573:(PESCO) in defense at the end of 2017, the EU's activity on military matters has increased. The policy was designed to be inclusive and allows states to opt in or out of specific forms of military cooperation. That has allowed most of the neutral states to participate, but opinions still vary. Some members of the Irish Parliament considered Ireland's joining PESCO as an abandonment of neutrality. It was passed with the government arguing that its opt-in nature allowed Ireland to "join elements of PESCO that were beneficial such as counter-terrorism, cybersecurity and peacekeeping... what we are not going to be doing is buying aircraft carriers and fighter jets". Malta, as of December 2017, is the only neutral state not to participate in PESCO. The Maltese government argued that it was going to wait and see how PESCO develops to see whether it would compromise Maltese neutrality.
1666:
1490:
312:
559:
485:
1080:
1594:
1634:
863:
1393:
1278:
1214:
949:
755:
798:
1442:
1249:
1353:
1317:
1145:
924:
1105:
895:
429:, which is still in effect. In the field of political science, this is the first historical example of armed neutrality, however, scholars like Carl Kulsrud argue that the concept of armed neutrality was introduced even earlier. Within 90 years before the First League of Armed Neutrality was established, neutral powers had joined forces no less than three times. As early as 1613,
295:. The form of recognition varies, often by bilateral treaty (Finland), multilateral treaty (Austria) or a UN declaration (Turkmenistan). These treaties can in some ways be forced on a country (Austria's neutrality was insisted upon by the Soviet Union) but in other cases it is an active policy of the country concerned to respond to a geopolitical situation (
562:, which obliges states to assist a fellow member that is the victim of armed aggression. It accords "an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in power" but would "not prejudice the specific character of the security and defense policy of certain Member States" (neutral policies), allowing members to respond with non-military aid. Ireland's
209:, or by its own declaration, to be neutral towards the belligerents of all future wars. An example of a permanently neutral power is Switzerland. The concept of neutrality in war is narrowly defined and puts specific constraints on the neutral party in return for the internationally recognized right to remain neutral.
2340:(Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance) was signed in 1948, the Soviets sought to deter Western or Allied Powers from attacking the Soviet Union through Finnish territory, and the Finns sought to increase Finland's political independence from the Soviet Union. The treaty came to an end in 1992.
365:. The Swiss and the Swedes each have a long history of neutrality: they have not been in a state of war internationally since 1815 and 1814, respectively. Switzerland continues to pursue, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. According to
670:
similarly made concessions to Nazi requests as well as to Allied requests. Sweden was also involved in intelligence operations with the Allies, including listening stations in Sweden and espionage in
Germany. Spain offered to join the war on the side of Nazi Germany in 1940, allowed Axis ships and
3577:
In its
Declaration of Sovereignty (1990), Ukraine declared it had the "intention of becoming a permanently neutral state that does not participate in military blocs and adheres to three nuclear free principles" (art. 9). The 1996 Ukrainian Constitution, based upon the Declaration of Independence of
302:
For the country concerned, the policy is usually codified beyond the treaty itself. Austria and Japan codify their neutrality in their constitutions, but they do so with different levels of detail. Some details of neutrality are left to be interpreted by the government while others are explicitly
270:
vessels may use neutral ports for a maximum of 24 hours, though neutrals may impose different restrictions. Exceptions are to make repairs—only the minimum necessary to put back to sea—or if an opposing belligerent's vessel is already in port, in which case it must have a 24-hour head start. A
319:
Armed neutrality is the posture of a state or group of states that has no alliance with either side of a war but asserts that it will defend itself against resulting incursions from any party, making the benefit to a belligerent of entering the country by force not worth the cost.
230:
state is one that indirectly participates in a war by politically or materially helping one side of the conflict and thus not participating militarily. For example, it may allow its territory to be used for the war effort. Contrary to neutrality, this term is not defined under
425:. The establishment of the First League of Armed Neutrality was viewed by Americans as a mark of Russian friendship and sympathy. This league had a lasting impact of Russian-American relations and the relations of those two powers and Britain. It was also the basis for
6626:
303:
stated; for example, Austria may not host any foreign bases, and Japan cannot participate in foreign wars. Yet Sweden, lacking formal codification, was more flexible during the Second World War in allowing troops to pass through its territory.
500:
missions for the United
Nations are seen as intertwined with it. The Swiss electorate rejected a 1994 proposal to join UN peacekeeping operations. Despite this, 23 Swiss observers and police have been deployed around the world in UN projects.
357:, which was invented in the late 18th century but has since been used only to refer to countries' neutralities. Sweden and Switzerland are independently of each other famed for their armed neutralities, which they maintained throughout both
2410:
exercised its sovereignty after the fall of
Denmark in 1940, and declared its neutrality. The United States became a protecting power over the island to ward off Axis invasion, and Greenland later joined the war alongside the U.S. in
4704:
194:. Although countries have historically often declared themselves as neutral at the outbreak of war, there is no obligation for them to do so. The rights and duties of a neutral power are defined in sections 5 and 13 of the
2571:
declared its neutrality in 1940 after the fall of
Denmark, but was thereafter invaded and occupied by British troops. The government later requested the United States assume the role of its defense for the duration of the
262:
may not be transported across neutral territory, but the wounded may be. A neutral power may supply communication facilities to belligerents, but not war materiel, although it need not prevent export of such materiel.
550:
For example, Ireland, which sought guarantees for its neutrality in EU treaties, argues that its neutrality does not mean that
Ireland should avoid engagement in international affairs such as peacekeeping operations.
3517:
Tonga retained its sovereignty while a protectorate of the United
Kingdom. It declared war on the Axis in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Since the end of the war, Tongan forces have participated minimally in foreign
2439:
The confederation never made peace with
Germany following the end of World War I. They subsequently issued a second war declaration in 1942 following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States joining the
5094:
1695:
was pledged to perpetual neutrality in international relations and to abstention from mediation in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties" thus making
Vatican City neutral since then.
590:"Neutrality is a negative word. It does not express what America ought to feel. We are not trying to keep out of trouble; we are trying to preserve the foundations on which peace may be rebuilt.”
372:
In contrast, some neutral states may heavily reduce their military and use it for the express purpose of home defense and the maintenance of their neutrality, while other neutral states may
219:
position wherein a state intends to remain neutral in future wars. A sovereign state that reserves the right to become a belligerent if attacked by a party to the war is in a condition of
6178:
2805:
Declared its neutrality again in 1939 at the start of the Second World War, but granted Allied forces early access to its territory. Liberia served as one of the Allies' only sources of
287:
Neutrality has been recognised in different ways, and sometimes involves a formal guarantor. For example, Switzerland and
Belgium's neutrality was recognized by the signatories of the
1300:
announced at the United Nations General Assembly that Mongolia would implement a "policy of permanent neutrality," and called on the international community to recognise this policy.
334:
Armed neutrality is a term used in international politics for the attitude of a state or group of states that makes no alliance with either side in a war. It is the condition of a
1010:
Conversely, had Ireland been invaded, the United Kingdom had drawn up secret plans to invade Ireland in collaboration with the Irish Government to push Germany back out, known as
327:
Military preparedness without commitment, especially as the expressed policy of a neutral nation in wartime, and the readiness to counter with force an invasion of rights by any
663:, making it possible for British planes to attack German U-boats in the mid-Atlantic. On the other hand, both Axis and Allied pilots who crash landed in Ireland were interned.
6147:
513:
of whether some states are as neutral as they claim has been questioned in some circles, although this depends largely on a state's interpretation of its form of neutrality.
697:
that allowed the US to provide military aid to the allies, despite opposition from non-interventionist members. The "Cash and carry" program was replaced in March 1941 by
17:
5920:
1003:
After the war, it was discovered that Germany had drawn up plans to invade Ireland in order to use the country for launching attacks into the United Kingdom, known as
4722:
4705:"Entrevista a Enric Melich Gutiérrez, maquis de la resistència francesa, passador de jueus i clandestins, activista anarquista, llibreter i sindicalista – En contra"
4367:
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675:
to aid the Nazi war effort. Portugal officially stayed neutral, but actively supported both the Allies by providing overseas naval bases, and Germany by selling
5197:
5532:
5499:
6211:
5888:
6632:
The British Government's note affirming its neutrlality in the French-Prussian War of 1871, and answering Prussian allegations of a hidden pro-French bias
3578:
24 August 1991, contained the basic principles of non-coalition and future neutrality. Such policy of state non-alignment was re-confirmed by law in 2010.
6437:
Bemis, Samuel. "The United States and the Abortive Armed Neutrality of 1794. In "The American Historical Review, Vol. 24, No. 1 (October 1918), pp. 26-47
4557:
724:
5047:
3780:
followed an isolationist foreign policy. It had previously formed an alliance with Italy in 1936, yet it remained neutral for the duration of the war.
1525:
Self-imposed, permanent, and armed, designed to ensure external security. Because of that, it is the most globally known example of a neutral country.
3434:
Following liberation by Allied forces, Thailand would remain in the camp of the anti-communist Western military bloc, sending troops to fight in the
2695:
4752:
735:
Some countries may occasionally claim to be "neutral" but not comply with the internationally agreed upon definition of neutrality as listed above.
4841:
1890:
1515:
5153:
3720:
3593:
2079:
2022:
1840:
2718:
with the help of the United States among other anti-communist countries. Laos's neutrality can therefore be described as a "false neutrality".
6840:
6576:
3049:
during the Civil War. The U.S. government required the tribes to abolish slavery in exchange for a renewed recognition of their independence.
5286:
3999:"The Avalon Project - Laws of War : Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land (Hague V); October 18, 1907"
6170:
6033:
2281:
3969:
Stephen Neff: "Three-Fold Struggle over Neutrality: The American Experience in the 1930s" In: Pascal Lottaz/Herbert R. Reginbogin (eds.):
6335:
522:
6797:
1649:
In 2012, the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On approval of the Concept of foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan" was adopted.
