11865:. It defines an audiovisual media services to mean those 'devoted to providing programmes, under the editorial responsibility of a media service provider, to the general public, in order to inform, entertain or educate, to the general public by electronic communications networks', either on TV or an 'on-demand' service. An 'on-demand' service involves 'viewing of programmes at the moment chosen by the user and at his individual request on the basis of a catalogue of programmes selected by the media service provider'. Member states must ensure audiovisual services 'do not contain any incitement to hatred' based on race, sex, religion, nationality or other protected characteristics. Article 9 prohibits media with 'surreptitious' communication or 'subliminal' techniques, to 'prejudice respect for human dignity', that would 'promote any discrimination', prejudice health and safety or 'encourage behaviour grossly prejudicial to the protection of the environment'. Social media on Facebook, YouTube or Twitter may be thought to be exempt as they lack 'editorial responsibility', however each use algorithms to exert 'effective control' and profit from arrangement of media. After 2018 new provisions on "video-sharing platform service" providers were introduced, with duties on member states to ensure under article 28b that video-sharing platform providers protect (a) minors from content that "may impair their physical, mental or moral development", (b) the general public from content "containing incitement to violence or hatred", and (c) the general public from content whose dissemination is criminal in EU law, such as terrorism, child pornography or offences concerning racism or xenophobia. Under the
11543:, through which mobile and internet signals travel. A regulator must also enable access and interconnection to other infrastructure (such as telecomms and broadband cables), protect end-user rights, and monitor "competition issues regarding open internet access" to ensure rights such as universal service and portability of phone numbers. Articles 6-8 require the regulators are independent, with dismissal of heads only for a good reason, and articles 10-11 require cooperation with other authorities. Articles 12-13 require that use of electronic communication networks is authorised by a regulator, and that conditions attached are non-discriminatory, proportionate and transparent. The owner of a communication network has duties to allow access and interconnection on fair terms, and so article 17 requires that its accounts and financial reports are separate from other activities (if the enterprise does other business), article 74 foresees that regulators can control prices, and article 84 says member states should "ensure that all consumers in their territories have access at an affordable price, in light of specific national conditions, to an available adequate broadband internet access service and to voice communications services". While some EU member states have privatised all, and some part, of their telecomms infrastructure, publicly or community-owned internet providers (such as in
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further said that an ISS operating as a "mere conduit" for information, doing "caching" or "hosting" is 'not liable for information stored' if the 'provider does not have actual knowledge of illegal activity' and 'is not aware of facts or circumstances from which the illegal activity or information is apparent', but must act quickly to remove or disable access 'upon obtaining knowledge or awareness'. Article 15 states that member states should 'not impose a general obligation on providers... to monitor the information which they transmit or store' nor 'seek facts' on illegality. However the meaning of who was an "ISS" was not clearly defined in law, and has become a problem with social media that was not meant to be protected like private communication. An internet service provider has been held to be an ISS, and so has a Wi-Fi host, the
Electronic Commerce Directive 2000 recital 11 states email services, search engines, data storage, and streaming, are information society services, and an individual email is not, and the
9599:"). There is a large spectrum between systems based mainly on public insurance and usually creating public option hospitals or requiring no profit (such as France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia, the Czech Republic or Estonia) and those that allow substantial private and profit-making insurance and hospital or doctor provision (the Netherlands and Germany). In all cases, health is universal, and subsidised or free wherever people cannot afford insurance premiums, unlike the notorious case of the United States which still does not have universal healthcare. The healthcare outcomes vary greatly between different systems, so that while there is generally higher life expectancy with more investment, healthcare tends to have worse outcomes and costs more where there is more private business or profit. Under the
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2066:
9878:
11236:
9567:
33:
717:
9264:
2096:) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself exercise 'legislative functions'. The Council does this: in effect this is the governments of the member states, but there will be a different minister at each meeting, depending on the topic discussed (e.g. for environmental issues, the member states' environment ministers attend and vote; for foreign affairs, the foreign ministers, etc.). The minister must have the authority to represent and bind the member states in decisions. When voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size, so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states. In total there are 352 votes, but for most acts there must be a
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member states. As conditions of receiving subsidies, farms can be required to keep land in good condition, for public, animal, and plant health, and maintain environment standards. For minimal biodiversity, farmers must have over two crops if they have 10 hectares, not farm at least 5% of lintensively (an 'ecological focus area' over 15 hectares, and have three crops over 30 hectares. Environmentally sensitive grasslands, as designated by the
Habitats Directive 1992 and the Wild Birds Directive 2009, should not be more turned into more than 5% agricultural area. The second main part, also carried out by the EAGF, is 'market measures'. Under the
1968:
10446:, where the Court held in 1964 that the treaties do 'not prohibit the creation of any state monopolies' so long as they do not operate commercially and discriminate. The approach of EU law is that even where energy companies are privatised, they still are subject to the same rules as the state on direct effect, because it remains that they are 'providing a public service'. The evidence suggests "consumers pay lower electricity net-of-tax prices in countries where there are still incumbents owned by national governments." With the sharp rise in fossil fuel prices that came from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and the fossil fuel cartel
6305:
submitted that hospital services should not be regarded as economic, and should not fall within article 56. But the Court of
Justice held health was a "service" even though the government (rather than the service recipient) paid for the service. National authorities could be justified in refusing to reimburse patients for medical services abroad if the health care received at home was without undue delay, and it followed "international medical science" on which treatments counted as normal and necessary. The Court requires that the individual circumstances of a patient justify waiting lists, and this is also true in the context of the UK's
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minority in the council, and a majority in the commission: it is harder to change EU law than for it to stay the same. A different procedure exists for budgets. For "enhanced cooperation" among a sub-set of at least member states, authorisation must be given by the council. Member state governments should be informed by the
Commission at the outset before any proposals start the legislative procedure. The EU as a whole can only act within its power set out in the Treaties. TEU articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred, although there is a debate about the
25356:
11555:
13896:). In summary, these were it (1) undermined the CJEU's autonomy (2) allowed for a parallel dispute resolution mechanism among member states, when the treaties said the CJEU should be the sole arbiter (3) the "co-respondent" system, allowing the EU and member states to be sued together, allowed the ECtHR to illegitimately interpret EU law and allocate responsibility between the EU and member states, (4) did not allow the Court of Justice to decide if an issue of law was already dealt with, before the ECHR heard a case, and (5) the ECtHR was illegitimately being given power of judicial review over
10791:, is 'rural development' payments, which are 24.4% of the CAP budget. Following the 'Europe 2020 Strategy by promoting sustainable rural development', payments are made for knowledge transfer, advice, asset investment, and business development aid. Priorities may include improving water and energy use. The courts give the EU a wide discretion to implement policy, so judicial review is possible only if agricultural measures are 'manifestly inappropriate'. EU law does not yet have a systematic plan or subsidies to rewild depleted environments, and to move to complete clean energy infrastructure.
