1097:
step-wise. Prolonged complete mental or physical rest (beyond 24β48 hours after the accident that lead to the concussion) may worsen outcomes, however, rushing back to full school work load before the person is ready, has also been associated with longer-lasting symptoms and an extended recovery time. Students with a suspected concussion are required to see a doctor for an initial medical assessment and for suggestions on recovery, however, medical clearance is not required for a student to return to school. Since students may appear 'normal', continuing education of relevant school personnel may be needed to ensure appropriate accommodations are made such as part-days and extended deadlines. Accommodations should be based on the monitoring of symptoms that are present during the return-to-school transition including headaches, dizziness, vision problems, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and abnormal behavior. Students must have completely resumed their school activities (without requiring concussion-related academic supports) before returning to full-contact or competitive sports.
1178:
the concussion began), gradually and safely returning to the workplace with accommodations and support in place, should be prioritized over staying home and resting for long periods of time, to promote physical recovery and reduce the risk of people becoming socially isolated. The person should work with their employer to design a step-wise "return-to-work" plan. For those with a high-risk job, medical clearance may be required before resuming an activity that could lead to another head injury. Students should have completed the full return-to-school progression with no academic accommodations related to the concussion required before starting to return to part-time work.
1247:, memory and attention problems, sleep problems, and irritability. Rest, a previously recommended recovery technique, has limited effectiveness. A recommended treatment in both children and adults with symptoms beyond 4 weeks involves an active rehabilitation program with reintroduction of non-contact aerobic activity. Progressive physical exercise has been shown to reduce long-term post-concussive symptoms. Symptoms usually go away on their own within months but may last for years. The question of whether the syndrome is due to structural damage or other factors such as psychological ones, or a combination of these, has long been the subject of debate.
748:
certain symptoms such as visual disturbances, but other sets of symptoms, especially those of a psychological nature, are more likely to be caused by reversible pathophysiological changes in cellular function that occur after concussion, such as alterations in neurons' biochemistry. These reversible changes could also explain why dysfunction is frequently temporary. A task force of head injury experts called the
Concussion In Sport Group met in 2001 and decided that "concussion may result in neuropathological changes but the acute clinical symptoms largely reflect a functional disturbance rather than structural injury."
1079:, for general cases this is not supported by current evidence. People may be released after assessment from their primary care medical clinic, hospital, or emergency room to the care of a trusted person with instructions to return if they display worsening symptoms or those that might indicate an emergent condition ("red flag symptoms") such as change in consciousness, convulsions, severe headache, extremity weakness, vomiting, new bleeding or deafness in either or both ears. Education about symptoms, their management, and their normal time course, may lead to an improved outcome.
776:, leading to local swelling. After this increase in glucose metabolism, there is a subsequent lower metabolic state which may persist for up to 4 weeks after injury. A completely separate pathway involves a large amount of calcium accumulating in cells, which may impair oxidative metabolism and begin further biochemical pathways that result in cell death. Again, both of these main pathways have been established from animal studies and the extent to which they apply to humans is still somewhat unclear.
1337:
1345:
how common the condition is. Estimates of the incidence of concussion may be artificially low, for example, due to under reporting. At least 25% of people with mTBI fail to get assessed by a medical professional. The WHO group reviewed studies on the epidemiology of mTBI and found a hospital treatment rate of 1β3 per 1000 people, but since not all concussions are treated in hospitals, they estimated that the rate per year in the general population is over 6 per 1000 people.
8206:
287:. Any of these symptoms may begin immediately, or appear days after the injury. Concussion should be suspected if a person indirectly or directly hits their head and experiences any of the symptoms of concussion. Symptoms of a concussion may be delayed by 1β2 days after the accident. It is not unusual for symptoms to last 2 weeks in adults and 4 weeks in children. Fewer than 10% of sports-related concussions among children are associated with loss of consciousness.
55:
1486:
390:
1053:
risk of repeat concussions. New "Head Impact
Telemetry System" technology is being placed in helmets to study injury mechanisms and may generate knowledge that will potentially help reduce the risk of concussions among American Football players. Mouth guards have been put forward as a preventative measure, and there is mixed evidence supporting its use in preventing concussions but rather has support in preventing dental trauma.
1430:
856:
514:
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in turn resulting in sustained depolarization, impaired nerve activity and potential nerve damage. Human studies have failed to identify changes in glutamate concentration immediately post-mTBI, though disruptions have been seen 3 days to 2 weeks post-injury. In an effort to restore ion balance, the sodium-potassium ion pumps increase activity, which results in excessive ATP (
1501:
physical damage, and this view continued to be widely held throughout the 18th century. The word "concussion" was used at the time to describe the state of unconsciousness and other functional problems that resulted from the impact, rather than a physiological condition. In 1839, Guillaume
Dupuytren described brain contusions, which involve many small hemorrhages, as
1061:
their injury. Self-reported concussion rates among U-20 and elite rugby union players in
Ireland are 45β48%, indicating that many concussions go unreported. Changes to the rules or enforcing existing rules in sports, such as those against "head-down tackling", or "spearing", which is associated with a high injury rate, may also prevent concussions.
874:, which is assumed to be injured in any athlete who is found to be unconscious after head or neck injury. Indications that screening for more serious injury is needed include 'red flag symptoms' or 'concussion danger signs': worsening headaches, persisting vomiting, increasing disorientation or a deteriorating level of consciousness, seizures, and
925:
to the head are also causes. A retrospective survey in 2005 suggested that more than 88% of concussions are unrecognized. Particularly, many younger athletes struggle with identifying their concussions, which often result in the non-disclosure of concussions and consequently under-representing the incidence of concussions in the context of sport.
570:
major component in concussion and its severity. As of 2007, studies with athletes have shown that the amount of force and the location of the impact are not necessarily correlated with the severity of the concussion or its symptoms, and have called into question the threshold for concussion previously thought to exist at around 70β75
468:, which requires some form of structural brain damage, not just a momentary disruption in normal brain functioning. Concussive convulsions are thought to result from temporary loss or inhibition of motor function and are not associated either with epilepsy or with more serious structural damage. They are not associated with any particular
1228:
susceptible to another one, particularly if the new injury occurs before symptoms from the previous concussion have completely gone away. It is also a negative process if smaller impacts cause the same symptom severity. Repeated concussions may increase a person's risk in later life for dementia, Parkinson's disease, and depression.
1699:'simple' or 'complex' classification. However, the 2008 meeting in Zurich abandoned the simple versus complex terminology, although the participants did agree to keep the concept that most (80β90%) concussions resolve in a short period (7β10 days) and although the recovery time frame may be longer in children and adolescents.
1088:
contact, falling, or bumping the head should be avoided until the person has clearance from a doctor or nurse practitioner. Low-risk activities can be started even while a person has symptoms. Resting completely for longer than 24β48 hours following concussion has been shown to be associated with longer recovery.
1199:, poor health before the injury or additional injuries sustained during it, and life stress. Longer periods of amnesia or loss of consciousness immediately after the injury may indicate longer recovery times from residual symptoms. Other strong factors include participation in a contact sport and body mass size.
393:
392:
397:
396:
391:
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estimates that 300,000 sports-related concussions occur yearly in the U.S., but that number includes only athletes who lost consciousness. Since loss of consciousness is thought to occur in less than 10% of concussions, the CDC estimate is likely lower than the real number. Sports in which concussion
1291:
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or "CTE", is an example of the cumulative damage that can occur as the result of multiple concussions or less severe blows to the head. The condition was previously referred to as "dementia pugilistica", or "punch drunk" syndrome, as it was first noted in boxers. The
924:
Concussion may be under-diagnosed because of the lack of the highly noticeable signs and symptoms while athletes may minimize their injuries to remain in the competition. Direct impact to the head is not required for a concussion diagnosis, as other bodily impacts with a subsequent force transmission
755:
and stretching forces disrupting the cell membrane of nerve cells through "mechanoporation". This results in potassium outflow from within the cell into the extracellular space with the subsequent release of excitatory neurotransmitters including glutamate which leads to enhanced potassium extrusion,
1535:
The terms mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), mild head injury (MHI), and concussion may be used interchangeably; although the term "concussion" is still used in sports literature as interchangeable with "MHI" or "mTBI", the general clinical medical literature uses "mTBI" instead,
1526:
Due to the lack of a consistent definition, the economic costs of mTBI are not known, but they are estimated to be very high. These high costs are due in part to the large percentage of hospital admissions for head injury that is due to mild head trauma, but indirect costs such as lost work time and
1500:
Until the 17th century, a concussion was usually described by its clinical features, but after the invention of the microscope, more physicians began exploring underlying physical and structural mechanisms. However, the prevailing view in the 17th century was that the injury did not result from
1445:, and discusses loss of speech, hearing, and sight that can result from "commotion of the brain". This idea of disruption of mental function by "shaking of the brain" remained the widely accepted understanding of concussion until the 19th century. In the 10th century, the Persian physician
1190:
A person's recovery may be influenced by a variety of factors that include age at the time of injury, intellectual abilities, family environment, social support system, occupational status, coping strategies, and financial circumstances. Factors such as a previous head injury or a coexisting medical
1087:
Physical and cognitive rest is recommended for the first 24β48 hours following a concussion after which injured persons should gradually start gentle low-risk physical and cognitive activities that do not make current symptoms worse or bring on new symptoms. Any activity for which there is a risk of
1069:
Adults and children with a suspected concussion require a medical assessment with a doctor or nurse practitioner to confirm the diagnosis of concussion and rule out more serious head injuries. After life-threatening head injuries, injuries to the cervical spine, and neurological conditions are ruled
1060:
Due to the incidence of concussion in sport, younger athletes often do not disclose concussions and their symptoms. Common reasons for non-disclosure include a lack of awareness of the concussion, the belief that the concussion was not serious enough, and not wanting to leave the game or team due to
1344:
Most cases of traumatic brain injury are concussions. A World Health
Organization (WHO) study estimated that between 70 and 90% of head injuries that receive treatment are mild. However, due to under reporting and to the widely varying definitions of concussion and mTBI, it is difficult to estimate
1096:
The resumption of low-risk school activities should begin as soon as the student feels ready and has completed an initial period of cognitive rest of no more than 24β48 hours following the acute injury. Long absences from school are not suggested, however; the return to school should be gradual and
412:
Concussion symptoms vary between people and include physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. Symptoms may appear immediately or be delayed by 1β2 days. Delayed onset of symptoms may still be serious and require a medical assessment. Up to one-third of people with concussion experience longer or
1461:
described concussion as brain "commotion", also recognizing a difference between concussion and other types of traumatic brain injury (though many of his contemporaries did not), and discussing the transience of post-concussion symptoms as a result of temporary loss of function from the injury. In
1177:
Determining the ideal time for a person to return to work will depend on personal factors and job-related factors including the intensity of the job and the risk of falling or hitting one's head at work during recovery. After the required initial recovery period of complete rest (24β48 hours after
1052:
Protective equipment such as helmets and other headgear and policy changes such as the banning of body checking in youth hockey leagues have been found to reduce the number and severity of concussions in athletes. Secondary prevention such as a Return to Play
Protocol for an athlete may reduce the
747:
The debate over whether concussion is a functional or structural phenomenon is ongoing. Structural damage has been found in the mildly traumatically injured brains of animals, but it is not clear whether these findings would apply to humans. Such changes in brain structure could be responsible for
743:
in subcortical white matter tracts. Axonal damage has been found in the brains of concussion patients who died from other causes, but inadequate blood flow to the brain due to other injuries may have contributed. Findings from a study of the brains of deceased NFL athletes who received concussions
398:
944:
No single definition of concussion, minor head injury, or mild traumatic brain injury is universally accepted. In 2001, the expert
Concussion in Sport Group of the first International Symposium on Concussion in Sport defined concussion as "a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain,
569:
Forces may cause linear, rotational, or angular movement of the brain or a combination of them. In rotational movement, the head turns around its center of gravity, and in angular movement, it turns on an axis, not through its center of gravity. The amount of rotational force is thought to be the
322:
supply. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical provider working in their scope of practice (such as a physician or nurse practitioner) is required to rule out life-threatening head injuries, injuries to the cervical spine, and neurological conditions and to use information obtained from the
1698:
At least 41 systems measure the severity, or grade, of a mild head injury, and there is little agreement about which is best. In an effort to simplify, the 2nd
International Conference on Concussion in Sport, meeting in Prague in 2004, decided that these systems should be abandoned in favor of a
1310:
Second-impact syndrome, in which the brain swells dangerously after a minor blow, may occur in very rare cases. The condition may develop in people who receive a second blow days or weeks after an initial concussion before its symptoms have gone away. No one is certain of the cause of this often
894:
such as the SCAT5/child SCAT5 may be suggested measure cognitive function. Such tests may be administered hours, days, or weeks after the injury, or at different times to demonstrate any trend. Some athletes are also being tested pre-season (pre-season baseline testing) to provide a baseline for
1255:
As of 1999, cumulative effects of concussions were poorly understood, especially the effects on children. The severity of concussions and their symptoms may worsen with successive injuries, even if a subsequent injury occurs months or years after an initial one. Symptoms may be more severe and
373:
Worldwide, concussions are estimated to affect more than 3.5 per 1,000 people a year. Concussions are classified as mild traumatic brain injuries and are the most common type of TBIs. Males and young adults are most commonly affected. Outcomes are generally good. Another concussion before the
1449:
was the first to write about concussion as distinct from other types of head injury. He may have been the first to use the term "cerebral concussion", and his definition of the condition, a transient loss of function with no physical damage, set the stage for the medical understanding of the
1056:
Educational interventions, such as handouts, videos, workshops, and lectures, can improve concussion knowledge of diverse groups, particularly youth athletes and coaches. Strong concussion knowledge may be associated with greater recognition of concussion symptoms, higher rates of concussion
496:
may be present immediately or may develop over several minutes. A person may repeat the same questions, be slow to respond to questions or directions, have a vacant stare, or have slurred or incoherent speech. Other concussion symptoms include changes in sleeping patterns and difficulty with
889:
Diagnosis of concussion requires an assessment performed by a physician or nurse practitioner to rule out severe injuries to the brain and cervical spine, mental health conditions, or other medical conditions. Diagnosis is based on physical and neurological examination findings, duration of
1227:
For unknown reasons, having had one concussion significantly increases a person's risk of having another. Having previously sustained a sports concussion has been found to be a strong factor increasing the likelihood of a concussion in the future. People who have had a concussion seem more
964:. Also, by definition, concussion has historically involved a loss of consciousness. However, the definition has evolved over time to include a change in consciousness, such as amnesia, although controversy continues about whether the definition should include only those injuries in which
903:
is present, there is suspected increased risk for bleeding, age greater than 60, or less than 16. Most concussions, without complication, cannot be detected with MRI or CT scans. However, changes have been reported on MRI and SPECT imaging in those with concussion and normal CT scans, and
1021:) are not necessarily precluded in mTBI or mild head injury, as they are in concussion. mTBI associated with abnormal neuroimaging may be considered "complicated mTBI". "Concussion" can be considered to imply a state in which brain function is temporarily impaired and "mTBI" to imply a
1186:
The majority of children and adults fully recover from a concussion, however some may experience a prolonged recovery. There is no single physical test, blood test (or fluid biomarkers), or imaging test that can be used to determine when a person has fully recovered from concussion.