6637:
6361:
3031:
1054:
723:
Equally, Vatican City made various diplomatic concessions to the Axis and Allied powers alike, while still keeping to the rules of the
6468:
Fenwick, Charles. "The Status of Armed Neutrality." The American Political Science Review, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 1917), pp. 388–389
6502:
Kulsrud, Carl J. "Armed Neutrality to 1870." The American Journal of International Law. Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 1935), pp. 423–447
647:
Their fulfillment to the letter of the rules of neutrality has been questioned: Ireland supplied important secret information to the
6603:
2271:
6137:
5120:
3837:
1576:
Switzerland has no law that allows it to impose sanctions by itself, it can only adopt sanctions from the UN Security Council, the
151:
5614:
5470:
704:
Sweden also made concessions to the German Reich during the war to maintain its neutrality, the biggest concession was to let the
6815:
6694:
5953:
3923:
3663:
3539:
1532:
re-established Switzerland and its permanent neutrality was guaranteed by France, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom and others.
64:
5596:
6583:
The Armed Neutralities of 1780 and 1800: A Collection of Official Documents Preceded by the Views of Representative Publicists.
5664:
4539:
4467:
The Armed Neutralities of 1780 and 1800: A Collection of Official Documents Preceded by the Views of Representative Publicists,
4384:
The Armed Neutralities of 1780 and 1800: A Collection of Official Documents Preceded by the Views of Representative Publicists,
2935:
2344:
373:
5910:
5378:
4981:
4959:
437:
joined powers to continue their maritime exploration without the commitment of being involved in wartime struggles on the sea.
6285:
6003:
5798:
5424:
4894:
4676:
4182:
3954:
3298:
460:. It existed between 1800 and 1801. The idea of the league was to protect neutral shipping from being stopped by the British
5761:
2277:
2161:
971:
335:
315:
Switzerland is a prominent example of a country outside of any military alliance, but maintaining a strong deterrent force.
296:
258:. Belligerent armies may not recruit neutral citizens, but they may go abroad to enlist. Belligerent armies' personnel and
6471:
Hayes, Carlton. "Armed Neutrality with a Purpose." In "The Advocate of Peace." Vol. 79, No. 3 (March 1917), pp. 74–77
6398:
6386:
5230:
4730:
1542:; in what the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation described as the nation's "first military deployment since 1815." During the
464:. The British viewed the league as siding with the French and in 1801 attacked and defeated a Dano-Norwegian fleet in the
6751:
4017:"The Avalon Project - Laws of War : Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War (Hague XIII); October 18, 1907"
3375:
Recognized by the U.S. and European powers, Texas remained neutral in international disuputes during its short existence.
3314:
2461:
705:
291:, Austria has its neutrality guaranteed by its four former occupying powers, and Finland by the Soviet Union during the
99:
holds to "armed neutrality", to deter aggression with a sizeable military, while barring itself from foreign deployment.
4496:
4314:
Leos Müller: "The Forgotten History of Maritime Neutrality, 1500-1800". In: Pascal Lottaz/Herbert R. Reginbogin (eds.):
1425:
in 1944, the Sammarinese government declared war on the Axis, and joined with British forces in Italy to drive them out.
6521:
5332:
5264:
4825:
4637:: "The Vatican, World War II, and Asia: Lessons of Neutral Diplomacy", In: Pascal Lottaz/Herbert R. Reginbogin (eds.):
3893:
3310:
1539:
582:
544:
247:
may not invade neutral territory, and a neutral power's resisting any such attempt does not compromise its neutrality.
195:
5441:
4246:
3258:
Sweden has not been part of a war since 1814. This makes Sweden the nation which has had the longest period of peace.
6597:
6559:
6545:
6497:
6483:
6463:
6449:
5240:
3883:
3641:
3634:
2478:
2472:
2389:
1886:
1509:
441:
68:
5204:
5016:
190:
which refrains from joining either side of the conflict and adheres to the principle of the Law of Neutrality under
5570:
4345:
4227:
1681:
1566:
570:
410:
346:
143:
6260:
5639:
5884:
5849:
3369:
3306:
2835:
2751:
2703:
2197:
2168:
2072:
1570:
659:, some of it supplied by Ireland but kept from Germany. Ireland also secretly allowed Allied aircraft to use the
122:'s traditional policy was not to participate in military alliances, with the intention of staying neutral in the
5550:
1535:
Swiss neutrality was so rigorously defended that the country refused even to join the United Nations until 2002.
6835:
4677:"Exili i evasions al Principat d'Andorra durant la Guerra Civil Espanyola i la Segona Guerra Mundial 1936-1945"
3908:
3888:
3773:
3136:
While neutral throughout World War II, Portugal became non-belligerent towards the Allies, as evidenced in the
2503:
5442:"PRESS STATEMENT : EU facilitated dialogue: Agreement on Regional Cooperation and IBM technical protocol"
6770:
6234:
3750:
3424:
3382:
in the Civil War, but Houston was overthrown in a coup d'etat and replaced with a pro-Confederate government.
3046:
2606:
1897:
1810:
1236:
694:
727:. The Holy See has been criticized—but largely exonerated later—for its silence on moral issues of the war.
6825:
6108:
5822:
5715:
3137:
3130:
2549:
2509:
2267:
2066:
2015:
6526:
Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2023). "Challenges to Swiss Democracy: Neutrality, Napoleon, & Nationalism,"
5401:"A Timeline of Diplomatic Ruptures, Unannounced Invasions, Declarations of War, Armistices and Surrenders"
4788:
6830:
6303:
4763:
3706:
2839:
2755:
2553:
2259:
2201:
1477:
465:
6631:
341:
Armed neutrality makes a seemingly-neutral state take up arms for protection to maintain its neutrality.
4845:
4651:
3807:
3473:
3250:
3240:
2366:
2330:
1469:
1458:
496:
For many states, such as Ireland, neutrality does not mean the absence of any foreign interventionism.
422:
169:
There have been considerable changes to the interpretation of neutral conduct over the past centuries.
6656:
4171:
China and Eurasian powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
3822:
279:
of a neutral power must be surrendered by the belligerent to the neutral, which must intern its crew.
3332:
3181:
2974:
2802:
Liberia declared its neutrality in 1914, later joining after pressure from the United States in 1917.
2561:
2401:
1193:
1004:
817:
809:
690:
445:
6412:
4522:
6032:
Aditi Sangal; Adrienne Vogt; Rhea Mogul; Lianne Kolirin; Sana Noor Haq; Matias Grez (17 May 2022).
3507:
3410:
3177:
2924:
683:
388:
replaced their standing army with a military guarantee from a stronger power or participation in a
5293:
2796:
2660:
2557:
1878:
1373:
975:
824:
563:
338:
power during a war to hold itself ready to resist by force, any aggression of either belligerent.
55:
or holds itself as permanently neutral in all future conflicts (including avoiding entering into
5143:
3944:
3821:
was forced to declare its neutrality between the Axis and Western powers. However, following an
3261:
Has adapted policy to protect its interests. During the Finnish Civil War, Sweden intervened on
5002:
4789:"L'Andorra "fosca " i l'Andorra "generosa " durant la Segona Guerra Mundial Claudi Benet i Mas"
3852:
3826:
3667:
2792:
2641:
2326:
982:
879:
648:
617:
510:
418:
111:
6713:
6536:
Murdoch, James C. and Sandler, Todd. "Swedish Military Expenditures and Armed Neutrality." In
6339:
5716:"Overview of U.S. Policy Toward South America and the President's Upcoming Trip to the Region"
5514:
3840:
became a buffer zone between the Soviet bloc and the West. Insisting in its neutrality in the
3655:
However, it declared war on Germany during World War I in 1917 following the series of German
3476:
under the rule of the Dalai Lama, Tibet was internationally recognized as a province of China.
3056:
power and significantly reduced Oklahoma's independence in the following decades. A series of
430:
6820:
6675:
5493:
3818:
3713:
3660:
3463:
3106:
3061:
3042:
2931:
2917:
2656:
1543:
1369:
1297:
1178:
828:
6571:
Petropoulos, Jonathan, "Co-Opting Nazi Germany: Neutrality in Europe During World War II."
4331:
1990, p. 117; Murdoch and Sandler, "Swedish Military Expenditures and Armed Neutrality," in
4271:
3851:
While maintaining its neutrality, Yugoslavia did diplomatically support South Korea and the
1197:
1196:
in the early 2000s, Mexico ignored the previous neutrality policy under foreign secretaries
6531:
5400:
3845:
3511:
3274:
2942:
2722:
2616:
2425:
2280:
was signed in 1920 and expiration in 1939, treaty confirmed the border between Finland and
2233:
2117:
2097:
2036:
1985:
1960:
1882:
1750:
1699:
1653:
1621:
1519:
1408:
1380:
1340:
1304:
380:). However, the lack of a military does not always result in neutrality: Countries such as
206:
163:
6791:
5790:
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign, Volume 1: The Origins of the Falklands War
3045:
which governed Oklahoma remained neutral towards external affairs, before siding with the
2809:
during the war when the plantations of Southeast Asia had been taken over by the Japanese.
1293:
Mongolia was neutral during World War I, but became a belligerent country in World War II.
369:, "To be neutral you must be ready to be highly militarized, like Switzerland or Sweden."
8:
6142:
4437:
3903:
3569:
3325:
3202:
2486:
2453:
2359:
2304:
2101:
2086:
1847:
1465:
1229:
1201:
1067:
954:
771:
613:
536:
389:
354:
107:
3503:
777:
Neutral during World War I and World War II. While serving as a smuggling route between
6503:
6067:
5946:[Finland sends arms to Ukraine - Prime minister Marin: "Historical decision"].
5866:
4941:
4405:
3913:
3236:
3187:
3065:
2568:
2482:
2467:
The Kingdom of Hawaii remained neutral for much of its existence, including during the
1529:
985:
by secretly sharing intelligence and weather reports as well as by repatriating downed
717:
472:
449:
288:
276:
5975:
5943:
5360:
4293:
4016:
3998:
1952:
in 1910, which delegated its foreign relations to the United Kingdom, Bhutan became a
839:
and guaranteed by the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and France).
