; Theuri, Mwangi (2010).

7056: 6615:

James E. Cresswell (January 2011). "A meta-analysis of experiments testing the effects of a neonicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid) on honey bees".

5925:"The dose makes the poison: have "field realistic" rates of exposure of bees to neonicotinoid insecticides been overestimated in laboratory studies?" 1768:

million honey bee colonies during the spring to pollinate their crop. Worldwide, honeybees yield roughly $ 200 billion in pollination services.

8568: 6863: 2307:

The FAO estimated the number of bee colonies worldwide to be around 101.6 million in 2021. Compared to 1990, this corresponded to an increase of 47%

9208: 617:

effects of neonicotinoids and fungicides, pesticides that may impair the bees' immune systems and may leave them more susceptible to bee viruses.

8291: 6728:"Assessment of the Environmental Exposure of Honeybees to Particulate Matter Containing Neonicotinoid Insecticides Coming from Corn Coated Seeds" 5539: 4550: 4526: 3956: 1351:) and many other colonial pests by a process of 'toxic baiting', whereby one insect returning to the hive spreads the pesticide among the brood. 4983: 202:, and a new infection, the chronic bee paralysis virus, but during the outbreak, the cause of this agricultural beekeeping problem was unknown. 9345: 5300: 2568: 803:

In 2020 a group of scientists announced that they were in the early stages of field testing a bacterium with specifically genetically modified

8659: 7978: 199: 191:

Limited occurrences resembling CCD were documented as early as 1869. Colony collapses were called "May Disease" in Colorado in 1891 and 1896.

9266: 8594: 6989:"France: Governmental report claims BAYER's pesticide GAUCHO responsible for bee-deaths Coalition against Bayer-Dangers is calling for a ban" 6570:

Bonmatin JM, Marchand PA, Charvet R, Moineau I, Bengsch ER, Colin ME (29 June 2005). "Quantification of imidacloprid uptake in maize crops".

4439: 3922: 286:

reported an all time high in commercial honey bee hives (mostly in Texas), making them the fastest-growing livestock segment in the country.

3059: 1867:

pointed to neonicotinoid pesticides as being the most likely culprit, though the experts interviewed conceded that no firm data yet existed.

209:

In the US, the number of colonies maintained by beekeepers had been in decline since the 1960s, for various reasons including urbanization,

8671: 5257: 1700: 1673:

When a collapsed colony is found, store the equipment where you can use preventive measures to ensure that bees will not have access to it.

1545:

Pupae of honeybee drones in opened cells at both sides of a honeycomb. The drones at the right side are some days older and more developed.

1445:

Environmental changes are known to have an effect on honeybee development. The increase in temperature and precipitation levels induced by

1811:. Many, but not all, of these plants can be (and often are) pollinated by other insects in the U.S., including other kinds of bees (e.g., 1081:

According to the USDA pesticides may be contributing to CCD. Scientists have long been concerned that pesticides, including possibly some

6027: 3207: 2339: 8753: 8194: 7797: 6345:

Palmer, Mary J.; Moffat, Christopher; Saranzewa, Nastja; Harvey, Jenni; Wright, Geraldine A.; Connolly, Christopher N. (27 March 2013).

5791: 5720:

Desneux, Nicolas; Decourtye, Axel; Delpuech, Jean-Marie (January 2007). "The Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial Arthropods".

4795: 2269: 1251:

In Europe, the interaction of the phenomenon of "dying bees" with imidacloprid has been discussed for quite some time. A study from the

854:, and that this reduced ribosomal function weakens the bees, making them more vulnerable to factors that might not otherwise be lethal. 683:(which the mites transmit) and bacteria work together to suppress immunity and may be one cause of CCD. Parasites, such as varroa mites 9042: 8309: 7831: 7140: 7039: 788:

mites parasitize all types of honey bees (workers, nurse bees, larvae) depending on their life cycle stage. During the phoretic stage,

8342: 7370:

Sackmann, P; Rabinovich, M; Corley, JC (2001). "Successful removal of German yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) by toxic baiting".

4256:

Report on the National Stakeholders Conference on Honey Bee Health National Honey Bee Health Stakeholder Conference Steering Committee

1366:

Honeycomb of honey bees with eggs and larvae. The walls of the cells have been removed. The larvae (drones) are about 3 or 4 days old.

1355:

decided to temporarily suspend the sale of BASF crop protection products containing fipronil in France, including the "Regent" brand.

75:), the syndrome was renamed colony collapse disorder in early 2007 in conjunction with a drastic rise in reports of disappearances of 7268: 5757:"Understanding the effects of sublethal pesticide exposure on honey bees: a role for probiotics as mediators of environmental stress" 4327: 1239:

coated with clothianidin and imidacloprid release certain amounts of the pesticide into the air, another possible route of exposure.

8647: 6956: 6000: 4255: 2180: 4744:

Guzmán-Novoa, Ernesto; Eccles, Leslie; Calvete, Yireli; Mcgowan, Janine; Kelly, Paul G.; Correa-Benítez, Adriana (8 January 2010).

1020:

A University of Montana and Montana State University team of scientists headed by Jerry Bromenshenk and working with the US Army's

480: 453: 7914: 4400: 1820:

at all. Beehives can be moved from crop to crop as needed, and the bees will visit many plants in large numbers, compensating via

1526:

diet when they should receive food from a variety of sources/plants. In winter, these bees are given a single food source such as

835:

association with CCD: the virus was found in 25 of the 30 tested CCD colonies, and only in one of the 21 tested non-CCD colonies.

7010: 4213:

van der Sluijs, Jeroen P; Simon-Delso, Noa; Goulson, Dave; Maxim, Laura; Bonmatin, Jean-Marc; Belzunces, Luc P (September 2013).

597: 401:

In addition, there are genetic indications in the gut that suggest the susceptibility of honey bees to CCD. Sixty-five different

248: 7951: 6957:"Imidaclopride utilisé en enrobage de semences (Gaucho®) et troubles des abeilles – Rapport final – 18 septembre 2003" 516:

inspectors, coupled with sustained poor weather that prevented honey bees from building up sufficient pollen and nectar stores.

7329: 6778: 5866:

G.E. Budge; D. Garthwaite; A. Crowe; N.D. Boatman; K.S. Delaplane; M.A. Brown; H.H. Thygesen; S. Pietravalle (20 August 2015).

1743: 581: 95: 7458: 6200:

Henry, M.; Beguin, M.; Requier, F.; Rollin, O.; Odoux, J.-F.; Aupinel, P.; Aptel, J.; Tchamitchian, S.; Decourtye, A. (2012).

5424: 5168: 9629: 9158: 8538: 2294: 1637:

GM crops are not considered to be a cause of CCD. In 2008 a meta-analysis of 25 independent studies assessing the effects of

695:), are all problems that have been introduced within the last 20 years in the continental U.S., and are faced by beekeepers. 2697: 1895: 1477:

U.S. beekeepers collectively earn much more from renting their bees out for pollination than they do from honey production.

9931: 9201: 6803:

Krupke, Christian H.; Hunt, Greg J.; Eitzer, Brian D.; Andino, Gladys; Given, Krispn (3 January 2012). Smagghe, Guy (ed.).

6735: 2088: 900: 479:

As of 2022, the number of colonies had reached an all-time high of 3.8 million, rising by 31% since 2007, according to the

153:

practices, including a combination of these factors. A large amount of speculation has surrounded the contributions of the

103:

bees predate CCD by several decades, however: the US managed hive industry has been shrinking at a steady pace since 1961.

7333: 3881: 1202:

Exposure to Imidacloprid matched to field levels has been shown to reduce colony growth and new queen production. A 2012

9946: 5183: 1951: 1021: 967:

may be a factor, it cannot be the sole cause. The fungus has been seen before, sometimes in colonies that were healthy".

419: 283: 7887: 7494:"Crop Pollination Exposes Honey Bees to Pesticides Which Alters Their Susceptibility to the Gut Pathogen Nosema ceranae" 7457:

Carpentier, Patrice; Faucon, Jean-Paul; Clément, Marie-Claude; Cougoule, Nicolas; Chauzat, Marie-Pierre (January 2009).

5612:"Interpretation of data underlying the link between colony collapse disorder (CCD) and an invertebrate iridescent virus" 3180: 2496: 2469: 2321: 9338: 7492:

Jeffery S. Pettis; Elinor M. Lichtenberg; Michael Andree; Jennie Stitzinger; Robyn Rose; Dennis van Engelsdorp (2013).

6542: 882:

infection was reported in samples of bees from Pennsylvania, but this pattern was not reported from samples elsewhere.

800:

s ability to feed on all types of honey bees, they are one of the biggest threats to colonies, especially over winter.

7855: 1816:

typically being better adapted to serve those plants (assuming that the plants normally occur in that specific area).

9811: 9238: 7770: 6053:

Krupke, Christian H.; Hunt, Greg J.; Eitzer, Brian D.; Andino, Gladys; Given, Krispn; Smagghe, Guy (3 January 2012).

5352: 2453: 2445: 8495:

Lemaux, Peggy G. (2009). "Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part II)".

7553:"Killing Them with Kindness? In-Hive Medications May Inhibit Xenobiotic Efflux Transporters and Endanger Honey Bees" 6259: 4027: 2720: 2094:. Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium (MAAREC) – CCD Working Group. p. 22. Archived from 495:(EFSA), in 2007, the United Kingdom had 274,000 hives, Italy had 1,091,630, and France 1,283,810. In 2008, the 9864: 6201: 5160: 4631:"What's behind bee declines and colony collapse? Latest science on stress from parasites, pesticides, habitat loss" 4578: 2372: 7417:"BASF statement regarding temporary suspension of sales of crop protection products containing fipronil in France" 244: 9869: 9261: 9194: 9177: 8377: 8230: 6412: 6288:"RFID Tracking of Sublethal Effects of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides on the Foraging Behavior of Apis mellifera" 5210: 1318: 256: 6173: 4872:"Scientists modify honey bee gut bacterium to fight colony collapse-causing Varroa mite and deformed-wing virus" 3827: 3156: 2953: 1699:

Another proposed remedy for farmers of pollinated crops is simply to switch from using beekeepers to the use of

864:

Some have suggested the syndrome may be an inability by beekeepers to correctly identify known diseases such as

9415: 7435: 7372: 7098:"Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin" 4163:"Towards a systems approach for understanding honeybee decline: a stocktaking and synthesis of existing models" 3451:

Dainat, Benjamin; vanEngelsdorp, Dennis; Neumann, Peter (February 2012). "Colony collapse disorder in Europe".