1070:
out, exclusion of neck or head injury, observation should be continued for several hours. If repeated vomiting, worsening headache, dizziness, seizure activity, excessive drowsiness, double vision, slurred speech, unsteady walk, or weakness or numbness in arms or legs, or signs of
399:
1242:
In post-concussion syndrome, symptoms do not resolve for weeks, months, or years after a concussion, and may occasionally be permanent. About 10% to 20% of people have persisting concussion symptoms for more than a month. Symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, fatigue,
635:
events. As one example, in animal models, after an initial increase in glucose metabolism, there is a subsequent reduced metabolic state which may persist for up to four weeks after injury. Though these events are thought to interfere with neuronal and brain function, the
395:
1074:
develop, immediate assessment in an emergency department is needed. Observation to monitor for worsening condition is an important part of treatment. While it is common advice that someone who is concussed should not be allowed to fall asleep in case they go into a
3628:
Guskiewicz KM, Mihalik JP, Shankar V, Marshall SW, Crowell DH, Oliaro SM, et al. (December 2007). "Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: relationship between head impact biomechanics and acute clinical outcome after concussion".
1109:
Stage 1 (Immediately after injury): 24β48 hours (maximum) of relative physical and cognitive rest. This can include gentle daily activities such as walking in the house, gentle housework, and light school work that do not make symptoms worse. No sports
1327:
review article stated that there is debate whether the brain swelling is due to two separate hits or to just one hit, but in either case, catastrophic football head injuries are three times more likely in high school athletes than in college athletes.
1260:
can occur with the third and subsequent concussions. As of 2006, studies had conflicting findings on whether athletes have longer recovery times after repeat concussions and whether cumulative effects such as impairment in cognition and memory occur.
1357:
of mTBI is lower in older age groups (graph at right). Studies suggest males develop mTBI at about twice the rate of their female counterparts. However, female athletes may be at a higher risk of sustaining a concussion than their male counterparts.
1323:, and the brain stem can fail within five minutes. Except in boxing, all cases have occurred in athletes under age 20. Due to the very small number of documented cases, the diagnosis is controversial, and doubt exists about its validity. A 2010
1004:
Concussion falls under the classification of mild TBI, but it is not clear whether concussion is implied in mild brain injury or mild head injury. "mTBI" and "concussion" are often treated as synonyms in medical literature but other injuries such as
421:, which is defined as concussion symptoms lasting for 4 weeks or longer in children and adolescents, and symptoms lasting for more than 14 days in an adult. The severity of the initial symptoms is the strongest predictor of recovery time in adults.
1129:
At each step, the person should not have worsening or new symptoms for at least 24 hours before progressing to the next. If symptoms worsen or new symptoms begin, athletes should drop back to the previous level for at least another 24 hours.
1025:
state, but in practice, few researchers and clinicians distinguish between the terms. Descriptions of the condition, including the severity and the area of the brain affected, are now used more often than "concussion" in clinical neurology.
504:
including crankiness, loss of interest in favorite activities or items, tearfulness, and displays of emotion that are inappropriate to the situation. Common symptoms in concussed children include restlessness, lethargy, and irritability.
890:
unconsciousness (usually less than 30 minutes) and post-traumatic amnesia (usually less than 24 hours), and the
Glasgow Coma Scale (people with mTBI have scores of 13 to 15). A CT scan or MRI is not required to diagnose concussion.
5117:
Kerr ZY, Register-Mihalik JK, Marshall SW, Evenson KR, Mihalik JP, Guskiewicz KM (July 2014). "Disclosure and non-disclosure of concussion and concussion symptoms in athletes: review and application of the socio-ecological framework".
1048:
in cars, and protective equipment such as helmets for high-risk sports. Older people are encouraged to reduce fall risk by keeping floors free of clutter and wearing thin, flat shoes with hard soles that do not interfere with balance.
1395:
Concussions may also be common and occur in the workplace. According to the US Bureau of Labour
Statistics, the most common causes of mTBI-related hospitalizations and deaths from the workplace are falls, force of heavy objects, and
1416:
often carry the most risk. Despite these findings, there still remain important gaps in data compilation on workplace-related mTBIs, which has raised questions about increased concussion surveillance and preventive measures in
7348:
1165:
that have not been approved by a doctor as they can impede healing. Activation database-guided EEG biofeedback has been shown to return the memory abilities of the concussed individual to levels better than the control group.
6002:
Schneider DK, Grandhi RK, Bansal P, Kuntz GE, Webster KE, Logan K, et al. (October 2017). "Current state of concussion prevention strategies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective, controlled studies".
346:. Treatment includes physical and mental rest for 1β2 days, with a gradual step-wise return to activities, school, and work. Prolonged periods of rest may slow recovery and result in greater depression and anxiety.
1383:", i.e. give a mild traumatic brain injury to, the opponent). The injury is so common in the latter that several medical groups have called for a ban on the sport, including the American Academy of Neurology, the
928:
Diagnosis can be complex because concussion shares symptoms with other conditions. For example, persisting concussion symptoms such as cognitive problems may be misattributed to brain injury when, in fact, due to
4326:"Summary and agreement statement of the First International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Recommendations for the improvement of safety and health of athletes who may suffer concussive injuries"
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8281:
8266:
8251:
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In the past, the decision to allow athletes to return to participation was frequently based on the grade of concussion. However, current research and recommendations by professional organizations including the
898:
If the Glasgow coma scale is less than 15 at two hours or less than 14 at any time, a CT is recommended. In addition, a CT scan is more likely to be performed if observation after discharge is not assured or
5808:
Emery CA, Black AM, Kolstad A, Martinez G, Nettel-Aguirre A, Engebretsen L, et al. (June 2017). "What strategies can be used to effectively reduce the risk of concussion in sport? A systematic review".
920:
readings. A blood test known as the Brain Trauma Indicator was approved in the United States in 2018 and may be able to rule out the risk of intracranial bleeding and thus the need for a CT scan for adults.
1412:) have more elevated mTBI incidence rates ranging from 10 to 20 cases per 100,000 workers. In particular, as vehicular collisions are the leading cause of workplace mTBI-related injuries, workers from the
1619:
recommend against such use of these grading systems. Currently, injured athletes are prohibited from returning to play before they are symptom-free during both rest and exertion and until results of the
394:
744:
suggest that lasting damage is done by such injuries. This damage, the severity of which increases with the cumulative number of concussions sustained, can lead to a variety of other health issues.
7959:
Lumba-Brown A, Yeates KO, Sarmiento K, Breiding MJ, Haegerich TM, Gioia GA, et al. (November 2018). "Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: A Systematic Review".
3845:
Mouzon BC, Bachmeier C, Ferro A, Ojo JO, Crynen G, Acker CM, et al. (February 2014). "Chronic neuropathological and neurobehavioral changes in a repetitive mild traumatic brain injury model".
1280:
players with a history of three or more concussions than for those with no concussion history. An experience of three or more concussions is associated with a fivefold greater chance of developing
310:
and a prior history of concussion. The mechanism of injury involves either a direct blow to the head or forces elsewhere on the body that are transmitted to the head. This is believed to result in
1137:
athletes, are typically followed closely by team athletic trainers during this period but others may not have access to this level of health care and may be sent home with minimal monitoring.
968:
occurs. This debate resurfaces in some of the best-known concussion grading scales, in which those episodes involving loss of consciousness are graded as being more severe than those without.
8388:
2593:
2146:
Patricios JS, Schneider KJ, Dvorak J, Ahmed OH, Blauwet C, Cantu RC, Davis GA, Echemendia RJ, Makdissi M, McNamee M, Broglio S, Emery CA, Feddermann-Demont N, Fuller GW, Giza CC (2023).
595:
located in these areas and that this disruption produces the loss of consciousness often seen in concussion. Other areas of the brain that may be affected include the upper part of the
7156:
2698:
979:(ICD-10) provided a consistent, authoritative definition across specialties in 1992. Since then, various organizations such as the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the
945:
induced by traumatic biomechanical forces." It was agreed that concussion typically involves temporary impairment of neurological function that heals by itself within time, and that
2496:
Vuu S, Barr CJ, Killington M, Jill G, van den Berg ME (2022). "Physical exercise for people with mild traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials".
1191:
condition have been found to predict longer-lasting persisting concussion symptoms. Other factors that may lengthen recovery time after mTBI include psychological problems such as
1527:
early retirement account for the bulk of the costs. These direct and indirect costs cause the expense of mild brain trauma to rival that of moderate and severe head injuries.
895:
comparison in the event of an injury, though this may not reduce risk or affect return to play and baseline testing is not required or suggested for most children and adults.
4605:
2623:
1584:
capability shows a moving object in a predictive pattern for the person to follow with their eyes. People without brain injury will be able to track the moving object with
5199:
Mannix R, Levy R, Zemek R, Yeates KO, Arbogast K, Meehan WP, et al. (October 2020). "Fluid Biomarkers of Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review".
1474:. In the 16th-century, the term "concussion" came into use, and symptoms such as confusion, lethargy, and memory problems were described. The 16th century physician
542:, which protects it from light trauma. More severe impacts, or the forces associated with rapid acceleration, may not be absorbed by this cushion. Concussions, and other
8381:
1353:
Young children have the highest concussion rate among all age groups. However, most people with a concussion are young adults. A Canadian study found that the yearly
4866:
720:(which are not always applicable to humans), large numbers of neurons can die during this period in response to slight, normally innocuous changes in blood flow.
3276:
3196:
886:
may be suggested, but should be avoided unless there are progressive neurological symptoms, focal neurological findings, or concern of skull fracture on exam.
6481:
5242:
Satz P, Zaucha K, McCleary C, Light R, Asarnow R, Becker D (September 1997). "Mild head injury in children and adolescents: a review of studies (1970-1995)".
870:
such as an intracranial hemorrhage or other serious head or neck injuries. This includes the "ABCs" (airway, breathing, circulation) and stabilization of the
8374:
985:
957:
878:. Those with such symptoms, or those who are at higher risk of a more serious brain injury, require an emergency medical assessment. Brain imaging such as a
331:. Diagnostic imaging such as a CT scan or an MRI may be required to rule out severe head injuries. Routine imaging is not required to diagnose concussion.
6325:"What factors must be considered in 'return to school' following concussion and what strategies or accommodations should be followed? A systematic review"
5758:"Primary prevention of contact sports-related concussions in amateur athletes: a systematic review from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma"
3032:
Erlanger DM, Kutner KC, Barth JT, Barnes R (May 1999). "Neuropsychology of sports-related head injury: Dementia Pugilistica to Post Concussion Syndrome".
1851:"Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"
8697:
6714:
1207:
Most children recover completely from concussion in less than four weeks, however 15β30% of youth may experience symptoms that last longer than a month.
7723:"Non-surgical intervention and cost for mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"
6799:
Zemek RL, Farion KJ, Sampson M, McGahern C (March 2013). "Prognosticators of persistent symptoms following pediatric concussion: a systematic review".
6632:
Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH (2012). "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.).
4983:
5079:
Delaney JS, Abuzeyad F, Correa JA, Foxford R (August 2005). "Recognition and characteristics of concussions in the emergency department population".
1296:, speech and memory problems, slowed mental processing, tremor, depression, and inappropriate behavior. It shares features with Alzheimer's disease.
5493:
Petchprapai N, Winkelman C (October 2007). "Mild traumatic brain injury: determinants and subsequent quality of life. A review of the literature".
3396:"Concussion in professional football: summary of the research conducted by the National Football League's Committee on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"
7648:
2434:
327:
score 13 to 15, loss of consciousness for less than 30 minutes, and memory loss for less than 24 hours may be used to rule out moderate or severe
2042:
727:, meaning that the dysfunction occurs over a widespread area of the brain rather than in a particular spot. It is thought to be a milder type of
686:
At the same time, cerebral blood flow is relatively reduced for unknown reasons, though the reduction in blood flow is not as severe as it is in
374:
symptoms of a prior concussion have resolved is associated with worse outcomes. Repeated concussions may also increase the risk in later life of
3568:
2585:
1984:
1756:
1949:
8219:
2690:
7446:
McKeever CK, Schatz P (2003). "Current issues in the identification, assessment, and management of concussions in sports-related injuries".
4240:
3681:
3481:
King D, Brughelli M, Hume P, Gissane C (April 2014). "Assessment, management and knowledge of sport-related concussion: systematic review".