6732:
6627:
Declaration for the Purpose of establishing Similar Rules of Neutrality, with Annexes
6593:
6555:
6541:
6517:
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6445:
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5737:
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4821:
4424:
4188:
4178:
3950:
3833:
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during the Bosnian War (1992–1995). Swedish military forces also participated in the
3082:
2707:
2285:
1949:
1904:
1821:
1820:, even though it was disrupted by the threat of economic sanctions, expulsion of the
1614:
434:
232:
191:
79:
from belligerent actions to a greater extent than other non-combatants such as enemy
56:
5668:
5116:
3427:
on 8 December 1941, which led to an armistice and military alliance treaty with the
842:
The constitution prohibits military alliances and foreign military bases in Austria.
708:
to be transferred from Norway to Finland by Swedish trains, to aid the Finns in the
671:
submarines to use its ports, imported war materials for Germany, and sent a Spanish
468:. After the death of the Russian Tsar Paul I in the same year, the league collapsed.
5944:"Suomi lähettää aseita Ukrainalle – Pääministeri Marin: "Päätös on historiallinen""
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836:
713:
709:
660:
366:
350:
220:
131:
92:
5421:
5319:"Why Mongolia wants to "permanently neutral" can be authorized for an observation"
5232:
The Peacetime Use of Foreign Military Installations Under Modern International Law
3201:
While neutral throughout World War I and World War II, Spain did lean towards the
6317:
6109:"Hawaiian Neutrality: From the Crimean Conflict through the Spanish-American War"
6031:
5788:
5428:
4501:
4406:
cards/the-first-league-of-armed-neutrality "The First League of Armed Neutrality"
4251:. Vol. 11 (War and Neutrality). London. New York and Bombay: Longmans, Green
3898:
3428:
3417:
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2649:
1182:
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621:
255:
227:
187:
135:
84:
44:
6401:
by Sandra Bott, Jussi M. Hanhimaki, Janick Schaufelbuehl and Marco Wyss, page 74
6590:
That Neutral Island: A Cultural History of Ireland During the Second World War.
4867:
4582:
3814:
3361:
3294:
3195:
3096:
2830:
Declared its neutrality 1939, but was thereafter forced to allow troops of the
2746:
Declared its neutrality 1938, but was thereafter forced to allow troops of the
2525:
2299:
2192:
Declared its neutrality 1938, but was thereafter forced to allow troops of the
2137:
1918:
1688:
1610:
1581:
1558:
1429:
1265:
1167:
1027:
993:
785:
596:
528:
457:
216:
115:
31:
6399:
Neutrality and Neutralism in the Global Cold War: Between or Within the Blocs?
5747:
5333:"TREATY CONCERNING THE PERMANENT NEUTRALITY AND OPERATION OF THE PANAMA CANAL"
4192:
3817:
committed to it until its dissolution in 1938, after much German pressure the
2612:
Occupied by the Allies in 1941, subsequently declared war on the Axis in 1943.
1033:
Was clear that NATO would defend Ireland in the event of war, in part because
781:
and Spain, Andorra made concessions to both sides to maintain its sovereignty.
311:
30:"Neutral nation" redirects here. For the North American indigenous group, see
6809:
5691:"ОБ ОСНОВНЫХ ПРИНЦИПАХ ВНЕШНЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН"
3799:
3614:
3597:
3293:
Has nevertheless deployed combat troops to military conflicts overseas under
3206:
2645:
2312:
2029:
1829:
1771:
1547:
1186:
1085:
672:
633:
555:
489:
426:
377:
72:
5978:[Prime Minister Marin: Finland will send more arms aid to Ukraine].
4558:"Malta to 'wait and see' before deciding on PESCO defence pact, Muscat says"
3600:, Ukraine's parliament voted to drop non-aligned status on 23 December 2014.
2702:
on 23 July 1962, by 14 nations, including the five permanent members of the
87:. Different countries interpret their neutrality differently: some, such as
5318:
3878:
3873:
3793:
3764:
3742:
3698:
3626:
3546:
3531:
3495:
3455:
3402:
3302:
3169:
3122:
3000:
2958:
2909:
2877:
2868:
2831:
2822:
2784:
2747:
2738:
2598:
2586:
2541:
2393:
2293:
2193:
2184:
2153:
2121:
2058:
2007:
1940:
1869:
1825:
1802:
1741:
1671:
1599:
1422:
1333:
997:
996:
attempted to invade Ireland, but would take the British side if invaded by
832:
778:
687:
667:
637:
605:
497:
362:
159:
155:
127:
6676:"NationStates • View topic - The League of Armed Neutrality (FT alliance)"
6204:[This is the weapon Sweden sends to Ukraine: "Will give effect"].
5862:
5485:
1550:
was given permission to use Swiss airspace for surveillance missions over
6206:
5847:
Coleman, B. L. (October 2005). "The Colombian Army in Korea, 1950–1954".
5087:"Ireland to fund provision of non-lethal equipment to Ukrainian military"
5024:
3918:
3736:
3620:
3439:
3379:
3163:
2952:
2903:
2862:
2778:
2686:
2632:
2592:
2468:
2431:
2224:
2147:
2052:
2001:
1976:
1934:
1863:
1833:
1796:
1765:
1735:
1729:
1495:
1415:
656:
629:
358:
328:
272:
244:
123:
96:
48:
6071:
6059:
1569:. Switzerland has previously only put in place sanctions created by the
1472:, but also due to the ensuing secession of and territorial dispute with
1204:. Whether historical neutrality is to be kept is now internally debated.
1023:
but did not wish to be in an alliance that included the United Kingdom.
686:
of 1936 not to sell war materials to belligerents. Once war broke out,
484:
102:
Not all neutral countries avoid any foreign deployment or alliances, as
6507:
5117:"Ireland will not contribute to provision of lethal weapons to Ukraine"
3856:
3787:
3649:
3435:
3386:
3072:
3053:
2856:
2715:
2493:
2337:
2308:
2289:
2249:
2090:
1639:
1609:
Declared its complete neutrality and had it formally recognized by the
1421:
Declared its neutrality again in 1939, but following its occupation by
1398:
868:
698:
461:
381:
251:
139:
88:
76:
6771:"Wilson's First Warning to the Germans - World War I Document Archive"
6389:
by Wayne S. Vucinich and Jozo Tomasevich, Stanford University, page 64
6201:
6094:
The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the Present
5911:"Finland Sends Defence Material to Ukraine, Considers Sending Weapons"
4945:
4921:
471:
A potential Third League of Armed Neutrality was discussed during the
6540:
Keith Hartley and Todd Sandler, eds. Florence, Ky.: Routledge, 1990.
5555:
4174:
3730:
3420:, Thailand officially adopted a neutral position during World War II.
3266:
2816:
2640:
Declared neutrality at the beginning of World War I despite being in
2407:
2383:
1790:
1173:
Opened its borders in the 20th century to political refugees fleeing
6140:[Done:Sweden sends weapons and protection gear to Ukraine].
5976:"Pääministeri Marin: Suomi lähettää lisää aseellista apua Ukrainaan"
5148:
5048:"How Blacksod lighthouse changed the course of the Second World War"
134:
stated their neutrality, but Sweden changed its position to that of
6476:
Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913.
5942:
Luukka, Teemu; Huhtanen, Jarmo; Muhonen, Helmi (28 February 2022).
5597:"Neutral Swiss join EU sanctions against Russia in break with past"
4937:
4392:
Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913,
4286:
3841:
3671:
3582:
3396:
3318:
3116:
3057:
2255:
2046:
1970:
1283:
911:
676:
641:
547:, the extent to which they are, or should be, neutral is debated.
292:
259:
147:
80:
4601:
3262:
1372:, Rwanda announced permanent neutrality in 2009 after joining the
531:
that still describe themselves as a neutral country in some form:
75:
status, nationals of neutral countries enjoy protection under the
6790:
6336:"Розвиток особливого партнерства України з НАТО - Україна - НАТО"
5915:
5739:
The Wangchuk Dynasty: 100 Years of Enlightened Monarchy in Bhutan
3692:
3659:
attacks on American merchant ships supplying war material to the
3563:
3270:
2772:
2535:
2243:
2178:
2111:
1857:
1759:
1468:
that is not seeking NATO membership, having been the target of a
1219:
1166:
Policy of neutrality since 1930, formulated by foreign secretary
1063:
803:
760:
609:
532:
453:
385:
239:
103:
6202:"Här är vapnet Sverige skickar till Ukraina: "Kommer ge effekt""
6138:"Klart: Sverige skickar vapen och skyddsutrustning till Ukraina"
6004:"Finland to provide more defence materiel assistance to Ukraine"
3666:
and declared war on Japan in World War II in 1941 following the
2272:
Finland-Russia relations § Finnish NATO membership question
666:
Sweden and Switzerland, surrounded by possessions and allies of
6456:
The Missing link: West European Neutrals and Regional Security.
5690:
5471:"Serbia's Military Neutrality: origins, effects and challenges"
4329:
The Missing link: West European Neutrals and Regional Security,
3675:
3656:
3525:
3226:
2994:
2967:
2806:
2732:
2699:
1928:
1562:
1473:
1447:
1358:
1322:
1254:
1150:
1057:
due to its views on the use of force in international politics.
1011:
992:
It was believed that Ireland would take the German side if the
625:
119:
27:
State which is neutral towards belligerents in a given conflict
4528:. Federal Administration admin.ch. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
730:
345:
The term derives from the historic maritime neutrality of the
6752:"The Neutrality Act of 1937 . FDR . WGBH American Experience"
6387:
Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment
5379:"Neutral countries in the world in 2020: ideology and status"
4982:"Neutral countries in the world in 2020: ideology and status"
4960:"Neutral countries in the world in 2020: ideology and status"
4723:"La cruïlla andorrana de 1933: la revolució de la modernitat"
3777:
3758:
3489:
3449:
3157:
2897:
2626:
1995:
1824:
and a very likely invasion out of suspicion of alliance with
1538:
However, the Swiss Armed Forces participated in the U.S.-led
1121:
1120:
Policy of neutrality since 1980, guaranteed in a treaty with
1110:
929:
900:
652:
540:
414:
267:
5793:. Government Official History Series. Taylor & Francis.