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to 36 members, and 8 to 16 elected by professors, 4 to 6 by non-academic staff, 4 to 6 by students, and 8 external members, and have an academic council elected by staff with powers to set important rules, such as on training or examinations. Secondary, primary, and pre-school are generally free from fees. More successful school systems tend to be well-funded and public, and do not have barriers to children based on wealth, such as private fees for school. Most schools enable staff and parents to vote for representatives on their children's school governing bodies.
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9617:, where in 2003 Mrs Watts travelled from the UK to France, paid £3900 for a hip replacement operation, and claimed she should be reimbursed. The UK's National Health Service waiting lists were 4 to 6 months at the time. The Court of Justice's Grand Chamber held that health care counted as a 'service' under TFEU article 56, and that in principle there was a right to receive those services abroad. However, high demand could justify waiting lists in a national health system, but individual circumstances of the patient had to be assessed. For non-EU nationals, the
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11193:
14224: (1948) per Vinson CJ at 19, 'These are not cases, as has been suggested, in which the States have merely abstained from action, leaving private individuals free to impose such discriminations as they see fit. Rather, these are cases in which the States have made available to such individuals the full coercive power of government to deny to petitioners, on the grounds of race or color, the enjoyment of property rights in premises which petitioners are willing and financially able to acquire and which the grantors are willing to sell'.
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new legal order of international law". Because article 30 clearly, unconditionally and immediately stated that no quantitative restrictions could be placed on trade, without a good justification, Van Gend en Loos could recover the money it paid for the tariff. EU Regulations are the same as Treaty provisions in this sense, because as TFEU article 288 states, they are 'directly applicable in all Member States'. Member states come under a duty not to replicate
Regulations in their own law, in order to prevent confusion. For instance, in
2012:" has encouraged numerous proposals for reform, and is usually perceived as a hangover from earlier days of integration led by member states. Over time, the Parliament gradually assumed more voice: from being an unelected assembly, to its first direct elections in 1979, to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process. Citizens' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all European member states: under TEU article 11, citizens and associations have the right to publicise their views and the
1617:
11600:" into someone's internet browser unless they positively accept cookies. The EU has not yet simply enabled people to block all cookies within a browser, and required that websites give people this option without thousands of annoying buttons to click. Second, people have the right to be informed about data kept on them. Third, there is a right to be forgotten and the data to be deleted. Where legal standards do not exist, Alphabet, Facebook or Microsoft have largely been uncontrolled in privacy invasion, for instance,
9067:, (b) limiting production, (c) sharing markets, (d) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions, and (e) making contracts subject to unconnected obligations. According to Article 101(2) any such agreements between undertakings are automatically void. Article 101(3) establishes exemptions, if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation, gives consumers a "fair share" of the benefit and does not include unreasonable restraints that risk eliminating competition anywhere. For example, in
7739:
9395:, say that "everyone" has the right to education, and that primary, secondary and higher education should be made "free", for instance "by reducing or abolishing any fees or charges" and "granting financial assistance". While the history of education was confined to a wealth elite, today most member states have tuition free university. There are no common rules for university finance or governance, although there is a right to free movement and universities have voluntarily harmonised standards. In 1987, the
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9962:
440:
7131:, of a product is strictly liable to compensate a consumer for any damage caused by a defective product. A "defect" is anything which falls below what a consumer is entitled to expect, and this essentially means that products should be safe for their purpose. A narrow defensive is available if a producer can show that a defect could not be known by any scientific method, thought this has never been successfully invoked, because it is generally thought a profit making enterprise should not be able to
10795:
5438:, Italy, was not allowed to require Mr Angonese to have a bilingual certificate that could only be obtained in Bolzano. The Court of Justice, giving "horizontal" direct effect to TFEU article 45, reasoned that people from other countries would have little chance of acquiring the certificate, and because it was "impossible to submit proof of the required linguistic knowledge by any other means", the measure was disproportionate. Second, article 7(2) requires equal treatment in respect of tax. In
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581:
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4840:, policy or security, "protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants", "national treasures" of "artistic, historic or archaeological value" and "industrial and commercial property". In addition, although not clearly listed, environmental protection can justify restrictions on trade as an overriding requirement derived from TFEU article 11. More generally, it has been increasingly acknowledged that fundamental human rights should take priority over all trade rules. So, in
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1211:
2377:. The three main kinds of judgments the Court of Justice gives following (1) preliminary rulings, requested by the courts of member states, (2) enforcement actions, brought by the commission or Member States, against the EU, a member state, or any other party that is alleged to violate EU law, and (3) other direct actions, where the EU or member state is involved as a party to the dispute, and gives final rulings. The Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice, modelled on the
4390:" toward a legitimate aim when reviewing any discretionary act of a government or powerful body, for example, if a government wishes to change an employment law in a neutral way, yet this could have disproportionate negative impact on women rather than men, the government must show a legitimate aim, and that its measures are (1) appropriate or suitable for achieving it, (2) do no more than necessary, and (3) reasonable in balancing the conflicting rights of different parties.