1279: 1258: 774:

mites also affect the queen's ability to reproduce, which is detrimental to the survival of the hive. As such,

496: 492: 415: 5588: 4998: 9331: 4691: 1929: 820: 585: 428: 6511: 5229: 3942: 3110: 1891:, a 2012 documentary, examined the relationship between humans and bees and explored possible causes of CCD. 1824:

for what they lack in efficiency. The commercial viability of these crops is therefore strongly tied to the

9936: 9806: 7664:

Daisley, Brendan A.; Chmiel, John A.; Pitek, Andrew P.; Thompson, Graham J.; Reid, Gregor (December 2020).

3262: 3005: 2702: 1272: 264: 8930:

Potts, Simon; Biesmeijer, Jacobus (June 2010). "Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers".

8572: 8133:"Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera" 7064: 1612:, which stated that the subject of the study included mobile phones and had related them to CCD. Although 1522:

Other researchers have speculated that colony collapse disorder is mainly a problem of feeding the bees a

778:

mites have been considered as a possible cause of CCD, though not all dying colonies contain these mites.

348:. If the queen is not present, the hive likely died because it was queenless, which is not considered CCD. 9941: 9834: 9559: 7232: 7164:"'Victory for bees' as European Union bans neonicotinoid pesticides blamed for destroying bee population" 7035: 6891:"Betrayed and sold out – German bee monitoring – Walter Haefeker, Deutscher Berufs- und Erwerbsimkerbund" 6457:

Thompson H. (2003). "Behavior effects of pesticides in bees-their potential for use in risk assessment".

1494:

in large within-colony populations of bees, which might not be reproduced in commercially bred colonies.

1434: 1338: 1199:

decreased flight activity and olfactory discrimination, and olfactory learning performance was impaired.

1040:

was always 100% fatal. Information about the study was released to the public in a front-page article in

8396:"Measurement of the threshold sensitivity of honeybees to weak, extremely low-frequency magnetic fields" 2373:"The Global Stock of Domesticated Honey Bees Is Growing Slower Than Agricultural Demand for Pollination" 1286:

and cereals. A high acute risk was also identified from exposure via residues in nectar and/or pollen."

737:

remains the world's most destructive honey bee killer, due in part to the viruses it carries, including

9021: 8225: 3136:"Struggling beekeepers stabilize U.S. Honeybee population after nearly half of colonies died last year" 3006:"Yearly survey shows better results for pollinators, but losses remain significant Release No. 0088.14" 2934:"Struggling beekeepers stabilize U.S. Honeybee population after nearly half of colonies died last year" 2654:"Struggling beekeepers stabilize U.S. Honeybee population after nearly half of colonies died last year" 1938: 1642: 1516: 1064: 985:

was detected in 49 counties, and of the 1,200 honey bee samples collected, 528 (44%) were positive for

558: 8297:. Modelling Effects of Electromagnetic Exposure on Learning Processes – via www.bienenarchiv.de. 8014: 5924: 5822: 5308: 4745: 4719: 4103: 3776: 2087:

Dennis vanEngelsdorp; Diana Cox-Foster; Maryann Frazier; Nancy Ostiguy; Jerry Hayes (5 January 2007).

1666:(MAAREC) offered the following tentative recommendations for beekeepers noticing the symptoms of CCD: 698:

When a colony is dying, for whatever cause, and other healthy colonies are nearby (as is typical in a

9900: 9854: 7873: 7491: 4161:

Becher, Matthias A.; Osborne, Juliet L.; Thorbek, Pernille; Kennedy, Peter J.; Grimm, Volker (2013).

3526:"Changes in transcript abundance relating to colony collapse disorder in honey bees (Apis mellifera)" 2207: 1986: 1303: 974: 742: 659: 84: 8048: 6757: 6666:

Blacquière, Tjeerd; Smagghe, Guy; van Gestel, Cornelis A. M.; Mommaerts, Veerle (18 February 2012).

4147: 2775: 1484: 532:

spp at the time of collapse but emphasized that pathogens could not be ruled out as playing a role.

9765: 9545: 9524: 9510: 9496: 9489: 8952: 7988: 7828:

Presentation to Subcommittee on Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, U.S. House of Representatives

5795: 1512: 1207: 1170:

Use of neonicotinoid pesticides in the US increased after 2005, coincident with rising bee deaths.

1068: 569:

or long-distance transportation of beehives), malnutrition, poor quality queens, starvation, other

387: 311:

in abandoned colonies. Bees normally do not abandon a hive until the capped brood have all hatched.

260: 171: 8598: 6935:"Gaucho – ein Risiko, Studie: Mitschuld des Bayer-Pestizids für Bienensterben (Neues Deutschland)" 6890: 5868:"Evidence for pollinator cost and farming benefits of neonicotinoid seed coatings on oilseed rape" 4450: 2733: 1775:

of approximately one third of the United States' crop species, including such species as almonds,

1424:

2008 research by scientists from Pennsylvania State University found high levels of the miticides

1345:

mode of action. Fipronil is designed to eliminate insects similar to bees, such as yellowjackets (

784:

is a parasitic mite that colonizes beehives and preys on honey bees by consuming their hemolymph.

464: 463:

A 2007–2008 survey of over 19% of all US colonies revealed a total loss of 35.8%. Operations that

206:

or no bees were present, discrediting reports that attributed the disappearances to lack of food.

9829: 9684: 9587: 9566: 9552: 7665: 7213: 6523: 6267: 6260:"Effects of sub-lethal imidacloprid doses on the homing rate and foraging activity of honey bees" 5261: 5094: 4911: 4669: 3232: 1299: 620:

A 2015 review examined 170 studies on colony collapse disorder and stressors for bees, including

557:

The mechanisms of CCD are still unknown, but many causes are currently being considered, such as

181: 8395: 6408:"Exposure to multiple cholinergic pesticides impairs olfactory learning and memory in honeybees" 2086: 1714:

A British beekeeper successfully developed a strain of bees that are resistant to varroa mites.

9580: 9573: 9531: 9503: 9281: 9271: 9217: 9168: 8986:

Ghazoul, Jaboury (July 2005). "Buzziness as usual? Questioning the global pollination crisis".

8947: 7357: 7214:"A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I) Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development" 6752: 6115:

Whitehorn, Penelope R.; O'Connor, Stephanie; Wackers, Felix L.; Goulson, Dave (29 March 2012).

2535: 1900: 1821: 1638: 1268: 271: 91:

calculated that the worldwide number of honeybee colonies increased 47%, reaching 102 million.

7919: 1883:

argued that neonicotinoid pesticides are principally responsible for colony collapse disorder.

9921: 9859: 9844: 9302: 9244: 8764: 8202: 8076:"Diet-dependent gene expression in honey bees: honey vs. sucrose or high fructose corn syrup" 7031: 6963: 5799: 4799: 4577:

Goulson, Dave; Nicholls, Elizabeth; Botías, Cristina; Rotheray, Ellen L. (26 February 2015).

4561: 4537: 2797: 1863: 1641:

Cry proteins on honeybee survival (mortality) showed that Bt proteins used in commercialized

1603: 1574: 431:

as well as the expression of poly(A)-rRNA are genetic indications for the appearance of CCD.

8324: 6286:

Schneider, Christof W.; Grünewald, B.; Fuchs, S. (11 January 2012). Chaline, Nicolas (ed.).

5188:– Asian Nosema Disease Vector Confirmed – is this a new infestation or only now discovered?" 3927: 9926: 9890: 9420: 9405: 8939: 8909: 8449: 8144: 8087: 7724: 7564: 7551:

Hawthorne, David J.; Dively, Galen P.; Smagghe, Guy (2 November 2011). Smagghe, Guy (ed.).

7505: 6816: 6744: 6679: 6624: 6468: 6358: 6299: 6216: 6128: 6066: 5939: 5879: 5674: 5463: 5369: 5165: – Asiatischer Nosema-Erreger festgestellt – neu verbreitet oder erst jetzt entdeckt?" 5131: 5060: 4950: 4826: 4484: 4226: 3992: 3648: 3537: 3460: 3410: 3397:

vanEngelsdorp, Dennis; Hayes, Jerry; Underwood, Robyn M; Pettis, Jeffery S (January 2010).

3358: 3303: 2748: 2387: 2133: 1379: 1317:

In 2013 beekeepers and environmentalists jointly filed a lawsuit blaming the United States

754: 157:

family of pesticides to CCD, but many collapsing apiaries show no trace of neonicotinoids.

8621: 8508: 6934: 5733: 4262: 608:

responsible for ". Their findings indicated an absence of damaging levels of the parasite

8: 9885: 9849: 9839: 9785: 9676: 9517: 9451: 9307: 9297: 8376:. Ministry of Environment and Forests (Report). Government of India. 2011. Archived from 7290: 5562: 5510: 5360: 5353:"Pesticide exposure in honey bees results in increased levels of the gut pathogen Nosema" 4886: 4696: 2674: 1921: 1587: 1290: 738: 680: 664:

Early researchers commented that the pathway of propagation functions in the manner of a

424: 146: 8943: 8453: 8148: 8091: 7728: 7568: 7509: 6820: 6748: 6683: 6628: 6472: 6362: 6303: 6220: 6132: 6070: 5943: 5883: 5678: 5467: 5373: 5135: 5064: 5025: 4954: 4830: 4488: 4418: 4230: 3996: 3652: 3541: 3464: 3414: 3362: 3307: 2752: 2391: 2137: 1120:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1073: 691:, fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, and kleptoparasites such as small hive beetles ( 9780: 9276: 9225: 9147: 8874: 8845: 8760: 8734: 8520: 8472: 8437: 8167: 8132: 8108: 8075: 8037: 7747: 7712: 7693: 7641: 7614: 7587: 7552: 7528: 7493: 7397: 6912: 6839: 6804: 6700: 6667: 6648: 6597: 6492: 6434: 6407: 6379: 6346: 6322: 6287: 6240: 6154: 6089: 6054: 5955: 5900: 5867: 5845: 5697: 5662: 5638: 5611: 5486: 5451: 5390: 4847: 4814: 4776: 4609: 4579:"Bee Declines Driven by Combined Stress from Parasites, Pesticides and Lack of Flowers" 4508: 4378: 4319: 4187: 4162: 4136: 4079: 4054: 4008: 3671: 3636: 3608: 3560: 3525: 3428: 3326: 3291: 2764: 2630: 2595: 2470:"Production volume of natural honey worldwide from 2010 to 2018 (in 1,000 metric tons)" 2413: 2344: 2220: 2156: 2121: 2049: 2022: 1967: 1934: 1854: 1684: 1595: 1342: 1271:

permitted pesticides that were previously banned, including imidacloprid. In 2004, the

1147: 1046: 865: 665: 402: 369: 9323: 6805:"Multiple Routes of Pesticide Exposure for Honey Bees Living Near Agricultural Fields" 6668:"Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment" 6055:"Multiple Routes of Pesticide Exposure for Honey Bees Living Near Agricultural Fields" 9770: 9758: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9456: 9410: 9379: 9312: 9154: 9003: 8965: 8512: 8477: 8418: 8269: 8172: 8113: 7752: 7711:

Francis, Roy M.; Nielsen, Steen L.; Kryger, Per; Martin, Stephen J. (19 March 2013).

