34:. The export of controlled item is regulated to restrict the harmful use of those items. Many governments implement export controls. Typically, legislation lists and classifies the controlled items, classifies the destinations, and requires exporters to apply for a licence to a local government department.
192:
Shipping the goods may require licences from the government. The government has legislation that requires certain items to be scrutinised, perhaps because of the item type, perhaps because of the destination, so there is opportunity for decision making based on policies. While some policies are
507:
On
October 7, 2022, the U.S. Department of Commerce announced a major set of export control policy changes toward China, with a focus on Artificial Intelligence and semiconductor technologies. In January 2023, these export controls were expanded multilaterally in an agreement between the United
423:
The regimes mean that supporting nations will tend to have similar classifications in their individual legislation. It reduces the administrative load on each of the nations. The harmonised regimes reduce the opportunity for 'tourism' where a particular country is chosen for its lax controls
623:
Licences include
Standard Individual Export Licences (SIEL), Open Individual Export Licences (OIEL) and Open General Export Licences (OGEL) also known as General Export Authorisation (GEA), formerly known before 2013 as an Open General Licence (OGL).
619:
for SIELs only from
September 2024.) ECJU also manage enforcement and audit of licence compliance. It is recommended that companies involved in exports nominate staff, conduct training, keep records, perform internal audits and commit to compliance.
41:, goods with a military potential, cryptography, currency, and precious stones or metals. Some countries prohibit the export of uranium, endangered animals, cultural artefacts, and goods in short supply in the country, such as medicines.
1345:
97:
In most export control regimes, legislation lists the items which are deemed 'controlled', and lists the destinations to which exports are restricted in some way. The lists of what is controlled often arise from some
189:, or because the export would be against the interests of the country, or for other reasons for example because of human rights concerns. Exports of that class of goods to that destination is not be permitted.
1267:
197:. A goal of the legislation is to push exports that are close to the threshold through scrutiny, so a decision can be made by the exporter's government based on unpublished or partially-published criteria.
202:
No licence required - the consideration of the exported item versus the destination was not controlled. This could even be while some jurisdictions request scrutiny for particular items, or for particular
424:
pertaining to some particular item. Even with the harmonised regimes, some countries choose to augment with additional classification, e.g. the USA with its 'xx99x' ECCN classifications in their
321:
The process of classification, assessment, licensing, and then confirming the compliance with the licence terms is typically handled by government agency in the exporting country. These include
229:
Some individuals or entities may be listed, so that even if the item could normally be exported to the country without a licence, additional restrictions apply for that individual or entity.
1243:
237:
For any given item being exported, the categorisations will typically lead to different treatments for a given destination, e.g. 'No
Licence Required' (NLR) or 'Licence Required'.
30:
of goods, software and technology. Some items could potentially be useful for purposes that are contrary to the interest of the exporting country. These items are considered to be
206:
Licence granted - the government has concluded that the shipment will not significantly harm national interests, partner nations' interests, human rights, or other criteria
593:
means
Northern Ireland is aligned with the EU customs. Consequently exports from Northern Ireland are subject to the EU regulations, including the new EU regulation
471:
The coordinating body for EAR is the Export
Enforcement Coordination Center (E2C2), and the web-based licence system is SNAP-R. Several of the functions of the US
82:
240:
If a licence is required for the item, to the destination, the licence issuer will require information as part of the licence application, typically including:
257:
actual purpose of the item, often with a declaration to this effect from the intended recipient, and assurances that the items will not be used elsewhere.
138:
In several jurisdictions, classifications distinguish between goods, equipment, materials, software and technology; the last two being often considered
648:
181:
The exporting country's legislation will demand certain handling for goods in different classifications to destination countries. This could include:
687:
850:
1098:
272:. These EUUs will typically include intended use, and make assurances as to the applications for the goods, e.g. not to be used within missiles.
1167:"Council Regulation (EC) No 1334/2000 of 22 June 2000 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports of dual-use items and technology"
825:
178:, licences are not required for shipping civilian goods to other member states; however, licences are required for restricted, military goods.
49:
The United States has had export controls since the
American Revolution, although the modern export control regimes can be traced back to the
497:
174:
or arrangements with a group of other countries, which may specify that licences are not required for certain goods. For example, within the
214:
The export of the items is without concern, with and that class of goods can be shipped without impediment from export control legislation.
1064:
708:
1124:"setting up a Union regime for the control of exports, brokering, technical assistance, transit and transfer of dual-use items (recast)"
1437:
530:
Competent authorities in each EU member state provide the licensing service, e.g. BAFA in
Germany, SBDU in France and UAMA in Italy.