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imperative requirements in the general interest" and proportionately applied. All people or entities that engage in economic activity, particularly the self-employed, or "undertakings" such as companies or firms, have a right to set up an enterprise without unjustified restrictions. The Court of
Justice has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom of establishment, so article 49 has both "vertical" and "horizontal" direct effect. In
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3189:(to reduce dairy overproduction), and by reproducing the rules in a decree with various additions. "Regulations", held the Court of Justice, "come into force solely by virtue of their publication" and implementation could have the effect of "jeopardizing their simultaneous and uniform application in the whole of the Union". On the other hand, some Regulations may themselves expressly require implementing measures, in which case those specific rules should be followed.
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5006:, not to hinder trade. The Court of Justice held, as "in law and in fact" it was an equally applicable "selling arrangement" (not something that alters a product's content) it was outside the scope of article 34, and so did not need to be justified. Selling arrangements can be held to have an unequal effect "in fact" particularly where traders from another member state are seeking to break into the market, but there are restrictions on advertising and marketing. In
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25563:
23565:
9182:
4953:, the Court of Justice held that an Italian law prohibiting motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers infringed article 34. Again, the law applied neutrally to everyone, but disproportionately affected importers, because Italian companies did not make trailers. This was not a product requirement, but the Court reasoned that the prohibition would deter people from buying it: it would have "a considerable influence on the behaviour of consumers" that "affects the
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8423:") should control the voting rights. The UCITS Directive 2009 is primarily concerned with creating a "passport". If a firm complies with rules on authorisation, and governance of the management and investment companies in an overall fund structure, it can sell its shares in a collective investment scheme across the EU. This forms a broader package of Directives on securities and financial market regulation, much of which has been shaped by experience in the
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3193:
141:
4871:
2630:, said member states "have limited their sovereign rights, albeit within limited fields, and have thus created a body of law which binds both their nationals and themselves" on the "basis of reciprocity". EU law would not "be overridden by domestic legal provisions, however framed... without the legal basis of the community itself being called into question". This meant any "subsequent unilateral act" of the member state inapplicable. Similarly, in
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corporate group will be treated as a "single economic unit" for the purpose of calculating market share. The prohibited categories of "abuse" are unlimited, but article 102 explicitly spells out the bans on (a) "unfair purchase or selling prices", (b) "limiting production", (c) "applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions", and (d) imposing unconnected "supplementary obligations" to contracts. In a leading case on (a) unfair prices,
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4911:, which Rewe-Zentrale AG wished to import from France, only had 15 to 20 per cent alcohol. The Court of Justice rejected the German government's arguments that the measure proportionately protected public health under TFEU article 36, because stronger beverages were available and adequate labelling would be enough for consumers to understand what they bought. This rule primarily applies to requirements about a product's content or packaging. In
5365:
25551:
4258:, necessarily exist for reasons that the society which made them wants: these give rise to principles, which inform the law's purpose. Moreover, the Court of Justice has clarified that its recognition of rights was 'inspired' by member states' own 'constitutional traditions', and international treaties. These include rights found in member state constitutions, bills of rights, foundational Acts of Parliament, landmark court cases, the
3699:. It was not decisive that the German Parliament had not acted willfully or negligently. It was merely necessary that there was (1) a rule intended to confer rights, (2) that a breach was sufficiently serious, and (3) there was a causal link between the breach and damage. The Court of Justice advised a breach is to be regarded as 'sufficiently serious' by weighing a range of factors, such as whether it was voluntary, or persistent. In
12784:
5780:, the Court of Justice held that the German government was entitled to deny child support to a Romanian mother who had lived in Germany for three years, but had never worked. Because she lived in Germany for over 3 months, but under five years, she had to show evidence of "sufficient resources", since the Court reasoned the right to equal treatment in article 24 within that time depended on lawful residence under article 7.
1660:) The Commissioner President is elected by the European Parliament by an absolute majority of its members, following the parliamentary elections every five years, on the basis of a proposal by the European Council. The latter must take account of the results of the European elections, in which European political parties announce the name of their candidate for this post. Hence, in 2014, Juncker, the candidate of the
2740:) produced five main reasons why it felt that the accession agreement as it stood was incompatible with the treaties. The reasoning was regarded by a majority of commentators as thinly veiled attempt of the Court of Justice to clutch onto its own power, but it has meant the commission is redrafting a new accession agreement. Under TEU articles 3(5), 21, 34 and 42, the EU must also respect the principles of the
192:
6115:. The Court of Justice held that Denmark's minimum capital law infringed Centros Ltd's freedom of establishment and could not be justified, because a company in the UK could admittedly provide services in Denmark without being established there, and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection. This approach was criticised as potentially opening the EU to unjustified
2135:" that applies for most EU acts. The essence is there are three readings, starting with a Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes, and the Council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes, but by unanimity to block Commission amendment. Where the different institutions cannot agree at any stage, a "
11232:
many take up this option. Article 7 says member states cannot set maximum compensation for death or injury lower than €220,000 per passenger or €1200 per item of luggage. There is not yet a requirement for the major bus, delivery, taxi enterprises to electrify their fleets even though this would create the fastest reduction of emissions and would be cheaper for business in total operating costs.