3648:, the U.S. declared its neutrality at the beginning of both
1903:
Neutrality abolished again after World War II following the
608:. However, of the European states closest to the war, only
254:
belligerent troops who reach its territory, but not escaped
6606:. The History Channel website. 2014. Event occurs at 10:51
6538:
The Economics of Defence Spending: An International Survey.
5615:"Eigenständige Schweizer Sanktionen sind vorerst vom Tisch"
4895:"Costa Rica prohíbe por ley participar en cualquier guerra"
4264:
3682:
3604:
3586:
3553:
3339:
3213:
3144:
3015:
2981:
2884:
2846:
2762:
2711:
2680:
2667:
2576:
2518:
2415:
2373:
2208:
2130:
1911:
1780:
1692:
1577:
1551:
1020:
397:
393:
60:
6604:"Woodrow Wilson asks U.S. Congress for declaration of war"
5533:"Switzerland 'regrets' US sanctions against ICC employees"
4338:
154:
claimed military and ideological neutrality from both the
3844:, Yugoslavia became a founder and a leading force of the
3585:. Ukraine provided the third-largest number of forces in
3581:
However, the Ukrainian army participated in the U.S.-led
3246:
First nation in the world to declare neutrality in 1814.
2325:. The final peace treaty between Finland and many of the
682:
The United States was initially neutral and bound by the
183:
142:. Sweden would uphold its policy of neutrality until the
52:
6532:
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss2/5
5144:"Ireland 'constructively abstains' from EU arms package"
2659:
in exchange for territorial cessions through the secret
6171:"Neutral countries support Ukraine against Russian war"
4926:
The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science
5823:"Colombia's legacy with Korea | The City Paper Bogotá"
4540:"Neutrality - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade"
5941:
4368:"Edwin Reischauer, Diplomat and Scholar, Dies at 79,"
3859:, accusing the Soviet Union of starting the conflict.
2966:
Self-imposed neutrality between 1839 and 1940 on the
1710:
981:
Despite this policy, Ireland made concessions to the
3985:
The Rights and Duties of Neutrals: A General History
1461:
declared military neutrality of the country in 2007.
701:, effectively ending the US pretense of neutrality.
5003:
Neutrality in the 21st century - Lessons for Serbia
604:Many countries made neutrality declarations during
6592:Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007.
5311:
4489:
1896:Proclaimed neutrality in October 1936 and severed
1613:on 12 December 1995. This date is designated as a
566:prohibits participating in such a common defence.
376:altogether (examples of states doing this include
6801:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 441–450.
6554:Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2006.
6478:2d ed. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009.
5742:. The Centre for Bhutan Studies. pp. 35–37.
5498:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
4641:, Lanham (MD): Lexington Books 2019, pp. 215-238.
2876:Neutral stance since 1839, abolished through its
2696:International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos
576:
6807:
6454:Bissell, Richard E. and Gasteyger, Curt Walter.
6444:Alcester, Warwickshire, U.K.: READ BOOKS, 2007.
6362:"Рада закріпила в Конституції курс на ЄС і НАТО"
6057:
5571:"Switzerland adopts EU sanctions against Russia"
5235:. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 99–100.
3942:
3324:Has provided military aid to Ukraine during the
3277:, while also protecting refugees from the Nazis.
2358:Has provided military aid to Ukraine during the
6193:
6106:
5885:"El Salvador withdraws last soldiers from Iraq"
4815:
4612:
4169:Gärtner, Heinz (2023). "Great Power Conflict".
1516:Aerial incidents in Switzerland in World War II
693:persuaded Congress to replace the act with the
282:
6034:"Sweden signs application for NATO membership"
4583:"The WWII camp where Allies and Germans mixed"
4222:
2028:Provided aid to the United Kingdom during the
655:was decided on the basis of incoming Atlantic
403:
240:Rights and responsibilities of a neutral power
6733:"Armed Neutrality Law & Legal Definition"
6512:Lottaz, Pascal/Reginbogin, Herbert R. (eds.)
6168:
5361:"Rwanda becomes a member of the Commonwealth"
5075:Lilliput Press; Rev. ed edition, 1989. p. 223
4618:
4451:Kulsrud, Carl J. "Armed Neutrality to 1780".
4318:, Lanham (MD): Lexington Books 2019, pp.67-86
4294:"Armed Neutrality Law & Legal Definition"
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
3603:In 2017 Ukraine enshrined the desire to join
2685:1955–1975 (ostensibly neutral throughout the
2321:was signed on 19 September 1944, ending the
2315:took effect on 13 March 1940 to 24 June 1941.
1053:Was granted a special acknowledgement in the
3973:, Lanham (MD): Lexington Books 2019, pp.3-28
3943:Lottaz, Pascal; Reginbogin, Herbert (2019).
3331:Abandoned neutrality in favor of becoming a
2481:in a U.S.-backed coup d'état, replaced by a
2365:Abandoned neutrality in favor of becoming a
1832:to persuade Argentina to declare war to the
1691:signed in 1929 with Italy imposed that "The
18:Country neutrality (international relations)
6458:Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1990.
6413:"Europe's Détente and Yugoslavia's Decline"
5353:
4497:"Protecting neutrality in a militarised EU"
1557:The Swiss adopted sanctions imposed by the
731:List of countries proclaiming to be neutral
523:Neutral member states in the European Union
6261:"Ukraine's Neutrality: A Myth or Reality?"
5551:"US allowed limited use of Swiss airspace"
5422:Enclosed by NATO, Serbia ponders next move
5262:
5045:
4892:
4834:
4199:
3987:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
2655:Later renounced neutrality and joined the
2296:. The treaty was signed in Tartu, Estonia.
1055:Seville Declarations on the Treaty of Nice
6286:"Ukraine Parliament Ok's neutrality bill"
6235:"Sverige skickar fler vapen till Ukraina"
6199:
6169:Binnur Donmez, Beyza (28 February 2022).
5287:"Constitution of the Republic of Moldova"
5228:
5084:
4621:World War II: The Axis Assault, 1939-1940
4244:
6585:New York: Oxford University Press, 1918.
6528:Swiss American Historical Society Review
6135:
5786:
5665:"Turkmenistan celebrates Neutrality Day"
4818:Nova aproximació a la història d'Andorra
4619:Brinkley, Douglas; Rubel, David (2003).
3668:Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor
1816:Declared neutrality at the start of the
483:
444:was an effort to revive this during the
310:
6788:
5887:. The Jerusalem Post. 7 February 2009.
5846:
5820:
5594:
5512:
5478:Croatian International Relations Review
5008:
4922:"Ghana, the West, and the Soviet Union"
4781:
4523:International peace-keeping operations.
4168:
3924:Neutral and Non-Aligned European States
3829:and subsequently carved up by the Axis.
2418:member since 1949 as a part of Denmark.
1801:1939–1945 (attempted neutrality during
1296:In September 2015, Mongolian President
421:to protect neutral shipping during the
205:is a sovereign state which is bound by
14:
6808:
6695:"The First League of Armed Neutrality"
6566:International Law: War and Neutrality.
6318:"Ukraine votes to drop neutral status"
6232:
6136:Storkaas, Adelina (28 February 2022).
6091:
5762:"Chile admits helping UK in Falklands"
5141:
4919:
4844:. World Desk Reference. Archived from
4346:"Switzerland - Knowledge Encyclopedia"
3480:Invaded and annexed by Communist China
3265:. In World War II it allowed the Nazi
2508:1956 (attempted neutrality during the
1770:1968 (attempted neutrality during the
275:ship captured by a belligerent in the
6410:
6304:"Ukrainians complete mission in Iraq"
6214:from the original on 28 February 2022
6200:Ruderstam, Jacob (27 February 2022).
6181:from the original on 28 February 2022
6150:from the original on 28 February 2022
6027:
6025:
5956:from the original on 28 February 2022
5891:from the original on 22 December 2015
5735:
5595:Shields, Michael (28 February 2022).
5468:
5265:"Adiós a la neutralidad - La Jornada"
5156:from the original on 27 February 2022
5123:from the original on 28 February 2022
5097:from the original on 27 February 2022
5085:Gallagher, Conor (27 February 2022).
4526:Federal Department of Foreign Affairs
4453:American Journal of International Law
6841:Neutrality (international relations)
6516:Lanham (MD): Lexington Books, 2019.
5640:"A/RES/50/80; U.N. General Assembly"
3982:
2307:was signed in 1940, which ended the
2162:Military dictatorship in El Salvador
712:. The decision caused a political "
114:and a political alliance within the
5178:. United States Department of State
5073:Neutral Ireland and the Third Reich
4537:
4450:
4403:
4162:
3540:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship
3315:2011 military intervention in Libya
3287:
2352:
1132:
1047:
970:Established a policy of neutrality
850:
543:. With the development of the EU's
504:
353:and Russia under the leadership of
306:
24:
6060:"Native Americans in World War II"
6022:
5632:
5142:Murphy, David (27 February 2022).
4623:. USA: MacMillan. pp. 99–106.
4333:The Economics of Defence Spending,
3894:Neutral powers during World War II
3545:Signed a non-aggression pact with
3066:U.S.-backed territorial government
2838:by it 1940 in accordance with the
2754:by it 1940 in accordance with the
2200:by it 1940 in accordance with the
1711:List of formerly neutral countries
583:Neutral powers during World War II
545:Common Security and Defence Policy
25:
6852:
6620:
6092:Treuer, David (22 January 2019).
5923:from the original on 8 March 2022
5821:Saldaña, Juliana (2 April 2013).
5014:
3635:United States non-interventionism
3288:points of debate § European Union
3269:passage through its territory to
2353:points of debate § European Union
1510:Switzerland during the World Wars
1239:proclaims "permanent neutrality".
1133:points of debate § European Union
1048:points of debate § European Union
851:points of debate § European Union
516:
442:Second League of Armed Neutrality
6552:Ireland and the Global Question.