440:
913:
490:
122:
1327:
483:
254:
value of the item and quantity to be shipped. This can be difficult to assess with intangibles (i.e. software or technology)
990:
553:
1509:
1123:
1479:
871:
381:
99:
86:
51:
612:
460:
399:
135:, and some will not be export controlled. Dual use means that the device has both a civilian and a military purpose.
112:
597:. No export licences are required for movement of dual-use goods between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The
450:
1494:
615:, with a web-based administration system SPIRE. (A new system LITE is being phased in since 2021, with a public
472:
275:
Licences can subsequently be obtained from the appropriate government department in the exporter's jurisdiction.
1455:
967:
251:
technical details of the exported item, possibly including product documentation, part numbers and likely uses
527:. The regulation demands that authorisations are required for exports of sensitive items to certain places.
931:
775:"Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment and Technologies (SCOMET) export of which is regulated"
476:
363:, the US used 'Third-world countries and bogus operations' in order to obtain sufficient ore to create the
1285:
1141:
756:
1499:
1383:
1369:
1166:
393:
1489:
1189:
889:
668:
Department Of State. The Office of
Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (March 8, 2011).
581:
949:
354:
209:
Licence denied - the government concludes that this shipment is contrary to national interests etc.
1419:
1207:
774:
405:
360:
193:
published, the fine-grained detail may be subject to national security restrictions and based on
167:
1079:
669:
37:
A wide range of goods have been subject to export control in different jurisdictions, including
1504:
1099:"Clues to the U.S.-Dutch-Japanese Semiconductor Export Controls Deal Are Hiding in Plain Sight"
302:
keep a records of the shipment, and anticipate a potential audit by an enforcement agency — a
1484:
425:
411:
194:
1142:"National authorities empowered in the member states to grant export licences... 2021-01-07"
729:
269:
110:
Goods may be classified using a various classification systems. The United States uses the
1003:"ExportLawBlog » California Firm Agrees to $ 31,000 Fine for Deemed Export Violation"
8:
798:
667:
537:
131:
1225:
709:"Historical Background of Export Control Development in Selected Countries and Regions"
573:
186:
57:
260:
shipment route, consignee addresses, brokers, agents and other involved third parties.
66:
aimed to restrict shipments of material to pre-war Japan. In the United
Kingdom, the
598:
533:
Organisations performing exports should have an Internal Compliance Programme (ICP).
417:
290:-type licences may require submission of the EUU at the time of licence application.)
299:
notify some authorities and make the item available for inspection prior to shipment
586:
166:
An exporting country will consider the impact of its export control policy on its
129:
Some items may be categorised as "designed or modified for military use", some as
1401:
616:
387:
171:
504:
may require separate notification of intent to publish cryptographic software.
139:
175:
1473:
1002:
643:
185:
The destination is barred from receiving the goods. This could be because of
848:
226:
will typically be declared, and similar restrictions apply as to countries.
757:"Flexport Glossary Term | Export Control Classification Number (ECCN)"
633:
523:, which came in to force 2021-09-09. This recast the previous legislation
143:
71:
38:
268:
could be an End User Undertaking (EUU), an End User Statement (EUS) or an
1016:
245:
23:
730:"Multilateral Export Control Policy: The Coordinating Committee (CoCom)"
611:
It is administered by the Export Control Joint Unit (ECJU), part of the
85:(CoCom) was founded in 1948, and continued until 1994. It was an early
1065:"U.S. Export Controls and "Published" Encryption Source Code Explained"
517:
357:
1346:"NTE 2024/15: intention to move to LITE public beta in September 2024"
375:
282:
obtain and keep EUUs from every destination organisation. (Applies to
364:
308:
report the shipments made to some authority within some period — a
265:
118:
Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment and Technologies
1303:
436:
There are several sets of legislation covering exports in the US.
