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on a deeper level which resulted in identification of certain body parts and organs. Two Greek scientists, Herophilus of
Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos were the first to use cadavers in the third century B.C. Through the dissection of cadavers, Herophilus made multiple discoveries concerning the anatomy of the human body, including the difference between the four ventricles within the brain, identification of seven pairs of cranial nerves, the difference between sensory and motor nerves, and the discovery of the cornea, retina and choroid coat within the eye. Herophilus also discovered the valves within a human heart while Erasistratus identified their function by testing the irreversibility of the blood flow through the valves. Erasistratus also discovered and distinguished between many details within the veins and arteries of the human body. Herophilus later provides descriptions of the human liver, the pancreas, and the male and female reproductive systems due to the dissection of the human body. Cadavers allowed Herophilus to determine that the womb in which fetusâ grow and develop in is not bicameral. This goes against the original notion of the womb in which was thought to have two chambers; however, Herophilus discovered the womb to only have one chamber. Herophilus also discovered the ovaries, the broad ligaments and the tubes within the female reproductive system. During this time period, cadavers were one of the only ways to develop an understanding of the anatomy of the human body.
324:. Through his study, da Vinci was perhaps the first to accurately draw the natural position of the human fetus in the womb, via cadaver of a late mother and her unborn child. It is speculated that he conducted approximately 30 dissections total. His work with cadavers allowed him to portray the first drawings of the umbilical cord, uterus, cervix and vagina and ultimately dispute beliefs that the uterus had multiple chambers in the case of multiple births. It is reported that between 1504 and 1507, he experimented with the brain of an ox by injecting a tube into the ventricular cavities, injecting hot wax, and scraping off the brain leaving a cast of the ventricles. Da Vinci's efforts proved to be very helpful in the study of the brain's ventricular system. Da Vinci gained an understanding of what was happening mechanically under the skin to better portray the body through art. For example, he removed the facial skin of the cadaver to more closely observe and draw the detailed muscles that move the lips to obtain a holistic understanding of that system. He also conducted a thorough study of the foot and ankle that continues to be consistent with current clinical theories and practice. His work with the shoulder also mirrors modern understanding of its movement and functions, utilizing a mechanical description likening it to ropes and pulleys. He also was one of the first to study
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the 3rd century to around the 18th century, it was associated with dishonor, immorality, and unethical behavior. Many of these notions were because of religious beliefs and esthetic taboos, and were deeply entrenched in the beliefs of the public and the church. As mentioned above, the dissection of cadavers began to once again take hold around the 12th century. At this time dissection was still seen as dishonorable; however, it was not outright banned. Instead, the church put forth certain edicts for banning and allowing certain practices. One that was monumental for scientific advancement was issued by the Holy Roman emperor
Frederick II in 1231. This decree stated that a human body would be dissected once every five years for anatomical studies, and that attendance was required for all who were training to or currently practicing medicine or surgery. This led to the first sanctioned human dissection since 300 B.C., which was performed publicly by Mondino de Liuzzi. This time period created a great deal of enthusiasm in what human dissection could do for science and attracted students from all over Europe to begin studying medicine.
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usually poor or a part of a marginalized society. There was more out-cry if the affluent or prominent members of society were affected, and this led to a riot in New York most commonly referred to as the
Resurrection Riot of 1788. It all started when a doctor waved the arm of a cadaver at a young boy looking through the window, who then went home and told his father. Worrying that his recently deceased wife's grave had been robbed, he went to check on it and realized that it had been. This story spread and people accused local physicians and anatomists. The riot grew to 5,000 people and by the end medical students and doctors were beaten and six people were killed. This led to many legal adjustments such as the Anatomy Acts put forth by the U.S. government. These acts opened up other avenues to obtaining corpses for scientific purposes with Massachusetts being the first to do so. In 1830 and 1833, they allowed unclaimed bodies to be used for dissection. Laws in almost every state were subsequently passed and grave-robbing was essentially eradicated.
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usually by hanging. Many of the offenders whose crimes âwarrantedâ dissection and their families even considered dissection to be more terrifying and demeaning than the crime or death penalty itself. There were many fights and sometimes even riots when relatives and friends of the deceased and soon to be dissected tried to stop the delivery of corpses from the place of hanging to the anatomists. The government at the time (17th century) took advantage of these qualms by using dissection as a threat against committing serious crimes. They even increased the number of crimes that were punished by hanging to over 200 offenses. Nevertheless, as dissection of cadavers became even more popular, anatomists were forced to find other ways to obtain cadavers.
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structures in their natural forms. This is accomplished with a variety of chemical substances that can be separated generally into groups by their purposes. Disinfectants are used to kill any potential microbes. Preservatives are used to halt the action of decomposing organisms, deprive these organisms of nutrition, and alter chemical structures in the body to prevent decomposition. Various modifying agents are used to maintain the moisture, pH, and osmotic properties of the tissues along with anticoagulants to keep blood from clotting within the cardiovascular system. Other chemicals may also be used to keep the tissue from carrying displeasing odors or particularly unnatural colors.
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poverty. There were many people that attempted to display dissection in a positive light, for example 200 prominent New York physicians publicly said they would donate their bodies after their death. This and other efforts only helped in minor ways, and public opinion was much more affected by the exposure of the corrupt funeral industry. It was found that the cost of dying was incredibly high and a large amount of funeral homes were scamming people into paying more than they had to. These exposures did not necessarily remove stigma but created fear that a person and their families would be victimized by scheming funeral directors, therefore making people reconsider body donation.
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Vesalius (1514â1564), known as the father of modern human anatomy, based his knowledge off of Galen's findings and his own dissection of human cadavers. Vesalius performed multiple dissections on cadavers for medical students to recognize and understand how the interior body parts of a human being worked. Cadavers also helped
Vesalius discredit previous notions of work published by the Greek physician Galen dealing with certain functions of the brain and human body. Vesalius concluded that Galen never did use cadavers in order to gain a proper understanding of human anatomy but instead used previous knowledge from his predecessors.