7697: 7685: 7666:"Missing Microbes in Bees: How Systematic Depletion of Key Symbionts Erodes Immunity" 7646: 7615:"Antibiotic Exposure Perturbs the Gut Microbiota and Elevates Mortality in Honeybees" 7592: 7533: 7389: 6844: 6770: 6705: 6640: 6589: 6572: 6484: 6439: 6384: 6327: 6232: 6146: 6094: 5905: 5737: 5702: 5643: 5491: 5395: 5234: 5076: 5072: 4966: 4852: 4750:

is the main culprit for the death and reduced populations of overwintered honey bee (

4613: 4601: 4512: 4500: 4370: 4311: 4192: 4084: 3730: 3676: 3637:"A survey of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., Fall 2007 to Spring 2008" 3600: 3565: 3494: 3476: 3472: 3374: 3331: 2635: 2617: 2449: 2405: 2247: 2208:

Weakening, collapse and mortality of bee colonies; November 2008 – Updated April 2009

2161: 2054: 1832:, hand pollination of apple orchards is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly. 1731: 1715: 1491: 1347: 978: 847: 807:

that both suppressed infection with deformed wing virus but also effectively reduced

733: 709: 675: 669: 537: 505: 337: 308: 275: 76: 8883: 8738: 8524: 8041: 7401: 7319:"Blumenauer Announces Legislation to Protect Pollinators, Prevent Mass Bee Die-Offs" 7097: 6652: 6601: 6496: 6244: 5959: 5849: 4780: 4012: 3612: 3432: 3399:"A survey of honey bee colony losses in the United States, fall 2008 to spring 2009" 3027: 2768: 2417: 9636: 8995: 8957: 8879: 8726: 8626: 8504: 8467: 8457: 8410: 8261: 8162: 8152: 8103: 8095: 8029: 7888:"Levels of polyandry and intracolonial genetic relationships in Apis koschevnikovi" 7742: 7732: 7677: 7636: 7626: 7582: 7572: 7523: 7513: 7470: 7381: 7236: 7111: 6834: 6824: 6762: 6695: 6687: 6632: 6581: 6476: 6429: 6421: 6403: 6374: 6366: 6317: 6307: 6224: 6158: 6136: 6084: 6074: 5947: 5895: 5887: 5837: 5768: 5729: 5692: 5682: 5663:"The Effect of Using an Inappropriate Protein Database for Proteomic Data Analysis" 5633: 5623: 5481: 5471: 5385: 5377: 5139: 5068: 4958: 4842: 4834: 4768: 4644: 4593: 4492: 4382: 4362: 4303: 4234: 4182: 4174: 4140: 4126: 4074: 4066: 4000: 3695: 3666: 3656: 3592: 3555: 3545: 3468: 3418: 3366: 3321: 3311: 2756: 2625: 2607: 2395: 2151: 2141: 2044: 2034: 1962: 1872: 1213: 1196: 655: 574: 142: 8824:

Tepedino, Vincent J. (April 1981). "The Pollination Efficiency of the Squash Bee (

8061: 4323: 4004: 3635:

Vanengelsdorp, Dennis; Hayes, Jerry; Underwood, Robyn M.; Pettis, Jeffery (2008).

3524:

Johnson, R. M.; Evans, J. D.; Robinson, G. E.; Berenbaum, M. R. (24 August 2009).

1362: 706:

CCD-exhibiting hives tended to occur in proximity to one another within apiaries.

9732: 9688: 9436: 8678: 8546: 8462: 8347: 7983: 7737: 7631: 7577: 7518: 7168: 7043: 6829: 6547: 6312: 6079: 5687: 5476: 5045: 4557: 4533: 4239: 4214: 3747:"Despite elevated loss rate since 2006, U.S. honey bee colony numbers are stable" 3661: 3316: 2721:

https://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelottoat/wp-content/uploads/vanengelsdorp2009.pdf

2707: 2325: 2146: 2039: 1933:

episode "Funhouse Mirrors", Tandy Bowen and Mina Hess discussed the dwindling of

1887: 1688: 1608: 1582: 1559: 1551: 1485:

Selective commercial breeding and lost genetic diversity in industrial apiculture

936: 839: 411: 333: 329: 9149:

Fruitless Fall: The Collapse of the Honey Bee and the Coming Agricultural Crisis

7191: 3855: 2801: 2095: 1858:, "Silence of the Bees", offered several speculative reasons for the phenomenon. 9737: 9712: 9696: 9593: 9482: 9446: 8999: 8961: 8137:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

7385: 6347:"Cholinergic pesticides cause mushroom body neuronal inactivation in honeybees" 6117:"Neonicotinoid Pesticide Reduces Bumble Bee Colony Growth and Queen Production" 5589:"What a scientist didn't tell the New York Times about his study on bee deaths" 1683:

If you are experiencing colony collapse and see a secondary infection, such as

1446: 1294: 1143: 851: 633: 444: 394: 214: 126: 9098: 8905: 7965:

CCD. And feeding with sucrose does not necessarily protect the bees from CCD.

7891: 7681: 7078: 6691: 6636: 6480: 5381: 5195: 4962: 4366: 4307: 3370: 2979: 2400: 294: 9915: 7115: 6868: 6459: 4401:"Scientists discover what's killing the bees and it's worse than you thought" 4215:"Neonicotinoids, bee disorders and the sustainability of pollinator services" 3882:"Fears for crops as shock figures from America show scale of bee catastrophe" 3495:"Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and bee age impact honey bee pathophysiology" 3085:"Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees, and Farm-raised Fish (ELAP)" 2789: 2621: 2318: 1535: 908: 905: 869: 750: 407: 195: 154: 9067: 8862:

Partap, Uma Partap and Tej. Pollination of apples in China. 2 September 2005

8438:"A meta-analysis of effects of Bt crops on honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)" 8157: 8033: 7259:"Pesticides aren't the biggest factor in honeybee die-off, EPA and USDA say" 6228: 6141: 5841: 5773: 5756: 5628: 5329:

Szalanski, A.L., J. Whitaker, and P. Cappy. 2010. "Molecular diagnostics of

4772: 4597: 4496: 4178: 4131: 3550: 2612: 2596:"Holistic screening of collapsing honey bee colonies in Spain: a case study" 679:

mite infestation and CCD, suggesting that a combination of these bee mites,

355:

Precursor symptoms that may arise before the final colony collapse include:

9895: 9441: 9007: 8969: 8516: 8481: 8414: 8371:

Report on possible impact of communication tower on wildlife birds and bees

8265: 8176: 8117: 7756: 7689: 7650: 7596: 7537: 7393: 7135: 7102: 6848: 6774: 6709: 6644: 6593: 6488: 6443: 6388: 6331: 6236: 6150: 6098: 5951: 5909: 5865: 5741: 5706: 5647: 5534: 5495: 5399: 5080: 4970: 4856: 4605: 4504: 4374: 4315: 4196: 4088: 4070: 3680: 3604: 3596: 3569: 3480: 3423: 3398: 3378: 3335: 2760: 2639: 2439: 2409: 2263:"Global Honey Bee Colony Disorders and Other Threats to Insect Pollinators" 2165: 2058: 1916: 1876:

featured interviews with beekeepers, scientists, farmers, and philosophers.

1749: 1719: 1613: 1473: 1261: 1159: 1155: 1151: 989:, from which, PCR analysis of 371 spore positive samples revealed 96% were 629: 625: 234: 185: 134: 21: 8422: 8273: 7192:"Politics meets Science: The case of neonicotinoid insecticides in Europe" 6202:"A Common Pesticide Decreases Foraging Success and Survival in Honey Bees" 6116: 4475:

Ratnieks, F.L.W.; Carreck, N.L. (2010). "Clarity on Honey Bee Collapse?".

25:

Honey bees at a hive entrance: one is about to land and another is fanning

9707: 9651: 9538: 9461: 9384: 9186: 8906:

Global honey bee colony disorders and other threats to insect pollinators

8660:

A+ for British Beekeeper as He Develops Mite-Resistant Strain of Honeybee

8195:"Wireless: Case of the disappearing bees creates a buzz about cellphones" 5339:

Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal

5288:

Proceedings of the American Bee Research Conference. American Bee Journal

5258:"Honeybee Die-Off Threatens Food Supply, The Associated Press (5/2/2007)" 1772: 1753: 1654: 1523: 1511:

Some researchers have attributed the syndrome to the practice of feeding

1457:

Moving spring bees from South Carolina to Maine for blueberry pollination

1425: 874: 566: 390: 99: 94:

Colony collapse disorder could cause significant economic losses because

8849: 8394:

Kirschvink, Joseph L.; Padmanabha, S.; Boyce, C.K.; Oglesby, J. (1997).

1924:" showed a future in which mechanical bees were developed to combat CCD. 1177: 9742: 9727: 9722: 9702: 9609: 9374: 8871: 8730: 7890:. International Bee Research Association. 21 April 2010. Archived from 6425: 6370: 5425:"Buzzfeeds: The effects of colony collapse disorder and other bee news" 5351:

Pettis, Jeffery S.; Johnson, Josephine; Dively, Galen (February 2012).

5023: 1825: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1704: 1677: 1621:

article had misinterpreted their results and created "a horror story".