4587:
2233:
2010:
1105:
For persons participating in athletics, it is suggested that participants progress through a series of graded steps. These steps include:
4631:"Diagnostic procedures in mild traumatic brain injury: results of the WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"
3247:
7641:"Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology and Rehabilitation | Concussion | Traumatic Brain Injury | CDC Injury Center"
7587:
4045:
2727:
2072:
1616:
1606:
National and international clinical practice guidelines do not recommend a concussion grading system for use by medical professionals.
1537:
1371:
909:
6443:"Efficacy of traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: interventions of QEEG-guided biofeedback, computers, strategies, and medications"
6109:
3802:
Rousseau P, Post A, Hoshizaki TB (2009). "The effects of impact management materials in ice hockey helmets on head injury criteria".
1215:
Mild traumatic brain injury recovery time in people over age 65 may have increased complications due to elevated health concerns, or
6843:"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Among Children"
6513:
936:
There are no fluid biomarkers (i.e., blood or urine tests) that are validated for diagnosing concussion in children or adolescents.
7042:
6933:"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008"
5387:
4591:
4278:
McCrory PR, Berkovic SF (December 2001). "Concussion: the history of clinical and pathophysiological concepts and misconceptions".
7788:
2615:
6047:
2277:"Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016"
8209:
5282:
Comper P, Bisschop SM, Carnide N, Tricco A (October 2005). "A systematic review of treatments for mild traumatic brain injury".
2906:
Bowen AP (June 2003). "Second impact syndrome: a rare, catastrophic, preventable complication of concussion in young athletes".
8731:
1576:
Measurement of predictive visual tracking is being studied as a screening technique to identify mild traumatic brain injury. A
739:
in which rodents were concussed have revealed lifelong neuropathological consequences such as ongoing axonal degeneration and
8532:
8188:
Shurley, Jason P., and Janice S. Todd. "Boxing lessons: An historical review of chronic head trauma in boxing and football."
7771:
7581:
6641:
5740:
5591:
5424:
5381:
5021:
3241:
2656:
2148:"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in SportβAmsterdam, October 2022"
8128:"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Zurich, November 2012"
6419:
3937:
McAllister TW, Sparling MB, Flashman LA, Saykin AJ (December 2001). "Neuroimaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury".
6187:
2662:
418:
7789:"Report to congress on mild traumatic brain injury in the United States: Steps to prevent a serious public health problem"
7179:
6372:
Reymond MA, Marbet G, RadΓΌ EW, Gratzl O (1992). "Aspirin as a risk factor for hemorrhage in patients with head injuries".
5058:
2645:
Graham R, Rivara FP, Ford MA, Spicer CM, eds. (2014). "Consequences of Repetitive Head Impacts and Multiple Concussions".
7492:
Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM (2006). "The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview".
6184:"Guideline for Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Persistent Symptoms: 3rd Edition (for Adults 18+ years of age)"
6075:
4859:
3311:
488:. Loss of consciousness may occur, but is not necessarily correlated with the severity of the concussion if it is brief.
952:
However, although no structural brain damage occurs according to the classic definition, some researchers have included
4471:
4432:
Barkhoudarian G, Hovda DA, Giza CC (May 2016). "The Molecular Pathophysiology of Concussive Brain Injury - an Update".
3740:
2948:"Posttraumatic Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia: Pathophysiology and Implications in Grading and Safe Return to Play"
785:
Red flags are warning signs that may indicate a more serious problem and require immediate emergency medical attention
631:
In both animals and humans, mTBI can alter the brain's physiology for hours to years, setting into motion a variety of
8193:
760:) consumption and glucose utilization, quickly depleting glucose stores within the cells. Simultaneously, inefficient
6273:"Effectiveness of return to activity and return to school protocols for children postconcussion: a systematic review"
6135:"Effectiveness of return to activity and return to school protocols for children postconcussion: a systematic review"
4976:"Press Announcements β FDA authorizes marketing of first blood test to aid in the evaluation of concussion in adults"
3067:
McCrory PR, Berkovic SF (February 1998). "Concussive convulsions. Incidence in sport and treatment recommendations".
2351:"Living Concussion Guidelines: Guideline for Concussion & Prolonged Symptoms for Adults 18 years of Age or Older"
4740:
3203:
1441:
The Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of medical works from ancient Greece, mentions concussion, later translated to
8632:
7616:
7224:
3272:
1708:
1265:
980:
375:
119:
6442:
5650:
Savitsky EA, Votey SR (January 2000). "Current controversies in the management of minor pediatric head injuries".
5370:
Head Injury: Triage, Assessment, Investigation and Early Management of Head Injury in Infants, Children and Adults
8667:
2034:
1446:
1276:. For example, the risk of developing clinical depression has been found to be significantly greater for retired
667:
that serve to stimulate nerve cells, are released in excessive amounts. The resulting cellular excitation causes
4891:
Binder LM (August 1986). "Persisting symptoms after mild head injury: a review of the postconcussive syndrome".
1976:
1748:
1540:
report outlined it as an important strategy. In this article, "concussion" and "mTBI" are used interchangeably.
1466:
pointed out the relatively good prognosis of concussion as compared to more severe types of head trauma such as
1219:. This often results in longer hospitalization duration, poorer cognitive outcomes, and higher mortality rates.
7020:
2064:
1624:
have returned to pre-injury levels. Three grading systems have been most widely followed: by Robert Cantu, the
930:
724:
1941:
1636:
Comparison of historic concussion grading scales β not currently recommended for use by medical professionals
1315:
lose the ability to regulate their diameter, causing a loss of control over cerebral blood flow. As the brain
1057:
reporting behaviors, and reduced body checking-related penalties and injuries, thereby lowering risk of mTBI.
8366:
3112:"Concussive convulsions: emergency department assessment and management of a frequently misunderstood entity"
1629:
3804:
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology
6734:
4975:
2372:
1797:
Mahooti N (January 2018). "Sports-Related Concussion: Acute Management and Chronic Postconcussive Issues".
1585:
1157:
is preferred to minimize the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Concussed individuals are advised not to use
913:
563:
359:
7832:
8570:
8565:
8079:"Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004"
6841:
Lumba-Brown A, Yeates KO, Sarmiento K, Breiding MJ, Haegerich TM, Gioia GA, et al. (November 2018).
6182:
Marshall S, Bayley M, McCullagh S, Berrigan L, Fischer L, Ouchterlony D, Rockwell C, Velikonja D (2018).
592:
26:
7640:
3314:[An outline of the current concepts of mild brain injury with emphasis on the adult population]
8774:
8178:
Harrison, Emily A. "The first concussion crisis: head injury and evidence in early American football."
2426:
2204:"American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical report--sport-related concussion in children and adolescents"
1713:
1601:
456:, or a ringing in the ears, is also commonly reported. In one in about seventy concussions, concussive
3527:
Poirier MP (2003). "Concussions: Assessment, management, and recommendations for return to activity".
2373:"The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Diagnostic Criteria for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury"
8713:
8525:
5852:
Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Gammons M, Guskiewicz KM, Halstead M, Herring SA, et al. (January 2013).
3611:
1384:
1035:
972:
708:
For a period of minutes to days after a concussion, the brain is especially vulnerable to changes in
363:
8672:
6506:"Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | Concussion | Traumatic Brain Injury | CDC Injury Center"
5607:
van der Naalt J (December 2001). "Prediction of outcome in mild to moderate head injury: a review".
3590:
2719:
1400:. As a consequence, jobs in the construction, transportation, and natural resource industries (e.g.
8743:
8617:
8311:
6893:
Flanagan SR, Hibbard MR, Gordon WA (February 2005). "The impact of age on traumatic brain injury".
3194:
2371:
Silverberg ND, Iverson GL, Cogan A, Dams-O'Connor K, Delmonico R, Graf MJ, et al. (May 2023).
1625:
1354:
1237:
905:
414:
291:
149:
131:
4174:"Lifelong behavioral and neuropathological consequences of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury"
8726:
8692:
8649:
8590:
8557:
8499:
7043:"Diagnostic criteria for postconcussional syndrome after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury"
4768:
Moser RS, Iverson GL, Echemendia RJ, Lovell MR, Schatz P, Webbe FM, et al. (November 2007).
4232:
4214:
3673:
1723:
1621:
1471:
1006:
891:
465:
114:
6755:
Schulz MR, Marshall SW, Mueller FO, Yang J, Weaver NL, Kalsbeek WD, Bowling JM (November 2004).
5893:
Campbell KR, Marshall SW, Luck JF, Pinton GF, Stitzel JD, Boone JS, et al. (October 2020).
5536:
Lee LK (August 2007). "Controversies in the sequelae of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury".
4811:"Baseline neuropsychological testing in managing sport-related concussion: does it modify risk?"
2006:
48:
Mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), mild head injury (MHI), minor head trauma
8748:
8738:
8622:
8549:
3585:
2203:
2147:
1418:
1305:
1281:
1071:
994:
917:
900:
757:
736:
489:
461:
379:
328:
123:
8340:
8260:
7084:
Willer B, Leddy JJ (September 2006). "Management of concussion and post-concussion syndrome".
7070:
6757:"Incidence and risk factors for concussion in high school athletes, North Carolina, 1996-1999"
4324:
Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, Johnston K, Kelly J, et al. (February 2002).
3231:
3154:
Cantu RC, Aubry M, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, Johnston K, Kelly J, et al. (October 2006).
2546:"The International Incidence of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
354:
may be recommended to help with a headache. Prescribed aerobic exercise may improve recovery.
8682:
8677:
8639:
7721:
Borg J, Holm L, Peloso PM, Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, von Holst H, et al. (February 2004).
7571:
6534:
Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Terry DP, Ponsford JL, Sills AK, Broshek DK, Solomon GS (June 2017).
5412:
5009:
4076:
2550:
The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques
1849:
Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Peloso PM, Borg J, von Holst H, Holm L, et al. (February 2004).
1718:
990:
773:
728:
709:
272:
5164:
Bryant RA (January 2008). "Disentangling mild traumatic brain injury and stress reactions".
4770:"Neuropsychological evaluation in the diagnosis and management of sports-related concussion"
2544:
Nguyen R, Fiest KM, McChesney J, Kwon CS, Jette N, Frolkis AD, et al. (November 2016).
1509:
and that due to concussion, without such injury. In 1941, animal experiments showed that no
1311:
fatal complication, but it is commonly thought that the swelling occurs because the brain's
1169:
About one percent of people who receive treatment for mTBI need surgery for a brain injury.
8784:
8779:
8627:
8518:
8415:
8002:
7915:
7140:
4727:
4629:
Borg J, Holm L, Cassidy JD, Peloso PM, Carroll LJ, von Holst H, Ericson K (February 2004).
4172:
Mouzon BC, Bachmeier C, Ojo JO, Acker CM, Ferguson S, Paris D, et al. (January 2018).
1577:
1566:
1010:
765:
761:
698:
672:
616:
558:
can occur when the head is struck by an object or surface (a 'direct impact'), or when the
367:
299:
157:
19:
8290:
8077:
McCrory P, Johnston K, Meeuwisse W, Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, et al. (April 2005).
7762:
Kraus JF, Chu LD (2005). "Epidemiology". In Silver JM, McAllister TW, Yudofsky SC (eds.).
6102:
1125:
Stage 6: Return to full-contact sport or high-risk activities (requires medical clearance)
8:
8644:
8607:
8300:
8126:
McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Aubry M, Cantu RC, DvoΕΓ‘k J, Echemendia RJ, et al. (2013).
6931:
McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston K, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Molloy M, Cantu R (JulβAug 2009).
6505:
6080:
3576:
2275:
McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, DvoΕΓ‘k J, Aubry M, Bailes J, Broglio S, et al. (June 2017).
1661:
Loss of consciousness <5 minutes or amnesia lasting 30 minutesβ24 hours
1489:
1196:
1134:
656:
539:
501:
492:, in which events following the injury cannot be recalled, is a hallmark of concussions.
8183:
7919:
7795:
7424:
7144:
5368:
4046:"Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) and the team physician: a consensus statement"
2812:
2787:
2427:"CDC Pediatric mTBI Guideline | Concussion | Traumatic Brain Injury | CDC Injury Center"
949:
normally shows no gross structural changes to the brain as the result of the condition.
8659:
8602:
8479:
8152:
8127:
8103:
8078:
8054:
8029:
7984:
7936:
7903:
7879:
7854:
7853:
Toledo E, Lebel A, Becerra L, Minster A, Linnman C, Maleki N, et al. (July 2012).
7695:
7670:
7517:
7471:
7330:
7287:
7240:
7109:
7012:
6957:
6932:
6867:
6842:
6614:
6560:
6535:
6473:
6397:
6354:
6297:
6272:
6248:
6159:
6134:
6028:
5976:
5943:
5919:
5894:
5834:
5782:
5757:
5713:
5632:
5561:
5518:
5468:
5350:
5307:
5224:
5143:
4952:
4927:
4840:
4569:
4526:
4404:
4379:
4350:
4325:
4303:
4198:
4173:
4064:
4022:
4010:
3962:
3914:
3889:
3870:
3827:
3654:
3642:
3603:
3506:
3460:
3128:
3111:
3092:
2521:
2403:
1434:
1405:
1376:
1316:
998:
871:
752:
676:
433:
324:
295:
153:
94:
83:
7821:"Current concepts in concussion diagnosis and management in sports: A clinical review"
7548:
7152:
7128:
5854:"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport"
5663:
4687:
4670:
4147:
4111:
4094:
3540:
3448:
2964:
2947:
2648:
Sports-related concussions in youth : improving the science, changing the culture
1505:
and showed the difference between unconsciousness associated with damage to the brain
690:. Thus cells get less glucose than they normally do, which causes an "energy crisis".
472:
and have the same high rate of favorable outcomes as concussions without convulsions.
