36:
25:
358:(BTWC), it was agreed by consensus that: States Parties recognized the importance of ensuring that those working in the biological sciences are aware of their obligations under the convention and relevant national legislation and guidelines...States Parties noted that formal requirements for seminars, modules or courses, including possible mandatory components, in relevant scientific and engineering training programmes and continuing professional education could assist in raising awareness and in implementing the convention.
141:
532:
590:(IVAS). The IVAS would be used to train soldiers, as well as field medics with battlefield experience within a virtual environment. This version of the HoloLens allowed the soldiers to have a virtual map of their current environment, friendly units' locations, and much more. An anonymous Microsoft employee published an open letter demanding that Microsoft terminate the IVAS contract. Microsoft president
570:
271:, the government uses AI in order to distinguish citizens with less than satisfactory records among crowds. Every new invention or application made with AI comes with its own set of positive and negative effects. Some claim that, as potential uses for AI grow in number, nations need to start regulating it as a dual-use technology.
377:
The US federal government (USG) developed several policy documents on DURC. In May 2024, the White House published the "United States
Government Policy for Oversight of Dual Use Research of Concern and Pathogens with Enhanced Pandemic Potential", "a unified federal oversight framework for conducting
235:
smuggling network in
Pakistan), high degrees of political stability (defined by the World Bank as “likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism”), high governmental effectiveness scores
222:
risks. A fundamental goal for
American and global security is to minimize the proliferation risks associated with the expansion of nuclear power. If this development is "poorly managed or efforts to contain risks are unsuccessful, the nuclear future will be dangerous". For nuclear power programs to
539:
In addition to obvious dual-use technologies there are some less obvious ones, in that many erstwhile peaceful technologies can be used in weapons. One example during the First and Second World War is the role of German toy manufacturers: Germany was one of the leading nations in the production of
373:
education has become more important. Unfortunately, both the policy and academic literature show that life scientists across the globe are frequently uninformed or underinformed about biosecurity, dual-use, the BTWC and national legislation outlawing biological weapons. Moreover, despite numerous
88:
More generally speaking, dual-use can also refer to any goods or technology which can satisfy more than one goal at any given time. Thus, expensive technologies originally benefitting only military purposes would in the future also be used to serve civilian commercial interests if they were not
556:
was considered to be a dual-use technology. The gaming console had to receive special import regulations before being shipped towards the U.S. and
European markets. This is due to the console's and its included GPU's capability to process high quality images at high speeds, a shared trait with
378:
and managing certain types of federally funded life sciences research on biological agents and toxins." The policy superseded several prior documents, published in 2012, 2014, and 2017, and it follows the directives established by the 2022 National
Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan.
350:
suggest that, as a result of perceived changes in both science and security over the past decade, several states and multilateral bodies have underlined the importance of making life scientists aware of concerns over dual-use and the legal obligations underpinning the prevention of biological
508:, and Russian state-financed laboratory JSC Katod) have entered the American market through licensed importers. In spite of their foreign origin, re-export of these components outside of the United States is restricted similarly to domestic components.
255:(AI), it garners more and more attention on its capability as a dual-use technology and the security risks it may pose. Artificial intelligence can be applied within many different fields and can be easily integrated throughout current technology's
585:
within the real world. However, it was revealed
Microsoft made a 479 million dollar deal with the U.S. government. This contract would have Microsoft create and supply the U.S. Army a separate version of the HoloLens smart glasses called the
236:(a World Bank aggregate measure of “the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures the quality of policy formulation and implementation”), and a strong degree of regulatory competence.
297:, especially that of Germany. Many industrial chemical processes produce toxic intermediary stages, final products, and by-products, and any nation with a chemical industry has the potential to create weaponised chemical agents.
613:
on certain types of designated dual-use technologies, and they are required by a number of treaties as well. These controls restrict the export of certain commodities and technologies without the permission of the government.
594:
had previously made a public blog post outlining the company's stance on "how technology companies should work with the government, and specifically whether companies should supply digital technology to the military."
1302:
365:
in 2010 developed a "guidance document" for what it called "Dual Use
Research of Concern" (DURC) in the life sciences, regarding “research that is intended benefit, but which might easily be misapplied to do harm".
351:
weapons. One of the key mechanisms that have been identified to achieve this is through the education of life science students, with the objective of building what has been termed a “culture of responsibility”.
497:. Contributing factors in acquiring a license include diplomatic relations with the destination country, number of pieces to be sold, and the relative quality of the equipment itself, expressed using a
178:
Within peaceful rocket programs, different peaceful applications can be seen as having parallel military roles. For example, the return of scientific payloads safely to earth from orbit would indicate
374:
declarations by states and multilateral organisations, the extent to which statements at the international level have trickled down to multifaceted activity at the level of scientists remains limited.