1527: 1467: 1391: 944: 831: 360: 319: 150: 111: 52: 44: 37: 8221:"Researchers: Often-cited study doesn't relate to bee colony collapse" 8099: 6766: 6585: 5891: 4838: 3828:"Analysis | Wait, does America suddenly have a record number of bees?" 9717: 9680: 9641: 9369: 9354: 9172: 8810: 6988: 4670:"Bee Mites Suppress Bee Immunity, Open Door For Viruses And Bacteria" 4212: 3700: 2854: 2823: 1792: 1784: 1708: 1591:) reported there were no changes in behavior due to RF exposure from 1531: 1453: 1429: 1395: 1206:

study suggested that exposure to sublethal levels of imidacloprid in

1082: 1077:

New Holland TL 90 with a field sprayer on a Narcissus field in Europe

1025: 889:

are wiped out within eight days indicating that CCD may be caused by

368:

Bees are reluctant to consume provided feed, such as sugar syrup and

345: 210: 48: 41: 9173:"Skeptoid #524: Colony Collapse Disorder: Science and Pseudoscience" 6665: 5144: 5119: 3782:. Economic Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture 2243:"Decline of honey bees now a global phenomenon, says United Nations" 1541: 753:

of the bees. Dr. Ernesto Guzman, an entomological researcher at the

9646: 9614: 7295: 7263: 6864:"Pesticides Killing Bees: Study Shows What 'Everybody's Suspected'" 6114: 6005: 4289:"Honey bee pathology: current threats to honey bees and beekeeping" 3060:"This past winter saw the highest honeybee colony losses on record" 3032: 2672: 2185: 1957: 1804: 1334: 1293:(EC) proposed a two-year ban on neonicotinoids. In April 2013, the 1283: 843: 804: 699: 668:; however, some sentiment existed that the disorder may involve an 651: 621: 570: 166: 138: 115: 6257: 6001:"Paraquat, Imidacloprid Pesticide To Be Banned From January, 2020" 5755:

Chmiel, JA; Daisley, BA; Pitek, AP; Thompson, GJ; Reid, G (2020).

5452:"Iridovirus and Microsporidian Linked to Honey Bee Colony Decline" 5422: 4912:"Genomic Study Yields Plausible Cause Of Colony Collapse Disorder" 1835:

In regions of the Old World where they are indigenous, honeybees (

1275:

reduced regulations further and pesticide applications increased.

9775: 9672: 9619: 9400: 7856:"Honeybees, Gone With the Wind, Leave Crops and Keepers in Peril" 6510:

Lu, Chensheng; Warchol, Kenneth M.; Callahan, Richard A. (2012).

6258:

Bortolotti, L.; Monanari, R.; Marcelino, J.; Porrini, P. (2003).

6178: 5305:

in the United States, University of Arkansas Insect Genetics Lab"

4813:

Xie, Xianbing; Huang, Zachary Y.; Zeng, Zhijiang (15 June 2016).

4102:

Le Conte, Yves; Ellis, Marion; Ritter, Wolfgang (12 April 2010).

4051: 3634: 3396: 3288: 2914:

Oertel, E. (1965). "Many bee colonies dead of an unknown cause".

1692: 1267:

While French beekeepers succeeded in banning neonicotinoids, the

1264:, primarily due to concern over potential effects on honey bees. 928: 916: 758: 8436:

Duan, JJ; Marvier, M; Huesing, J; Dively, G; Huang, ZY. (2008).

8393: 5530:"Bee-Killing Disease May Be Combination Attack, Researchers Say" 4743: 9667: 8693:"National Bee Database to be set up to monitor colony collapse" 8595:"Establishing a healthy population of native bees on your land" 7456: 7283: 5286:

and tracheal mites in the north central region – 2008 survey".

5227: 5003: 4351: 3777:"Economic effects and responses to changes in honey bee health" 2790:"BEE DISEASE MYSTERY SOLVED?: DISCOVERY AT ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY" 2592: 1911:, showed an exaggerated, dystopian future of a life after bees. 1780: 1760: 1309: 1090: 824: 472:

have remained stable or grown since the identification of CCD.

383: 219: 176: 120: 7095: 6569: 3957:"Hiver fatal pour la moitié des colonies d'abeilles en Suisse" 2815: 376: 9624: 8648:

Beekeeper Ron Hoskins breeds 'indestructible bees' in Swindon

8542: 8292:"How electromagnetic exposure can influence learning process" 6401: 4576: 3523: 2677:. The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology 1776: 315: 255:

After bee populations dropped 23% in the winter of 2013, the

36:) is an abnormal phenomenon that occurs when the majority of 9119: 8754:"The value of honey bees as pollinators of US crops in 2000" 8672:

New Honeybee Breed Key to Combating Colony Collapse Disorder

7358:

https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1284

7196:

Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment and Society

5974:"EU to fully ban neonicotinoid insecticides to protect bees" 5792:"Scientists Untangle Multiple Causes of Bee Colony Disorder" 5786: 5784: 5448: 2340:"Mystery Malady Kills More Bees, Heightening Worry on Farms" 228:

to describe the sudden rash of disappearances (or sometimes

194:

A well-documented outbreak of colony losses spread from the

8307: 7713:"Varroa-Virus Interaction in Collapsing Honey Bee Colonies" 6913:"Schadet Imidacloprid den Bienen – von Eric Zeissloff" 6344: 4425: 4160: 3157:"Wait, does America suddenly have a record number of bees?" 1759:

The phenomenon is particularly important for crops such as

1592: 1050:

magazine with the title, "What a scientist didn't tell the

960: 729: 562: 130: 8903: 8751: 7710: 7663: 6725: 5754: 5024:

Dennis vanEngelsdorp, M.Frazier; D. Caron (1 March 2007).

3582: 3450: 2441:

Non-Wood Forest Products from Temperate Broad-Leaved Trees

1298:

incomplete. The ban can be seen as an application of the "

973:

has been detected in honey bees from several states using

745:, which have both been implicated in CCD. Affliction with 645: 9692: 9026: 8662:. Fast Company (24 August 2010). Retrieved on 2010-10-19. 8013:

Brodschneider, Robert; Crailsheim, Karl (21 April 2010).

8008: 8006: 7161: 5781: 5033:

Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium

4941:, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe". 3753:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 3392: 3390: 3388: 3261:. Canadian Honey Council. 27 January 2007. Archived from 3140: 2938: 2658: 1829: 1664:

Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium

1599: 828: 483:, largely due to the growth of small producers in Texas. 88: 8650:. Metro.co.uk (24 August 2010). Retrieved on 2010-10-19. 8622:"Use of native bees to counter colony collapse disorder" 8435: 7369: 6199: 6020: 5719: 4692:"Mysterious Honeybee Disappearance Linked to Rare Virus" 3904:"Study finds causes of Colony Collapse Disorder in bees" 2895:

Mraz, Charles (1977). "Disappearing Disease in Mexico".

1670:

Do not combine collapsing colonies with strong colonies.

963:

bee scientist has similarly stated, "while the parasite

9353: 8811:"Honey Bees Are Essential for a Successful Almond Crop" 8301: 8012: 7613:

Raymann, Kasie; Shaffer, Zack; Moran, Nancy A. (2017).

7131:"To Revive Honey Bees, Europe Proposes a Pesticide Ban" 6285: 5211:"UCSF scientist tracks down suspect in honeybee deaths" 1461: 1146:

has come under particular scrutiny. Neonicotinoids are

8003: 7798:"Climate Change Is Ratcheting Up the Pressure on Bees" 7771:"Climate change is killing the bumblebees, study says" 7550: 7291:"Text of the Saving America's Pollinators Act of 2013" 6802: 6174:"Studies show how pesticides make bees lose their way" 6052: 5026:"Tentative Recommendations for Hives Experiencing CCD" 3385: 3342: 3259:"Discussion of phenomenon of Colony disorder collapse" 2533: 2371:

Aizen, Marcelo A.; Harder, Lawrence D. (9 June 2009).

770:

mite was identified as the cause in 85% of the cases.

7414: 4444:(US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 2009)" 2675:"Colony Collapse Disorder: Have We Seen This Before?" 1390:

Most beekeepers affected by CCD report that they use

8341:

Lean, Geoffrey; Shawcross, Harriet (15 April 2007).

8285: 8283: 7011:"Millions of bees dead – Bayer's Gaucho blamed" 4985:

Asian Parasite Killing Western Bees – Scientist

3943:"Immer weniger Imker – Deutschen Bienen geht es gut" 3348: 3175: 3173: 2497:"The Beekeepers Who Don't Want You to Buy More Bees" 1024:

published a paper in October 2010 saying that a new

8130: 7612: 7233:"Beekeepers sue EPA to ban pesticide, protect bees" 7183: 5661:Knudsen, Giselle; Chalkley, Robert (14 June 2011). 5350: 5282:

Chapon, L., M.D. Ellis, and A.L. Szalanski. 2009. "