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structures for study. After any desired dissection is completed, the cadaver is submerged in acetone. The acetone draws the moisture and soluble fats from the body and flows in to replace them. The cadaver is then placed in a bath of the plastic or resin of the practitioner's choice and the step known as forced impregnation begins. The bath generates a vacuum that causes acetone to vaporize, drawing the plastic or resin into the cells as it leaves. Once this is done the cadaver is positioned, the plastic inside it is cured, and the specimen is ready for use.
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459:, as this disrupts the organs in ways that would be disadvantageous for the study of anatomy. As with the mixtures of chemicals, embalmers practicing today can use different methods for introducing fluids into the cadaver. Fluid can be injected into the arterial system (typically through the carotid or femoral arteries), the main body cavities, under the skin, or the cadaver can be introduced to fluids at the outer surface of the skin via immersion.
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199:. It is the final and longest stage. Putrefaction is where the larger structures of the body break down, and tissues liquefy. The digestive organs, brain, and lungs are the first to disintegrate. Under normal conditions, the organs are unidentifiable after three weeks. The muscles may be eaten by bacteria or devoured by animals. Eventually, sometimes after several years, all that remains is the
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these organisms. While formaldehyde is a good antiseptic, it has certain disadvantages as well. When used in embalming, it causes blood to clot and tissues to harden, it turns the skin gray, and its fumes are both malodorous and toxic if inhaled. However, its abilities to prevent decay and tan tissue without ruining its structural integrity have led to its continued widespread use to this day.
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168:. However, these enzymes are released into the cells because of cessation of the active processes in the cells, not as an active process. In other words, though autolysis resembles the active process of digestion of nutrients by live cells, the dead cells are not actively digesting themselves as is often claimed in popular literature and as the synonym of autolysis â
655:â These body snatchers killed three boys, ages 10, 11 and 14 years old. The anatomist that they sold the cadavers to was suspicious. To delay their departure, the anatomist stated that he needed to break a 50-pound note and sent for the police who then arrested the men. In his confession Bishop claimed to have body-snatched 500 to 1000 bodies in his career.
393:. Surgeons have dissected and examined cadavers before surgical procedures on living patients to identify any possible deviations within the surgical area of interest. New types of surgical procedures can lead to numerous obstacles involved within the procedure which can be eliminated through prior knowledge from the dissection of a cadaver.
114:(a muscle spasm causing a dead body to twitch or jerk). A cadaver graft (also called âpostmortem graftâ) is the grafting of tissue from a dead body onto a living human to repair a defect or disfigurement. Cadavers can be observed for their stages of decomposition, helping to determine how long a body has been dead.
672:, in the 1930s, after using his own body, and of his students, to test the limits of the human body. His first cadaver use was when he tossed a cadaver down an elevator shaft. He learned that the human skull can withstand up to one and a half tons for one second before experiencing any type of damage.
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Cadavers not only provide medical students and doctors knowledge about the different functions of the human body, but they also provide multiple causes of malfunction within the human body. Galen (250 AD), a Greek physician, was one of the first to associate events that occurred during a human's life
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The study and teaching of anatomy through the ages would not have been possible without sketches and detailed drawings of discoveries when working with human corpses. The artistic depiction of the placement of body parts plays a crucial role in studying anatomy and in assisting those working with the
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Even though both
Herophilus and Erasistratus had permission to use cadavers for dissection, there was still a large amount of taboo surrounding the use of cadavers for anatomical purposes, and these feelings continued for hundreds of years. From the time that anatomical dissection gained its roots in
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Containing a faithful and authentic account of the horrid acts of the noted
Resurrectionists, Bishop, Williams, May, etc., etc., and their trial and condemnation at the Old Bailey for the wilful murder of Carlo Ferrari, with the criminals' confessions after trial. Including also the life, character,
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Plastinates are advantageous in the study of anatomy as they provide durable, non-toxic specimens that are easy to store. However, they still have not truly gained ground against the traditionally embalmed cadaver. Plastinated cadavers are not accessible for some institutions, some educators believe
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Phenol is a disinfectant that functions as an antibacterial and antifungal agent. It prevents the growth of mold in its liquefied form. Its disinfectant qualities rely on its ability to denature proteins and dismantle cell walls, but this unfortunately has the added side effect of drying tissues and
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who also worked with many young artists to illustrate
Vesaliusâ book "De Humani Corporis Fabrica" and this launched the use of labelling anatomical features to better describe them. It is believed that Vesalius used cadavers of executed criminals in his work due to the inability to secure bodies for
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The London
Borough Gang was a group of resurrection men that worked from 1802 to 1825. These men provided a number of schools with cadavers, and members of the schools would use influence to keep these men out of jail. Members of rival gangs would often report members of other gangs, or desecrate a
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Cadavers are used in many different facets throughout the scientific community. One important aspect of cadavers use for science is that they have provided science with a vast amount of information dealing with the anatomy of the human body. Cadavers allowed scientists to investigate the human body
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His approach to the depiction of the human body was much like that of the study of architecture, providing multiple views and three-dimensional perspectives of what he witnessed in person. One of the first examples of this is using the three dimensional perspectives to draw a skull in 1489. Further
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As demand increased for cadavers from universities across the world, people began grave-robbing. These corpses were transported and put on sale for local anatomy professors to take back to their students. The public tended to look the other way when it came to grave-robbing because the affected was
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The history of the use of cadavers is filled with controversy, scientific advancements, and new discoveries. It all started in 3rd century ancient Greece with two physicians by the name of
Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos. They practiced the dissection of cadavers in Alexandria, and
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Although dissection became increasingly accepted throughout the years, it was still very much disapproved by the
American public in the beginning of the 20th century. The disapproval mostly came from religious objections and dissection being associated with unclaimed bodies and therefore a mark of
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Formaldehyde is very widely used in the process of embalming. It is a fixative, and kills bacteria, fungus, and insects. It prevents decay by keeping decomposing microorganisms from surviving on and in the cadaver. It also cures the tissues it is used in so that they cannot serve as nutrients for
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are placed on the bone of the tested area of the cadaver. Damage is then inflicted on the cadaver with different tools including; linear impactors, pendulums, or falling weights. The cadaver may also be placed on an impact sled, simulating a crash. After these tests are completed, the cadaver is
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The use of traditionally embalmed cadavers is and has been the standard for medical education. Many medical and dental institutions still show a preference for these today, even with the advent of more advanced technology like digital models or synthetic cadavers. Cadavers embalmed with fluid do
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For centuries artists have used their knowledge gleaned from the study of anatomy and the use of cadavers to better present a more accurate and lively representation of the human body in their artwork and mostly in paintings. It is thought that Michelangelo and/or Raphael may have also conducted
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In light of the new discoveries and advancements that were being made, religious moderation of dissection relaxed significantly; however, the public perception of it was still negative. Because of this perception, the only legal source of cadavers was the corpses of criminals who were executed,
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Galen (130â201 AD) connected the famous works of Aristotle and other Greek physicians to his understanding of the human body. Galenic anatomy and physiology were considered to be the most prominent methods to teach when dealing with the study of the human body during this time period. Andreas
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Whole-body plastination begins with much the same method as traditional embalming; a mixture of embalming fluids and water are pumped through the cadaver via arterial injection. After this step is complete, the anatomist may choose to dissect parts of the body to expose particular anatomical
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The practice of embalming via chemical fluids has been used for centuries. The main objectives of this form of preservation are to keep the body from decomposing, help the tissues retain their color and softness, prevent both biological and environmental hazards, and preserve the anatomical
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Appendectomies, the removal of the appendix, are performed 28,000 times a year in the United States and are still practiced on human cadavers and not with technology simulations. Gross anatomy, a common course in medical school studying the visual structures of the body, gives students the
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to repair a defect in a living human being. Students in medical school study and dissect cadavers as a part of their education. Others who study cadavers include archaeologists and arts students. In addition, a cadaver may be used in the development and evaluation of surgical instruments.