6530:, Vol. 59: No. 2. Available at:
6492:Florence, Ky.: Routledge, 1988.
6404:
6392:
6380:
6354:
6328:
6310:
6296:
6278:
6253:
6226:
6162:
6129:
5515:"Switzerland decides to join UN"
5381:. institut-ega.org. 30 June 2020
5321:. Tencent News. 22 October 2015.
5176:"Background Note: Liechtenstein"
4984:. institut-ega.org. 30 June 2020
4962:. institut-ega.org. 30 June 2020
4599:
4538:Affairs, Department of Foreign.
3813:Although founding member of the
2938:civil wars under UN supervision.
2278:Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia)
2260:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1682:Vatican City during World War II
1664:
1632:
1592:
1488:
1464:Serbia is the only state in the
1440:
1391:
1351:
1336:is enshrined by specific treaty.
1315:
1276:
1247:
1212:
1143:
1103:
1078:
947:
922:
914:, officially neutral since 2012.
910:Attempted neutrality during the
893:
861:
796:
753:
586:
571:Permanent Structured Cooperation
488:Irish units on UN patrol in the
411:First League of Armed Neutrality
347:First League of Armed Neutrality
144:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
6431:
6368:(in Ukrainian). 7 February 2019
6338:. 12 April 2019. Archived from
6100:
6085:
6051:
5996:
5968:
5935:
5903:
5877:
5850:The Journal of Military History
5840:
5814:
5780:
5754:
5729:
5708:
5683:
5657:
5607:
5588:
5563:
5543:
5525:
5506:
5462:
5434:
5415:
5393:
5371:
5325:
5279:
5256:
5222:
5190:
5168:
5135:
5109:
5078:
5065:
5039:
4996:
4974:
4952:
4913:
4886:
4860:
4816:Guillamet Anton, Jordi (2009).
4809:
4745:
4715:
4697:
4669:
4644:
4627:
4593:
4575:
4550:
4531:
4516:
4476:
4459:
4444:
4397:
4376:
4360:
4321:
4308:
4238:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4063:
3716:civil war under UN supervision.
3370:Texas in the American Civil War
2704:United Nations Security Council
2462:Hawaiian rebellions (1887–1895)
2073:List of wars involving Colombia
1571:United Nations Security Council
1095:Military was dissolved in 1868.
1037:belonged to the United Kingdom.
644:) remained neutral to the end.
527:There are three members of the
479:
297:Ireland in the Second World War
162:, becoming a co-founder of the
6816:International relations theory
6568:London: Longmans, Green, 1906.
6233:Stahle, Nils (23 March 2022).
5513:Carroll, Rory (4 March 2002).
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4009:
3991:
3976:
3963:
3936:
3909:Policy of deliberate ambiguity
3889:International humanitarian law
770:Occupied by France during the
706:163rd German Infantry Division
577:Neutrality during World War II
215:or a "neutralist policy" is a
172:
13:
1:
6442:The Struggle for the Pacific.
6292:. Kyiv, Ukraine. 4 June 2010.
5488:(inactive 12 September 2024).
4484:The Struggle for the Pacific,
3929:
3884:European Union–NATO relations
3751:Venezuela during World War II
3425:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3102:Conquered by Britain in 1900.
2923:Aided the British during the
2607:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
2290:Finnish volunteer expeditions
1811:Argentina during World War II
1062:Has provided military aid to
6714:"League of Armed Neutrality"
6661:Americanforeignrelations.com
6550:O'Sullivan, Michael Joseph.
6490:Neutrality and Small States.
5263:La Jornada (27 April 2007).
4920:Anglin, Douglas (May 1958).
4471:Neutrality and Small States,
4388:Neutrality and Small States,
4228:"Neutral European countries"
4150:Hague Convention, §13 Art.16
4141:Hague Convention, §13 Art.14
4132:Hague Convention, §13 Art.12
4069:Hague Convention, §5 Art.4,5
3712:Sent troops to serve in the
3423:Neutrality lasted until the
3305:(1961–1964), and as part of
3275:invasion of the Soviet Union
3131:Portugal during World War II
2930:Sent troops to serve in the
2550:Allied occupation of Iceland
2268:Foreign relations of Finland
2067:Colombia during World War II
2016:List of wars involving Chile
1567:Russia's invasion of Ukraine
1019:Ireland was invited to join
651:; for instance, the date of
417:powers organized in 1780 by
283:Recognition and codification
7:
5984:(in Finnish). 24 March 2022
5198:"Imagebroschuere_LP_e.indd"
4173:. Mher Sahakyan. New York:
4159:Hague Convention, §13 Art.3
4123:Hague Convention, §13 Art.7
4114:Hague Convention, §13 Art.6
4096:Hague Convention, §5 Art.14
4060:Hague Convention, §5 Art.13
4051:Hague Convention, §5 Art.11
4042:Hague Convention, §5 Art.10
3867:
3707:Uruguay during World War II
3378:Attempted neutrality under
2554:British invasion of Iceland
2169:Multi-National Force – Iraq
554:Since the enactment of the
404:Leagues of armed neutrality
10:
6857:
5046:Joe McCabe (3 June 1944).
4105:Hague Convention, §5 Art.8
4087:Hague Convention, §5 Art.2
4078:Hague Convention, §5 Art.6
4033:Hague Convention, §5 Art.1
3808:World War II in Yugoslavia
3805:
3763:1939–1945 (neutral during
3748:
3735:1914–1918 (neutral during
3704:
3632:
3537:
3530:1940–1945 (neutral during
3501:
3461:
3454:1939–1945 (neutral during
3408:
3367:
3241:Sweden during World War II
3234:
3185:
3175:
3168:1940–1945 (neutral during
3162:1914–1918 (neutral during
3128:
3121:1932–1945 (neutral during
3094:
3036:1866–1907 (to annexation)
3006:
2915:
2790:
2604:
2597:1939–1943 (neutral during
2591:1914–1918 (neutral during
2547:
2459:
2399:
2265:
2254:1956–2022 (from return of
2223:1914–1918 (neutral during
2159:
2070:
2064:
2051:1914–1918 (neutral during
2013:
2000:1914–1918 (neutral during
1939:1939–1945 (neutral during
1933:1914–1918 (neutral during
1808:
1795:1914–1918 (neutral during
1764:1914–1918 (neutral during
1740:1939–1945 (neutral during
1734:1914–1918 (neutral during
1679:
1513:
1503:
1406:
1227:
1158:
1026:Attached the condition of
962:
815:
580:
558:, EU members are bound by
520:
448:. It was an alliance with
427:international maritime law
423:American Revolutionary War
29:
6058:Thomas D. Morgan (1995).
5748:10.13140/RG.2.1.3780.4889
4656:worldpopulationreview.com
3786:
3757:
3729:
3691:
3613:
3596:by Russia and subsequent
3562:
3524:
3488:
3448:
3416:Following the end of the
3395:
3348:
3282:An EU Member since 1995:
3225:
3182:Spain during World War II
3156:
3115:
3081:
3024:
2993:
2975:Battle of the Netherlands
2951:
2896:
2855:
2849:and EU member since 2004.
2834:to enter in 1939 and was
2815:
2771:
2765:and EU member since 2004.
2750:to enter in 1939 and was
2731:
2706:. However throughout the
2679:
2625:
2585:
2562:Greenland in World War II
2534:
2502:
2446:
2424:
2402:Greenland in World War II
2382:
2242:
2217:
2211:and EU member since 2004.
2196:to enter in 1939 and was
2177:
2146:
2110:
2045:
1994:
1969:
1927:
1856:
1836:, which they did in 1945.
1789:
1758:
1728:
1720:
1717:
1662:
1630:
1590:
1486:
1438:
1389:
1349:
1313:
1274:
1245:
1210:
1194:presidency of Vicente Fox
1141:
1127:An EU Member since 2004:
1101:
1076:
1042:An EU Member since 1973:
945:
920:
891:
859:
845:An EU Member since 1995:
818:Declaration of Neutrality
810:Declaration of Neutrality
794:
751:
743:
740:
691:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
673:volunteer combat division
475:, but was never realized.
446:French Revolutionary Wars
413:was an alliance of minor
203:permanently neutral power
6789:Barclay, Thomas (1911).
6514:Notions of Neutralities.
6107:David Keanu Sai (2015).
5229:Woodliffe, John (1992).
4868:"Abolición del Ejército"
4760:Aquiradioandorra.free.fr
4652:"Neutral Countries 2022"
4602:"Sweden in World War II"
4348:. Knowledge Encyclopedia
3508:Solomon Islands campaign
3411:Thailand in World War II
3178:Spain during World War I
2987:An EU member since 1957.
2890:An EU member since 1957.
2710:, Laos was fighting the
1956:neutral wartime country.
1721:Period(s) of neutrality
1478:relationship with Russia
885:Ratified by law in 2014.
744:Period(s) of neutrality
196:Hague Convention of 1907
47:that is neutral towards
6798:Encyclopædia Britannica
6737:Definitions.uslegal.com
6116:University of Cambridge
5017:"Benevolent Neutrality"
4820:. ALTAIR. p. 216.
4639:Notions of Neutralities
4465:See, generally, Scott,
4390:1988, p. 16-17; Jones,
4382:See, generally, Scott,
4327:Bissell and Gasteyger,
4316:Notions of Neutralities
3971:Notions of Neutralities
3946:Notions of Neutralities
3853:anti-communist alliance
3249:Formally proclaimed by
3058:mass-demographic shifts
3052:The United States held
2840:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2797:Liberia in World War II
2756:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2558:Iceland in World War II
2329:was signed in Paris in
2202:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1948:In accordance with the
1898:1920 accord with France
1565:in 2022 in response to
1374:Commonwealth of Nations
825:Constitution of Austria
6680:Forum.nationstates.net
4245:Oppenheim, L. (1906).
3983:Neff, Stephen (2000).
3772:Under the rule of the
3333:NATO applicant in 2022
3205:, as evidenced by the
2793:Liberia in World War I
2642:a (defensive) alliance
2487:territorial government
2485:and later an American
2367:NATO applicant in 2022
1698:Is an observer of the
1332:The neutrality of the
1179:military dictatorships
882:was dissolved in 1949.