460:
occur, but seizures that take place during or immediately after a concussion are not "
432:
are the most common mTBI symptom. Others include dizziness, vomiting, nausea, lack of
8753:
8585:
8580:
8157:
8108:
8059:
7976:
7972:
7941:
7927:
7884:
7767:
7744:
7700:
7613:"Nonfatal cases involving days away from work: Selected characteristics. (2003β2010)"
7577:
7552:
7509:
7505:
7463:
7428:
7390:
7386:
7322:
7279:
7244:
7191:
7101:
7062:
7058:
7004:
6962:
6910:
6872:
6858:
6816:
6778:
6726:
6680:
6637:
6618:
6606:
6565:
6465:
6389:
6346:
6302:
6252:
6240:
6164:
6020:
5981:
5963:
5924:
5875:
5826:
5787:
5736:
5705:
5667:
5636:
5624:
5587:
5553:
5510:
5506:
5460:
5420:
5377:
5354:
5342:
5299:
5259:
5228:
5216:
5181:
5147:
5135:
5096:
5050:
5017:
4957:
4943:
4908:
4832:
4791:
4732:
4692:
4652:
4561:
4518:
4513:
4496:
4449:
4409:
4355:
4307:
4295:
4203:
4151:
4116:
4068:
4014:
3954:
3919:
3862:
3831:
3819:
3784:
3732:
3646:
3510:
3498:
3452:
3417:
3369:
3327:
3237:
3177:
3133:
3084:
3080:
3049:
3011:
2969:
2923:
2875:
2817:
2652:
2567:
2525:
2513:
2478:
2407:
2395:
2308:
2225:
2175:
2167:
2125:
2120:
2103:
1920:
1872:
1814:
1454:
1397:
1277:
1018:
1014:
867:
740:
713:
648:
522:
437:
303:
193:
181:
161:
127:
78:
8305:
7988:
7870:
7855:"The young brain and concussion: imaging as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis"
7521:
7475:
7411:
Gordon KE, Dooley JM, Wood EP (May 2006). "Descriptive epidemiology of concussion".
7334:
7291:
7113:
7041:
Boake C, McCauley SR, Levin HS, Pedroza C, Contant CF, Song JX, et al. (2005).
7016:
6812:
6583:
Kamins J, Bigler E, Covassin T, Henry L, Kemp S, Leddy JJ, et al. (June 2017).
6401:
5838:
5717:
5565:
5522:
5472:
5311:
4844:
4573:
4530:
4026:
3966:
3874:
3658:
3607:
3464:
3096:
8597:
8458:
8351:
8147:
8139:
8098:
8090:
8049:
8041:
7968:
7931:
7923:
7874:
7866:
7734:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7544:
7501:
7455:
7420:
7382:
7314:
7271:
7236:
7148:
7093:
7054:
6996:
6952:
6944:
6902:
6862:
6854:
6808:
6768:
6670:
6596:
6555:
6547:
6477:
6457:
6381:
6358:
6336:
6292:
6284:
6230:
6154:
6146:
6032:
6012:
5971:
5955:
5914:
5906:
5895:"Head Impact Telemetry System's Video-based Impact Detection and Location Accuracy"
5865:
5818:
5777:
5769:
5756:
Enniss TM, Basiouny K, Brewer B, Bugaev N, Cheng J, Danner OK, et al. (2018).
5697:
5659:
5616:
5545:
5502:
5452:
5334:
5291:
5251:
5208:
5173:
5127:
5092:
5088:
4947:
4939:
4900:
4822:
4781:
4722:
4682:
4642:
4553:
4508:
4441:
4399:
4391:
4345:
4337:
4287:
4239:. Boston University: Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy. 2009-01-27.
4193:
4185:
4143:
4106:
4060:
4006:
3946:
3909:
3901:
3854:
3811:
3774:
3722:
3638:
3595:
3536:
3490:
3444:
3407:
3361:
3167:
3123:
3076:
3041:
3003:
2959:
2915:
2865:
2807:
2799:
2557:
2505:
2468:
2387:
2298:
2288:
2215:
2159:
2115:
1912:
1862:
1806:
1570:
1320:
1273:
961:
751:
Using animal studies, the pathology of a concussion seems to start with mechanical
668:
660:
647:
Included in the cascade of events unleashed in the brain by concussion is impaired
493:
6585:"What is the physiological time to recovery after concussion? A systematic review"
6415:
3763:"Neuropsychology and clinical neuroscience of persistent post-concussive syndrome"
1475:
8316:
7786:
7000:
6601:
6584:
6551:
6341:
6324:
6016:
5910:
5870:
5853:
5822:
5701:
5549:
5456:
5131:
4827:
4810:
4600:
4596:
2870:
2853:
2293:
2276:
2163:
1493:
1463:
1269:
1257:
1192:
1145:
Medications may be prescribed to treat headaches, sleep problems and depression.
1119:
Stage 4: Non-contact training drills (exercise, coordination, and cognitive load)
1022:
965:
604:
600:
8354:
7275:
6636:. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 111.
5255:
3890:"Chronic neuropathologies of single and repetitive TBI: substrates of dementia?"
3197:"Practice Parameter: The Management of Concussion in Sports (Summary Statement)"
2854:"Mild traumatic brain injury: toward understanding manifestations and treatment"
2646:
977:
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
640:
processes that follow concussion are reversible in a large majority of affected
221:
Physical and cognitive rest for a day or two with a gradual return to activities
6948:
6659:"Definition, diagnosis, and forensic implications of postconcussional syndrome"
6288:
6183:
6150:
5620:
5038:
4395:
3950:
3045:
3007:
2994:
Rees PM (December 2003). "Contemporary issues in mild traumatic brain injury".
2391:
1467:
1158:
680:
588:
481:
445:
280:
268:
173:
8396:
8275:
8143:
7739:
7722:
7459:
7097:
6906:
6675:
6658:
6461:
6235:
6218:
5773:
5295:
4904:
4786:
4769:
4647:
4630:
4557:
4445:
3779:
3762:
3494:
3365:
3335:
2349:
Marshall S, Lithopoulos A, Curran D, Fischer L, Velikonja D, Bayley M (2023).
1867:
1850:
1810:
971:
Definitions of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) were inconsistent until the
18:
For concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) in children and adolescents, see
8768:
8428:
8094:
6730:
5967:
5959:
5346:
4467:
3905:
3823:
3677:
3599:
3412:
3395:
2171:
1592:
while it is hypothesized that those with mild traumatic brain injury cannot.
1367:
1216:
862:
is not a sign of concussion and can be a sign of a more serious brain injury.
694:
608:
383:
355:
103:
8223:
7199:
4586:
3710:
3195:
Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (1997).
3172:
3155:
1116:
Stage 3: Sport-specific activities such as running drills and skating drills
8721:
8541:
8161:
8112:
8063:
8045:
7980:
7945:
7888:
7748:
7704:
7513:
7467:
7432:
7394:
7326:
7305:
Jordan BD (2000). "Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing".
7248:
7195:
7105:
7066:
7008:
6966:
6914:
6876:
6820:
6782:
6684:
6610:
6569:
6469:
6350:
6306:
6244:
6168:
6024:
5985:
5928:
5879:
5830:
5791:
5709:
5671:
5628:
5557:
5514:
5464:
5413:"Postconcussional disorder: Background to DSM-IV and future considerations"
5303:
5220:
5185:
5139:
5100:
5054:
4961:
4836:
4795:
4736:
4696:
4656:
4565:
4522:
4453:
4413:
4359:
4299:
4291:
4207:
4155:
4120:
4072:
4018:
3958:
3923:
3866:
3815:
3788:
3736:
3650:
3502:
3456:
3421:
3373:
3331:
3181:
3137:
3053:
3015:
2973:
2927:
2821:
2571:
2517:
2482:
2473:
2456:
2399:
2312:
2229:
2220:
2179:
2129:
1924:
1876:
1818:
1581:
1336:
1293:
946:
717:
612:
584:
284:
107:
70:
62:
7556:
7283:
6393:
5338:
5263:
5212:
4912:
3088:
2879:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
768:
of glucose and increased lactate accumulation. There is a resultant local
8702:
8398:
8335:
7794:. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from
6773:
6756:
6108:. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. September 2007.
4710:
4544:
Kay A, Teasdale G (September 2001). "Head injury in the United Kingdom".
4497:"Mild traumatic brain injury in children: just another bump on the head?"
2562:
2545:
1916:
1562:
1510:
1401:
1387:, and the medical associations of the UK, the US, Australia, and Canada.
1154:
702:
655:, deregulation of energy use and cellular metabolism, and a reduction in
543:
535:
521:
can deliver more rotational force to the head than the typical impact in
441:
347:
343:
264:
231:
168:
8205:
7318:
5177:
4341:
3312:"[Contemporary view on mild brain injuries in adult population]"
3233:
Foundations of Athletic Training: Prevention, Assessment, and Management
2919:
2007:"Brain Injury Safety Tips and Prevention | Heads Up | CDC Injury Center"
960:
definition includes physiological or physical disruption in the brain's
440:, or other problems with movement or sensation. Visual symptoms include
8687:
8453:
7612:
6794:
6792:
6712:
6385:
2803:
2509:
2370:
2087:
1589:
1506:
875:
866:
Head trauma recipients are initially assessed to exclude a more severe
859:
799:
641:
637:
596:
457:
226:
54:
8243:
8228:
7349:"Second Impact Syndrome: the Dangerous Effect of Multiple Concussions"
6536:"Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review"
5016:. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 85β86.
3858:
3727:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2303:
1903:
Ropper AH, Gorson KC (January 2007). "Clinical practice. Concussion".
1686:
Confusion, symptoms last <15 minutes, no loss of consciousness
1664:
Loss of consciousness >5 minutes or amnesia >24 hours
1485:
358:
may be useful for persisting balance problems, headache, or whiplash;
8448:
8438:
8346:
8285:
5944:"Counseling Athletes on the Risk of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy"
4189:
1977:"How do health care providers diagnose traumatic brain injury (TBI)?"
1492:
distinguished between concussion and unconsciousness associated with
1413:
1312:
1150:
1146:
1113:
Stage 2: Light aerobic activity such as walking or stationary cycling
1082:
1041:
664:
632:
485:
339:
207:
185:
87:
6984:
6789:
1658:
Post-traumatic amnesia <30 minutes, no loss of consciousness
1482:, as well as "shaking of the brain", "commotion", and "concussion".
65:(g-forces) can exert rotational forces in the brain, especially the
8003:"Returning to Sports and Activities | HEADS UP | CDC Injury Center"
7606:
7604:
5419:. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 320.
5116:
5039:"Current Concepts in Concussion: Initial Evaluation and Management"
3997:
Iverson GL (May 2005). "Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury".
2742:
1692:
Loss of consciousness (IIIa, coma lasts seconds, IIIb for minutes)
1632:. Each employs three grades, as summarized in the following table:
1380:
1375:
is particularly common include American football, the rugby codes,
832:
819:
807:
769:
687:
623:/s are estimated to have 25, 50, or 80% risk of mTBI respectively.
587:. It is thought that the forces from the injury disrupt the normal
580:
453:
449:
429:
276:
99:
66:
7958:
7225:"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in the National Football League"
6840:
4711:"Sport concussion assessment tool for children ages 5 to 12 years"
1429:
579:
The parts of the brain most affected by rotational forces are the
2788:"Persisting symptoms after concussion: Time for a paradigm shift"
2350:
1244:
879:
795:
571:
469:
315:
307:
177:
7601:
4134:
Hardman JM, Manoukian A (May 2002). "Pathology of head trauma".
3936:
3627:
2348:
1292:
disease can lead to cognitive and physical disabilities such as
8270:
8255:
7820:
6713:
Masferrer R, Masferrer M, Prendergast V, Harrington TR (2000).
6181:
5733:
The AβZ of Neurological Practice: a Guide to Clinical Neurology
5688:
Parikh S, Koch M, Narayan RK (2007). "Traumatic brain injury".
5376:. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2007.
4495:
Cook RS, Schweer L, Shebesta KF, Hartjes K, Falcone RA (2006).
1409:
1285:
1045:
976:
953:
620:
566:) and force is transmitted to the head (an 'indirect impact').
518:
362:
may be useful for mood changes. Evidence to support the use of
351:
335:
311:
279:; difficulty with thinking, concentration, or balance; nausea;
235:
211:
8510:
8224:"Facts about Concussion and Brain Injury and Where to Get Help
6930:
6217:
Zimmerman SD, Vernau BT, Meehan WP, Master CL (January 2021).
5851:
497:
reasoning, concentrating, and performing everyday activities.
464:", and, unlike post-traumatic seizures, are not predictive of
8076:
7373:
McCrory P (July 2001). "Does second impact syndrome exist?".
6895:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
4434:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
4215:"Mild traumatic brain injury causes long-term damage in mice"
3352:
Heegaard W, Biros M (August 2007). "Traumatic brain injury".
3202:. American Academy of Neurology. pp. 1β7. Archived from
2765:
2145:
1544:
1040:
Prevention of mTBI involves general measures such as wearing
855:
559:
555:
551:
547:
319:
7262:
Mendez MF (1995). "The neuropsychiatric aspects of boxing".
6926:
6924:
5078:
5007:
4767:
4323:
3310:
SivΓ‘k S, Kurca E, Jancovic D, PetriscΓ‘k S, Kucera P (2005).
3153:
1609:
7610:
6533:
6216:
6133:
DeMatteo C, Bednar ED, Randall S, Falla K (February 2020).
6001:
5443:
Cobb S, Battin B (October 2004). "Second-impact syndrome".
5417:
The Evaluation and Treatment of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
5281:
5014:
The Evaluation and Treatment of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
3309:
2274:
1689:
Symptoms last >15 minutes, no loss of consciousness
1675:
Confusion, post-traumatic amnesia, no loss of consciousness
1162:
1122:
Stage 5: Full-contact practice (requires medical clearance)
1076:
732:
102:; trouble with thinking, memory, or concentration; nausea;
8125:
7787:
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (2003).