325:(The Federal Office of Economics and Export Control) in Germany,
155:
142:. Classifications may also be by destination purpose, including
565:
27:
296:
include some text with the documentation accompanying the item
1040:
638:
516:
The export control legislation applying in the EU is Council
489:
Companies engaging in export may be required to establish an
457:) deals with programmes of sanctions against various entities
151:
147:
1438:"Open individual export licence (OIEL) undertaking template"
78:
564:
does not apply to mainland Britain since that comes after
293:
include the licence number with the shipping documentation
501:
548:
The principal legislation is the retained EU regulation
872:"Dual-use trade controls - Trade - European Commission"
83:
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls
552:
which still applies with amendments, because of the
376:
Organisations for harmonisation of controlled items
1244:"NTE 2021/12: new dual-use regulation EU 2021/821"
849:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
688:"Information Note 15th Export Control Conf Prague"
16:Legislation regulating the export of harmful items
316:
278:A licence will usually have some terms, such as:
1471:
1080:"Choking off China's Access to the Future of AI"
991:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird#Acquisition of titanium
826:"But Export Controls are nothing to do with ME"
604:The export classifications are declared in the
199:The outcome of a licence application could be:
1103:Center for Strategic and International Studies
1084:Center for Strategic and International Studies
68:Import, Export and Customs Power (Defence) Act
1384:"Export control: compliance code of practice"
576:to impose such rules and this still applies.
334:
55:. A significant piece of legislation was the
447:) deals with military equipment and similar
431:
556:. This regulation is harmonised with the
70:of 1939 was the main legislation prior to
649:Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures
601:doesn't appear to impact export control.
496:There are some particular treatments for
475:pertain to Export Control, including the
441:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
670:"Overview of U.S. Export Control System"
491:Export Management and Compliance Program
482:For ITAR, the coordinating body is the
123:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1472:
1456:"Open general export licences (OGELs)"
1184:
1182:
1180:
820:
818:
1420:"Standard Individual Export Licences"
1096:
1041:"BIS SNAP-R Exporter Web Application"
589:within the UK customs territory, but
508:States, the Netherlands, and Japan.
484:Directorate of Defense Trade Controls
473:Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)
244:name, address, business number (e.g.
560:. The newer 'recast' EU regulation
113:Export Control Classification Number
1328:"Notice To Exporters 2021/08: LITE"
1268:"UK strategic export control lists"
1177:
815:
572:of 2002 which grants powers to the
382:Multilateral export control regimes
342:
13:
568:. There is the similar-sounding
540:" regime was established in 2000.
168:relationships with other countries
87:Multilateral export control regime
52:Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917
14:
1521:
1304:"SPIRE - Export Licensing System"
1077:
932:"End-user undertaking (EUU) form"
613:Department for Business and Trade
606:UK strategic export control lists
543:
511:
461:Export Administration Regulations
400:Missile Technology Control Regime
105:
1097:Allen, Gregory (March 1, 2023).
451:Office of Foreign Assets Control
348:
170:. Sometimes countries will have
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1208:"The Export Control Order 2008"
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1017:"US Government Export Control"
950:"US Government Export Control"
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353:During the development of the
317:Administration and enforcement
161:
1:
1370:"Compliance visits explained"
1226:"The Export Control Act 2002"
654:
477:Office for Export Enforcement
120:(SCOMET) list and Japan uses
92:
1190:"Exporting controlled goods"
890:"NOTICES FROM MEMBER STATES"
370:
7:
1286:"Export Control Joint Unit"
627:
467:) cover exports in general.
394:Chemical Weapons Convention
10:
1526:
1510:Regulation of technologies
851:"Dual-use export controls"
304:record keeping requirement
232:
44:
1480:Export and import control
582:Northern Ireland Protocol
432:United States of America
355:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
968:"BAFA - Export Control"
831:. www.egad.org.uk. 2015
406:Nuclear Suppliers Group
116:(ECCN), India uses the
1495:International security
1308:www.spire.trade.gov.uk
1230:www.legislation.gov.uk
1212:www.legislation.gov.uk
264:The declaration from
1402:"Licence types: FAQs"
914:"Denied Persons List"
498:cryptographic exports
426:Commerce Control List
412:Wassenaar Arrangement
310:reporting requirement
222:of the goods or some
895:. trade.ec.europa.eu
558:Export Control Order
270:End-user certificate
380:These are known as
26:that regulates the
1500:Military diplomacy
804:. www.cistec.or.jp
579:Since Brexit, the
574:Secretary of State
570:Export Control Act
187:economic sanctions
58:Export Control Act
1490:International law
1171:eur-lex.europa.eu
1128:eur-lex.europa.eu
1067:. 27 August 2019.
1045:snapr.bis.doc.gov
599:Windsor Framework
554:EU Withdrawal Act
418:Zangger Committee
367:for the aircraft
248:) of the exporter
100:harmonised regime
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126:(METI) lists.
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20:Export control
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780:. dgft.gov.in
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644:FDI screening
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1353:. Retrieved
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