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it was the dominant means of learning anatomy. After both of these men died, the popularity of anatomical dissection decreased until it was not used at all. It was not revived until the 12th century and it became increasingly popular in the 17th century and has been used ever since.
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The study of the human body was not isolated to only medical doctors and students, as many artists reflected their expertise through masterful drawings and paintings. The detailed study of human and animal anatomy, as well as the dissection of corpses, was utilized by early
192:. This bloating occurs largely in the abdomen, and sometimes in the mouth, tongue, and genitals. This usually happens around the second week of decomposition. Gas accumulation and bloating will continue until the body is decomposed sufficiently for the gas to escape.
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and made great advances regarding the understanding of the anatomy of the eye, optic nerves and the spine, but unfortunately his later discovered notes were disorganized and difficult to decipher due to his practice of reverse script writing (mirror writing).
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van den Haak, Lukas; Alleblas, Chantal; Rhemrev, Johann P.; Scheltes, Jules; Nieboer, Theodoor Elbert; Jansen, Frank Willem. National Institutes for Health - National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information: December 4, 2017
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was created to ensure that relatives of the deceased submitted to the use of their kin in dissection and other scientific processes. Public response to the West Port murders was a factor in the passage of this bill, as well as the acts committed by the
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Since early history, the instances of inclusion and representation of corpses in art have been numerous; for instance, as in Neo-Assyrian sculpted reliefs of floating corpses on a river (c. 640 BCE), and in Aristophanes's comedy The Frogs (405 BCE), to
586:. In the 1700s most body snatchers were doctors, anatomy professors or their students. By 1828, some anatomists were paying others to perform the exhumation. People in this profession were commonly known in the medical community as "resurrection men".
668:, cadavers were used to make motor vehicles safer. Cadavers have helped set guidelines on the safety features of vehicles ranging from laminated windshields to seat belt airbags. The first recorded use of cadaver crash test dummies was performed by
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invented plastination at Heidelberg University in Heidelberg, Germany in 1977. This method of cadaver preservation involves the replacement of fluid and soluble lipids in a body with plastics. The resulting preserved bodies are called plastinates.
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over the next year and sold their bodies to Knox. They were eventually caught when a tenant returned to her bed only to encounter a corpse. Hare testified against Burke in exchange for amnesty and Burke was found guilty, hanged, and publicly
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opportunity to have a hands-on learning environment. The need for cadavers has also grown outside of academic programs for research. Organizations like Science Care and the Anatomy Gifts Registry help send bodies where they are needed most.
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Glycerin is a wetting agent that preserves liquid in the tissues of the cadaver. While it is not itself a true disinfectant, mixing it with formaldehyde greatly increases the effectiveness of formaldehyde's disinfectant properties.
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of a cadaver can help determine origins of deadly diseases or disorders. Autopsies also can provide information on how certain drugs or procedures have been effective within the cadaver and how humans respond to certain injuries.
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While many cadavers were murderers provided by the state, few of these corpses were available for everyone to dissect. The first recorded body snatching was performed by four medical students who were arrested in 1319 for
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The second stage of decomposition is bloating. Bacteria in the gut begin to break down the tissues of the body, releasing gas that accumulates in the intestines, which becomes trapped because of the early collapse of the
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is used in courts of law (and, to a lesser extent, also by media outlets such as newspapers) to refer to a dead body, as well as by recovery teams searching for bodies in natural disasters. The word comes from the
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For a cadaver to be viable and ideal for anatomical study and dissection, the body must be refrigerated or the preservation process must begin within 24 hours of death. This preservation may be accomplished by
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Methanol is an additive with disinfectant properties. It helps regulate the osmotic balance of the embalming fluid, and it is a decent anti-refrigerant. It has been noted to be acutely toxic to humans.
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present a greater health risk to anatomists than these other methods as some of the chemicals used in the embalming process are toxic, and imperfectly embalmed cadavers may carry a risk of infection.
447:. In 1912, Brazilian educator and archivist LuĂs GastĂŁo d'Escragnolle DĂłria went to the emperor's glass-topped coffin. At the occasion, he had noticed the well-preserved state of Pedro II's body.
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The rate of decomposition depends on many factors including temperature and the environment. The warmer and more humid the environment, the faster the body is broken down. The presence of
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this type of work and dissection. He also went to great measures to utilize a spirit of art appreciation in his drawings and also employed other artists to assist in these illustrations.
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examined with an x-ray, looking for any damage, and returned to the Anatomy Department. Cadaver use contributed to Ford's inflatable rear seat belts introduced in the 2011 Explorer.