5228:Jia-Rui Chong; Thomas H. Maugh II (26 April 2007). 4101: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 9146: 9088:Pierre Terre Production, 2012, viewable on YouTube 8289: 6614: 6516:replication of honey bee colony collapse disorder" 6028:"Soaring Bee Deaths in 2012 Sound Alarm on Malady" 4468: 3959:(in French). Radio Télévision Suissse. 22 May 2012 1728:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 565:, fungi, beekeeping practices (such as the use of 55:, and have been known by various names (including 8280: 7912: 7853: 7824:"Colony Collapse Disorder and Pollinator Decline" 7363: 6509: 5511:"Honeybee Killer Found by Army and Entomologists" 3446: 3444: 3442: 3170: 1737: 9913: 9120:"Colony Collapse Disorder – a life without bees" 9068:"What Are the Bees Telling Us? | The Story" 8539:"Alternative Pollinators: Native Bees (Summary)" 5922: 5418: 5416: 5230:"Experts may have found what's bugging the bees" 4999:Les abeilles sont-elles en train de disparaître? 4936: 4887:"Virus Is Seen as Suspect in Death of Honeybees" 4884: 3269: 2287:"Bee colonies: Worldwide population on the rise" 1044:. A few days later, an article was published in 814: 8929: 8073: 7450: 5660: 5521: 5423:Benjamin, A.; Holpuch, A.; Spencer, R. (2013). 5255: 4474: 4219:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4208: 4206: 4019: 3923:"La mort des abeilles met la planète en danger" 3530:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3292:"Colony Collapse Disorder: A Descriptive Study" 2695: 2122:"Colony Collapse Disorder: A Descriptive Study" 1873:Queen of the Sun: What Are the Bees Telling Us? 1015: 359:Inability to maintain current brood due to low 8251: 7467:Entomologie Faunistique – Faunistic Entomology 6962:(in French). 18 September 2003. Archived from 6861: 5861: 5859: 5527: 5194:. Translated by McArthur, Eric. Archived from 4991: 4796:"Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in Honey Bees" 4720:"Mites and Virus Team Up to Wipe Out Beehives" 4717: 4572: 4570: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3439: 2888: 2869: 2846: 2731: 2561:"Multiple causes for colony collapse – report" 2495:Segal, David; Jazbec, Ciril (19 August 2023). 2119: 1012:, thereby suggesting a potential link to CCD. 9339: 9267:North American Pollinator Protection Campaign 9202: 8789:USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service 8597:. Conservationinformation.org. Archived from 8340: 7906: 7459:"No acute mortalities in honey bee colonies ( 7057:"State notes small increase in pesticide use" 6110: 6108: 5563:"Scientists and Soldiers Solve a Bee Mystery" 5413: 5208: 4394: 4392: 2876:Mraz, Charles (1965). "The Mystery Disease". 2588: 2586: 2089:"Colony Collapse Disorder Preliminary Report" 1909:Colony Collapse Disorder: A Life Without Bees 1632: 1602:. A later study established that close-range 1181:Imidacloprid map of use, US, 2012 (estimated) 7360:Saving America's Pollinators Act (H.R. 1284) 5966: 5560: 4869: 4812: 4203: 3977: 3897: 3895: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2366: 2364: 2362: 1598:base stations operating at 1,880–1,900 1568: 1416:Beekeepers use miticides to rid colonies of 1385: 1252: 8838:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 7941: 7463:) after the exposure to sunflower cultures" 7434:(in Portuguese). GloboRural. Archived from 7162:Charlotte McDonald-Gibson (29 April 2013). 6721: 6719: 6456: 5856: 5158: 4793: 4664: 4662: 4567: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3850: 3848: 3619: 2732:Neumann, Peter; Carreck, Norman L. (2010). 2673:Robyn M. Underwood; Dennis van Engelsdorp. 2494: 2370: 1165: 377:Genetic and physio-pathological predictions 328:with significantly delayed attacks by hive 9346: 9332: 9216: 9209: 9195: 8124: 8074:Wheeler, MM; Robinson, GE (17 July 2014). 8062:Bee decline linked to falling biodiversity 6855: 6279: 6193: 6105: 4389: 3693: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2583: 2536:"Colony Collapse Disorder Progress Report" 2331: 885:Hives of western honey bees infected with 842:, like the IAPV, cause degradation of the 386:, rectal enteroliths (rectal stones), and 8951: 8471: 8461: 8166: 8156: 8107: 7822:Berenbaum, Prof. May R. (29 March 2007). 7821: 7746: 7736: 7640: 7630: 7586: 7576: 7527: 7517: 7230: 6838: 6828: 6756: 6699: 6433: 6378: 6321: 6311: 6140: 6088: 6078: 5899: 5823:"Pesticides and honey bee toxicity – USA" 5772: 5696: 5686: 5637: 5627: 5485: 5475: 5389: 5301:"Population genetics and distribution of 5143: 5019: 5017: 4846: 4689: 4625: 4623: 4238: 4186: 4130: 4078: 4025: 3892: 3769: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3670: 3660: 3559: 3549: 3422: 3325: 3315: 2852: 2821: 2629: 2611: 2541:. United States Department of Agriculture 2514: 2488: 2399: 2359: 2155: 2145: 2048: 2038: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 923:, which is itself a parasite of the fish 761:bee colonies in 2007–08. The presence of 434: 365:Colony includes mostly young adult bees 9144: 9041:Jamieson, Alastair (30 September 2009). 9040: 8823: 8619: 8343:"Are mobile phones wiping out our bees?" 8308:Harst, W.; Kuhn, J.; Stever, H. (2006). 8131:Mao W, Schuler MA, Berenbaum MR (2013). 8064:Richard Black, BBC News, 20 January 2010 7830:. The National Academies. Archived from 7796:Kerlin, Katherine E. (14 October 2022). 7155: 6716: 5654: 5554: 4878: 4815:"Why do Varroa mites prefer nurse bees?" 4685: 4683: 4659: 4442:Colony Collapse Disorder Progress Report 4286: 3920: 3879: 3866: 3845: 3739: 3696:"The mysterious deaths of the honeybees" 2997: 2120:van Engelsdorp, Dennis (3 August 2009). 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 1653: 1540: 1452: 1361: 1308: 1289:Subsequent to the 2013 EFSA review, the 1212: 1176: 1174:unintentionally exposed to nicotinoids. 1072: 899: 708: 481:National Agricultural Statistics Service 454:National Agricultural Statistics Service 443: 293: 20: 9167: 8985: 8488: 8218: 8192: 7976: 7942:Bromenshenk, Jerry (14 February 2007). 7423: 7189: 7096:European Food Safety Authority (2013). 6796: 6543:"Pesticide tied to bee colony collapse" 6503: 6171: 5820: 5603: 5508: 5344: 4937:Higes, M; Martin, R; Meana, A (2006). " 4798:. University of Florida. Archived from 3983:) colony losses in China (2010–2013)". 3901: 3825: 3154: 3053: 3051: 2977: 2964: 2020: 1676:If you feed your bees sugar syrup, use 646:Pathogens and immunodeficiency theories 598:United States Department of Agriculture 265:The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 249:United States Department of Agriculture 9914: 9043:"Pesticides blamed for vanishing bees" 8981: 8979: 8925: 8923: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8690: 8681:. TreeHugger. 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Refkin (7 September 2007). 4680: 4398: 4055:"Colony Collapse Disorder in context" 3914: 3519: 3517: 3515: 2337: 2319:Spotlight: Protecting the pollinators 2295:Federal Statistical Office of Germany 2065: 2023:"What's Killing American Honey Bees?" 1189: 289: 8716: 8015:"Nutrition and health in honey bees" 7429: 6736:Environmental Science and Technology 5586: 5450:R.A. (2010). Leal, Walter S. (ed.). 4253: 3794: 3111:"EPA Actions to Protect Pollinators" 3048: 3003: 2980:"Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder" 2894: 2875: 2534:CCD Steering Committee (June 2010). 2172: 1870:The 2010 feature-length documentary 1462:Bee rentals and migratory beekeeping 1399:contributing to the CCD phenomenon. 1246: 1100: 1030:invertebrate iridescent virus type 6 8976: 8920: 8890: 8403:The Journal of Experimental Biology 8209: 8183: 7913:Petra Steinberger (12 March 2007). 7603: 7224: 7190:McGrath, Peter F. (30 March 2014). 5616:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 5169:Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg 4112:explain part of the colony losses?" 4028:"Here's why all the bees are dying" 3687: 2794:The Manchester Guardian (1901–1959) 2328:. Fao.org. Retrieved on 2014-04-12. 1952:Centre for Integrative Bee Research 1022:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 284:United States Census of Agriculture 188:—the syndrome was renamed in 2007. 13: 9137: 9099:"More than Honey – about the film" 7231:Wozniacka, Gosia (21 March 2013). 5761:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5587:Eban, Katherine (8 October 2010). 5260:. Associated Press. Archived from 5181: 5053:Environmental Microbiology Reports 3512: 3453:Environmental Microbiology Reports 3109:US EPA, OCSPP (3 September 2013). 3057: 552: 118:, especially those transmitted by 14: 9958: 9430:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes 8988:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8932:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8782:"2019 California almond forecast" 8719:Insect Conservation and Diversity 8545:. 12 October 2011. 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N-TV. 11 May 2007. 3935: 3902:Douglas, Ian (8 October 2010). 3880:Benjamin, Alison (2 May 2010). 3819: 3576: 3487: 3403:Journal of Apicultural Research 3251: 3225: 3199: 3148: 3128: 3102: 3077: 3020: 2946: 2926: 2782: 2741:Journal of Apicultural Research 2725: 2714: 2689: 2666: 2646: 2553: 2462: 2431: 2312: 2279: 2231:– via Theyworkforyou.com. 1846: 1497: 1319:Environmental Protection Agency 1142:A class of insecticides called 749:mites also tends to weaken the 720: 673:suggested a connection between 257:Environmental Protection Agency 9416:Bee learning and communication 8497:Annual Review of Plant Biology 7948:BEE-L Archives (LSoft archive) 7373:Journal of Economic Entomology 5337:from honey bees in New York". 5256:Seth Borenstein (2 May 2007). 4754:) colonies in Ontario, Canada" 4718:Jennifer Welsh (7 June 2012). 4690:JR Minkel (7 September 2007). 4026:McDonnell, Tim (9 July 2015). 3856:"Why are Europe's bees dying?" 3187:. Pollinator Network @ Cornell 2255: 2235: 2213: 2201: 2113: 1979: 1738:Economic and ecological impact 1402: 1280:European Food Safety Authority 1259:French Minister of Agriculture 497:British Beekeepers Association 493:European Food Safety Authority 314:Presence of food stores, both 165:Colony collapse disorder is a 1: 8691:Prince, Rosa (9 March 2009). 8290:Stever, H.; Kuhn, J. (2004). 6937:(in German). 23 November 2003 4794:Jamie Ellis (16 April 2007). 4005:10.1080/00218839.2016.1193375 3749:. Economic Research Service. 2021:Oldroyd, Benjamin P. (2007). 1973: 1748:Honey bees are not native to 1649: 1370: 1058: 821:Israeli acute paralysis virus 815:Israeli acute paralysis virus 586:Pennsylvania State University 429:Israeli acute paralysis virus 9022:"Silence of the Bees (2011)" 8571:. Scribd.com. Archived from 8463:10.1371/journal.pone.0001415 8199:International Herald Tribune 7738:10.1371/journal.pone.0057540 7632:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001861 7578:10.1371/journal.pone.0026796 7519:10.1371/journal.pone.0070182 6830:10.1371/journal.pone.0029268 6313:10.1371/journal.pone.0030023 6080:10.1371/journal.pone.0029268 5688:10.1371/journal.pone.0020873 5477:10.1371/journal.pone.0013181 4399:Woody, Todd (24 July 2013). 4240:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.05.007 3694:Sahba, Amy (29 March 2007). 3662:10.1371/journal.pone.0004071 3317:10.1371/journal.pone.0006481 2567:. 3 May 2013. Archived from 2147:10.1371/journal.pone.0006481 2040:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050168 1718:also resist infestations of 1411: 1326:their impacts had occurred. 