9607:. Article 4 requires that people are treated, article 5 requires reimbursement of costs by the person's country of origin, article 6 requires national contact points to connect healthcare providers or insurers and patient organisations, but under article 8 member states may require prior authorisation for people to travel abroad for treatment where the costs are high or planning is needed. A
1387:. It can be amended by unanimous agreement at any time, but TEU itself, in article 48, sets out an amendment procedure through proposals via the Council and a Convention of national Parliament representatives. Under TEU article 5(2), the "principle of conferral" says the EU can do nothing except the things which it has express authority to do. The limits of its competence are governed by the
2038:. There are 750 MEPs and their numbers are "degressively proportional" according to member state size. This means – although the council is meant to be the body representing member states – in the Parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states. MEPs divide, as they do in national Parliaments, along political party lines: the conservative
9231:, in article 345, is that the "Treaties shall in no way prejudice the rules in Member States governing the system of property ownership", meaning the EU remains neutral between private or public ownership, but that it can require common standards. In the cases of education and health, member states generally organise public services and the EU requires free movement. There is a unified
3922:, a group of Greek textile businesses, who exported cotton products to France, challenged a Commission decision allow France to limit exports. The Commission argued that the exporters were not directly concerned, because France might decide not to limit exports, but the Court of Justice held this possibility was "entirely theoretical". A challenge could be brought. By contrast in
2360:, article 11, says the court is usually organised into chambers of 3 or 5 judges each. A "grand chamber" of 15 more senior judges sit on questions of "difficulty or importance", or those requested by member states. The court's president and vice-president are elected by other judges for renewable 3-year terms by secret ballot. Judges can only be dismissed if all other judges and
19168:, requiring a functioning energy market, security of supply, energy efficiency and 'new and renewable forms of energy', and network interconnection. Such measures shall not affect a Member State's right to determine the conditions for exploiting its energy resources, its choice between different energy sources and the general structure of its energy supply, without prejudice to
6614:
Dutch investments, but not Mr Baars' investments in an Irish company, from the tax: the wealth tax, or exemptions, had to be applied equally. On the other hand, TFEU article 65(1) does not prevent taxes that distinguish taxpayers based on their residence or the location of an investment (as taxes commonly focus on a person's actual source of profit) or any measures to prevent
4349:) by the state food regulator (acting under EU law) contravened their right to occupational and business freedom under CFREU 2000 articles 15 and 16. The Court of Justice held that in fact, the right to health for consumers in article 35 has also to be taken into account, and was to be given greater weight, particularly given the health effects of alcohol. Some rights in the
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group. The rules are not consolidated, and on gender pay potentially limited in not enabling a hypothetical comparator, or comparators in outsourced business. Equality rules do not yet apply to child care rights, which only give women substantial time off, and consequently hinder equality in men and women caring for children after birth, and pursuing their careers.
2624:
case under the Treaty provisions only the commission could have brought a claim, not Mr Costa. However, in principle, Mr Costa was entitled to plead that the Treaty conflicted with national law, and the court would have a duty to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no appeal against its decision. The Court of
Justice, repeating its view in
2870:, citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties. This meant courts of member states were not bound to apply a Union law where a State law conflicted, even though the member state government could be sued, if it would impose an obligation on another citizen or corporation. These rules on "
16617:) Annex I, including (i) investment in companies, (ii) real estate, (iii) securities, (iv) collective investment funds, (v) money market securities, (vi) bonds, (vii) service credit, (viii) loans, (ix) sureties and guarantees (x) insurance rights, (xi) inheritance and personal loans, (xii) physical financial assets (xiii) other capital movements.
1676:, though in practice several invariable are, relinquishing their seat in order to serve. Commissioners have various privileges, such as being exempt from member state taxes (but not EU taxes), and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts. Commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices, particularly since the
2391:). The court always deliberates and votes before the final opinion is written and published. Cases in the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice on points of law. While there is no formal appeal procedure from the Court of Justice, in practice its actions are subject to scrutiny by both the supreme courts of member states and the
5361:. In practice, free movement has become politically contentious as nationalist political parties have manipulated fears about immigrants taking away people's jobs and benefits (paradoxically at the same time). Nevertheless, practically "all available research finds little impact" of "labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers".
20863:
able to make up their own minds on the important issues of the day. For this we need the free exchange of information and ideas. We have to accept that some people have greater resources than others with which to put their views across. But we want to avoid the grosser distortions which unrestricted access to the broadcast media will bring."
7146:, it causes a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and obligations arising under the contract, to the detriment of the consumer". The Court of Justice has continually affirmed that the Directive, as recital 16 states, "is based on the idea that the consumer is in a weak position vis-à-vis the seller or supplier, as regards both his
16207:(1984) Case 107/83, holding a Paris avocat requirement to have one office in Paris, though "indistinctly" applicable to everyone, was an unjustified restriction because the aim of keeping advisers in touch with clients and courts could be achieved by 'modern methods of transport and telecommunications' and without living in the locality.
3660:'s plan to buy Greek and other government bonds on secondary markets, despite the Treaty prohibition on buying them directly, was unlawful. In a highly unusual move, the two most senior judges dissented that the ECB's plan could be lawful, while the majority closely guided the Court of Justice on the appropriate mode of reasoning.