482:, with very few restrictions. However, American night vision owners may not bring the equipment out of the country, sell it internationally, or even invite non-citizens to examine the technology, per
1251:
Minehata. M and D. Friedman (2009) Biosecurity
Education in Israeli Research Universities. Research Report for the Wellcome Trust Project on Building a Sustainable Capacity in Dual Use Bioethics.
1102:
662:
1265:
1221:
959:
617:
In the context of sanctions regimes, dual-use can be construed broadly because there are few things which do not have the potential for both military and civilian uses.
183:
capability and demonstrating the ability to launch multiple satellites with a single launch vehicle can be seen in a military context as having the potential to deploy
519:
made the case for relaxing export controls in light of the narrowing performance gap and increased competition internationally, and a review period undertaken by the
673:
There are several international arrangements among countries which seek to harmonize lists of dual-use (and military) technologies to control. These include the
231:
These characteristics include low degrees of corruption (to avoid officials selling materials and technology for their own personal gain as occurred with the
199:
technology. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear power program have a dual-use capability, in that several stages of the
470:
In the United States, civilians are free to buy and sell
American-made night vision and thermal systems, such as those manufactured by defense contractors
1284:
171:
Those who seek to develop ballistic missiles may claim that their rockets are for peaceful purposes; for example, for commercial satellite launching or
1389:
707:
117:
184:
1759:
1219:
Mancini. G & Revill. J (2008) Fostering the
Biosecurity Norm: Biosecurity Education for the Next Generation of Life Scientists, November 2008.
893:
792:
989:
1459:
842:
1019:
633:(OEE). Interagency coordination of export control cases are conducted through the Export Enforcement Coordination Center (E2C2). The
634:
483:
328:
869:
305:
and provides various benefits with its wide array of applications. However, its gaseous form can also be used as a chemical weapon.
1772:
967:
742:
343:
may be necessary. The challenge remains to maintain security without impairing the contributions to progress afforded by research.
355:
112:. The dilemma has long been known in chemistry and physics, and has led to international conventions and treaties, including the
1372:
Recommended Policy Guidance for Departmental Development of Review Mechanisms for Potential Pandemic Pathogen Care and Oversight
1228:
1665:
726:
587:
520:
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1304:
United States Government Policy for Oversight of Dual Use Research of Concern and Pathogens with Enhanced Pandemic Potential
1744:
490:
1704:
1584:
280:
1640:
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Competing international manufacturers (European defense contractor Exosens Group, Japanese scientific instrument giant
175:. However, even genuinely peaceful rockets may be converted into weapons and provide the technological basis to do so.
165:
768:
1318:
682:
246:
1289:
Conference: Research Report for the Wellcome Trust Project on Building a Sustainable Capacity in Dual Use Bioethics
1252:
160:
spent billions of dollars developing rocket technology which could carry humans into space (and eventually to the
1616:
1044:
626:
516:
460:
406:
1792:
1103:"Analysis | Chlorine, sarin or something else? The big questions in the alleged Syrian chemical weapons attack"
646:
1194:
100:
The "dual-use dilemma" was first noted with the discovery of the process for synthesizing and mass-producing
1787:
1727:
1370:
630:
591:
1515:
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The principal agency for investigating violations of dual-use export controls in the United States is the
1353:
United States Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern
498:
113:
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1270:
Conference: Inter Academy Panel Workshop on Promoting Education on Dual Use Issues in the Life Sciences
702:
686:
268:
264:
94:
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314:
90:
405:) are heavily export-restricted by the few states capable of producing them, mainly to limit their
674:
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332:
252:
212:
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technology; and was a way of demonstrating to the other side the potential of one's own rockets.
1705:"Bombardier Recreational Products suspends delivery of aircraft engines used on military drones"
512:
843:"To Protect Against Weaponized Drones, We Must Understand Their Key Strengths - IEEE Spectrum"
690:
324:
219:
1408:
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be developed and managed safely and securely, it is important that countries have domestic “
1764:
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1351:
1334:
United States Government Policy for Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern
1141:
421:
394:
8:
505:
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410:
402:
386:
104:
which revolutionized agriculture with modern fertilizers but also led to the creation of
35:
1145:
1460:"Critical Technology Assessment: Night Vision Focal Plane Arrays, Sensors, and Cameras"
1312:
1162:
1127:
937:
471:
449:
437:
417:
398:
390:
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Along with several similar stipulations from other states and regional organisations,
218:
Many UN and US agencies warn that building more nuclear reactors unavoidably increases
200:
1184:
UN (2008) "Report of the Meeting of States Parties", BWC/MSP/2008/5, 12 December 2008.