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use of approximately 200 adult and children cadavers. After public outcry, the university was ordered to prove that the families of the cadavers approved their use in testing.
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Being the True and Spectacular History of Edinburgh's Notorious Burke and Hare and of the Man of Science Who Abetted Them in the Commission of Their Most Heinous Crimes
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Stories appeared of people murdering and selling the cadaver. Two of the well-known cases are that of Burke and Hare, and that of Bishop, May, and Williams.
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that started in 1466. During his apprenticeship, Leonardo mastered drawing detailed versions of anatomical structures such as muscles and tendons by 1472.
172:â seems to imply. As a result of autolysis, liquid is created that seeps between the layers of skin and results in peeling of the skin. During this stage,
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In a 1995 study, it was approximated that improvements made to cars since cadaver testing have prevented 143,000 injuries and 4250 deaths. Miniature
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in an effort to more accurately depict the human figure through his work. He studied the anatomy from an exterior perspective as an apprentice under
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the experience gained during embalmed cadaver dissection is more valuable, and some simply do not have the resources to acquire or use plastinates.
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176:(when present) begin to lay eggs in the openings of the body: eyes, nostrils, mouth, ears, open wounds, and other orifices. Hatched larvae (
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After a New York Times article published in 1993, the public became aware of the use of cadavers in crash testing. The article focused on
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Klaus RM, Royer DF, Stabio ME (March 2018). "Use and perceptions of plastination among medical anatomy educators in the United States".
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Embalming practice has changed a great deal in the last few hundred years. Modern embalming for anatomical purposes no longer includes
423:. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages in regards to preparing bodies for anatomical dissection in the educational setting.
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478:. These fluids are combined in varying ratios depending on the source, but are generally also mixed with large amounts of water.
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King AI, Viano DC, Mizeres N, States JD (April 1995). "Humanitarian benefits of cadaver research on injury prevention".
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164:, more commonly known as self-digestion, during which the body's cells are destroyed through the action of their own
602:, a number of people were murdered, and the bodies were sold to medical schools for research purposes, known as the
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D. Pedro II: a histĂłria nĂŁo contada: O Ășltimo imperador do Novo Mundo revelado por cartas e documentos inĂ©ditos
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Different embalming services use different types and ratios of fluids, but typical embalming chemicals include
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Wilkins DG (2001). "Review of The Writings and Drawings of : Order and Chaos in Early Modern Thought".
643:, where they were paid seven pounds for the body. Realizing the possible profit, they murdered 16 people by
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Jastifer JR, Toledo-Pereyra LH (October 2012). "Leonardo da Vinci's foot: historical evidence of concept".
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in Florence, Italy to take his study further. The two began to conduct dissections on human corpses at the
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From sacrilege to privilege: "the tale of body procurement for anatomical dissection in the United States"
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graveyard in order to cause a public upset, making it so that rival gangs would not be able to operate.
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human body. These images serve as the only glance into the body that most will never witness in person.
801:"Human cadavers to evaluate prototypes of minimally invasive surgical instruments: A feasibility study"
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Observation of the various stages of decomposition can help determine how long a body has been dead.
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Nanda A, Khan IS, Apuzzo ML (March 2016). "Renaissance Neurosurgery: Italy's Iconic Contributions".
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lying in repose in 1891. He was embalmed on the day of his death. During the process, six liters of
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Cadavers have been used in art to depict the human body in paintings and drawings more accurately.
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1561:"The wider importance of cadavers: educational and research diversity from a body bequest program"
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Mitchell PD, Boston C, Chamberlain AT, Chaplin S, Chauhan V, Evans J, et al. (August 2011).
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In the present day, cadavers are used within medicine and surgery to further knowledge on human
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study under Verrocchio, some of Leonardo da Vinci's anatomical work was published in his book
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will also result in exposure of the skeleton as they consume parts of the decomposing body.
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930:"Human cadaveric dissection: a historical account from ancient Greece to the modern era"
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and behaviour of the atrocious Eliza Ross. The murderer of Mrs. Walsh, etc., etc
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using a mixture of embalming fluids, or with a relatively new method called
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3576:
3561:
3556:
3536:
3453:
3378:
3348:
3305:
3135:
3018:
2654:
2620:
2552:
2530:
2525:
2515:
1954:"A Brief Review on the History, Methods and Applications of Plastination"
1455:
636:
352:
2084:
308:. A few years later, in 1516, he partnered with professor and anatomist
3646:
3616:
3581:
3551:
3524:
3426:
3254:
3214:
3066:
3023:
3001:
2968:
2664:
2582:
2540:
2520:
2430:
1185:
732:
721:
529:
76:
68:
1816:
144:
3691:
3686:
3651:
3441:
3333:
3118:
3071:
3008:
2973:
2948:
2824:
2505:
2500:
2297:
Body Snatching: the Robbing of Graves for the Education of Physicians
1919:
982:"The study of anatomy in England from 1700 to the early 20th century"
716:
640:
511:
Advantages and disadvantages of using traditionally embalmed cadavers
416:
233:
3269:
1577:
1560:
1177:
553:
3666:
3636:
3187:
3175:
3108:
2936:
2605:
2572:
2458:
2438:
599:
475:
471:
200:
2130:"The Driving Dead: Human Cadavers Still Used In Car Crash Testing"
1610:"A study on radial artery in cadavers and its clinical importance"
1086:
397:
with the internal ramifications found later after death. A simple
3703:
3343:
3310:
3155:
3103:
2802:
2615:
2495:
711:
398:
177:
83:, identify disease sites, determine causes of death, and provide
80:
2321:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira.
1854:
International Journal of Medical Toxicology & Legal Medicine
979:
3656:
3353:
3123:
2991:
2915:
2557:
1617:
International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences
1526:
Simpkins CA, Simpkins AM (2013). "The Birth of a New Science".
1437:
749:
467:
1440:"Andreas Vesalius: Celebrating 500 years of dissecting nature"
1036:"Evolution of the paranasal sinuses' anatomy through the ages"
184:
subsequently get under the skin and begin to consume the body.