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active or not. Article 7 allows stays over three months with evidence of "sufficient resources... not to become a burden on the social assistance system". Articles 16 and 17 give a right to permanent residence after 5 years without conditions. Third, TEU article 10(3) requires the right to vote in the local constituencies for the
2302:. The CJEU's duty is to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed", although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it develops consistently with democratic values. Examples of landmark, and frequently controversial judgments, include
8521:
economic activity", but not non-profit organisations based on the principle of solidarity, or bodies carrying out a regulatory function. Employees and trade unions are not undertakings, and are outside the scope of competition law, and so are solo self-employed workers, because on long-standing consensus in international law
10731:"reasonable prices" for consumers. In 2021, the CAP was 33.1% of the entire EU budget, at €55.1 billion, however there are no requirements for subsidies to be used so that farm workers (as opposed to owners) have fair pay scales, few requirements for rural development, and minimal standards for environmental improvement.
9917:.' There are three main powers to achieve these goals. First, the ECB can require other banks to hold reserves proportionate to their type of lending. Second, it may lend money to other banks, or conduct 'credit operations'. Third it may 'operate in the financial markets by buying and selling' securities. For example, in
8754:, where a company cuts its own selling prices to bankrupt a competitor: there is a presumption of abuse if a company prices "below average variable costs", namely "those which vary depending on the quantities produced". There is no requirement to show losses might be recouped. A leading case on (b) limiting production is
12080:. Motions were tabled in the European Parliament against that legislation on the basis that criminal law should not be an EU competence, but was rejected at vote. However, in October 2007, the Court of Justice ruled that the commission could not propose what the criminal sanctions could be, only that there must be some.
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1463:(i.e. not Denmark, Sweden, the UK, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania or Bulgaria). This required, among other things, a pledge to balance the government budget and limit structural deficits to 0.5 per cent of GDP, with fines for non-compliance. The jurisdiction for these rules remains with the Court of Justice.
12076:". The competence for the Union to do this was contested in 2005 at the Court of Justice resulting in a victory for the commission. That ruling set a precedent that the commission, on a supranational basis, may legislate in criminal law – something never done before. So far, the only other proposal has been the draft
1428:
not entitled to demand a withdrawal, and that member states should follow constitutional procedures, for example, through
Parliament or a codified constitutional document. Once article 50 is triggered, there is a two-year time limit to complete negotiations, a procedure which would leave a seceding member without any
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able to bring claims against other non-state parties. It must instead sue the member state itself for failure to implement the law. In sum, the Court of
Justice's position on direct effect means that governments and taxpayers must bear the cost of private parties, mostly corporations, for refusing to follow the law.
3276:§622 stated that the years people worked under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice before dismissal. Ms Kücükdeveci worked for 10 years, from age 18 to 28, for Swedex GmbH & Co KG before her dismissal. She claimed that the law not counting her years under age 25 was unlawful
2641:
This was necessary to prevent a "corresponding denial" of Treaty "obligations undertaken unconditionally and irrevocably by member states", that could "imperil the very foundations of the" EU. But despite the views of the Court of
Justice, the national courts of member states have not accepted the same analysis.
13286:(1995) C-65/93, ECR I-643, Parliament held not to have done everything it could have done within a sufficient time to give an opinion, so it could not complain the Council had gone ahead. See Boyron, 'The Consultation Procedure: Has the Court of Justice Turned against the European Parliament?' (1996) 21 ELR 145
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operated and was incorporated in Hungary. Thus, the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies (where restrictions must be justified), and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory, although it is not entirely clear why.
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to enter, depart and return, without undue restrictions, (2) to reside, without becoming an unreasonable burden on social assistance, (3) to vote in local and European elections, and (4) the right to equal treatment with nationals of the host state, but for social assistance only after 3 months of residence.
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transparency of accounting. Then, different enterprises have rights to access infrastructure of network owners on fair and transparent terms, as a way to ensure different member state networks and supplies can become integrated across the EU. Most EU operators are publicly owned, and the Court of Justice in
11491:, family, home or correspondence', whether interference is by business, government or anyone else. Communication networks, from the post to telephone lines to the internet, are crucial for friends, families, business and government, and EU law sets standards for their construction and use. For example, the
2100:, if not consensus. TEU article 16(4) and TFEU article 238(3) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260 of the 352 votes. This is critical during the legislative process.