6798:
6270:
6132:
5892:
5755:
4494:
3435:
Shaw NA (July 2002). "The neurophysiology of concussion".
513:
210:, gridiron football, martial arts, motorcycle, or bicycle
8469:
7852:
7491:
7047:
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
7040:
6921:
6754:
6582:
6418:. Atlanta, GA: Center of Disease Control. March 8, 2010.
6052:
5807:
3031:
1799:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
883:
652:
5730:
3674:"Any football helmet hit can cause potential concussion"
3480:
3156:"Overview of concussion consensus statements since 2000"
2724:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
2543:
1848:
6416:"What Can I Do to Help Feel Better After a Concussion?"
6371:
5942:
Concannon LG, Kaufman MS, Herring SA (September 2014).
5941:
5241:
5010:"Mild head injury: The new frontier in sports medicine"
5008:
Barth JT, Varney NR, Ruchinskas RA, Francis JP (1999).
4171:
3844:
3767:
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
671:
excessively. This creates an imbalance of ions such as
7902:
Maruta J, Lee SW, Jacobs EF, Ghajar J (October 2010).
6219:"Sports-Related Concussions and the Pediatric Patient"
5735:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 199.
4431:
4377:
3566:
2644:
2457:"Sport-Related Concussion in Children and Adolescents"
701:
to produce energy, increasing levels of the byproduct
8030:"Sport-related concussion: Evaluation and management"
7901:
7720:
7569:
6892:
6048:"Should you let someone with concussion fall asleep?"
5198:
4628:
4592:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
4427:
4425:
4423:
3801:
2785:
2720:"Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Condition Information"
2495:
2454:
2065:"Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Condition Information"
1319:, intracranial pressure rapidly rises. The brain can
1284:
earlier and a threefold greater chance of developing
986:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
958:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
839:
Numbness, weakness in extremities, or slurred speech
679:
across the cell membranes of neurons (a process like
8233:
7635:
7633:
5609:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
5581:
5492:
4893:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
4860:"Statement on Concussion Baseline Testing in Canada"
4470:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2006.
4380:"Concussion Pathophysiology and Injury Biomechanics"
3939:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
2786:
Broshek DK, Pardini JE, Herring SA (December 2022).
735:
may be injured to a minor extent due to stretching.
517:
Rotational force is key in a concussion. Punches in
8698:
Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality
7535:Cantu RC (January 1998). "Second-impact syndrome".
7180:"Assessment and management of concussion in sports"
4373:
4371:
4369:
4233:"Dead Athletes Brains Show Damage From Concussions"
3887:
2455:Halstead ME, Walter KD, Moffatt K (December 2018).
2421:
2419:
2417:
916:. Mild head injury may or may not produce abnormal
693:Concurrently with these processes, the activity of
306:. Risk factors include physical violence, drinking
7668:
6631:
6271:DeMatteo C, Bednar ED, Randall S, Falla K (2020).
6212:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6204:
5997:
5995:
4420:
3236:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 236.
3229:
1210:
1083:Rest and return to physical and cognitive activity
844:Not usual self, aggressive, or agitated behaviour
826:Problem recognizing people or places or confusion
7630:
7576:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Pub. p. 77.
6888:
6886:
6322:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6076:"Is It Safe to Sleep After Getting a Concussion?"
5731:Larner AJ, Barker RJ, Scolding N, Rowe D (2005).
5687:
5277:
5275:
5273:
3270:
956:in which structural damage has occurred, and the
790:Red flag symptoms (emergent assessment required)
644:; however, a few cells may die after the injury.
8766:
7410:
6323:Purcell LK, Davis GA, Gioia GA (February 2019).
6318:
6316:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5003:
5001:
4671:"Sport concussion assessment tool - 5th edition"
4604:, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine,
4378:Romeu-Mejia R, Giza CC, Goldman JT (June 2019).
4366:
4133:
2996:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
2766:"Living Guideline for Pediatric Concussion Care"
2414:
2380:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
2344:
2342:
908:may be associated with abnormalities visible on
814:Difficulty waking up (or loss of consciousness)
334:Prevention of concussions includes the use of a
7264:International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine
6836:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6656:
6440:
6201:
5992:
5586:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. v.
4277:
4167:
4165:
3109:
3066:
2651:. National Academies Press. p. Chapter 5.
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
1340:Annual incidence of MTBI by age group in Canada
7766:. American Psychiatric Pub., Inc. p. 23.
7487:
7485:
7445:
6883:
6259:
6175:
5270:
4928:"Traumatic brain injury: An EEG point of view"
4490:
4488:
4178:Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3888:Smith DH, Johnson VE, Stewart W (April 2013).
3225:
3223:
2688:
2201:
697:may be reduced, which causes cells to rely on
413:persisting concussion symptoms, also known as
8526:
8382:
8220:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8119:
8021:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6576:
6527:
6313:
5683:
5681:
5649:
5606:
5479:
4998:
4925:
4624:
4622:
3351:
3027:
3025:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
323:medical evaluation to diagnose a concussion.
7846:
7662:
7406:
7404:
7218:
7216:
6827:
5886:
5325:Parkinson D (1999). "Concussion confusion".
5112:
5110:
4919:
4802:
4588:American Medical Society for Sports Medicine
4162:
3930:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3476:
3474:
3393:
3149:
3147:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2319:
1902:
1743:
1741:
1739:
989:have defined mTBI using some combination of
403:Video explanation of concussions in children
7716:
7714:
7669:Denny-Brown D, Russell WR (December 1940).
7570:Solomon GS, Johnston KM, Lovell MR (2006).
7482:
7439:
7366:
7083:
6103:"Information about NICE clinical guideline"
5948:Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach
5899:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
5600:
5324:
5159:
5157:
4543:
4537:
4485:
4384:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
4053:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
3973:
3354:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
3220:
3110:Perron AD, Brady WJ, Huff JS (March 2001).
3060:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2029:
2027:
1936:
1934:
1231:
8533:
8519:
8389:
8375:
7908:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
7818:
6982:
6978:
6976:
6691:
5678:
5652:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
5643:
5582:Benton AL, Levin HS, Eisenberg HM (1989).
5577:
5575:
5442:
5235:
5036:
4619:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4095:"The Neurometabolic Cascade of Concussion"
3838:
3621:
3567:Anderson T, Heitger M, Macleod AD (2006).
3526:
3522:
3520:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3345:
3022:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2578:
2270:
2057:
1964:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1825:
1372:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
725:diffuse (as opposed to focal) brain injury
550:acting on the head are transferred to the
475:
53:
8151:
8102:
8053:
7935:
7878:
7755:
7738:
7694:
7494:The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
7401:
7298:
7213:
7077:
6956:
6866:
6772:
6748:
6674:
6600:
6559:
6340:
6296:
6234:
6158:
5975:
5918:
5869:
5781:
5410:
5404:
5107:
4951:
4857:
4826:
4785:
4726:
4686:
4646:
4580:
4512:
4468:"Facts About Concussion and Brain Injury"
4403:
4349:
4197:
4127:
4110:
4092:
4086:
3913:
3881:
3778:
3726:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3589:
3547:
3471:
3411:
3171:
3144:
3127:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2963:
2869:
2828:
2811:
2763:
2677:
2561:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2472:
2302:
2292:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2219:
2202:Halstead ME, Walter KD (September 2010).
2119:
1866:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1736:
1610:Historical information on grading systems
1573:show tentative success in animal models.
1299:
7761:
7711:
7528:
6715:"Grading scale for cerebral concussions"
6634:Bradley's neurology in clinical practice
6450:Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
5724:
5154:
4884:
4808:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4460:
4319:
4317:
3754:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3266:
3264:
2186:
2024:
1931:
1484:
1453:In the 13th century, the physician
1428:
1335:
854:
512:
388:
8027:
7812:
7372:
7255:
7171:
6973:
6650:
6073:
6045:
5572:
5529:
5438:
5436:
5072:
4254:
4040:
4038:
4036:
3996:
3671:
3665:
3517:
3380:
3230:Anderson MK, Hall SJ, Martin M (2004).
3188:
2934:
2886:
2851:
1883:
1796:
1617:National Athletic Trainers' Association
1202:
8767:
7859:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
7780:
7304:
7261:
7177:
7086:Current Treatment Options in Neurology
7034:
6277:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
6139:BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
6095:
5163:
4890:
4728:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097492childscat5
3760:
3711:"Observations on concussion. A review"
3708:
3695:
3428:
3103:
2980:
2532:
2247:
1771:
1516:
562:rapidly changes position (i.e. from a
500:A concussion can result in changes in
480:Cognitive symptoms include confusion,
8514:
8397:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of head (
8370:
7534:
7222:
7126:
6657:Hall RC, Hall RC, Chapman MJ (2005).
6441:Thornton KE, Carmody DP (June 2008).
5803:
5801:
4986:from the original on 9 September 2018
4754:
4314:
4136:Neuroimaging Clinics of North America
3529:Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
3394:Pellman EJ, Viano DC (October 2006).
3290:
3261:
2945:
2905:
2695:The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook
2141:
2139:
1250:
407:
283:; dizziness; sleep disturbances, and
6983:Ryan LM, Warden DL (November 2003).
5762:Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open
5690:International Anesthesiology Clinics
5433:
5361:
4774:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
4093:Giza CC, Hovda DA (September 2001).
4033:
3434:
2993:
1222:
849:Neck pain or tenderness in the neck
419:persisting symptoms after concussion
314:dysfunction, as there are increased
7425:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.09.007
6422:from the original on April 28, 2021
5535:
5495:The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing
5415:. In Varney NR, Roberts RJ (eds.).
5166:The New England Journal of Medicine
5012:. In Varney NR, Roberts RJ (eds.).
4225:
1905:The New England Journal of Medicine
1672:Confusion, no loss of consciousness
1462:the 14th century, the surgeon
1091:
13:
8172:
8083:British Journal of Sports Medicine
7764:Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury
7727:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
7671:"Experimental cerebral concussion"
7375:Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
7241:10.1227/01.NEU.0000255514.73967.90
7159:from the original on March 8, 2021
6989:International Review of Psychiatry
6589:British Journal of Sports Medicine
6540:British Journal of Sports Medicine
6329:British Journal of Sports Medicine
6186:. Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation.
6005:British Journal of Sports Medicine
5858:British Journal of Sports Medicine
5811:British Journal of Sports Medicine
5798:
4872:from the original on July 17, 2020
4715:British Journal of Sports Medicine
4675:British Journal of Sports Medicine
4635:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
4330:British Journal of Sports Medicine
4065:10.1249/01.mss.0000186726.18341.70
4011:10.1097/01.yco.0000165601.29047.ae
3643:10.1227/01.neu.0000306103.68635.1a
3637:(6): 1244β52, discussion 1252β53.
3129:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01312.x
2730:from the original on 18 April 2021
2596:from the original on 23 March 2021
2590:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
2281:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2152:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2136:
2108:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2075:from the original on 18 April 2021
2045:from the original on 22 March 2021
2035:"What are the treatments for TBI?"
1855:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
1759:from the original on 18 March 2021
1595:
1100:
626:
14:
8796:
8199:
8180:American journal of public health
7904:"A unified science of concussion"
7611:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
7129:"Pure oxygen can help concussion"
6414:
5081:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
4688:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097506SCAT5
4608:from the original on 29 July 2014
3569:"Concussion and mild head injury"
1987:from the original on 8 March 2021
1952:from the original on 9 March 2021
1554:, "action of striking together".
1172:
939:
784:
180:, playing contact sports such as
8633:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
8204:
8070:
7995:
7973:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2847
7952:
7928:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05695.x
7895:
7573:The Heads-up on Sport Concussion
7563:
7506:10.1097/00001199-200609000-00001
7387:10.1097/00042752-200107000-00004
7341:
7120:
7059:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17.3.350
6859:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2853
6761:American Journal of Epidemiology
6625:
6498:
6434:
6408:
6365:
6126:
6067:
6039:
5507:10.1097/01376517-200710000-00002
5327:Critical Reviews in Neurosurgery
5037:Scorza KA, Cole W (April 2019).
4944:10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-010002
4514:10.1097/00043860-200604000-00007
4059:(11): 2012β2016. November 2005.
3326:(7): 445β50, discussion 451β54.
3081:10.2165/00007256-199825020-00005
2665:from the original on 15 May 2021
2121:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097508CRT5
2104:"Concussion recognition tool 5Β©"
1709:Concussions in American football
1266:chronic traumatic encephalopathy
1153:can be taken for headaches, but
981:American Psychiatric Association
772:in the brain and increased cell
376:chronic traumatic encephalopathy
206:Head protection equipment, like
188:, previous history of concussion
120:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
8668:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
8540:
7871:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.007
7835:from the original on 2016-09-25
7651:from the original on 2021-06-10
7619:from the original on 2021-07-10
7590:from the original on 2021-03-23
7023:from the original on 2019-12-10
6813:10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.216
6516:from the original on 2021-07-10
6487:from the original on 2021-03-07
6190:from the original on 2021-06-08
6115:from the original on 2013-02-22
6074:Bennett M (February 21, 2014).
5935:
5845:
5749:
5393:from the original on 2013-02-22
5318:
5192:
5061:from the original on 2021-04-29
5030:
4968:
4932:Dementia & Neuropsychologia
4851:
4815:Current Sports Medicine Reports
4743:from the original on 2021-02-25
4703:
4663:
4474:from the original on 2007-12-17
4243:from the original on 2017-01-07
3795:
3743:from the original on 2021-07-09
3684:from the original on 2008-05-17
3279:from the original on 2011-06-12
3250:from the original on 2021-08-28
2779:
2712:
2701:from the original on 2014-12-02
2689:Kenneth Maiese (January 2008).