3239:
3219:
3160:
2958:
2415:
2238:"German university must prove families ok'd tests on cadaver"
317:
97:
65:
1438:
Zampieri F, ElMaghawry M, Zanatta A, Thiene G (2015-12-22).
683:
45:
2213:"German University Said to Use Corpses in Auto Crash Tests"
1767:
321:
2304:
Wright-St Clair RE (February 1961). "Murder For Anatomy".
236:
shows an anatomy lesson taking place in Amsterdam in 1632.
2299:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc.
481:
173:
2384:
2106:"Samuel Alderson, Crash-Test Dummy Inventor, Dies at 90"
1755:
724:, a foul-smelling chemical released during decomposition
143:
Cadaver in refrigerator in the Forensic Medicine at the
2269:
Speaking for the Dead: Cadavers in Biology and Medicine
1850:"Embalming and Other Methods of Dead Body Preservation"
1847:
1644:"Anatomy and its impact on medicine: Will it continue?"
2152:
1205:
1881:. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Archived from
1693:
After We Die: The Life and Times of the Human Cadaver
1249:
Paluzzi A, Belli A, Bain P, Viva L (December 2007).
1248:
1087:"Leonardo Da Vinci â The Complete Works â Biography"
577:
Railings used to protect graves from body snatchers
499:occasionally results in a degree of discoloration.
409:
1801:"Human body preservation â old and new techniques"
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
1033:
554:Advantages and disadvantages of using plastinates
135:Timeline of postmortem changes (stages of death).
3768:
2365:Documents: Cadavers Netted Hundreds of Thousands
1905:
1848:Batra AP, Khurana BS, Mahajan A, Kaur N (2010).
1695:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
1558:
1525:
899:
897:
895:
893:
2303:
1329:
1302:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 98â129,
975:
973:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
384:
369:Study of the human embryo by Leonardo da Vinci
2400:
1607:
728:Conservation and restoration of human remains
970:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
870:
2146:
2018:Bulletin of the Medical Library Association
443:of zinc and aluminum was injected into his
2407:
2393:
2288:Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers
1367:
154:
2429:
2316:
2290:. New York: W. W. Norton and Company Inc.
2029:
1969:
1824:
1761:
1667:
1641:
1576:
1463:
1385:
1274:
1059:
1034:Mavrodi A, Paraskevas G (December 2013).
1005:
953:
912:
684:Public view of cadaver crash test dummies
593:
2380:Origins of Exhibited Cadavers Questioned
2338:
2219:. The Associated Press. 24 November 1993
1773:
1559:Cornwall J, Stringer MD (October 2009).
1444:Global Cardiology Science & Practice
1374:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
1255:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1133:
903:
620:
572:
485:
430:
426:
336:
222:
138:
130:
44:
1951:
1798:
1410:"Comparative Anatomy: Andreas Vesalius"
1163:
854:"Decomposition â The Forensics Library"
818:Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
355:of the human skull by Leonardo da Vinci
229:The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
14:
3769:
2294:
2052:
2007:
2005:
1731:
1708:
1690:
1486:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1159:
1157:
1081:
1079:
908:. Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
482:Chemicals and their roles in embalming
2757:List of ways people dishonor the dead
2388:
2285:
2266:
2082:
2011:
1947:
1945:
1901:
1899:
1869:
1867:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1704:
1702:
1608:Prakash KG, Saniya K (January 2014).
1530:. New York: Springer. pp. 3â24.
1433:
1431:
1429:
1363:
1361:
1298:Pater W (2011), "Leonardo da Vinci",
1297:
927:
843:Medicine: or poetic/literary: a cait.
2059:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1251:"Brain 'imaging' in the Renaissance"
1029:
1027:
1025:
659:
2103:
2002:
1958:International Journal of Morphology
1192:
1154:
1076:
104:("to fall"). Related terms include
24:
2762:List of ways people honor the dead
2259:
2189:"How Cadavers Made Your Car Safer"
1942:
1896:
1864:
1779:
1699:
1426:
1358:
1242:
1137:The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci
25:
3788:
2793:GompertzâMakeham law of mortality
2375:Medicos Foil Bid to Sell Cadavers
2358:
2319:Pedro II e o SĂ©culo XIX
2086:The history of the London Burkers
1879:Environmental Health & Safety
1022:
562:
3750:
3741:
3740:
2167:10.1097/00005373-199504000-00016
1648:The Australasian Medical Journal
1489:"Lesson From the Anatomy Master"
1208:Journal of Investigative Surgery
998:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01381.x
837:New Oxford Dictionary of English
625:Burke Murdering Margery Campbell
528:
410:Preserving for use in dissection
362:
345:
3751:
2230:
2205:
2181:
2122:
2097:
2076:
2046:
1978:
1971:10.4067/s0717-95022010000400014
1875:"Training for Anatomy Students"
1841:
1725:
1684:
1635:
1601:
1552:
1519:
1480:
1402:
1323:
1291:
1127:
1103:
519:
2370:Selling Bodies, Making Profits
2014:"Grave Robbing in New England"
1734:"The Secret Lives of Cadavers"
1711:"The Secret Lives of Cadavers"
846:
830:
806:
792:
768:
120:
79:and other scientists to study
13:
1:
2813:Maternal mortality in fiction
2343:(in Portuguese). Leya; 2019.
1565:Anatomical Sciences Education
1505:10.1126/science.301.5634.741a
1166:The Sixteenth Century Journal
761:
314:Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova
2727:Expressions related to death
2680:Medical declaration of death
2089:. London: Wellcome Library.
1487:Leslie, Mitch (2003-08-08).
1308:10.1017/cbo9781139062213.007
1220:10.3109/08941939.2012.725011
1111:"Anatomy in the Renaissance"
664:Prior to the development of
7:
2747:Preventable causes of death
2306:New Zealand Medical Journal
1952:Pashaei S (December 2010).
1629:10.5958/j.2319-5886.3.2.056
1536:10.1007/978-1-4614-4842-6_1
1528:Neuroscience for Clinicians
928:Ghosh SK (September 2015).
695:
385:Importance in medical field
279:Da Vinci collaborated with
108:(resembling a cadaver) and
10:
3793:
2104:Fox M (18 February 2005).