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pioneering surveillance of emails for ads as its first business model, and Facebook abolishing service-user voting rights over changes to its privacy policies in 2012. There are no rights yet in EU law for service-users to vote for representatives on boards of big tech companies that take their data,
11260:
article 17 states that 25% of a ticket price should be refunded if there is a one-hour delay, and 50% over two hours, with a threshold of €4 to claim. Passengers have a right to take bicycles on trains where they are not overcrowded, there must be clear information on tickets, and there are rights to
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still enable gas and oil extraction. It requires that licences are awarded based on technical and financial capability, methods, price, and previous conduct, that applicants are treated equally by objective and non-discriminatory criteria, and advertisements for tenders must be public. It has not yet
9140:
determines applicable law in the case of non-consensual obligations, such as torts and unjust enrichment. Under article 4 the general rule is that the law applies where "the damage occurred", although under article 7 in the case of "environmental damage or damage sustained by persons or property as a
8451:
firms. Similarly, it requires authorisation to sell products EU wide, and then basic transparency requirements on products being sold, requirements in remuneration policies for fund managers that are perceived to reduce "risk" or make pay "performance" related. They do not, however, require limits to
7734:
prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, disability, religion or belief, age, race and gender. As well as "direct discrimination", there is a prohibition on "indirect discrimination" where employers apply a neutral rule to everybody, but this has a disproportionate impact on the protected
6297:
case, and was told he could not continue because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice. The Court of Justice held that the freedom to provide services applied, it was directly effective, and the rule was probably unjustified: having an address in the member
6133:
the Court of Justice held that a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany, simply because it was not validly incorporated in Germany. Restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection, labour rights to participate
5672:
article 20, citizenship of the EU derives from nationality of a member state. Article 21 confers general rights to free movement in the EU and to reside freely within limits set by legislation. This applies for citizens and their immediate family members. This triggers four main groups of rights: (1)
4892:
Often rules apply to all goods neutrally, but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products. For such "indirect" discriminatory (or "indistinctly applicable") measures the Court of Justice has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional "mandatory"
4225:
Although access to judicial review is restricted for ordinary questions of law, the Court of Justice has gradually developed a more open approach to standing for human rights. Human rights have also become essential in the proper interpretation and construction of all EU law. If there are two or more
3682:
required. Francovich, the former employee of a bankrupt Venetian firm, was therefore allowed to claim 6 million Lira from the Italian government in damages for his loss. The Court of Justice held that if a Directive would confer identifiable rights on individuals, and there is a causal link between a
3671:
article 47. Most of the time Regulations and Directives will set out the relevant remedies to be awarded, or they will be construed from the legislation according to the practices of the member state. It could also be that the government is responsible for failure to properly implement a Directive or
3514:
article 267 says court "may" refer "if it considers" this "is necessary to enable it to give judgment", and "shall bring the matter before the Court" if there is no possibility for further appeal and remedy. Any "court or tribunal of a Member State" can refer. This is widely interpreted. It obviously
3335:
article 11, that required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons. The Court of Justice quickly acknowledged that the duty of interpretation cannot contradict plain words in a national statute. But, if a member state has failed to implement a Directive, a citizen may not be
2644:
Generally speaking, while all member states recognise that EU law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights. In the United Kingdom, the
2623:
article 267. The Italian Constitutional Court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958, Costa had no claim. By contrast, the Court of Justice held that ultimately the Treaty of Rome in no way prevented energy nationalisation, and in any
1690:
held that a Commissioner giving her dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law. By contrast to the ECJ's strictly legalistic approach, a Committee of Independent Experts found that a culture had developed where few Commissioners had 'even the slightest sense of
20862:
UKHL 15, per Lady Hale, "In the United Kingdom, and elsewhere in Europe, we do not want our government or its policies to be decided by the highest spenders. Our democracy is based upon more than one person one vote. It is based on the view that each person has equal value... We want everyone to be
19735:
11873:
were repeated, so that a platform's or "gatekeeper's" liability is limited unless the platforms have failed to act with due diligence to stop certain illegal content, complying with transparent terms and algorithms. New codes of conduct should be drawn up for best practice. Fines for large platforms
11571:
also sought to ensure free movement for an "information society service", requiring member states to not restrict them unless it was to fulfill a public policy, prevent crime, fight incitement to hatred, protect individual dignity, protect health, or protect consumers or investors. Articles 12 to 14
11184:
article 63 by ensuring that the state of Lower Saxony had a golden share to exercise public control over the company's governance. It limited voting rights of individual shareholder to 20% of the company. The German government's justification that the restrictions were an overriding public interest,
10818:
requires that all timber traders know their supply chains and keep records for 5 years, to ensure that any illegally harvested timber is banned in the EU law, however there is not yet any ban on imports of goods (such as beef or palm oil) from countries that continue to deforest their landscape. For
10781:
article 3 prohibits practices such as late payments by buyers of food to suppliers, cancellations at short notice, unilateral alteration of terms, threats of commercial retaliation, and payments by suppliers to the buyers (i.e. from farmers to supermarkets) for stocking, adverts, marketing or staff.
10439:
emphatically rejected that there was any violation of EU law on free movement of capital by a Dutch Act requiring electricity and gas distributors to be publicly owned, that system operators could not be connected by ownership to generators, and limited the level of debt. The Court of Justice held a
10415:
article 107, and should have to pass rules for exemption, as a way to hinder renewable energy funding. The Court rejected this, because although the policy might have 'negative repercussions' for big energy companies it 'cannot be regarded' as giving to small producers 'a particular advantage at the
10396:
still enables biomass and biofuel to count toward "renewable" energy statistics based on the argument that trees or plants absorb greenhouse gases when they grow, even though biomass burning (usually in ex-coal plants) releases more greenhouse gases than coal, biomass transport is not clean, forests
10307:
articles 2 and 8 (rights to life and home), to immediately start cutting all of its emissions by 45% by 2030, whether generated directly by its corporate group (scope 1), indirectly from its purchases (scope 2), or indirectly from its value chain or the purchase and use of its products (scope 3). It
9418:
held there may be a minimum residency requirement, such as three years. Most of the world's best universities enable majority staff, and significant alumni or student voice in university governance. For instance, the French Education Code requires that universities have a board of management with 24
8850:
was fined €1.06 billion by the commission for giving rebates on x86 computer processors if manufacturers bought over 80% of their chips only from Intel. This had the effect of "tying customers to the undertaking in a dominant position". However the fine was annulled on the ground that the commission
8537:
in prohibiting drugs, because although drugs might increase "competition", the "integrity and objectivity of competitive sport" was more important. EU competition law only regulates activities where trade between member states is affected to an "appreciable" degree, but member states may have higher
8184:
a different or better plan than is provided for in existing member state law. Other than this, most important standards in a typical company law are left to member state law, so long as they comply with further minimum requirements in the company law directives. Duties owed by the board of directors
5012:
the Court of Justice reviewed Swedish bans on advertising to children under age 12, and misleading commercials for skin care products. While the bans have remained (justifiable under article 36 or as a mandatory requirement) the Court emphasised that complete marketing bans could be disproportionate
4371:
and also CFREU article 27. The Court of Justice agreed that the French Labour Code was incompatible with the Directive, but held that article 27 was expressed too generally to create direct rights. On this view, legislation was necessary to make abstract human rights principles concrete, and legally
4248:
that 'fundamental human rights' were 'enshrined in the general principles of Community law'. This meant that Mr Stauder, who received subsidised butter under an EU welfare scheme only by showing a coupon with his name and address, was entitled to claim that this violated his dignity: he was entitled
3883:
within 20 days. When both challenged this, the Commission argued that the demand for information could not be an act as there was no sanction. The Court of Justice disagreed, and held judicial review could proceed because the request produced "binding legal effects" since the information supplied or
20920:
saying they targeted 'roughly 7 million people, who saw something like one and a half billion ads'. R Mueller, Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election (March 2019) 1, on Russian cyber-war against the US in the 2016 election. House of Commons, Digital,
15013:(2000) C-270/97, 'the economic aim pursued by Article ..., namely the elimination of distortions of competition between undertakings established in different Member States, is secondary to the social aim pursued by the same provision, which constitutes the expression of a fundamental human right'.