870:"Exclusive: Chinese-made drone, retrofitted and weaponized, downed in eastern Ukraine"
1773:
European Parliament Rapporteur Marietje Schaake on Dual-Use / Surveillance Technology
1671:
1661:
1553:"How the Army plans to use Microsoft's high-tech HoloLens goggles on the battlefield"
1167:
1052:
887:
582:
425:
290:
180:
1722:
941:
645:
The Canadian legislation to govern the trade in dual-use technology is known as the
489:
Export of American image intensifiers is selectively permitted under license by the
164:). The development of this peaceful rocket technology paralleled the development of
1585:"Microsoft CEO defends US military contract that some employees say crosses a line"
1157:
1149:
1132:
927:
817:
767:
Sedletska, Natalie; Savchuk, Maksym; Ovsyaniy, Kyrylo; Schreck, Carl (2022-11-04).
558:
286:
105:
195:
Dual-use nuclear technology refers to the possibility of military use of civilian
47:
trucks are an example of a dual-use good used in both civil and military contexts.
1657:
Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy
678:
475:
441:
224:
204:
172:
1253:
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/dube/publications/Israel_BioSecReport_Final.pdf
1076:
793:"Drones, Ukraine, Russia, Iran, Western technology | Homeland Security Newswire"
263:
that could solve difficult problems, from detecting anomalies in samples during
227:” characteristics that will encourage proper nuclear operations and management:
1755:
University of Bradford Disarmament Research Centre Dual Use Bioethics Homepage.
658:
610:
604:
464:
433:
62:
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915:
336:
207:. When this happens a nuclear power program can become a route leading to the
132:
are areas where drones or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) cannot be operated.
1781:
1485:
1264:
Revill, James; Mancini, G.; Minehata, Masamichi; Shinomiya, N. (2009-11-18).
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rig encompassing a Generation 3 image intensifier), and recolored digitally.
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153:
129:
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769:"How Western Tech In Iranian Drones Is Helping Russia Wage War On Ukraine"
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370:
294:
208:
109:
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259:. With the use of AI, technology has become capable of running multiple
1754:
578:
346:
Reports from the project on building a sustainable culture in dual-use
256:
74:
1285:"Biosecurity and Bioethics Education: A Case Study of the UK Context"
913:
545:
501:(FOM) score calculated from several key performance characteristics.
347:
320:
267:, to providing surveillance of an entire country's residents. Within
260:
232:
58:
1516:"Sony's High-Tech Playstation2 Will Require Military Export License"
1153:
868:
Booth, Rebecca Wright,Ivan Watson,Olha Konovalova,Tom (2023-03-16).
1750:
Federation of American Scientists Case Studies in Dual-Use Research
1307:. White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. May 6, 2024.
1198:
340:
298:
149:
82:
78:
70:
54:
16:
Technology that can be used for both peaceful and military purposes
1045:"Inside China's Dystopian Dreams: A.I., Shame and Lots of Cameras"
24:
544:, and the ability to produce large numbers of small and reliable
301:
is a chemical agent found within several household items such as
101:
1077:"Uses, Benefits, and Safety of Chlorine | Chemical Safety Facts"
548:
motors was converted into the ability to produce shell and bomb
766:
531:
523:
in 2015 introduced much more granular performance definitions.
302:
44:
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1263:
569:
1409:"Meet the BBC Natural History Unit's kit-hacking specialists"
1760:
European Commission, List of Dual-use items and technologies
1736:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security
693:, which covers conventional arms and dual-use technologies.
211:
or a public annex to a secret bomb program. The crisis over
847:
681:, which looks at chemical and biological technologies, the
549:
161:
954:
463:
were shot on a Lunax Starlight HD camera (a custom-built
456:
1434:
581:, smart glasses that will allow consumers to experience
743:"The Next Pandemic Could Start With a Terrorist Attack"
1266:"Biosecurity education: surveys from Europe and Japan"
409:
to enemy combatants, but also to slow the inevitable
389:
with extraordinary performance characteristics (high
335:
medical professionals was a recent wake-up call that
1765:
Commission updates EU control list on dual use items
1391:
National Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan
128:
UAVs are considered to be a challenge for military.
1583:Charles Riley and Samuel Burke (25 February 2019).
1020:"We Need to Get Smart About How Governments Use AI"
914:Steven E. Miller & Scott D. Sagan (Fall 2009).
381:
1486:"Export Control Reform Comes to USML Category XII"
960:"Cheaper, safer alternatives than nuclear fission"
708:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
185:multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles
118:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
990:"The Dual-Use Dilemma Of Artificial Intelligence"
455:Night scenes of wild elephants and rhinos in the
436:, have numerous civil applications which include
1779:
1125:
916:"Nuclear power without nuclear proliferation?"
354:At the 2008 Meeting of States Parties to the
1741:Militarily Critical Technologies List (MCTL)
892:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
637:is the US regime that the BIS OEE enforces.