1709:McCall M (July 29, 2016).
1642:Eizenberg N (2015-12-30).
1344:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.016
1267:10.1177/014107680710001209
1040:Anatomy & Cell Biology
934:Anatomy & Cell Biology
904:Hulkower, Raphael (2011).
803:. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
566:
316:and later at hospitals in
214:
124:
36:dead body (disambiguation)
29:
3736:
3462:
3392:
3278:
3232:
3114:Consciousness after death
3094:
3037:
2982:
2924:
2873:
2862:
2855:
2770:
2707:
2601:
2422:
2414:
2317:Besouchet, LĂdia (1993).
1300:The Works of Walter Pater
1052:10.5115/acb.2013.46.4.235
946:10.5115/acb.2015.48.3.153
744:Kadaververwertungsanstalt
256:
209:carrion-consuming animals
3515:Personification of death
2737:People by cause of death
2339:Rezzutti, Paulo (2019).
1986:"Plastination Technique"
1799:Brenner E (March 2014).
653:Bishop, May and Williams
639:'s anatomy classroom in
40:cadaver (disambiguation)
3592:Death-positive movement
3437:Post-mortem photography
2717:Causes of death by rate
2645:Death by natural causes
1732:McCall M (2016-07-29).
776:"Definition of Cadaver"
690:Heidelberg University's
310:Marcantonio della Torre
155:Stages of decomposition
71:. Cadavers are used by
32:corpse (disambiguation)
3627:Fascination with death
3265:Reincarnation research
3260:Out-of-body experience
2722:Notable deaths by year
2563:Immunogenic cell death
2479:Temporal lobe necrosis
2271:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
2012:Waite FC (July 1945).
1414:evolution.berkeley.edu
626:
594:Selling murder victims
578:
491:
448:
306:A Treatise on Painting
237:
148:
136:
53:
3432:Post-mortem chemistry
3245:Near-death experience
3141:Desecration of graves
3077:Postmortem caloricity
3042:Beating heart cadaver
2486:Programmed cell death
2454:Liquefactive necrosis
2155:The Journal of Trauma
1660:10.4066/AMJ.2015.2550
1368:von Staden H (1992).
624:
598:From 1827 to 1828 in
576:
489:
445:common carotid artery
434:
427:Embalming with fluids
337:Importance in science
298:Andrea del Verrocchio
226:
142:
134:
48:
3622:Festival of the Dead
3520:Dying-and-rising god
3475:Chinese burial money
3364:Prohibition of dying
3316:Death-qualified jury
3082:Post-mortem interval
2742:Premature obituaries
2449:Coagulative necrosis
1456:10.5339/gcsp.2015.66
858:aboutforensics.co.uk
3682:Philosophy of death
3547:Death from laughter
2847:Perinatal mortality
2588:Mitotic catastrophe
2568:Ischemic cell death
2511:Intrinsic apoptosis
2459:Gangrenous necrosis
2056:The Anatomy Murders
1776:, pp. 498â499.
1738:National Geographic
1715:National Geographic
1134:Da Vinci L (1967).
1091:leonardodavinci.net
608:Anatomy Act of 1832
290:Italian renaissance
195:The third stage is
160:The first stage is
127:Human decomposition
60:, often known as a
51:Parisian Communards
3728:Thanatosensitivity
3632:Hierarchy of death
3572:Death notification
3480:Coins for the dead
3412:Forensic pathology
3296:Capital punishment
3250:Near-death studies
2842:Mortality salience
2474:Fibrinoid necrosis
2444:Avascular necrosis
2217:The New York Times
2110:The New York Times
1805:Journal of Anatomy
1332:World Neurosurgery
986:Journal of Anatomy
757:, abuse of corpses
666:crash test dummies
627:
579:
543:Gunther von Hagens
535:Gunther von Hagens
492:
449:
437:Pedro II of Brazil
238:
149:
137:
54:
38:, and
3764:
3763:
3500:Death anniversary
3495:Death and culture
3339:Dying declaration
3321:Death certificate
3228:
3227:
3090:
3089:
2942:Neuropreservation
2732:Natural disasters
2703:
2702:
2350:978-85-7734-677-6
2328:978-85-209-0494-7
2295:Shultz S (1992).
2278:978-0-7546-2073-0
2267:Jones DG (2000).
2053:Rosner L (2011).
1817:10.1111/joa.12160
1721:on July 30, 2016.
1691:Cantor N (2010).
1545:978-1-4614-4841-9
660:Making cars safer
604:West Port murders
294:Leonardo da Vinci
270:cadaver monuments
166:digestive enzymes
16:(Redirected from
3784:
3754:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3724:
3709:Assisted suicide
3607:Death trajectory
3422:Mortuary science
3417:Funeral director
3408:
3374:Suspicious death
3146:Eternal oblivion
2932:Cryopreservation
2871:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2798:Infant mortality
2788:Excess mortality
2690:Terminal illness
2675:Lazarus syndrome
2660:End-of-life care
2611:Accidental death
2464:Caseous necrosis
2427:
2426:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2354:
2332:
2313:
2300:
2291:
2286:Roach M (2003).
2282:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2083:Kelly T (1832).