1016:Viral and fungal combination 846:, which are responsible for 687:), honey bee tracheal mites 584:(CCDWG), based primarily at 448:US honey bee hives 1982–2015 410:(rRNA) fragments containing 47:disappear, leaving behind a 7: 9932:Environmental controversies 9560:Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan 7139:. Bloomberg. Archived from 7032:Re-Regulation of Pesticides 5722:Annual Review of Entomology 5051:in professional apiaries". 3921:Paul Mga (20 August 2007). 3185:pollinator.cals.cornell.edu 2698:"Mystery of the dying bees" 2438:Ciesla, William M. (2002). 1945: 1435:Washington State University 1329: 925:Parapristipoma octolineatum 10: 9963: 9947:Unexplained disappearances 9000:10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.026 8962:10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007 8143:(29 April 2013): 8842–46. 7874:"Colony Collapse Disorder" 7386:10.1603/0022-0493-94.4.811 7257:Boyle, Alan (2 May 2013). 4645:"Colony Collapse Disorder" 4167:Journal of Applied Ecology 3233:"Colony Collapse Disorder" 3208:"Colony Collapse Disorder" 3181:"Colony Collapse Disorder" 1987:"Colony Collapse Disorder" 1741: 1687:, treat the colonies with 1633:Genetically modified crops 1465: 1339:phenylpyrazole insecticide 1065:Pesticide toxicity to bees 1062: 921:Podocotyloides magnatestis 823:(IAPV), was discovered in 649: 160: 114:, infections with various 9901:Honeybee Discovery Center 9878: 9820: 9812:Diseases of the honey bee 9799: 9751: 9660: 9602: 9539:Apis mellifera scutellata 9429: 9393: 9362: 9357:types and characteristics 9290: 9254: 9224: 7682:10.1016/j.tim.2020.06.006 7079:"Pesticide Use Reporting" 6692:10.1007/s10646-012-0863-x 6637:10.1007/s10646-010-0566-0 5923:Carreck Norman L (2014). 5610:Foster, LJ (March 2011). 5382:10.1007/s00114-011-0881-1 4963:10.1016/j.jip.2006.02.005 4440:"CCD Steering Committee, 4367:10.1007/s10393-013-0870-2 4308:10.1007/s00253-010-2573-8 4296:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 3371:10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.011 3206:US EPA (29 August 2013). 2734:"Honey bee colony losses" 2401:10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.071 1771:They are responsible for 1569:Electromagnetic radiation 1517:genetically modified corn 1386:Antibiotics and miticides 1304:environmental degradation 1253: 1114:This section needs to be 857: 743:acute bee paralysis virus 660:diseases of the honey bee 486: 230:spontaneous hive collapse 85:Northern Ireland Assembly 9879:Museums and insectariums 9791:Colony collapse disorder 9766:Varroa sensitive hygiene 9546:Apis mellifera siciliana 9525:Apis mellifera monticola 9511:Apis mellifera pomonella 9497:Apis mellifera artemisia 9490:Apis mellifera adansonii 9234:Colony collapse disorder 9153:. New York: Bloomsbury. 9145:Jacobsen, Rowan (2009). 8323:(1): 1–6. Archived from 7116:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3066 7042:12 December 2012 at the 5796:Environment News Service 4556:16 February 2014 at the 4532:22 February 2014 at the 4261:(Report). Archived from 4254:USDA (17 October 2012). 2897:Gleanings in Bee Culture 2878:Gleanings in Bee Culture 2291:International Statistics 1730:and administered by the 1662:As of 1 March 2007, the 1558:A 2013 study found that 1513:high-fructose corn syrup 1341:, with a broad-spectrum 1208:high-fructose corn syrup 1166:Evidence of risk to bees 1069:Bees and toxic chemicals 1032:(IIV-6), and the fungus 239:in the United Kingdom). 226:colony collapse disorder 200:Acarine (tracheal) mites 172:death by a thousand cuts 30:Colony collapse disorder 9685:Horizontal top-bar hive 9588:Apis mellifera unicolor 9567:Apis mellifera sossimai 9553:Apis mellifera simensis 8226:Foster's Daily Democrat 8158:10.1073/pnas.1303884110 7979:"Postcard from Hughson" 7432:"Abelhas com microchip" 6524:Bulletin of Insectology 6481:10.1023/A:1022575315413 6268:Bulletin of Insectology 6229:10.1126/science.1215039 6142:10.1126/science.1215025 5774:10.3389/fevo.2020.00022 5629:10.1074/mcp.M110.006387 5215:San Francisco Chronicle 4598:10.1126/science.1255957 4527:Why are the bees dying? 4497:10.1126/science.1185563 4287:Genersch, Elke (2010). 4179:10.1111/1365-2664.12112 3551:10.1073/pnas.0906970106 2613:10.1186/1756-0500-7-649 1937:every few decades. The 1658:Beekeeper managing bees 1300:precautionary principle 757:in Canada, studied 413 544: 96:many agricultural crops 9752:Parasites and diseases 9581:Apis mellifera taurica 9574:Apis mellifera syriaca 9532:Apis mellifera remipes 9504:Apis mellifera litorea 9282:The Pollinator Pathway 9272:Pollinator Partnership 9218:Pollination management 8677:28 August 2010 at the 8415:10.1242/jeb.200.9.1363 8266:10.1002/bem.2250020108 7915:"Das spurlose Sterben" 7670:Trends in Microbiology 6402:Williamson, Sally M.; 5952:10.3896/IBRA.1.53.5.08 5821:Johnson, Reed (2010). 5798:. 2009. Archived from 4549:Dennis vanEngelsdorp, 4525:Dennis vanEngelsdorp, 4071:10.1002/bies.201000075 3597:10.1002/biot.200800122 3424:10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.03 2761:10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.01 1941:was "Colony Collapse". 1822:saturation pollination 1659: 1588:Apis mellifera carnica 1546: 1492:diverse genetic makeup 1458: 1367: 1314: 1269:Clinton administration 1218: 1182: 1078: 932: 717: 643: 449: 435:Scope and distribution 299: 272:University of Maryland 26: 9303:Habitat fragmentation 9245:Vanishing of the Bees 8828:) and the Honey Bee ( 8813:. California Almonds. 8034:10.1051/apido/2010012 7430:Lima, P (June 2010). 6351:Nature Communications 5842:10.1051/apido/2010018 4773:10.1051/apido/2009076 4655:(1). 23 January 2007. 4562:The Real News Network 4538:The Real News Network 4132:10.1051/apido/2010017 3585:Biotechnology Journal 2275:on 26 September 2014. 1879:The 2012 documentary 1864:Vanishing of the Bees 1861:The 2009 documentary 1657: 1604:electromagnetic field 1575:electromagnetic field 1544: 1472:Since U.S. beekeeper 1466:Further information: 1456: 1365: 1312: 1217:Bee collecting pollen 1216: 1180: 1076: 1063:Further information: 913:Nosema podocotyloidis 903: 712: 650:Further information: 638: 520:occurred in Germany. 447: 297: 24: 9891:Bee Museum of Rhodes 9807:Topics in beekeeping 9406:Honey bee life cycle 8910:University of Geneva 8832:) on Summer Squash ( 8330:on 18 February 2012. 7339:on 18 September 2014 7326:Blumenauer.house.gov 7067:on 20 November 2008. 7061:westernfarmpress.com 5198:on 14 February 2007. 3802:"Honey bee colonies" 3733:American Bee Journal 2916:American Bee Journal 2859:American Bee Journal 2828:American Bee Journal 2101:on 25 September 2015 1907:The 2016 short film 1585:(RF) on honey bees ( 1380:Dennis vanEngelsdorp 755:University of Guelph 98:worldwide depend on 73:fall dwindle disease 57:disappearing disease 16:Aspect of apiculture 9937:Insect conservation 9886:Malacca Bee Gallery 9786:Deformed wing virus 9677:BS National Beehive 9518:Apis mellifera meda 9452:Carniolan honey bee 9308:Natural landscaping 9298:Butterfly gardening 9030:. 16 February 2011. 8944:2010TEcoE..25..345P 8454:2008PLoSO...3.1415D 8383:on 2 November 2012. 8254:Bioelectromagnetics 8205:on 3 February 2009. 8149:2013PNAS..110.8842M 8092:2014NatSR...4E5726W 7920:Süddeutsche Zeitung 7729:2013PLoSO...857540F 7569:2011PLoSO...626796H 7510:2013PLoSO...870182P 7143:on 22 February 2013 6969:on 30 November 2006 6821:2012PLoSO...729268K 6749:2012EnST...46.2592T 6684:2012Ecotx..21..973B 6629:2011Ecotx..20..149C 6473:2003Ecotx..12..317T 6406:(7 February 2013). 6404:Geraldine A. Wright 6363:2013NatCo...4.1634P 6304:2012PLoSO...730023S 6221:2012Sci...336..348H 6133:2012Sci...336..351W 6071:2012PLoSO...729268K 5944:2014JApiR..53..607C 5884:2015NatSR...512574B 5679:2011PLoSO...620873K 5468:2010PLoSO...513181B 5374:2012NW.....99..153P 5361:Naturwissenschaften 5136:2009Natur.458T.949. 5130:(7241): 949. 2009. 5065:2009EnvMR...1..110H 4955:2006JInvP..92...93H 4831:2016NatSR...628228X 4802:on 18 January 2009. 4697:Scientific American 4489:2010Sci...327..152R 4231:2013COES....5..293V 3997:2016JApiR..55...29L 3908:The Daily Telegraph 3862:. 20 November 2008. 3653:2008PLoSO...3.4071V 3542:2009PNAS..10614790J 3465:2012EnvMR...4..123D 3415:2010JApiR..49....7V 3363:2010JInvP.103S..80V 3308:2009PLoSO...4.6481V 3239:. UF/IFAS Extension 3064:The Washington Post 2796:. 1920. p. 8. 2753:2010JApiR..49....1N 2392:2009CBio...19..915A 2324:8 July 2013 at the 2138:2009PLoSO...4.6481V 1935:American bumblebees 1922:Hated in the Nation 1291:European Commission 1273:Bush administration 1148:systemic pesticides 981:gene. In New York, 739:deformed wing virus 716:on a honey bee host 681:deformed wing virus 425:deformed wing virus 416:microarray analysis 9942:Population ecology 9781:American foulbrood 9277:Seeds of Diversity 9239:Honey bee diseases 9226:Pollinator decline 9070:. Queen of the Sun 8875:Acta Horticulturae 8826:Peponapis pruinosa 8770:on 15 August 2012. 8761:Cornell University 8731:10.1111/icad.12026 8575:on 7 November 2012 8080:Scientific Reports 7860:The New York Times 7834:on 3 December 2013 7438:on 12 January 2010 7271:on 23 January 2014 7013:. 26 November 2003 6426:10.1242/jeb.083931 6371:10.1038/ncomms2648 6032:The New York Times 5872:Scientific Reports 5622:(3): M110.006387. 5567:The New York Times 5515:The New York Times 5311:on 18 January 2018 5182:Ritter, Wolfgang. 4891:The New York Times 4819:Scientific Reports 2853:Anonymous (1919). 2824:"Strange Behavior" 2822:Anonymous (1918). 2600:BMC Research Notes 2571:on 29 October 2013 2501:The New York Times 2345:The New York Times 1968:Pollinator decline 1930:Cloak & Dagger 1852:A 2007 episode of 1716:Russian honey bees 1685:European Foulbrood 1660: 1547: 1459: 1368: 1315: 1219: 1195:in laboratory and 1190:Laboratory studies 1183: 1079: 1042:The New York Times 933: 915:, a parasite of a 866:European foulbrood 848:protein production 718: 685:(Varroa destructor 666:contagious disease 600:(USDA) released a 596:In July 2007, the 575:immunodeficiencies 465:pollinated almonds 450: 370:protein supplement 338:small hive beetles 300: 290:Signs and symptoms 143:immunodeficiencies 27: 9909: 9908: 9771:Small hive beetle 9760:Varroa destructor 9477:Western honey bee 9472:Russian honey bee 9467:Maltese honey bee 9457:European dark bee 9380:Laying worker bee 9321: 9320: 9313:Wildlife corridor 9160:978-1-59691-537-4 8233:on 12 August 2020 8100:10.1038/srep05726 7876:. 29 August 2013. 7777:. 6 February 2020 7676:(12): 1010–1021. 7473:on 3 October 2011 6915:(in German). 2001 6784:on 6 October 2014 6767:10.1021/es2035152 6586:10.1021/jf0479362 6573:J Agric Food Chem 6420:(10): 1799–1807. 5892:10.1038/srep12574 5542:on 9 October 2010 5235:Los Angeles Times 5159:Wolfgang Ritter. 5007:, 29 August 2007 4839:10.1038/srep28228 4748:Varroa destructor 4592:(6229): 1255957. 3237:sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu 2855:"Bees leave hive" 2710:on 24 March 2008. 2248:Independent.co.uk 1898:of the TV series 1779:, apples, pears, 1732:National Bee Unit 1503:only factor that 1348:Vespula germanica 1247:Regulatory policy 1197:field experiments 1135: 1134: 782:Varroa destructor 734:Varroa destructor 714:Varroa destructor 676:Varroa destructor 670:immunosuppressive 538:Varroa destructor 526:Varroa destructor 506:National Bee Unit 491:According to the 388:Malpighian tubule 276:Auburn University 77:western honey bee 9954: 9637:Honey extraction 9630:Alcoholic drinks 9348: 9341: 9334: 9325: 9324: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9171:(21 June 2016). 9164: 9152: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9122:. 