2638:
2626:from the original on 7 May 2021
2608:
2489:
2448:
2437:from the original on 2021-04-17
2364:
2236:from the original on 2016-11-18
2013:from the original on 2021-11-01
1749:"What are common TBI symptoms?"
1331:
1264:Cumulative effects may include
1211:People aged 65+ with concussion
184:, playing martial arts such as
8034:Paediatrics & Child Health
7687:10.1113/jphysiol.1940.sp003887
5093:10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.01.020
3034:The Clinical Neuropsychologist
2620:Merck Manuals Consumer Version
1999:
1683:American Academy of Neurology
1543:The term "concussion" is from
1530:
1140:
931:post-traumatic stress disorder
906:persisting concussion symptoms
1:
7549:10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70059-4
7153:10.1016/S0262-4079(17)32192-9
5664:10.1016/S0735-6757(00)90060-3
5445:The Journal of School Nursing
4926:Ianof JN, Anghinah R (2017).
4148:10.1016/S1052-5149(02)00009-6
3999:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
3541:10.1016/S1522-8401(03)00061-2
3449:10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00018-7
2858:Archives of Internal Medicine
1729:
1630:American Academy of Neurology
1513:damage occurs in concussion.
1379:and boxing (a boxer aims to "
1029:
318:requirements, but not enough
8132:Journal of Athletic Training
7178:Harmon KG (September 1999).
7001:10.1080/09540260310001606692
6937:Journal of Athletic Training
6602:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097464
6552:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097729
6342:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097853
6017:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095645
5911:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002371
5871:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091941
5823:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097452
5702:10.1097/AIA.0b013e318078cfe7
5550:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31813444ea
5457:10.1177/10598405040200050401
5132:10.3109/02699052.2014.904049
4828:10.1249/JSR.0b013e318207831d
4099:Journal of Athletic Training
3672:Gever D (December 7, 2007).
2952:Journal of Athletic Training
2908:Journal of Emergency Nursing
2871:10.1001/archinte.158.15.1617
2294:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699
2164:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106898
1586:smooth pursuit eye movements
1390:
1181:
1064:
779:
718:studies performed on animals
508:
360:cognitive behavioral therapy
7:
8571:Intraventricular hemorrhage
8566:Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
7276:10.2190/CUMK-THT1-X98M-WB4C
6046:Hammond C (June 18, 2016).
5256:10.1037/0033-2909.122.2.107
4858:Parachute (November 2018).
3116:Academic Emergency Medicine
2946:Cantu RC (September 2001).
2616:"Sports-Related Concussion"
1702:
1557:
1155:paracetamol (acetaminophen)
593:reticular activating system
424:
257:mild traumatic brain injury
27:Concussion (disambiguation)
10:
8801:
8212:sports-related concussions
7537:Clinics in Sports Medicine
6985:"Post concussion syndrome"
6949:10.4085/1062-6050-44.4.434
6289:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000667
6223:Clinics in Sports Medicine
6151:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000667
5621:10.1076/jcen.23.6.837.1018
5544:(8): 580β83, quiz 584β86.
4721:(11): 862β869. June 2017.
4681:(11): 851β858. June 2017.
4396:10.1007/s12178-019-09536-8
3951:10.1076/jcen.23.6.775.1026
3761:Bigler ED (January 2008).
3271:Mayo Clinic Staff (2007).
3046:10.1076/clin.13.2.193.1963
3008:10.1016/j.apmr.2003.03.001
2392:10.1016/j.apmr.2023.03.036
1714:Concussions in rugby union
1678:Any loss of consciousness
1602:Concussion grading systems
1599:
1550:, "to shake violently" or
1447:Muhammad ibn ZakarΔ«ya RΔzi
1424:
1370:are concussions. The U.S.
1303:
1235:
1033:
484:, and difficulty focusing
24:
17:
8744:Injury of accessory nerve
8712:
8658:
8548:
8492:
8467:
8436:
8425:
8406:
8326:
8237:
8144:10.4085/1062-6050-48.4.05
8028:Purcell LK (March 2014).
7819:Brooks D, Hunt B (2006).
7740:10.1080/16501960410023840
7675:The Journal of Physiology
7460:10.1207/S15324826AN1001_2
7184:American Family Physician
7098:10.1007/s11940-006-0031-9
6907:10.1016/j.pmr.2004.06.012
6676:10.1176/appi.psy.46.3.195
6462:10.1007/s10484-008-9056-z
6236:10.1016/j.csm.2020.08.010
5774:10.1136/tsaco-2017-000153
5411:Ruff RM, Grant I (1999).
5296:10.1080/02699050400025042
5043:American Family Physician
4905:10.1080/01688638608401325
4787:10.1016/j.acn.2007.09.004
4648:10.1080/16501960410023822
4558:10.1007/s00268-001-0084-6
4501:Journal of Trauma Nursing
4446:10.1016/j.pmr.2016.01.003
3894:Nature Reviews. Neurology
3780:10.1017/S135561770808017X
3495:10.1007/s40279-013-0134-x
3366:10.1016/j.emc.2007.07.001
1868:10.1080/16501960410023732
1811:10.1016/j.chc.2017.08.005
1669:Colorado Medical Society
1663:
1660:
1657:
1450:condition for centuries.
1385:World Medical Association
1361:
1036:Prevention of concussions
973:World Health Organization
529:
364:hyperbaric oxygen therapy
267:that temporarily affects
245:6 per 1,000 people a year
241:
225:
217:
202:
192:
167:
145:
137:
113:
93:
77:
61:
52:
44:
39:
8618:Post-concussion syndrome
8095:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018614
7223:Cantu RC (August 2007).
7127:Klein A (Nov 11, 2017).
5960:10.1177/1941738114530958
5538:Pediatric Emergency Care
4546:World Journal of Surgery
3906:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.29
3600:10.1136/jnnp.2006.106583
3437:Progress in Neurobiology
3413:10.3171/foc.2006.21.4.13
2764:Zemek R, Reed N (2023).
2586:"Traumatic Brain Injury"
1626:Colorado Medical Society
1622:neuropsychological tests
1521:
1238:Post-concussion syndrome
1232:Post-concussion syndrome
1007:intracranial hemorrhages
892:Neuropsychological tests
651:, loss of regulation of
444:, seeing bright lights,
415:post concussion syndrome
329:traumatic brain injuries
292:motor vehicle collisions
150:Motor vehicle collisions
132:post-concussion syndrome
8727:Peripheral nerve injury
8693:Posterior cord syndrome
8650:Penetrating head injury
8591:Subarachnoid hemorrhage
8558:Intracranial hemorrhage
8500:Penetrating head injury
8182:104.5 (2014): 822-833.
7448:Applied Neuropsychology
4599:: an initiative of the
3173:10.3171/foc.2006.21.4.4
1724:Helmet removal (sports)
1472:penetrating head trauma
619:of 4600, 5900, or 7900
476:Cognitive and emotional
466:post-traumatic epilepsy
462:post-traumatic seizures
271:. Symptoms may include
8749:Brachial plexus injury
8739:Wallerian degeneration
8673:Brown-SΓ©quard syndrome
8623:Second-impact syndrome
8550:Traumatic brain injury
5244:Psychological Bulletin
5201:Journal of Neurotrauma
4292:10.1212/WNL.57.12.2283
3816:10.1243/17543371JSET36
3320:Casopis Lekaru Ceskych
2474:10.1542/peds.2018-3074
2221:10.1542/peds.2010-2005
2114:(11): 872. June 2017.
1497:
1438:
1366:Up to five percent of
1348:
1341:
1306:Second-impact syndrome
1300:Second-impact syndrome
1072:basilar skull fracture
995:post-traumatic amnesia
863:
758:adenosine triphosphate
546:, occur when external
526:
490:Post-traumatic amnesia
404:
290:Common causes include
106:; sleep disturbances;
8683:Central cord syndrome
8678:Cauda equina syndrome
8640:Diffuse axonal injury
8192:1.3 (2012): 170-184.
7307:Seminars in Neurology
5339:10.1007/s003290050153
5213:10.1089/neu.2019.6956
1719:Head injury criterion
1488:
1437:mentioned concussion.
1432:
1414:transportation sector
1339:
1270:psychiatric disorders
991:loss of consciousness
966:loss of consciousness
858:
774:membrane permeability
729:diffuse axonal injury
710:intracranial pressure
617:Angular accelerations
544:head-related injuries
516:
402:
273:loss of consciousness
8628:Dementia pugilistica
8210:Share your views on
8046:10.1093/pch/19.3.153
6374:Neurosurgical Review
4221:. December 14, 2017.
2563:10.1017/cjn.2016.290
1917:10.1056/NEJMcp064645
1578:head-mounted display
1398:vehicular collisions
1203:Pediatric concussion
1011:intra-axial hematoma
766:anaerobic metabolism
762:oxidative metabolism
723:Concussion involves
699:anaerobic metabolism
663:, chemicals such as
368:chiropractic therapy
25:For other uses, see
20:Pediatric concussion
8645:Abusive head trauma
8608:Cerebral laceration
8229:Concussion Alliance
7920:2010NYASA1208...58M
7733:(43 Suppl): 76β83.
7413:Pediatric Neurology
7319:10.1055/s-2000-9826
7145:2017NewSc.236...10K
5178:10.1056/NEJMe078235
4809:Randolph C (2011).
4641:(43 Suppl): 61β75.
4342:10.1136/bjsm.36.1.6
3847:Annals of Neurology
3577:Practical Neurology
3400:Neurosurgical Focus
3360:(3): 655β78, viii.
3160:Neurosurgical Focus
2920:10.1067/men.2003.90
2498:NeuroRehabilitation
1861:(43 Suppl): 28β60.
1637:
1517:Society and culture
1490:Guillaume Dupuytren
1282:Alzheimer's disease
1197:clinical depression
1133:Intercollegiate or
786:
657:cerebral blood flow
540:cerebrospinal fluid
380:Parkinson's disease
350:(acetaminophen) or
124:Parkinson's disease
8660:Spinal cord injury
8603:Cerebral contusion
8480:Perforated eardrum
8327:External resources
8190:Kinesiology Review
8009:. 12 February 2019
7825:BC Medical Journal
7190:(3): 887β92, 894.
6774:10.1093/aje/kwh304
6386:10.1007/BF02352062
4142:(2): 175β87, vii.
3715:European Neurology
3709:Pearce JM (2007).
2852:Kushner D (1998).
2804:10.1002/pmrj.12884
2510:10.3233/NRE-220044
1942:"What causes TBI?"
1635:
1498:
1439:
1435:Hippocratic Corpus
1342:
1251:Cumulative effects
1023:pathophysiological
999:Glasgow Coma Scale
876:unequal pupil size
864:
860:Unequal pupil size
712:, blood flow, and
591:activities in the
527:
434:motor coordination
408:Signs and symptoms
405:
325:Glasgow coma scale
255:, also known as a
174:Physical violences
84:Emergency medicine
8775:Athletic training
8762:
8761:
8754:Traumatic neuroma
8714:Peripheral nerves
8586:Epidural hematoma
8581:Subdural hematoma
8508:
8507:
8488:
8487:
8364:
8363:
7773:978-1-58562-105-7
7583:978-0-7360-6008-0
6643:978-1-4377-0434-1
6011:(20): 1473β1482.
5905:(10): 2198β2206.
5742:978-0-521-62960-7
5593:978-0-19-505301-2
5426:978-0-8058-2394-3
5383:978-0-9549760-5-7
5207:(19): 2029β2044.
5023:978-0-8058-2394-3
4590:(24 April 2014),
4286:(12): 2283β2289.
4212:*Lay summary in:
3859:10.1002/ana.24064
3728:10.1159/000111872
3243:978-0-7817-5001-1
3002:(12): 1885β1894.
2864:(15): 1617β1624.
2798:(12): 1509β1513.
2658:978-0-309-28800-2
2039:www.nichd.nih.gov
1981:www.nichd.nih.gov
1946:www.nichd.nih.gov
1696:
1695:
1455:Lanfranc of Milan
1278:American football
1223:Repeat concussion
1019:subdural hematoma
1015:epidural hematoma
853:
852:
741:neuroinflammation
661:neurotransmitters
649:neurotransmission
538:is surrounded by
523:American football
442:light sensitivity
400:
304:bicycle accidents
269:brain functioning
249:
248:
234:(acetaminophen),
198:Based on symptoms
194:Diagnostic method
182:American football
162:bicycle accidents
34:Medical condition
8792:
8598:Brain herniation
8535:
8528:
8521:
8512:
8511:
8459:Corneal abrasion
8434:
8433:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8368:
8367:
8235:
8234:
8214:with Wikiversity
8208:
8166:
8165:
8155:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8106:
8074:
8068:
8067:
8057:
8025:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8014:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7939:
7899:
7893:
7892:
7882:
7865:(6): 1510β1531.
7850:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7800:
7793:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7742:
7718:
7709:
7708:
7698:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7637:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7608:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7489:
7480:
7479:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7408:
7399:
7398:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7359:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7220:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7198:. Archived from
7175:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7069:. Archived from
7038:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7028:
6980:
6971:
6970:
6960:
6928:
6919:
6918:
6890:
6881:
6880:
6870:
6838:
6825:
6824:
6796:
6787:
6786:
6776:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6733:. Archived from
6710:
6689:
6688:
6678:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6604:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6563:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6486:
6447:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6344:
6320:
6311:
6310:
6300:
6268:
6257:
6256:
6238:
6214:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6162:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6043:
6037:
6036:
5999:
5990:
5989:
5979:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5922:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5873:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5805:
5796:
5795:
5785:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5685:
5676:
5675:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5584:Mild Head Injury
5579:
5570:
5569:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5490:
5477:
5476:
5440:
5431:
5430:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5392:
5375:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5279:
5268:
5267:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5161:
5152:
5151:
5126:(8): 1009β1021.
5114:
5105:
5104:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5005:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4955:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4864:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4830:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4789:
4765:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4730:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4690:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4626:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4552:(9): 1210β1220.