2080:
2074:
2073:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1920:10.1002/ca.23025
1908:Clinical Anatomy
1903:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1796:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:on July 30, 2016
1740:. Archived from
1729:
1723:
1722:
1717:. Archived from
1706:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1580:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1435:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1031:
1020:
1019:
1009:
977:
968:
967:
957:
925:
910:
909:
901:
868:
867:
865:
864:
850:
844:
834:
828:
827:
825:
824:
810:
804:
796:
790:
789:
787:
786:
772:
707:Andreas Vesalius
702:Anatomy Act 1832
670:Lawrence Patrick
651:London Burkers,
532:
490:Embalmer at work
366:
349:
281:Andreas Vesalius
73:medical students
21:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3732:
3718:
3662:Museum of Death
3612:Dignified death
3567:Death messenger
3542:Death education
3458:
3402:
3388:
3326:Declared death
3274:
3224:
3181:Online mourning
3086:
3052:Cadaveric spasm
3033:
2978:
2920:
2911:Skeletonization
2851:
2783:Child mortality
2778:Birthday effect
2766:
2699:
2695:Unnatural death
2626:Brainstem death
2597:
2536:Pseudoapoptosis
2418:
2413:
2361:
2351:
2335:
2329:
2279:
2262:
2260:Further reading
2257:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2242:DeseretNews.com
2236:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2102:
2098:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1950:
1943:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1846:
1842:
1797:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1730:
1726:
1707:
1700:
1689:
1685:
1640:
1636:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1578:10.1002/ase.103
1557:
1553:
1546:
1524:
1520:
1485:
1481:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1366:
1359:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1296:
1292:
1247:
1243:
1204:
1193:
1178:10.2307/2671780
1162:
1155:
1148:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1032:
1023:
978:
971:
926:
913:
902:
871:
862:
860:
852:
851:
847:
835:
831:
822:
820:
812:
811:
807:
797:
793:
784:
782:
774:
773:
769:
764:
738:Eloise Cemetery
698:
686:
662:
596:
571:
565:
556:
540:
539:
538:
537:
536:
533:
522:
513:
484:
429:
412:
387:
374:
373:
372:
371:
370:
367:
358:
357:
356:
350:
339:
259:
217:
190:small intestine
157:
129:
123:
111:cadaveric spasm
43:
28:
27:Dead human body
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3790:
3780:
3779:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Apparent death
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Cause of death
3298:
3293:
3291:Administration
3288:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3062:Death erection
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2997:Natural burial
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2830:Mortality rate
2827:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2808:Maternal death
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Unusual deaths
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Organ donation
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2633:Clinical death
2630:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2359:External links
2357:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2314:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2277:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2229:
2204:
2180:
2145:
2121:
2096:
2075:
2066:978-0812203554
2065:
2045:
2001:
1977:
1964:(4): 1075â79.
1941:
1895:
1863:
1840:
1778:
1766:
1764:, p. 603.
1762:Besouchet 1993
1754:
1724:
1698:
1683:
1654:(12): 373â77.
1634:
1600:
1551:
1544:
1518:
1479:
1425:
1401:
1357:
1322:
1317:978-1139062213
1316:
1290:
1261:(12): 540â43.
1241:
1191:
1153:
1147:978-1105310164
1146:
1126:
1102:
1075:
1021:
969:
911:
869:
845:
829:
805:
791:
766:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
752:
747:
740:
735:
730:
725:
719:
714:
709:
704:
697:
694:
685:
682:
677:accelerometers
661:
658:
657:
656:
649:
632:Burke and Hare
613:London Burkers
595:
592:
569:Body snatching
567:Main article:
564:
563:Body snatching
561:
555:
552:
534:
527:
526:
525:
524:
523:
521:
518:
512:
509:
483:
480:
428:
425:
411:
408:
386:
383:
368:
361:
360:
359:
351:
344:
343:
342:
341:
340:
338:
335:
258:
255:
216:
213:
205:
204:
193:
185:
170:self-digestion
156:
153:
125:Main article:
122:
119:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3789:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3757:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Death anxiety
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Darwin Awards
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3447:Biostratinomy
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Necropolitics
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:Reincarnation
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3096:Other aspects
3093:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Body donation
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Dismemberment
3012:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Mummification
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2916:Fossilization
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:Decomposition
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Pallor mortis
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:(4): 564â69.
2160:
2156:
2149:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2024:(3): 272â94.
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:(2): 282â92.
1913:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1885:on 2018-11-25
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:(3): 316â44.
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1774:Rezzutti 2019
1770:
1763:
1758:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1623:(2): 254â62.
1622:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1571:(5): 234â47.
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:(5634): 741.
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1380:(3): 223â41.
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:(5): 281â85.
1213:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:(2): 509â11.
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1116:
1115:metmuseum.org
1112:
1106:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:(4): 235â38.
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
974:
965:
961:
956:
951:
947:
943:
940:(3): 153â69.
939:
935:
931:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
907:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
859:
855:
849:
842:
838:
833:
819:
815:
809:
802:
795:
781:
777:
771:
767:
756:
755:Necroviolence
753:
751:
748:
746:
745:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
693:
691:
681:
678:
673:
671:
667:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:
629:
628:
623:
619:
616:
614:
609:
605:
601:
591:
587:
585:
584:grave-robbing
575:
570:
560:
551:
547:
544:
531:
517:
508:
504:
500:
496:
488:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
453:
446:
442:
441:hydrochloride
438:
433:
424:
422:
418:
407:
403:
400:
394:
392:
391:gross anatomy
382:
378:
365:
354:
348:
334:
333:dissections.
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
301:
299:
295:
291:
285:
282:
277:
273:
271:
267:
266:
254:
250:
246:
242:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
212:
210:
202:
198:
194:
191:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:
152:
146:
141:
133:
128:
118:
115:
113:
112:
107:
103:
99:
94:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3602:Death threat
3485:Dark tourism
3427:Necrobiology
3369:Right to die
3327:
3286:Abortion law
3210:Resurrection
3198:Palingenesis
3095:
3057:Coffin birth
2964:Plastination
2925:Preservation
2901:Putrefaction
2896:Rigor mortis
2891:Algor mortis
2886:Livor mortis
2864:
2863:
2819:Memento mori
2817:
2670:Lazarus sign
2650:Death rattle
2593:Suicide gene
2578:Karyorrhexis
2469:Fat necrosis
2340:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2268:
2246:. Retrieved
2244:. 1993-11-24
2241:
2232:
2221:. Retrieved
2216:
2207:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:
2183:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2137:. Retrieved
2133:
2124:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:
2099:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2055:
2048:
2021:
2017:
1993:. Retrieved
1990:Körperwelten
1989:
1980:
1961:
1957:
1911:
1907:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:the original
1878:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1808:
1804:
1769:
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1742:the original
1737:
1727:
1719:the original
1714:
1692:
1686:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1620:
1616:
1603:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1527:
1521:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1447:
1443:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:
1404:
1377:
1373:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1299:
1293:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1211:
1207:
1169:
1165:
1140:. Lulu.com.