17 August 2016 9116: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9095: 9089: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9018: 9012: 9011: 8983: 8974: 8973: 8955: 8927: 8918: 8917: 8901: 8888: 8887: 8869: 8863: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8786: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8763:. Archived from 8758: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8688: 8682: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8475: 8465: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8400: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8375: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8314: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8287: 8278: 8277: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8229:. Archived from 8216: 8207: 8206: 8201:. Archived from 8190: 8181: 8180: 8170: 8160: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8111: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8045: 8019: 8010: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7991:on 15 March 2009 7987:. Archived from 7974: 7968: 7967: 7961: 7959: 7954:on 18 March 2019 7950:. Archived from 7939: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7851: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7750: 7740: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7644: 7634: 7610: 7601: 7600: 7590: 7580: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7531: 7521: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7469:. Archived from 7454: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7338: 7332:. Archived from 7323: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7267:. Archived from 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7237:Associated Press 7228: 7222: 7221: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7063:. Archived from 7053: 7047: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6961: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6893:. 12 August 2000 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6842: 6832: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6783: 6777:. Archived from 6760: 6732: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6703: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6520: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6382: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6325: 6315: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6264: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6215:(6079): 348–50. 6206: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6144: 6127:(6079): 351–52. 6112: 6103: 6102: 6092: 6082: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6013: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5929: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5903: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5802:on 2 August 2009 5788: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5700: 5690: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5631: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5538:. Archived from 5525: 5519: 5518: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5489: 5479: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5420: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5393: 5357: 5348: 5342: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5297: 5291: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5030: 5021: 5012: 5010: 4997:Maria Mancilla, 4995: 4989: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4918:. 25 August 2009 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4850: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4758: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4694:. Science News. 4687: 4678: 4677: 4666: 4657: 4656: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4547: 4541: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4483:(5962): 152–53. 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4455: 4449:. Archived from 4448: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4423: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4332: 4326:. Archived from 4293: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4225:(3–4): 293–305. 4210: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4134: 4116: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4023: 4017: 4016: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3877: 3864: 3863: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3806: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3757:on 4 August 2019 3751:www.ers.usda.gov 3743: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3674: 3664: 3632: 3617: 3616: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3553: 3536:(35): 14790–95. 3521: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3448: 3437: 3436: 3426: 3394: 3383: 3382: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3329: 3319: 3286: 3267: 3266: 3265:on 29 July 2007. 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2984: 2975: 2962: 2961: 2960:. 23 April 2008. 2950: 2944: 2943: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2772: 2738: 2729: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2706:. Archived from 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2633: 2615: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2540: 2531: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2403: 2377: 2368: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2335: 2329: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2268:. Archived from 2267: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2251:. 10 March 2011. 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2159: 2149: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2100: 2093: 2084: 2063: 2062: 2052: 2042: 2018: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1993:. 29 August 2013 1983: 1963:Pesticide misuse 1256: 1255: 1130: 1127: 1121: 1109: 1108: 1101: 937:antifungal agent 799: 689:(Acarapis woodi) 656:immunodeficiency 344:Presence of the 270:A survey by the 9962: 9961: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9874: 9822: 9816: 9795: 9747: 9733:Honey extractor 9689:Langstroth hive 9656: 9598: 9437:Africanized bee 9425: 9389: 9358: 9352: 9322: 9317: 9286: 9250: 9220: 9215: 9185: 9161: 9140: 9138:Further reading 9135: 9125: 9123: 9118: 9117: 9113: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9092: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9071: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9051: 9049: 9047:Telegraph.co.uk 9039: 9035: 9020: 9019: 9015: 8984: 8977: 8928: 8921: 8902: 8891: 8878:(561): 225–30. 8870: 8866: 8861: 8857: 8822: 8818: 8809: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8792: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8767: 8756: 8750: 8746: 8715: 8711: 8701: 8699: 8697:Telegraph.co.uk 8689: 8685: 8679:Wayback Machine 8670: 8666: 8658: 8654: 8646: 8642: 8632: 8630: 8618: 8614: 8604: 8602: 8601:on 25 July 2011 8593: 8592: 8588: 8578: 8576: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8493: 8489: 8434: 8430: 8398: 8392: 8388: 8380: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8364: 8354: 8352: 8348:The Independent 8339: 8335: 8327: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8294: 8288: 8281: 8250: 8246: 8236: 8234: 8217: 8210: 8191: 8184: 8129: 8125: 8072: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8046: 8017: 8011: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7975: 7971: 7957: 7955: 7940: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7911: 7907: 7897: 7895: 7894:on 1 April 2012 7886: 7885: 7881: 7872: 7871: 7867: 7852: 7848: 7837: 7835: 7820: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7794: 7790: 7780: 7778: 7775:www.cbsnews.com 7769: 7768: 7764: 7709: 7705: 7662: 7658: 7625:(3): e2001861. 7611: 7604: 7549: 7545: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7455: 7451: 7441: 7439: 7428: 7424: 7413: 7409: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7274: 7272: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7229: 7225: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7172: 7169:The Independent 7160: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7127: 7123: 7094: 7090: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7044:Wayback Machine 7030: 7026: 7016: 7014: 7009: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6991:. December 2003 6987: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6860: 6856: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6781: 6758:10.1.1.454.6772 6730: 6724: 6717: 6664: 6660: 6613: 6609: 6580:(13): 5336–41. 6568: 6564: 6554: 6552: 6548:Harvard Gazette 6541: 6540: 6536: 6518: 6508: 6504: 6467:(1/4): 317–30. 6455: 6451: 6400: 6396: 6343: 6339: 6284: 6280: 6262: 6256: 6252: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6170: 6166: 6113: 6106: 6051: 6047: 6037: 6035: 6034:. 29 March 2013 6026: 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5980:. 27 April 2018 5972: 5971: 5967: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5864: 5857: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5753: 5749: 5718: 5714: 5659: 5655: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5526: 5522: 5507: 5503: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5421: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5226: 5222: 5207: 5203: 5192:MorayBeeKeepers 5180: 5176: 5157: 5153: 5145:10.1038/458949d 5118: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5044: 5040: 5028: 5022: 5015: 5008: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4978: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4883: 4879: 4868: 4864: 4811: 4807: 4792: 4788: 4756: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4724:livescience.com 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4688: 4681: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4558:Wayback Machine 4548: 4544: 4534:Wayback Machine 4524: 4520: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4456:on 18 July 2011 4453: 4446: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4428:. 20 June 2007. 4421: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4397: 4390: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4211: 4204: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4114: 4100: 4096: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4024: 4020: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3919: 3915: 3900: 3893: 3878: 3867: 3854: 3853: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3832:Washington Post 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3729: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3692: 3688: 3633: 3620: 3581: 3577: 3522: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3449: 3440: 3395: 3386: 3347: 3343: 3287: 3270: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3144:. 22 June 2023. 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3058:Reiley, Laura. 3056: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2965: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2942:. 22 June 2023. 2932: 2931: 2927: 2912: 2908: 2893: 2889: 2874: 2870: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2671: 2667: 2662:. 22 June 2023. 2652: 2651: 2647: 2591: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2476:. 24 April 2020 2468: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2386:(11): 915–918. 