695:Cash and carry program
493:
419:Catherine II of Russia
374:abandon military power
316:
112:UN peacekeeping forces
6836:Neutrality by country
6411:Kulla, Rinna (2013).
5863:10.1353/jmh.2005.0215
5827:The City Paper Bogotá
5787:Freedman, L. (2004).
5486:10.2478/cirr2014-0008
5469:Ejdus, Filip (2014).
3949:. Lanham: Lexington.
3819:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
3774:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
3664:in the Atlantic Ocean
3431:in mid-December 1941.
3251:King Charles XIV John
3219:EU member since 1986.
3186:Further information:
3150:EU member since 1986.
2918:Nepal in World War II
2673:EU member since 1957.
2483:republican government
2171:from 2003 until 2009.
1891:occupation of Belgium
1544:2003 invasion of Iraq
1514:Further information:
1476:, as well as a close
1298:Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
829:Austrian State Treaty
487:
314:
250:A neutral power must
126:. Immediately before
6657:"Armed Neutralities"
6581:Scott, James Brown.
6440:Bienstock, Gregory.
5919:. 28 February 2022.
5736:Dorji, Lham (2008).
5427:7 April 2009 at the
5119:. 27 February 2022.
4796:Publicacions.iec.cat
3846:Non-Aligned Movement
3644:policy set forth by
3607:in its constitution.
3594:annexation of Crimea
3512:Guadalcanal campaign
3284:military non-aligned
2943:Non-Aligned Movement
2723:Non-Aligned Movement
2617:Non-Aligned Movement
2510:Hungarian Revolution
2349:military non-aligned
2234:Non-Aligned Movement
2167:Participated in the
2118:Second Schleswig War
2098:Non-Aligned Movement
2037:Non-Aligned Movement
1986:Non-Aligned Movement
1961:Non-Aligned Movement
1883:Treaty of Versailles
1877:Neutral stance from
1751:Non-Aligned Movement
1700:Non-Aligned Movement
1654:Non-Aligned Movement
1622:Non-Aligned Movement
1520:Operation Tannenbaum
1409:Battle of San Marino
1381:Non-Aligned Movement
1341:Non-Aligned Movement
1305:Non-Aligned Movement
1129:military non-aligned
1044:military non-aligned
847:military non-aligned
466:Battle of Copenhagen
207:international treaty
164:Non-Aligned Movement
138:at the start of the
6826:Non-interventionism
6324:. 23 December 2014.
6306:. 11 December 2008.
6008:Ministry of Defence
5449:Consilium.europa.eu
5367:. 29 November 2009.
4848:on 11 February 2008
4373:. 2 September 1990.
4021:avalon.law.yale.edu
4003:avalon.law.yale.edu
3904:Non-interventionism
3642:non-interventionist
3570:Russo-Ukrainian War
3326:Russo-Ukrainian War
3297:command as part of
2941:Is a member of the
2721:Is a member of the
2615:Is a member of the
2479:Monarchy overthrown
2360:Russo-Ukrainian War
2305:Moscow Peace Treaty
2232:Is a member of the
2102:Major non-NATO ally
2096:Is a member of the
2035:Is a member of the
1984:Is a member of the
1959:Is a member of the
1917:Is a member of the
1848:Major non-NATO ally
1749:Is a member of the
1652:Is a member of the
1620:Is a member of the
1466:Southeastern Europe
1379:Is a member of the
1339:Is a member of the
1303:Is a member of the
1230:Moldovan neutrality
1202:Luis Ernesto Derbez
1068:Russo-Ukrainian War
1028:Irish reunification
972:during World War II
939:Neutral since 2017.
772:Andorran Revolution
718:Sweden's neutrality
657:weather information
569:With the launch of
390:mutual defense pact
355:Catherine the Great
6831:Military diplomacy
6792:"Neutrality"
6575:14.1 (2000): 13+.
6564:Oppenheim, Lassa.
6096:. Riverhead Books.
5005:. ISAC Fond. 2013.
4948:– via JSTOR.
4872:Elepiritudel48.org
4769:on 3 February 2019
4633:Pascal Lottaz and
4404:Vinarov, Mikhail.
4272:"Armed Neutrality"
3914:Strategic autonomy
3723:member since 2020.
3685:member since 1949.
3556:member since 1952.
3342:member since 2024.
3311:War in Afghanistan
3237:Swedish neutrality
3216:member since 1982.
3188:Meeting at Hendaye
3147:member since 1949.
3018:member since 1949.
2984:member since 1949.
2887:member since 1949.
2670:member since 1949.
2579:member since 1949.
2569:Kingdom of Iceland
2528:member since 2004.
2521:member since 1999.
2376:member since 2023.
2140:member since 1973.
2133:member since 1949.
2082:member since 1948.
2025:member since 1948.
1914:member since 1949.
1843:member since 1948.
1783:member since 2009.
1540:War in Afghanistan
1530:Congress of Vienna
1432:member since 1992.
1268:member since 1993.
1235:Article 11 of the
1198:Jorge G. Castañeda
835:at the end of the
788:member since 1993.
494:
473:American Civil War
323:This may include:
317:
289:Congress of Vienna
277:territorial waters
57:military alliances
6417:Les cahiers Irice
5981:Helsingin Sanomat
5949:Helsingin Sanomat
5800:978-1-135-77589-6
5671:on 8 October 2021
5431:AFP, 6 April 2009
5267:. Jornada.unam.mx
4562:Maltatoday.com.mt
4366:Chapin, Emerson.
4335:1990, p. 148-149.
4248:International Law
4184:978-1-003-35258-7
3956:978-1-4985-8226-1
3865:
3864:
3834:Stalin-Tito split
3825:, Yugoslavia was
3646:George Washington
3464:Tibet (1912–1951)
3083:Orange Free State
3060:later led to the
2708:Laotian Civil War
2286:Finnish Civil War
2116:1864–1940 (after
1950:Treaty of Punakha
1905:Battle of Belgium
1822:League of Nations
1708:
1707:
1470:1999 NATO bombing
1459:National Assembly
1237:1994 Constitution
725:Law of Neutrality
716:" of 1941, about
602:
601:
560:TEU, Article 42.7
233:international law
192:international law
16:(Redirected from
6848:
6802:
6794:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6425:
6424:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6366:www.ukrinform.ua
6358:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6342:on 12 April 2019
6332:
6326:
6325:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6113:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6029:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5857:(4): 1137–1177.
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5667:. Archived from
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5619:www.parlament.ch
5611:
5605:
5604:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5559:. 20 March 2003.
5547:
5541:
5540:
5537:SWI swissinfo.ch
5529:
5523:
5522:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5497:
5489:
5475:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5446:
5438:
5432:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5337:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5292:. Archived from
5291:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5209:
5203:. Archived from
5202:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5082:
5076:
5071:John P. Duggan,
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5023:. Archived from
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4893:Álvaro Murillo.
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4762:. Archived from
4757:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4733:on 27 March 2019
4729:. Archived from
4719:
4713:
4712:
4709:Blocs de VilaWeb
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4648:
4642:
4635:Florentino Rodao
4631:
4625:
4624:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4600:Chen, C. Peter.
4597:
4591:
4590:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4535:
4529:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4493:
4487:
4480:
4474:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4401:
4395:
4380:
4374:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4342:
4336:
4325:
4319:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4274:. Dictionary.com
4268:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4224:
4197:
4196:
4177:. pp. xxv.
4166:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3980:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3940:
3640:Pursuant to the
3504:Sālote Tupou III
3009:The Neutral Ally
2973:Ended after the
2661:Treaty of London
2388:1940–1941 (from
2323:Continuation War
2319:Moscow Armistice
1879:Treaty of London
1818:Second World War
1715:
1714:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1617:in Turkmenistan.
1615:national holiday
1598:
1596:
1595:
1506:Swiss neutrality
1494:
1492:
1491:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1161:Estrada Doctrine
1149:
1147:
1146:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1035:Northern Ireland
965:Irish neutrality
953:
951:
950:
928:
926:
925:
899:
897:
896:
867:
865:
864:
837:Second World War
802:
800:
799:
759:
757:
756:
738:
737:
714:Midsummer Crisis
710:Continuation War
661:Donegal Corridor
587:
505:Points of debate
367:Edwin Reischauer
351:Nordic countries
307:Armed neutrality
256:prisoners of war
221:armed neutrality
182:in a particular
132:Nordic countries
85:prisoners of war
71:). As a type of
21:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6806:
6805:
6779:
6777:
6769:
6760:
6758:
6750:
6741:
6739:
6731:
6722:
6720:
6718:Everything2.com
6712:
6703:
6701:
6699:Citelighter.com
6693:
6684:
6682:
6674:
6665:
6663:
6655:
6646:
6644:
6636:
6623:
6609:
6607:
6602:
6488:Karsh, Efraim.
6474:Jones, Howard.
6434:
6429:
6428:
6409:
6405:
6397:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6371:
6369:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6345:
6343:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6269:
6267:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6244:
6242:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6198:
6194:
6184:
6182:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6151:
6134:
6130:
6120:
6118:
6111:
6105:
6101:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6074:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6030:
6023:
6013:
6011:
6010:. 19 April 2022
6002:
6001:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5957:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5894:
5892:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5845:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5819:
5815:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5785:
5781:
5771:
5769:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5672:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5648:
5646:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5623:
5621:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5577:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5539:. 13 June 2020.
5531:
5530:
5526:
5511:
5507:
5491:
5490:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5453:
5451:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5429:Wayback Machine
5420:
5416:
5406:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5299:on 5 March 2009
5296:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5227:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5091:The Irish Times
5083:
5079:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5054:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5027:on 20 June 2013
5013:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4987:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4849:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4711:. 21 July 2012.
4703:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4632:
4628:
4617:
4613:
4598:
4594:
4589:. 28 June 2011.