1136:
1129:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:
1105:
1094:. Retrieved
1090:
1043:
1039:
992:(2): 91â99.
989:
985:
937:
933:
905:
861:. Retrieved
857:
848:
840:
836:
832:
821:. Retrieved
817:
808:
794:
783:. Retrieved
779:
770:
742:
687:
674:
663:
652:
645:asphyxiation
630:
617:
597:
588:
580:
557:
548:
541:
520:Plastination
514:
505:
501:
497:
493:
464:formaldehyde
461:
457:evisceration
454:
450:
421:plastination
413:
404:
395:
388:
379:
375:
331:
326:neuroanatomy
305:
302:
286:
278:
274:
265:memento mori
263:
260:
251:
247:
243:
239:
227:
218:
206:
197:putrefaction
169:
150:
116:
109:
105:
101:
92:
90:
61:
57:
55:
3719: [
3677:Necrophobia
3672:Necrophilia
3642:Immortality
3597:Death squad
3577:Death panel
3562:Death march
3557:Death knell
3537:Death drive
3510:Death deity
3454:Thanatology
3403: [
3349:Legal death
3328:in absentia
3306:Civil death
3151:Examination
3136:Crematorium
3019:Excarnation
2856:After death
2655:Dysthanasia
2621:Brain death
2553:Autoschizis
2531:Phenoptosis
2526:Parthanatos
2516:Necroptosis
2423:In medicine
1860:(3): 15â19.
637:Robert Knox
121:Human decay
49:Corpses of
3647:Last rites
3617:Extinction
3587:Death pose
3582:Death poem
3552:Death hoax
3532:Death camp
3525:Psychopomp
3400:Death tech
3255:Necromancy
3233:Paranormal
3215:Underworld
3067:Dissection
3029:Resomation
3024:Promession
3002:Sky burial
2969:Prosection
2954:Maceration
2665:Euthanasia
2583:Karyolysis
2541:Pyroptosis
2521:Paraptosis
2431:Cell death
2248:2018-11-14
2223:2018-11-14
2198:2018-11-14
2139:2018-11-14
2115:2018-11-14
1995:2018-11-26
1889:2018-11-26
1748:2018-11-26
1419:2018-12-04
1338:: 647â55.
1120:2018-11-19
1096:2018-11-19
863:2017-02-06
823:2018-12-03
785:2018-12-03
762:References
733:Dissection
722:Cadaverine
648:dissected.
106:cadaverous
77:physicians
69:human body
3692:Sacrifice
3687:Predation
3652:Longevity
3442:Taphonomy
3379:Trust law
3334:Death row
3119:Afterlife
3072:Gibbeting
3009:Cremation
2974:Taxidermy
2949:Embalming
2825:Micromort
2771:Mortality
2548:Autolysis
2506:Autophagy
2501:Apoptosis
1513:220091493
1450:(5): 66.
814:"Cadaver"
717:Body farm
641:Edinburgh
417:embalming
234:Rembrandt
182:blowflies
162:autolysis
91:The term
18:Dead body
3771:Category
3746:Category
3716:Thanabot
3667:Necronym
3637:Homicide
3188:Obituary
3176:Mourning
3166:Internet
3109:Cemetery
2984:Disposal
2937:Cryonics
2606:Abortion
2573:Pyknosis
2439:Necrosis
2312:: 64â69.
2134:Autoblog
2040:16016694
1936:46860561
1928:29178370
1835:24438435
1678:26759611
1595:21914260
1587:19728368
1474:28127546
1352:26585723
1285:18065703
1236:19186635
1228:23020268
1070:24386595
1016:21496014
964:26417475
839:, 1999.
696:See also
600:Scotland
476:glycerin
472:methanol
435:Emperor
201:skeleton
3777:Corpses
3756:Outline
3704:Suicide
3344:Inquest
3311:Coroner
3203:SaáčsÄra
3171:Midwife
3156:Funeral
3131:Customs
3104:Carrion
2803:Karoshi
2616:Autopsy
2496:Anoikis
2175:7723096
1826:3931544
1669:4701898
1493:Science
1465:4762440
1396:1285450
1387:2589595
1276:2121627
1186:2671780
1061:3875840
1007:3162231
955:4582158
841:cadaver
712:Autopsy
399:autopsy
215:History
178:maggots
145:Charité
93:cadaver
81:anatomy
64:, is a
58:cadaver
3657:Martyr
3393:Fields
3354:Murder
3270:SĂ©ance
3240:Ghosts
3124:Tukdam
2992:Burial
2874:Stages
2558:Eschar
2347:
2325:
2275:
2173:
2063:
2038:
2031:194496
2028:
1934:
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1833:
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1676:
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1234:
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1184:
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1068:
1058:
1014:
1004:
962:
952:
780:RxList
750:Morgue
606:. The
474:, and
468:phenol
257:In art
147:Berlin
102:cadere
85:tissue
62:corpse
34:,
3723:]
3697:human
3463:Other
3407:]
3279:Legal
3220:Vigil
3161:Grief
2709:Lists
2416:Death
2193:WIRED
1932:S2CID
1613:(PDF)
1591:S2CID
1509:S2CID
1232:S2CID
1182:JSTOR
353:Study
318:Milan
180:) of
174:flies
100:word
98:Latin
3384:Will
2865:Body
2835:RAMR
2491:AICD
2345:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2171:PMID
2061:ISBN
2036:PMID
1924:PMID
1831:PMID
1674:PMID
1583:PMID
1540:ISBN
1470:PMID
1448:2015
1392:PMID
1348:PMID
1312:ISBN
1281:PMID
1224:PMID
1142:ISBN
1066:PMID
1012:PMID
960:PMID
322:Rome
320:and
292:man
268:and
66:dead
2638:DOA
2163:doi
2026:PMC
1966:doi
1916:doi
1821:PMC
1813:doi
1809:224
1664:PMC
1656:doi
1625:doi
1573:doi
1532:doi
1501:doi
1497:301
1460:PMC
1452:doi
1382:PMC
1340:doi
1304:doi
1271:PMC
1263:doi
1259:100
1216:doi
1174:doi
1056:PMC
1048:doi
1002:PMC
994:doi
990:219
950:PMC
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