13909:
cf P Eeckhout, 'Opinion 2/13 on EU Accession to the ECHR and Judicial Dialogue: Autonomy or Autarky' (2015) 38 Fordham International Law Journal 955 and A Lasowski and RA Wessel, 'When Caveats Turn into Locks: Opinion 2/13 on Accession of the European Union to the ECHR' (2015) 16 German Law Journal
11805:
Pluralism and regulation of the media, such as through 'the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises', have long been seen as essential to protect freedom of opinion and expression, to ensure that citizens have a more equal voice, and ultimately to support the universal 'right to
11265:
there is a minimum right of €250 compensation for 2 hour delay on 1500 km flight, €400 compensation for 3 hour delay or more on a 1500–3500 km flight, and €600 for 4 hours in flights over 3500 km flight, plus the right to refreshments, hotels, and alternative transport. There are not
10838:(1992) it was held that the UK's approach of accepting undertakings from water companies to behave better in future, instead of using enforcement orders, was inadequate to comply with EU law. Fines can be and often are significant, ranging into hundreds of thousands or millions of euros for breach.
10767:
and receive €100 for each, though member states can set higher thresholds (e.g. 5 hectares and €200). If payments reach over €150,000 there is a 5% reduction per hectare for each hectare. This favours large farm corporations, and the largest 1% typically receive around 10 to 15% of all subsidies in
9240:
and shift completely to clean energy that does not heat the planet. Among these, 33% of the entire EU budget is spent on agricultural subsidies to farm corporations and owners. The EU also has an increasing number of policies to raise standards for communications, the internet, data protection, and
9082:
article 106(1) requires that the state may not grant special or exclusive rights for undertakings that distort competition, and states that (2) competition law applies to services of general economic interest, unless it obstructs their tasks in law or fact (e.g. in providing public services). Under
9073:
eleven corporations that manufactured marine hoses for offshore oil rigs were fined €131 million for rigging bids and sharing markets worldwide - they would designate a "bid champion" in each case to raise prices. Secret cartels are often hard to prove, so the courts allow competition regulators to
6304:
Mrs Geraets-Smits claimed she should be reimbursed by Dutch social insurance for costs of receiving treatment in Germany. The Dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary, so she argued this restricted the freedom (of the German health clinic) to provide services. Several governments
5451:
the Court of Justice rejected Mr Weigel's claim that a re-registration charge upon bringing his car to Austria violated his right to free movement. Although the tax was "likely to have a negative bearing on the decision of migrant workers to exercise their right to freedom of movement", because the
5413:
when his contract finished, regardless of whether Dunkerque could afford to pay Liège the habitual transfer fees. The Court of Justice held "the transfer rules constitute an obstacle to free movement" and were unlawful unless they could be justified in the public interest, but this was unlikely. In
4946:
alone, but British, Danish and Irish manufacturers used other vegetable fats. They claimed the law infringed article 34. The Court of Justice held that a low content of vegetable fat did not justify a "chocolate substitute" label. This was derogatory in the consumers' eyes. A 'neutral and objective
3928:
a municipality wanted to challenge the Commissions decision to aid steel firms which reduced production: this would probably reduce its tax collections. But the Court of Justice held that because Luxembourg had discretion, and its decision to reduce capacity was not inevitable, the municipality had
3890:
the Court of Justice held that a letter from the commission to IBM that it would sue IBM for abusing a dominant position contrary to competition was not a reviewable act, but just a preliminary statement of intent to act. In any case, if a reviewable act of an EU institution is not found compatible
3868:
fines, for vertical agreements. The cement company challenged the decision, and the Commission argued this was not really an "act", and so could not be challenged. The Court of Justice held a challenge could be made, and it was an act, because it "deprived of the advantages of a legal situation...