2380:Current Biology 2375: 2369: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2336: 2332: 2326:Wayback Machine 2317: 2313: 2300: 2298: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2177: 2173: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2066: 2019: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1948: 1939:season 1 finale 1888:More than Honey 1849: 1746: 1740: 1689:oxytetracycline 1652: 1635: 1614:cellular phones 1609:The Independent 1583:radio frequency 1571: 1552:glucose oxidase 1500: 1487: 1470: 1464: 1443: 1414: 1405: 1388: 1373: 1332: 1249: 1228: 1192: 1168: 1140: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1110: 1106: 1071: 1061: 1038:N. ceranae 1018: 1010:N. ceranae 995:N. ceranae 991:N. ceranae 983:N. ceranae 956:N. ceranae 949:N. ceranae 895:N. ceranae 891:N. ceranae 862: 840:Dicistroviridae 817: 811:mite survival. 797: 726: 662: 648: 602:CCD Action Plan 555: 553:Possible causes 547: 489: 442: 437: 403:RNA transcripts 379: 292: 182:causative agent 163: 147:loss of habitat 139:genetic factors 69:autumn collapse 17: 12: 11: 5: 9960: 9950: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9882: 9880: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9865:United Kingdom 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9826: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9755: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9738:Queen excluder 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9713:Wax foundation 9710: 9705: 9700: 9697:Stewarton hive 9670: 9664: 9662: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9606: 9604: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9596: 9594:Honey bee race 9591: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9542: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9483:Apis laboriosa 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9447:Cape honey bee 9444: 9439: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9351: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9328: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9291:Related topics 9288: 9287: 9285: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9258: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9248: 9241: 9236: 9230: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9214: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9191: 9184: 9183: 9169:Dunning, Brian 9165: 9159: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9111: 9090: 9081: 9059: 9033: 9013: 8975: 8953:10.1.1.693.292 8919: 8889: 8864: 8855: 8834:Cucurbita pepo 8830:Apis mellifera 8816: 8802: 8773: 8744: 8709: 8683: 8664: 8652: 8640: 8612: 8586: 8560: 8549:on 9 July 2011 8530: 8487: 8428: 8409:(9): 1363–68. 8386: 8362: 8333: 8317:Acta Systemica 8300: 8279: 8244: 8208: 8182: 8123: 8066: 8054: 8002: 7969: 7944:"HFCS and CCD" 7934: 7905: 7879: 7865: 7846: 7814: 7788: 7762: 7703: 7656: 7602: 7563:(11): e26796. 7543: 7484: 7461:Apis mellifera 7449: 7422: 7407: 7362: 7350: 7310: 7299:. 16 July 2013 7282: 7249: 7223: 7205: 7182: 7154: 7121: 7088: 7070: 7048: 7024: 7002: 6980: 6948: 6926: 6904: 6882: 6854: 6795: 6743:(5): 2592–99. 6715: 6658: 6607: 6562: 6551:. 5 April 2012 6534: 6502: 6449: 6394: 6337: 6278: 6250: 6192: 6164: 6104: 6045: 6019: 5991: 5965: 5938:(5): 607–614. 5915: 5855: 5813: 5780: 5747: 5712: 5653: 5602: 5579: 5553: 5520: 5501: 5462:(10): e13181. 5441: 5412: 5343: 5331:Nosema ceranae 5322: 5292: 5275: 5248: 5220: 5201: 5186:Nosema ceranae 5174: 5163:Nosema ceranae 5151: 5111: 5086: 5049:Nosema ceranae 5038: 5013: 4990: 4976: 4939:Nosema ceranae 4929: 4903: 4877: 4874:. ABC Science. 4862: 4805: 4786: 4752:Apis mellifera 4736: 4710: 4679: 4658: 4636: 4619: 4566: 4542: 4518: 4467: 4431: 4410: 4388: 4344: 4333:on 7 June 2014 4279: 4268:on 20 May 2014 4246: 4202: 4153: 4094: 4065:(10): 845–46. 4044: 4018: 3981:Apis mellifera 3970: 3948: 3934: 3913: 3891: 3865: 3844: 3818: 3793: 3768: 3738: 3714: 3686: 3618: 3591:(8): 1041–46. 3575: 3511: 3486: 3438: 3384: 3341: 3268: 3250: 3224: 3198: 3169: 3147: 3127: 3101: 3076: 3047: 3036:. 20 June 2014 3019: 2996: 2963: 2945: 2925: 2906: 2887: 2868: 2845: 2814: 2781: 2724: 2713: 2688: 2665: 2645: 2582: 2552: 2513: 2487: 2461: 2454: 2430: 2358: 2330: 2311: 2297:. 2 March 2023 2278: 2254: 2234: 2212: 2200: 2171: 2112: 2064: 2004: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1925: 1912: 1905: 1892: 1884: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1848: 1845: 1837:Apis mellifera 1739: 1736: 1697: 1696: 1681: 1674: 1671: 1651: 1648: 1634: 1631: 1596:cordless phone 1570: 1567: 1563:-coumaric acid 1499: 1496: 1486: 1483: 1463: 1460: 1447:climate change 1442: 1441:Climate change 1439: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1387: 1384: 1372: 1369: 1331: 1328: 1295:European Union 1248: 1245: 1227: 1224: 1191: 1188: 1167: 1164: 1144:neonicotinoids 1139: 1138:Neonicotinoids 1136: 1133: 1132: 1113: 1111: 1104: 1060: 1057: 1052:New York Times 1034:Nosema ceranae 1017: 1014: 993:, 3% had both 965:Nosema ceranae 909:microsporidian 906:hyperparasitic 887:Nosema ceranae 870:microsporidian 861: 856: 816: 813: 725: 719: 693:Aethina tumida 647: 644: 634:climate change 554: 551: 546: 543: 488: 485: 441: 438: 436: 433: 395:osmoregulation 378: 375: 374: 373: 366: 363: 353: 352: 349: 342: 341: 340: 326: 312: 291: 288: 261:2014 Farm Bill 162: 159: 149:, or changing 81:Apis mellifera 61:spring dwindle 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9959: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9877: 9871: 9870:United States 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9819: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9798: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9750: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9601: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9585: 9583: 9582: 9578: 9576: 9575: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9557: 9555: 9554: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9485: 9484: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9419: 9417: 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e29268. 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6729: 6722: 6720: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6678:(4): 973–92. 6677: 6673: 6672:Ecotoxicology 6669: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6623:(1): 149–57. 6622: 6618: 6617:Ecotoxicology 6611: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6566: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6517: 6515: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6460:Ecotoxicology 6453: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6298:(1): e30023. 6297: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6121:Sciencexpress 6118: 6111: 6109: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6065:(1): e29268. 6064: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5860: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5836:(3): 312–31. 5835: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5728:(1): 81–106. 5727: 5723: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5673:(6): e20873. 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5590: 5583: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5417: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5368:(2): 153–58. 5367: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5310: 5306: 5304: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5264:on 5 May 2007 5263: 5259: 5252: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5178: 5170: 5167:(in German). 5166: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5059:(2): 110–13. 5058: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5018: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4994: 4987: 4986: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4767:(4): 443–50. 4766: 4762: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4740: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4663: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4361:(4): 434–45. 4360: 4356: 4348: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4173:(4): 868–80. 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4125:(3): 353–63. 4124: 4120: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3958: 3952: 3944: 3938: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3803: 3797: 3778: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3734: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3647:(12): e4071. 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 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In 1827: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1556: 1553: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1495: 1493: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1409: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226:Field studies 1223: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1129: 1117: 1112: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1001:, and 1% had 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 966: 962: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 939:used against 938: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 907: 902: 898: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 876: 871: 867: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 833: 830: 826: 822: 812: 810: 806: 801: 796: 791: 787: 783: 779: 777: 773: 769: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751:immune system 748: 744: 740: 736: 735: 731: 723: 715: 711: 707: 703: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677: 671: 667: 661: 657: 653: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 626:agrochemicals 623: 618: 615: 612:or parasitic 611: 605: 603: 599: 594: 591: 587: 583: 580:In 2006, the 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 550: 542: 540: 539: 533: 531: 527: 521: 517: 513: 509: 507: 501: 498: 494: 484: 482: 477: 473: 469: 466: 461: 457: 455: 446: 440:United States 432: 430: 426: 421: 417: 413: 409: 408:ribosomal RNA 404: 399: 396: 392: 389: 385: 371: 367: 364: 362: 358: 357: 356: 350: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 324: 323: 321: 317: 313: 310: 306: 305: 304: 296: 287: 285: 282:In 2024, the 280: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 253: 250: 246: 240: 238: 236: 231: 227: 222: 221: 216: 212: 207: 203: 201: 197: 196:Isle of Wight 192: 189: 187: 183: 179: 178: 173: 168: 158: 156: 155:neonicotinoid 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 128: 123: 122: 117: 113: 108: 104: 101: 97: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 43: 39: 35: 31: 23: 19: 9922:Bee diseases 9896:Honey Museum 9823:by countries 9790: 9759: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9442:Buckfast bee 9243: 9233: 9176: 9148: 9124:. Retrieved 9114: 9102:. Retrieved 9093: 9084: 9072:. Retrieved 9062: 9050:. Retrieved 9046: 9036: 9025: 9016: 8991: 8987: 8935: 8931: 8913: 8873: 8867: 8858: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8805: 8793:. Retrieved 8788: 8776: 8765:the original 8747: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8700:. Retrieved 8696: 8686: 8667: 8655: 8643: 8631:. Retrieved 8625: 8615: 8603:. Retrieved 8599:the original 8589: 8577:. Retrieved 8573:the original 8563: 8551:. Retrieved 8547:the original 8533: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8448:(1): e1415. 8445: 8441: 8431: 8406: 8402: 8389: 8378:the original 8365: 8353:. Retrieved 8346: 8336: 8325:the original 8320: 8316: 8303: 8260:(1): 71–75. 8257: 8253: 8247: 8235:. Retrieved 8231:the original 8224: 8203:the original 8198: 8140: 8136: 8126: 8083: 8079: 8069: 8057: 8025: 8021: 7993:. Retrieved 7989:the original 7982: 7972: 7963: 7956:. Retrieved 7952:the original 7947: 7937: 7925:. Retrieved 7918: 7908: 7896:. Retrieved 7892:the original 7882: 7868: 7859: 7849: 7836:. 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