4581:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4536:
4532:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4502:The Irish Times
4495:
4494:
4490:
4481:
4477:
4464:
4460:
4449:
4445:
4433:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4412:
4410:Citelighter.com
4402:
4398:
4394:2009, p. 15-17.
4381:
4377:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4326:
4322:
4313:
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4299:
4297:
4292:
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4277:
4275:
4270:
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4252:
4243:
4239:
4226:
4225:
4200:
4185:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3981:
3977:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3899:Non-belligerent
3870:
3832:Ever since the
3810:
3797:
3753:
3740:
3709:
3637:
3624:
3542:
3514:
3502:Main articles:
3466:
3429:Japanese Empire
3418:Franco-Thai War
3413:
3372:
3359:
3243:
3235:Main articles:
3198:
3192:Operation Felix
3184:
3176:Main articles:
3167:
3133:
3099:
3089:Second Boer War
3035:
3011:
2925:Sepoy Rebellion
2920:
2907:
2866:
2799:
2791:Main articles:
2782:
2650:Austria-Hungary
2609:
2596:
2564:
2548:Main articles:
2464:
2404:
2390:Fall of Denmark
2274:
2266:Main articles:
2258:rental area to
2253:
2164:
2075:
2069:
2056:
2018:
2005:
1938:
1887:German invasion
1867:
1813:
1800:
1769:
1739:
1713:
1684:
1665:
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1633:
1631:
1593:
1591:
1522:
1512:
1504:Main articles:
1489:
1487:
1441:
1439:
1414:Neutral during
1411:
1392:
1390:
1352:
1350:
1316:
1314:
1277:
1275:
1248:
1246:
1232:
1213:
1211:
1175:Francoist Spain
1163:
1144:
1142:
1104:
1102:
1079:
1077:
1005:Operation Green
987:Royal Air Force
967:
948:
946:
923:
921:
894:
892:
862:
860:
820:
797:
795:
754:
752:
733:
684:Neutrality Acts
585:
579:
525:
519:
507:
482:
406:
400:respectively).
309:
285:
242:
228:non-belligerent
188:sovereign state
180:neutral country
175:
136:non-belligerent
41:neutral country
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6854:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6804:
6803:
6786:
6767:
6748:
6729:
6710:
6691:
6672:
6653:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6621:External links
6619:
6618:
6617:
6600:
6588:Wills, Clair.
6586:
6579:
6569:
6562:
6548:
6534:
6524:
6522:978-1498582261
6510:
6500:
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6426:
6403:
6391:
6379:
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6327:
6309:
6295:
6277:
6252:
6225:
6210:(in Swedish).
6192:
6175:Anadolu Agency
6161:
6146:(in Swedish).
6128:
6099:
6084:
6050:
6021:
5995:
5967:
5952:(in Finnish).
5934:
5902:
5876:
5839:
5813:
5799:
5779:
5768:. 27 June 2005
5753:
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5278:
5255:
5241:
5221:
5210:on 16 May 2013
5189:
5167:
5134:
5108:
5077:
5064:
5052:Independent.ie
5038:
5007:
4995:
4973:
4951:
4938:10.2307/138765
4932:(2): 152–165.
4912:
4885:
4859:
4833:
4827:978-8493622046
4826:
4808:
4780:
4744:
4727:Cossetania.com
4714:
4696:
4684:Diposit.ub.edu
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4371:New York Times
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3815:Little Entente
3806:Main article:
3803:
3798:1949–1992 (to
3792:1940–1941 (to
3790:
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3749:Main article:
3746:
3741:1939–1942 (to
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3724:
3717:
3705:Main article:
3702:
3697:1870–1945 (to
3695:
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3633:Main article:
3630:
3625:1939–1941 (to
3619:1914–1917 (to
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3609:
3608:
3601:
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3459:
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3445:
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3421:
3409:Main article:
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3401:1940–1941 (to
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3393:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:Restored as a
3383:
3376:
3368:Main article:
3365:
3362:U.S. Civil War
3354:1836–1846 (to
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3344:
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3336:
3329:
3322:
3295:United Nations
3291:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3210:
3196:Wolfram Crisis
3173:
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3148:
3141:
3129:Main article:
3126:
3119:
3113:
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3110:
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3097:Boer Republics
3092:
3087:1854–1899 (to
3085:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3050:
3037:
3032:U.S. Civil War
3030:1834–1861 (to
3028:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3004:
2999:1814–1940 (to
2997:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
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2978:
2971:
2962:
2957:1839–1940 (to
2955:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2928:
2913:
2908:1918–1939 (to
2902:1858–1914 (to
2900:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2867:1920–1940 (to
2861:1839–1914 (to
2859:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2788:
2783:1939–1944 (to
2777:1914–1917 (to
2775:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2742:
2737:1938–1939 (to
2735:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2698:was signed in
2690:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2664:
2653:
2636:
2631:1914–1915 (to
2629:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2605:Main article:
2602:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2545:
2540:1918–1940 (to
2538:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:European Union
2522:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2476:
2473:U.S. Civil War
2460:Main article:
2457:
2452:1854–1898 (to
2450:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2430:1783–1917 (to
2428:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2400:Main article:
2397:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2341:
2334:
2316:
2302:
2300:Finlandization
2297:
2263:
2248:1935–1939 (to
2246:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2188:
2183:1938–1939 (to
2181:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2157:
2152:1906–1941 (to
2150:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:European Union
2134:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2094:
2083:
2065:Main article:
2062:
2057:1933–1943 (to
2049:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2011:
2006:1938–1943 (to
1998:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1975:1955–1970 (to
1973:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1944:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:European Union
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1873:
1868:1936–1940 (to
1862:1839–1914 (to
1860:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1809:Main article:
1806:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1689:Lateran Treaty
1680:Main article:
1677:
1674:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1611:United Nations
1605:
1602:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1555:
1536:
1533:
1526:
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1462:
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1430:United Nations
1426:
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1407:Main article:
1404:
1401:
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1386:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1364:
1361:
1347:
1346:
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1301:
1294:
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1269:
1266:United Nations
1260:
1257:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1228:Main article:
1225:
1222:
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1207:
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1168:Genaro Estrada
1159:Main article:
1156:
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1074:
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1059:
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1038:
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1017:
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994:United Kingdom
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963:Main article:
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886:
883:
878:Neutral since
874:
871:
857:
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855:
854:
843:
840:
816:Main article:
813:
808:1955–present (
806:
792:
791:
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786:United Nations
782:
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749:
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742:
732:
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600:
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597:Woodrow Wilson
592:
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581:Main article:
578:
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529:European Union
518:
517:European Union
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450:Denmark-Norway
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342:
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332:
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305:
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281:
241:
238:
237:
236:
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116:European Union
51:in a specific
32:Neutral Nation
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6654:
6643:
6642:Netplaces.com
6639:
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6598:0-674-02682-9
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6560:0-8156-3106-5
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6457:
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6066:(35): 22–27.
6065:
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4498:
4492:
4486:2007, p. 150.
4485:
4479:
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4469:1918; Karsh,
4468:
4462:
4454:
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4389:
4386:1918; Karsh,
4385:
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3207:Blue Division
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3105:Annexed into
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3062:establishment
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2657:Allied Powers
2654:
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2426:Haudenosaunee
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2343:An EU Member
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2313:Interim Peace
2310:
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2282:Soviet Russia
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2068:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:Falklands War
2027:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
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1902:
1899:
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1876:
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1871:
1865:
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1859:
1855:
1849:
1845:
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1835:
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1830:United States
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:Prague Spring
1767:
1763:
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1748:
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1727:
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1701:
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1676:1929–present
1675:
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1655:
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1644:2012–present
1643:
1641:
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1604:1995–present
1603:
1601:
1589:
1583:
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1548:United States
1545:
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1537:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:1815–present
1499:
1497:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1452:2007–present
1451:
1449:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:1945–present
1402:
1400:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:1994 genocide
1367:
1366:
1365:
1363:2009–present
1362:
1360:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:1990–present
1326:
1324:
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1306:
1302:
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1292:
1291:
1290:
1288:2015–present
1287:
1285:
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1263:
1262:
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1259:1945–present
1258:
1256:
1244:
1238:
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1233:
1231:
1226:
1224:1994–present
1223:
1221:
1209:
1203:
1199:
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1188:
1187:South America
1184:
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1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:1930–present
1154:
1152:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1115:1980–present
1114:
1112:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1090:1868–present
1089:
1087:
1086:Liechtenstein
1075:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1029:
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1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
988:
984:
983:Allied Powers
980:
979:
977:
976:the Emergency
973:
969:
968:
966:
961:
959:1939–present
958:
956:
944:
938:
937:
936:
934:2017–present
933:
931:
919:
913:
909:
908:
907:
905:2012–present
904:
902:
890:
884:
881:
877:
876:
875:
873:1949–present
872:
870:
858:
852:
848:
844:
841:
838:
834:
831:(demanded by
830:
827:and the 1955
826:
822:
821:
819:
814:
811:
807:
805:
793:
787:
783:
780:
776:
773:
769:
768:
767:
765:1914–present
764:
762:
750:
746:
739:
736:
728:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
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689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
669:
664:
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654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
634:Liechtenstein
631:
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623:
619:
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611:
607:
598:
594:
593:
589:
588:
584:
574:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
556:Lisbon Treaty
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
524:
514:
512:
502:
499:
491:
490:Golan Heights
486:
474:
470:
467:
463:
459:
456:, Sweden and
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
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432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:
401:
399:
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387:
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379:
378:Liechtenstein
375:
370:
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364:
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333:
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326:
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200:
197:
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177:
176:
170:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:. During the
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
93:demilitarized
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:non-combatant
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
19:
6821:Belligerency
6796:
6778:. Retrieved
6774:
6759:. Retrieved
6755:
6740:. Retrieved
6736:
6721:. Retrieved
6717:
6702:. Retrieved
6698:
6683:. Retrieved
6679:
6664:. Retrieved
6660:
6645:. Retrieved
6641:
6608:. Retrieved
6589:
6582:
6572:
6565:
6551:
6537:
6527:
6513:
6489:
6475:
6455:
6441:
6432:Bibliography
6420:
6416:
6406:
6394:
6382:
6370:. Retrieved
6365:
6356:
6344:. Retrieved
6340:the original
6330:
6321:
6312:
6298:
6289:
6280:
6268:. Retrieved
6264:
6255:
6243:. Retrieved
6241:(in Swedish)
6238:
6228:
6216:. Retrieved
6205:
6195:
6183:. Retrieved
6174:
6164:
6152:. Retrieved
6141:
6131:
6119:. Retrieved
6115:
6102:
6093:
6087:
6075:. Retrieved
6064:Army History
6063:
6053:
6041:. Retrieved
6037:
6012:. Retrieved
6007:
5998:
5986:. Retrieved
5979:
5970:
5958:. Retrieved
5947:
5937:
5925:. Retrieved
5914:
5905:
5893:. Retrieved
5879:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5830:. Retrieved
5826:
5816:
5804:. Retrieved
5789:
5782:
5770:. Retrieved
5765:
5756:
5738:
5731:
5719:. Retrieved
5710:
5698:. Retrieved
5694:
5685:
5673:. Retrieved
5669:the original
5659:
5647:. Retrieved
5643:
5634:
5622:. Retrieved
5618:
5609:
5600:
5590:
5578:. Retrieved
5575:www.admin.ch
5574:
5565:
5554:
5545:
5536:
5527:
5519:The Guardian
5518:
5508:
5494:cite journal
5477:
5464:
5452:. Retrieved
5448:
5436:
5417:
5405:. Retrieved
5403:. WorldAtWar
5395:
5383:. Retrieved
5373:
5364:
5355:
5343:. Retrieved
5340:pancanal.com
5339:
5327:
5313:
5301:. Retrieved
5294:the original
5281:
5271:19 September
5269:. Retrieved
5258:
5246:. Retrieved
5231:
5224:
5212:. Retrieved
5205:the original
5192:
5180:. Retrieved
5170:
5158:. Retrieved
5147:
5137:
5125:. Retrieved
5111:
5099:. Retrieved
5090:
5080:
5072:
5067:
5055:. Retrieved
5051:
5041:
5029:. Retrieved
5025:the original
5021:The War Room
5020:
5015:Burke, Dan.