4541:
4535:
4534:
4516:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4429:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4375:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4275:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4211:
4201:
4190:10.1002/acn3.510
4169:
4160:
4159:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4075:. Archived from
4050:
4042:
4031:
4030:
3994:
3971:
3970:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3730:
3721:(3β4): 113β119.
3706:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3610:. Archived from
3593:
3573:
3564:
3545:
3544:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3334:. Archived from
3317:
3307:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3201:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3029:
3020:
3019:
2991:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2943:
2932:
2931:
2903:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2849:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2761:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2686:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2592:. October 2013.
2582:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2541:
2530:
2529:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2476:
2467:(6): e20183074.
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2423:
2412:
2411:
2386:(8): 1343β1355.
2377:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2346:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2296:
2272:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2223:
2199:
2184:
2183:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2100:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1973:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1900:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1846:
1823:
1822:
1794:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1745:
1641:Guidelines
1638:
1634:
1571:N-acetylcysteine
1503:contusio cerebri
1480:commotio cerebri
1443:commotio cerebri
1419:private industry
1274:long-term memory
1092:Return-to-school
787:
783:
401:
57:
37:
36:
8800:
8799:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8758:
8708:
8654:
8544:
8539:
8509:
8504:
8484:
8463:
8427:
8421:
8402:
8395:
8365:
8360:
8359:
8322:
8321:
8246:
8202:
8175:
8173:Further reading
8170:
8169:
8124:
8120:
8075:
8071:
8026:
8022:
8012:
8010:
8001:
8000:
7996:
7967:(11): e182847.
7961:JAMA Pediatrics
7957:
7953:
7900:
7896:
7851:
7847:
7838:
7836:
7817:
7813:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7791:
7785:
7781:
7774:
7760:
7756:
7719:
7712:
7667:
7663:
7654:
7652:
7639:
7638:
7631:
7622:
7620:
7609:
7602:
7593:
7591:
7584:
7568:
7564:
7533:
7529:
7490:
7483:
7444:
7440:
7409:
7402:
7371:
7367:
7357:
7355:
7347:
7346:
7342:
7303:
7299:
7260:
7256:
7221:
7214:
7205:
7203:
7176:
7172:
7162:
7160:
7125:
7121:
7082:
7078:
7039:
7035:
7026:
7024:
6981:
6974:
6929:
6922:
6891:
6884:
6853:(11): e182853.
6847:JAMA Pediatrics
6839:
6828:
6801:JAMA Pediatrics
6797:
6790:
6767:(10): 937β944.
6753:
6749:
6740:
6738:
6711:
6692:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6630:
6626:
6595:(12): 935β940.
6581:
6577:
6546:(12): 941β948.
6532:
6528:
6519:
6517:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6445:
6439:
6435:
6425:
6423:
6413:
6409:
6370:
6366:
6321:
6314:
6269:
6260:
6215:
6202:
6193:
6191:
6180:
6176:
6131:
6127:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6086:
6084:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6056:
6044:
6040:
6000:
5993:
5940:
5936:
5891:
5887:
5850:
5846:
5817:(12): 978β984.
5806:
5799:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5729:
5725:
5686:
5679:
5648:
5644:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5580:
5573:
5534:
5530:
5491:
5480:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5409:
5405:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5323:
5319:
5290:(11): 863β880.
5280:
5271:
5240:
5236:
5197:
5193:
5162:
5155:
5115:
5108:
5077:
5073:
5064:
5062:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5006:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4924:
4920:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4856:
4852:
4807:
4803:
4766:
4755:
4746:
4744:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4627:
4620:
4611:
4609:
4601:ABIM Foundation
4597:Choosing Wisely
4585:
4581:
4542:
4538:
4493:
4486:
4477:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4430:
4421:
4376:
4367:
4322:
4315:
4276:
4255:
4246:
4244:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4213:
4170:
4163:
4132:
4128:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4034:
3995:
3974:
3935:
3931:
3886:
3882:
3843:
3839:
3800:
3796:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3744:
3707:
3696:
3687:
3685:
3670:
3666:
3626:
3622:
3614:
3591:10.1.1.536.9655
3571:
3565:
3548:
3525:
3518:
3483:Sports Medicine
3479:
3472:
3433:
3429:
3392:
3381:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3315:
3308:
3291:
3282:
3280:
3275:. Mayo Clinic.
3269:
3262:
3253:
3251:
3244:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3152:
3145:
3108:
3104:
3069:Sports Medicine
3065:
3061:
3030:
3023:
2992:
2981:
2944:
2935:
2904:
2887:
2850:
2829:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2687:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2542:
2533:
2494:
2490:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2320:
2287:(11): 838β847.
2273:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2200:
2187:
2158:(11): 695β711.
2144:
2137:
2102:
2101:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2009:. 6 July 2021.
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1901:
1884:
1847:
1826:
1795:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1737:
1732:
1705:
1650:Grade III
1612:
1604:
1598:
1596:Grading systems
1560:
1533:
1524:
1519:
1494:brain contusion
1468:skull fractures
1464:Guy de Chauliac
1427:
1393:
1368:sports injuries
1364:
1351:
1334:
1308:
1302:
1258:neurophysiology
1253:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1213:
1205:
1193:substance abuse
1184:
1175:
1143:
1103:
1101:Return-to-sport
1094:
1085:
1067:
1038:
1032:
942:
782:
716:. According to
669:neurons to fire
629:
627:Pathophysiology
605:corpus callosum
532:
511:
478:
427:
410:
389:
300:sports injuries
275:; memory loss;
158:sports injuries
35:
30:
23:
12:
11:
5:
8798:
8788:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8760:
8759:
8757:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8732:classification
8729:
8718:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8705:(Quadriplegia)
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8664:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8575:
8574:
8573:
8568:
8560:
8554:
8552:
8546:
8545:
8538:
8537:
8530:
8523:
8515:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8496:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8482:
8476:
8474:
8465:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8445:
8443:
8431:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8419:
8410:
8408:
8404:
8403:
8394:
8393:
8386:
8379:
8371:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8343:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8324:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8308:
8293:
8278:
8263:
8247:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:Classification
8232:
8231:
8226:
8201:
8200:External links
8198:
8197:
8196:
8186:
8174:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8138:(4): 554β575.
8118:
8089:(4): 196β204.
8069:
8040:(3): 153β165.
8020:
7994:
7951:
7894:
7845:
7811:
7779:
7772:
7754:
7710:
7661:
7647:. 2019-01-31.
7629:
7600:
7582:
7562:
7527:
7500:(5): 375β378.
7481:
7438:
7419:(5): 376β378.
7400:
7381:(3): 144β149.
7365:
7340:
7313:(2): 179β185.
7297:
7270:(3): 249β262.
7254:
7235:(2): 223β225.
7212:
7170:
7119:
7092:(5): 415β426.
7076:
7073:on 2006-10-06.
7053:(3): 350β356.
7033:
6995:(4): 310β316.
6972:
6943:(4): 434β448.
6920:
6901:(1): 163β177.
6882:
6826:
6807:(3): 259β265.
6788:
6747:
6690:
6669:(3): 195β202.
6663:Psychosomatics
6649:
6642:
6624:
6575:
6526:
6512:. 2019-03-11.
6497:
6456:(2): 101β124.
6433:
6407:
6364:
6312:
6283:(1): e000667.
6258:
6229:(1): 147β158.
6200:
6174:
6145:(1): e000667.
6125:
6094:
6066:
6038:
5991:
5954:(5): 396β401.
5934:
5885:
5844:
5797:
5768:(1): e000153.
5748:
5741:
5723:
5696:(3): 119β135.
5677:
5642:
5615:(6): 837β851.
5599:
5592:
5571:
5528:
5501:(5): 260β272.
5478:
5451:(5): 262β267.
5432:
5425:
5403:
5382:
5360:
5317:
5269:
5250:(2): 107β131.
5234:
5191:
5172:(5): 525β527.
5153:
5106:
5087:(2): 189β197.
5071:
5049:(7): 426β434.
5029:
5022:
4997:
4967:
4918:
4899:(4): 323β346.
4883:
4850:
4801:
4780:(8): 909β916.
4753:
4702:
4662:
4618:
4579:
4536:
4484:
4459:
4440:(2): 373β393.
4419:
4390:(2): 105β116.
4365:
4313:
4253:
4224:
4161:
4126:
4105:(3): 228β235.
4085:
4082:on 2008-02-28.
4032:
4005:(3): 301β317.
3972:
3945:(6): 775β791.
3929:
3900:(4): 211β221.
3880:
3853:(2): 241β254.
3837:
3794:
3753:
3694:
3664:
3620:
3617:on 2007-07-01.
3546:
3516:
3489:(4): 449β471.
3470:
3443:(4): 281β344.
3427:
3379:
3344:
3341:on 2008-02-27.
3289:
3260:
3242:
3219:
3187:
3143:
3122:(3): 296β298.
3102:
3075:(2): 131β136.
3059:
3040:(2): 193β209.
3021:
2979:
2958:(3): 244β248.
2933:
2914:(3): 287β289.
2885:
2827:
2778:
2741:
2711:
2676:
2657:
2637:
2607:
2577:
2556:(6): 774β785.
2531:
2504:(2): 185β200.
2488:
2447:
2433:. 2020-07-28.
2413:
2363:
2318:
2246:
2214:(3): 597β615.
2185:
2135:
2086:
2056:
2023:
1998:
1963:
1930:
1911:(2): 166β172.
1882:
1824:
1770:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1611:
1608:
1600:Main article:
1597:
1594:
1559:
1556:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1478:used the term
1459:Chiurgia Magna
1426:
1423:
1392:
1389:
1363:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1333:
1330:
1304:Main article:
1301:
1298:
1252:
1249:
1236:Main article:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1173:Return to work
1171:
1142:
1139:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1066:
1063:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
941:
940:Classification
938:
872:cervical spine
851:
850:
846:
845:
841:
840:
836:
835:
828:
827:
823:
822:
816:
815:
811:
810:
803:
802:
792:
791:
781:
778:
737:Animal studies
681:excitotoxicity
628:
625:
531:
528:
510:
507:
482:disorientation
477:
474:
446:blurred vision
426:
423:
409:
406:
281:blurred vision
247:
246:
243:
239:
238:
229:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
204:
200:
199:
196:
190:
189:
171:
165:
164:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
117:
111:
110:
97:
91:
90:
81:
75:
74:
59:
58:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8797:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8711:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8657:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8615:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8536:
8531:
8529:
8524:
8522:
8517:
8516:
8513:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8491:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8466:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8429:facial trauma
8426:Extracranial/
8424:
8418:
8417:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8400:
8392:
8387:
8385:
8380:
8378:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8356:
8353:
8349:
8348:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8337:
8333:
8332:
8329:
8325:
8318:
8314:
8313:
8309:
8307:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8292:
8288:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8248:
8245:
8240:
8236:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8207:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8176:
8163:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8122:
8114:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8073:
8065:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8008:
8004:
7998:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7955:
7947:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7849:
7834:
7831:(9): 453β59.
7830:
7826:
7822:
7815:
7801:on 2008-02-28
7797:
7790:
7783:
7775:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7717:
7715:
7706:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7665:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7634:
7618:
7614:
7607:
7605:
7589:
7585:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7566:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7531:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7488:
7486:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7442:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7407:
7405:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7354:
7353:Revere Health
7350:
7344:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7301:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7219:
7217:
7202:on 2021-03-04
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7174:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7133:New Scientist
7130:
7123:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7080:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7037:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6979:
6977:
6968:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6925:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6889:
6887:
6878:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6795:
6793:
6784:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6751:
6737:on 2021-03-07
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6719:BNI Quarterly
6716:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6686:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6653:
6645:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6571:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6501:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6368:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6317:
6308:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6189:
6185:
6178:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6111:
6104:
6098:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6070:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6042:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
5998:
5996:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5930:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5889:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5804:
5802:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5744:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5682:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5658:(1): 96β101.
5657:
5653:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5576:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5437:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5333:(6): 335β39.
5332:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5113:
5111:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
5002:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4623:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4489:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4318:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4220:
4219:Science Daily
4216:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4166:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3810:(4): 159β65.
3809:
3805:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3683:
3679:
3678:MedPage Today
3675:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3584:(6): 342β57.
3583:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3542:
3538:
3535:(3): 179β85.
3534:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:(in Slovak).
3321:
3313:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3224:
3209:on 2008-02-28
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:(1): 93β108.
1804:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:Grade II
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1536:since a 2003
1528:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:Ambroise ParΓ©
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1356:
1346:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1248:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1217:comorbidities
1208:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
937:
934:
932:
926:
922:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
896:
893:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
861:
857:
848:
847:
843:
842:
838:
837:
834:
830:
829:
825:
824:
821:
820:Seeing double
818:
817:
813:
812:
809:
805:
804:
801:
797:
794:
793:
789:
788:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
749:
745:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:. Excitatory
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
634:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:temporal lobe
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
574:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
524:
520:
515:
506:
503:
498:
495:
491:
487:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:double vision
447:
443:
439:
436:, difficulty
435:
431:
422:
420:
416:
387:
385:
381:
377:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:Physiotherapy
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
244:
240:
237:
233:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:Up to 4 weeks
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
116:
115:Complications
112:
109:
105:
104:blurry vision
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
32:
28:
21:
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8722:Nerve injury
8612:
8577:Extra-axial
8562:Intra-axial
8468:
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8407:Intracranial
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7914:(1): 58β66.
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7828:
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7796:the original
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7592:. Retrieved
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7200:the original
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7161:. Retrieved
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6426:September 9,
6424:. Retrieved
6410:
6380:(1): 21β25.