1197:. World Health Organization. Archived from
909:
907:
905:
903:
148:Originally developed as weapons during the
1222:"Centrovolta.it - Informazioni Turistiche"
1024:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
720:
552:. During its early stages of release, the
240:
1161:
931:
635:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
484:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
203:allow diversion of nuclear materials for
1702:
1550:
900:
668:
661:governs dual-use technology through the
568:
530:
416:These precision components, such as the
139:
1187:
731:European Commission (accessed Aug 2022)
511:A 2012 assessment of the sector by the
356:Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention
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1195:"Dual Use Research of Concern (DURC)"
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983:
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979:
977:
867:
588:Integrated Visual Augmentation System
526:
521:Directorate of Defense Trade Controls
1745:Defense Technical Information Center
740:
685:, which covers delivery systems for
577:Early 2019, Microsoft announced the
491:United States Department of Commerce
1703:Servunts, Levon (25 October 2020).
281:List of Schedule 3 substances (CWC)
13:
1601:
1569:
1533:
1503:
1094:
1006:
987:
974:
840:
535:PlayStation 2's graphics processor
413:undertaken by other world powers.
251:As more advances are made towards
166:intercontinental ballistic missile
14:
1804:
1715:
1614:
1126:Daniel Cressey (17 August 2007).
964:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
683:Missile Technology Control Regime
652:
247:Ethics of artificial intelligence
1641:"Technology and the US military"
797:www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com
620:
382:Night vision and thermal imaging
34:
23:
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1633:
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1401:
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1325:
1295:
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1257:
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1213:
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1119:
1069:
1036:
773:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
627:Bureau of Industry and Security
609:Most industrial countries have
517:Bureau of Industry and Security
89:otherwise engaged, such as the
1283:Revill, James (January 2009).
948:
861:
834:
822:American Civil Liberties Union
810:
785:
760:
741:Webb, Amy (14 February 2022).
734:
663:Control List of Dual Use Items
647:Export and Imports Permits Act
293:of the belligerent nations of
1:
1551:Haselton, Todd (2019-04-06).
1439:Tactical Night Vision Company
1317:: CS1 maint: date and year (
713:
564:
308:
144:Neptune cruise missile launch
1728:National Academy of Sciences
631:Office of Export Enforcement
7:
1617:"Microsoft HoloLens Letter"
1466:. US Department of Commerce
1101:Taylor, Adam (2018-04-11).
696:
687:weapons of mass destruction
274:
135:
114:Chemical Weapons Convention
10:
1809:
1043:Mozur, Paul (2018-07-08).
703:General-purpose technology
602:
598:
459:nature documentary series
312:
289:can be traced back to the
278:
244:
190:
95:U.S. Department of Defense
77:that can be used for both
1743:from the US Government's
1128:"Not so secure after all"
956:Kristin Shrader-Frechette
933:10.1162/daed.2009.138.4.7
728:Exporting dual-use goods.
640:
363:World Health Organization
315:Gain-of-function research
269:China's mass surveillance
213:Iran's nuclear activities
123:
91:Global Positioning System
559:missile guidance systems
1081:ChemicalSafetyFacts.org
675:Nuclear Suppliers Group
430:surveillance satellites
333:National Health Service
253:artificial intelligence
241:Artificial intelligence
1654:Davis, Stuart (2023).
1615:News), NBC News (NBC.
574:
573:Microsoft's HoloLens 2
536:
513:Department of Commerce
339:people with access to
285:The modern history of
238:
145:
1793:Nuclear proliferation
1621:www.documentcloud.org
691:Wassenaar Arrangement
669:International regimes
572:
534:
452:of predator species.
229:
220:nuclear proliferation
143:
1397:. White House. 2022.
422:night vision goggles
395:spectral sensitivity
387:Night-vision devices
215:is a case in point.
1788:Military technology
1201:on October 29, 2013
1146:2007Natur.448..732C
1018:Feldstein, Steven.
818:"Weaponized drones"
506:Hamamatsu Photonics
411:reverse-engineering
319:That the July 2007
291:chemical industries
173:scientific purposes
1660:. pp. 27–28.
1643:. 26 October 2018.
1049:The New York Times
988:Pandya, Jayshree.
958:(19 August 2011).
575:
537:
527:Other technologies
450:population control
438:nature photography
426:focal plane arrays
418:image intensifiers
331:may have involved
329:at Glasgow airport
201:nuclear fuel cycle
146:
1767:(22 October 2014)
1723:"Biosecurity 101"
1667:978-1-64259-812-4
1520:Los Angeles Times
1140:(7155): 732–733.
841:Bajema, Natasha.
583:augmented reality
325:in central London
93:developed by the
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495:State Department
287:chemical weapons
181:re-entry vehicle
106:chemical weapons
69:refer to goods,
38:
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