5010:
4998:
4986:. Retrieved
4976:
4964:. Retrieved
4954:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4903:. Retrieved
4901:(in Spanish)
4898:
4888:
4876:. Retrieved
4874:(in Spanish)
4871:
4862:
4850:. Retrieved
4846:the original
4842:"Costa Rica"
4836:
4817:
4811:
4799:. Retrieved
4795:
4783:
4771:. Retrieved
4764:the original
4759:
4747:
4735:. Retrieved
4731:the original
4726:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4687:. Retrieved
4683:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4655:
4646:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4614:
4605:
4595:
4586:
4577:
4565:. Retrieved
4561:
4552:
4543:
4533:
4525:
4518:
4506:. Retrieved
4500:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4473:1988, p. 17.
4470:
4466:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4413:. Retrieved
4409:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4340:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4315:
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4288:
4276:. Retrieved
4266:
4253:. Retrieved
4247:
4240:
4231:
4170:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4101:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3970:
3965:
3945:
3938:
3879:Dual loyalty
3874:Buffer state
3794:World War II
3765:World War II
3743:World War II
3699:World War II
3627:World War II
3547:Nazi Germany
3532:World War II
3496:World War II
3470:
3456:World War II
3403:World War II
3303:Congo Crisis
3283:
3170:World War II
3123:World War II
3107:South Africa
3001:World War II
2959:World War II
2910:World War II
2878:constitution
2869:World War II
2832:Soviet Union
2823:World War II
2785:World War II
2748:Soviet Union
2739:World War II
2599:World War II
2542:World War II
2394:World War II
2348:
2294:East Karelia
2194:Soviet Union
2185:World War II
2154:World War II
2122:World War II
2089:to serve in
2059:World War II
2008:World War II
1953:
1941:World War II
1885:, after the
1870:World War II
1826:Nazi Germany
1803:World War II
1742:World War II
1672:Vatican City
1600:Turkmenistan
1493:
1423:Nazi Germany
1334:Panama Canal
1128:
1043:
998:Nazi Germany
978:in Ireland.
880:its military
846:
833:Soviet Union
779:Vichy France
734:
722:
703:
688:US President
681:
668:Nazi Germany
665:
646:
638:Vatican City
606:World War II
603:
568:
564:constitution
553:
549:
526:
508:
498:Peacekeeping
495:
480:Peacekeeping
371:
363:World War II
344:
322:
318:
301:
286:
266:Belligerent
265:
249:
245:Belligerents
243:
212:
202:
179:
168:
160:Eastern Bloc
128:World War II
110:have active
101:
49:belligerents
40:
38:
36:
6775:Lib.byu.edu
6638:"About.com"
6270:8 September
6239:SVT Nyheter
6218:28 February
6207:Aftonbladet
6185:28 February
6154:28 February
5960:28 February
5927:28 February
5895:20 December
5832:15 February
5214:19 November
5182:27 February
5160:27 February
5127:27 February
5101:27 February
4852:27 February
4661:26 November
4482:Bienstock,
4232:nato.gov.si
3919:Third World
3737:World War I
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1834:Axis Powers
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1192:During the
1066:during the
974:, known as
630:Switzerland
359:World War I
329:belligerent
173:Terminology
124:case of war
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6810:Categories
6573:Dimensions
6077:29 January
5675:20 October
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4737:22 January
4434:|url=
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3930:References
3857:Korean War
3788:Yugoslavia
3650:world wars
3592:After the
3518:conflicts.
3387:U.S. state
3356:annexation
3231:1814–2022
3095:See also:
3073:U.S. state
3054:suzerainty
3007:See also:
2970:continent.
2916:See also:
2857:Luxembourg
2716:Pathet Lao
2494:U.S. state
2454:annexation
2345:since 1995
2338:YYA Treaty
2309:Winter War
2284:after the
2250:Winter War
2160:See also:
2071:See also:
2014:See also:
1881:until the
1640:Uzbekistan
1399:San Marino
1368:After the
869:Costa Rica
699:Lend-Lease
521:See also:
511:legitimacy
462:Royal Navy
382:Costa Rica
213:Neutralism
152:Yugoslavia
140:Winter War
89:Costa Rica
77:law of war
6423:: 97–106.
6372:15 August
6346:15 August
6290:Kyiv Post
6265:E-ir.info
5871:159487629
5556:Swissinfo
5480:: 43–69.
5407:12 August
4296:. USLegal
4175:Routledge
3731:Venezuela
3360:1861 (to
3267:Wehrmacht
2821:1939 (to
2817:Lithuania
2408:Greenland
2384:Greenland
2087:battalion
1791:Argentina
1528:The 1815
823:Bound by
150:, former
81:civilians
6780:21 April
6761:21 April
6742:21 April
6723:21 April
6704:21 April
6685:21 April
6666:21 April
6647:21 April
6610:28 April
6322:BBC News
6245:23 March
6212:Archived
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5425:Archived
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5303:18 April
5248:11 April
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4801:26 March
4773:26 March
4753:"Letter"
4689:26 March
4587:BBC News
4425:cite web
4415:21 April
4352:27 April
4300:27 April
4278:27 April
4261:, p.325.
3868:See also
3842:Cold War
3721:Rio Pact
3672:Honolulu
3583:Iraq War
3549:in 1941.
3482:in 1951.
3471:de facto
3397:Thailand
3389:in 1870.
3319:Mali War
3317:and the
3307:UNPROFOR
3273:for the
3253:in 1834.
3117:Portugal
3109:in 1902.
3026:Oklahoma
2968:European
2880:in 1948.
2836:occupied
2752:occupied
2471:and the
2256:Porkkala
2219:Ethiopia
2198:occupied
2080:Rio Pact
2047:Colombia
2023:Rio Pact
1971:Cambodia
1954:de facto
1841:Rio Pact
1561:against
1284:Mongolia
1177:and the
912:Cold War
677:tungsten
642:Holy See
618:Portugal
293:Cold War
260:materiel
148:Cold War
95:, while
59:such as
6756:PBS.org
6577:excerpt
6508:i311972
5988:2 April
5916:Reuters
5766:The Age
5700:2 March
5649:11 July
5601:Reuters
5454:2 March
5385:15 June
5345:2 March
5031:25 June
4988:15 June
4966:15 June
4905:9 March
4899:El País
4878:9 March
4606:2db.com
4567:2 March
4508:2 March
4436:value (
4255:12 June
3855:in the
3827:invaded
3693:Uruguay
3564:Ukraine
3440:Vietnam
3271:Finland
2773:Liberia
2646:Germany
2536:Iceland
2504:Hungary
2244:Finland
2179:Estonia
2112:Denmark
2085:Sent a
1858:Belgium
1828:by the
1760:Albania
1580:or the
1220:Moldova
1183:Central
1064:Ukraine
989:airmen.
955:Ireland
804:Austria
761:Andorra
636:), and
614:Ireland
610:Andorra
537:Ireland
533:Austria
454:Prussia
435:Holland
392:(under
386:Iceland
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6504:JSTOR
6112:(PDF)
6068:JSTOR
5867:S2CID
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5297:(PDF)
5290:(PDF)
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3778:Yemen
3759:Yemen
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3350:Texas
3263:Åland
3158:Spain
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2898:Nepal
2644:with
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6706:2016
6687:2016
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6649:2016
6612:2014
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5897:2015
5834:2017
5808:2020
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5702:2022
5677:2013
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5626:2022
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5500:link
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5409:2009
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5347:2022
5305:2017
5273:2013
5250:2009
5237:ISBN
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5129:2022
5103:2022
5059:2016
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4968:2023
4907:2008
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4854:2008
4822:ISBN
4803:2019
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4739:2019
4691:2019
4663:2022
4569:2022
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4417:2016
4354:2014
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4280:2014
4257:2023
4189:OCLC
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3951:ISBN
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3605:NATO
3587:Iraq
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2648:and
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