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6177:
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5369:
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5283:
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5120:Brain Injury
5119:
5084:
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5063:. Retrieved
5046:
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4853:
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4504:
4500:
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4462:
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4236:
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4218:
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4181:
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4077:the original
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3745:. Retrieved
3718:
3714:
3686:. Retrieved
3667:
3634:
3631:Neurosurgery
3630:
3623:
3612:the original
3581:
3575:
3532:
3528:
3486:
3482:
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3436:
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3403:
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3353:
3347:
3336:the original
3323:
3319:
3281:. Retrieved
3273:"Concussion"
3252:. Retrieved
3232:
3211:. Retrieved
3204:the original
3190:
3163:
3159:
3119:
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3033:
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2769:. Retrieved
2732:. Retrieved
2723:
2714:
2703:. Retrieved
2694:
2691:"Concussion"
2667:. Retrieved
2647:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2619:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2589:
2580:
2553:
2549:
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2460:
2450:
2439:. Retrieved
2430:
2383:
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2354:. Retrieved
2284:
2280:
2238:. Retrieved
2211:
2207:
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2151:
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2107:
2077:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2038:
2015:. Retrieved
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1980:
1954:. Retrieved
1945:
1908:
1904:
1858:
1854:
1802:
1798:
1761:. Retrieved
1752:
1697:
1644:Grade I
1613:
1605:
1588:and correct
1582:eye-tracking
1575:
1561:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1525:
1502:
1499:
1479:
1458:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1394:
1365:
1352:
1343:
1332:Epidemiology
1324:
1309:
1294:parkinsonism
1290:
1272:and loss of
1263:
1254:
1241:
1226:
1214:
1206:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1168:
1144:
1135:professional
1132:
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1104:
1095:
1086:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1039:
1003:
984:
970:
951:
947:neuroimaging
943:
935:
927:
923:
901:intoxication
897:
888:
865:
750:
746:
722:
707:
695:mitochondria
692:
685:
646:
633:pathological
630:
613:frontal lobe
585:diencephalon
578:
572:
568:
533:
499:
479:
428:
411:
372:
370:is lacking.
333:
289:
285:mood changes
260:
256:
252:
250:
169:Risk factors
108:mood changes
71:diencephalon
63:Acceleration
31:
15:
8785:Neurotrauma
8780:Concussions
8703:Tetraplegia
8542:Neurotrauma
8493:Either/both
8416:neurotrauma
8399:head injury
8336:MedlinePlus
8013:14 November
8007:www.cdc.gov
7645:www.cdc.gov
7454:(1): 4β11.
7358:10 November
6510:www.cdc.gov
4990:24 February
4980:www.fda.gov
4336:(1): 6β10.
3773:(1): 1β22.
2771:February 9,
2669:18 December
2630:18 December
2600:18 December
2431:www.cdc.gov
2356:February 2,
2079:18 December
2049:18 December
1991:18 December
1956:18 December
1763:18 December
1563:Minocycline
1531:Terminology
1511:macroscopic
1402:agriculture
1256:changes in
1141:Medications
1110:activities.
800:convulsions
642:brain cells
458:convulsions
348:Paracetamol
344:motorbiking
265:head injury
232:Paracetamol
176:, drinking
45:Other names
8769:Categories
8688:Paraplegia
8613:Concussion
8454:Eye injury
8401:) and neck
7839:2010-09-27
7805:2008-01-19
7681:(1): 153.
7655:2020-12-07
7623:2020-12-07
7594:2018-03-06
7206:2008-01-09
7027:2019-07-13
6741:2012-04-30
6520:2020-12-07
6491:2012-07-03
6335:(4): 250.
6194:2020-08-05
6119:2008-01-26
5397:2008-01-26
5065:2020-12-07
4938:(1): 3β5.
4876:August 12,
4747:2020-08-12
4478:2008-01-13
4247:2009-01-28
3747:2018-07-13
3688:2008-02-27
3406:(4): E12.
3283:2008-01-10
3254:2018-03-06
3213:2008-03-05
2705:2012-07-03
2461:Pediatrics
2441:2020-08-05
2304:2263/61384
2240:2012-07-18
2208:Pediatrics
2017:2021-11-01
1730:References
1628:, and the
1590:trajectory
1580:unit with
1507:parenchyma
1325:Pediatrics
1313:arterioles
1288:deficits.
1147:Analgesics
1042:seat belts
1030:Prevention
997:, and the
806:Worsening
731:, because
611:, and the
597:brain stem
564:body check
384:depression
253:concussion
227:Medication
203:Prevention
128:depression
40:Concussion
8449:Black eye
8355:sports/27
8347:eMedicine
6731:0894-5799
6619:206883066
6253:226947984
5968:1941-7381
5637:146179592
5355:195203684
5347:1433-0377
5229:215809672
5148:207448513
4308:219209099
4280:Neurology
3832:137153670
3824:1754-3371
3586:CiteSeerX
3511:207493127
3166:(4): E3.
2526:248569748
2408:258821806
2172:0306-3674
1552:concussus
1548:concutere
1391:Workplace
1381:knock out
1355:incidence
1182:Prognosis
1161:or other
1151:ibuprofen
1065:Treatment
914:PET scans
868:emergency
831:Repeated
780:Diagnosis
764:leads to
673:potassium
665:glutamate
638:metabolic
509:Mechanism
494:Confusion
486:attention
438:balancing
430:Headaches
340:bicycling
277:headaches
242:Frequency
218:Treatment
208:hard hats
186:muay thai
88:neurology
79:Specialty
8352:aaem/123
8162:23855364
8113:15793085
8064:24665227
7989:52175227
7981:30193325
7946:20955326
7889:22476089
7833:Archived
7749:15083872
7705:16995229
7649:Archived
7617:Archived
7588:Archived
7522:37525440
7514:16983222
7476:33825332
7468:12734070
7433:16647998
7395:11495318
7335:41087553
7327:10946737
7292:20238578
7249:17762733
7196:10498114
7157:Archived
7114:15289680
7106:16901381
7067:16179657
7021:Archived
7017:32790756
7009:15276952
6967:19593427
6915:15561549
6877:30193284
6821:23303474
6783:15522850
6685:15883140
6611:28455363
6570:28566342
6514:Archived
6482:Archived
6470:18551365
6420:Archived
6402:19344720
6351:29500251
6307:32153982
6245:33187605
6188:Archived
6169:32153982
6110:Archived
6087:June 29,
6081:Discover
6059:June 29,
6025:27251896
5986:25177414
5929:32936594
5880:23243113
5839:36589540
5831:28254746
5792:30023433
5718:46012183
5710:17622833
5672:10674544
5629:11910548
5566:33766395
5558:17726422
5523:24802904
5515:17966292
5473:38321305
5465:15469376
5388:Archived
5312:34912966
5304:16296570
5221:32303159
5186:18234757
5140:24738743
5101:16029831
5059:Archived
5055:30932451
4984:Archived
4962:29213487
4867:Archived
4845:42295204
4837:21228656
4796:17988831
4741:Archived
4737:28446448
4697:28446451
4657:15083871
4606:archived
4574:24959890
4566:11571960
4531:43369337
4523:16884134
4472:Archived
4454:27154851
4414:30820754
4360:11867482
4300:11756611
4241:Archived
4208:29376093
4156:12391630
4121:12937489
4073:16286874
4027:23068406
4019:16639155
3967:20266756
3959:11910544
3924:23458973
3875:20622669
3867:24243523
3789:18078527
3741:Archived
3737:18057896
3682:Archived
3659:32598614
3651:18162904
3608:73308864
3503:24403125
3465:46514293
3457:12207973
3422:17112190
3374:17826211
3332:16161536
3277:Archived
3248:Archived
3182:17112193
3138:11229957
3097:22738069
3054:10949160
3016:14669199
2974:12937491
2928:12776088
2822:36152344
2813:10087676
2792:PM&R
2728:Archived
2699:Archived
2663:Archived
2624:Archived
2594:Archived
2572:27670907
2518:35527580
2483:30420472
2435:Archived
2400:37211140
2313:28446457
2234:Archived
2230:20805152
2180:37316210
2130:28446447
2073:Archived
2043:Archived
2011:Archived
1985:Archived
1950:Archived
1925:17215534
1877:15083870
1819:29157505
1757:Archived
1703:See also
1558:Research
1321:herniate
1149:such as
1044:, using
962:synapses
954:injuries
933:(PTSD).
833:vomiting
808:headache
770:acidosis
753:shearing
688:ischemia
589:cellular
581:midbrain
470:sequelae
454:Tinnitus
425:Physical
263:), is a
138:Duration
100:Headache
95:Symptoms
67:midbrain
8317:D001924
8153:3715021
8104:1725173
8055:3959977
7937:3021720
7916:Bibcode
7880:3372677
7696:1394062
7557:9475969
7284:8567192
7141:Bibcode
6958:2707064
6868:7006878
6561:5466929
6478:7262160
6394:1584433
6359:3694730
6298:7047486
6160:7047486
6033:7183530
5977:4137675
5920:7503201
5783:6018851
5264:9283296
4953:5619208
4913:3091631
4612:29 July
4405:6542913
4351:1724447
4199:5771321
3915:4513655
3089:9519401
2880:9701095
1567:lithium
1425:History
1406:fishing
1245:anxiety
1159:alcohol
1046:airbags
983:in its
880:CT scan
796:Seizure
703:lactate
677:calcium
554:. Such
316:glucose
308:alcohol
212:helmets
178:alcohol
8341:000799
8291:S06.0X
8261:NA07.0
8194:online
8184:online
8160:
8150:
8111:
8101:
8062:
8052:
7987:
7979:
7944:
7934:
7887:
7877:
7770:
7747:
7703:
7693:
7580:
7555:
7520:
7512:
7474:
7466:
7431:
7393:
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7325:
7290:
7282:
7247:
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7112:
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7015:
7007:
6965:
6955:
6913:
6875:
6865:
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6781:
6729:
6683:
6640:
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6468:
6400:
6392:
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6349:
6305:
6295:
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6031:
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5966:
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5837:
5829:
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5670:
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5463:
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5345:
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5262:
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5219:
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5053:
5020:
4960:
4950:
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4843:
4835:
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4735:
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4655:
4572:
4564:
4529:
4521:
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4412:
4402:
4358:
4348:
4306:
4298:
4206:
4196:
4154:
4119:
4112:155411
4109:
4071:
4025:
4017:
3965:
3957:
3922:
3912:
3873:
3865:
3830:
3822:
3787:
3735:
3657:
3649:
3606:
3588:
3509:
3501:
3463:
3455:
3420:
3372:
3330:
3240:
3180:
3136:
3095:
3087:
3052:
3014:
2972:
2965:155413
2962:
2926:
2878:
2820:
2810:
2734:1 June
2655:
2570:
2524:
2516:
2481:
2406:
2398:
2311:
2228:
2178:
2170:
2128:
1923:
1875:
1817:
1655:Cantu
1569:, and
1410:mining
1362:Sports
1317:swells
1286:memory
1017:, and
1009:(e.g.
714:anoxia
607:, the
603:, the
601:fornix
599:, the
556:forces
548:forces
530:Forces
519:boxing
448:, and
352:NSAIDs
336:helmet
312:neuron
302:, and
236:NSAIDs
146:Causes
8286:10-CM
8276:S06.0
7985:S2CID
7799:(PDF)
7792:(PDF)
7518:S2CID
7472:S2CID
7331:S2CID
7288:S2CID
7110:S2CID
7013:S2CID
6725:(1).
6615:S2CID
6485:(PDF)
6474:S2CID
6446:(PDF)
6398:S2CID
6355:S2CID
6249:S2CID
6113:(PDF)
6106:(PDF)
6029:S2CID
5835:S2CID
5714:S2CID
5633:S2CID
5562:S2CID
5519:S2CID
5469:S2CID
5391:(PDF)
5374:(PDF)
5351:S2CID
5308:S2CID
5225:S2CID
5144:S2CID
4870:(PDF)
4863:(PDF)
4841:S2CID
4570:S2CID
4527:S2CID
4304:S2CID
4080:(PDF)
4049:(PDF)
4023:S2CID
3963:S2CID
3871:S2CID
3828:S2CID
3655:S2CID
3615:(PDF)
3604:S2CID
3572:(PDF)
3507:S2CID
3461:S2CID
3339:(PDF)
3316:(PDF)
3207:(PDF)
3200:(PDF)
3093:S2CID
2522:S2CID
2404:S2CID
2376:(PDF)
2069:NICHD
1753:NICHD
1545:Latin
1522:Costs
1163:drugs
910:SPECT
733:axons
560:torso
552:brain
536:brain
338:when
320:blood
296:falls
154:falls
8414:see
8312:MeSH
8301:9-CM
8158:PMID
8109:PMID
8060:PMID
8015:2022
7977:PMID
7942:PMID
7912:1208
7885:PMID
7768:ISBN
7745:PMID
7701:PMID
7578:ISBN
7553:PMID
7510:PMID
7464:PMID
7429:PMID
7391:PMID
7360:2022
7323:PMID
7280:PMID
7245:PMID
7192:PMID
7165:2017
7102:PMID
7063:PMID
7005:PMID
6963:PMID
6911:PMID
6873:PMID
6817:PMID
6779:PMID
6727:ISSN
6681:PMID
6638:ISBN
6607:PMID
6566:PMID
6466:PMID
6428:2017
6390:PMID
6347:PMID
6303:PMID
6241:PMID
6165:PMID
6089:2024
6061:2024
6021:PMID
5982:PMID
5964:ISSN
5925:PMID
5876:PMID
5827:PMID
5788:PMID
5737:ISBN
5706:PMID
5668:PMID
5625:PMID
5588:ISBN
5554:PMID
5511:PMID
5461:PMID
5421:ISBN
5378:ISBN
5343:ISSN
5300:PMID
5260:PMID
5217:PMID
5182:PMID
5136:PMID
5097:PMID
5051:PMID
5018:ISBN
4992:2018
4958:PMID
4909:PMID
4878:2020
4833:PMID
4792:PMID
4733:PMID
4693:PMID
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