3227:
each year, but most member states require more than 28 days in national law. However, on the current position adopted by the Court of Justice, citizens have standing to make claims based on national laws that implement Directives, but not from Directives themselves. Directives do not have so called
3178:
held that even though the Treaties did not "expressly" confer a right on citizens or companies to bring claims, they could do so. Historically, international treaties had only allowed states to have legal claims for their enforcement, but the Court of Justice proclaimed "the Community constitutes a
2651:
that "whatever limitation of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972 was entirely voluntary" and so "it has always been clear" that UK courts have a duty "to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of
2364:
unanimously agree. Advocates General are appointed by the court to give reasoned submissions on cases, especially involving new points of law. Unlike judges on the Court, they write opinions as themselves, rather than collectively, and often with a command of prose and reason, and while not binding
2056:
that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states. The Parliament's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an Ombudsman pending any court proceedings. It can require the Commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole
1427:
and equality between women and men prevail". Article 50 says any member state can withdraw in accord "with its own constitutional requirements", by negotiated "arrangements for its withdrawal, taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the Union". This indicates that the EU is
17221:
art 7, referring to "four weeks" and arts 5 and 6 referring to the concept of "weekly" as meaning a "seven-day period". The choice to phrase time off as "weeks" was interpreted by the UK Supreme Court to mean employees have the right to take weeks off at a time, rather than separate days in the UK
15718:
European Commission, 'The impact of free movement of workers in the context of EU enlargement' COM(2008) 765, 12, 'Practically of post-enlargement labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers and no indication of serious labour market imbalances through intra-EU mobility, even in those
15657:
there is a tension 'between the image of the Community worker as a mobile unit of production, contributing to the creation of a single market and to the economic prosperity of Europe' and the 'image of the worker as a human being, exercising a personal right to live in another state and to take up
11231:
entitles passengers to compensation. Under article 19, a delay over two hours must result in compensation of 50% of the ticket price, as well as rerouting and reimbursement. Article 6 says 'Carriers may offer contract conditions that are more favourable for the passenger', although it is not clear
9844:
was established, there was no political agreement to develop a full EU fiscal policy (i.e. tax and spending), so that governments would pool money and lend to countries in trouble, because it was thought that wealthier member states should not have to subsidise poorer member states. However, there
9411:
where member state universities adopted a common degree structure (bachelor, master, and doctoral degree) with a goal to have similar expectations in learning outcomes. Member states may not impose different fees on students from other member states or limit their numbers, and this appears to have
7064:
to protect consumers "health, safety and economic interests" and promote rights to "information, education and to organise themselves in order to safeguard their interests". All member states may grant higher protection, and a "high level of consumer protection" is regarded as a fundamental right.
13223:
Germany 96. France 74. UK and Italy 73. Spain 54. Poland 51. Romania 31. Netherlands 26. Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Portugal 21. Sweden 20. Austria 18. Bulgaria 17. Denmark, Slovakia, Finland 13. Ireland, Croatia, Lithuania 11. Latvia, Slovenia 8. Estonia, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta
10259:
Like the world, the EU's greatest task is to replace fossil fuels with clean energy as fast as technology allows since protection of "life", and "improvement of the quality of the environment" are fundamental rights, and the highest policy goals of the EU. In international law, there is also 'the
8825:
abused its dominant position by giving some travel agents extra payment to promote its tickets over others. This made "market entry very difficult" and frustrated the ability of "co-contractors to choose between various sources of supply or commercial partners". Under (d) examples of the abuse of
8520:
Competition law aims "to prevent competition from being distorted to the detriment of the public interest, individual undertakings and consumers", especially by limiting big business power. It covers all types of enterprise or "undertaking" regardless of legal form, or "every entity engaged in an
8145:
is not a complete system and there is no such thing as a self-standing European corporation. Instead, a series of Directives require minimum standards, usually protecting investors, to be implemented in national corporate laws. The largest in Europe remain member state incorporations, such as the
7664:
requires that pension benefits are protected through a national insurance fund, that information is provided to beneficiaries, and minimum standards of governance are observed. Most member states go far beyond these requirements, particularly by requiring a vote for employees in who manages their
6636:
government to block any decisions. Although this was not an impediment to actual purchase of shares, or receipt of dividends by any shareholder, the Court of Justice's Grand Chamber agreed that it was disproportionate for the government's stated aim of protecting workers or minority shareholders.
2640:
from 1964 and 1968. In "accordance with the principle of the precedence of Community law", said the Court of Justice, the "directly applicable measures of the institutions" (such as the Regulations in the case) "render automatically inapplicable any conflicting provision of current national law".
1671:
of the council to approve, and majority approval of the Parliament. The Parliament can only approve or reject the whole commission, not individual commissioners but conducts public hearings with each of them prior to its vote, which in practice often triggers changes to individual appointments or
13344:
The numbers are currently Germany, France, Italy, and UK: 29 votes each. Spain and Poland: 27. Romania: 14. Netherlands: 13. Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Portugal: 12. Bulgaria, Austria, Sweden: 10. Denmark, Ireland, Croatia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Finland: 7. Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia,
11144:
per kilometre for new light commercial vehicles, but this is merely an "EU fleet-wide target" rather than requirements for each vehicle. Manufacturers can agree to pool their production quotas, so as to meet their targets on average, but there is no legal sanction for failure to meet the target.
9927:
article 123, which prohibits directly lending money to member state governments. The Court of Justice rejected that the ECB had engaged in 'economic policy' (i.e. fiscal transfers) rather than monetary policy decisions, which it was allowed to do. So far the ECB has failed to use these powers to
9582:
As in education, there is a universal human right to 'health and well-being' including 'medical care and necessary social services', although human rights law does not say what the best system of health governance is. Among EU member states there are two main traditions of health care provision,
8749:
company had a dominant position in its product and geographic markets (because bananas were not easily substituted with other fruit, and its relevant market share was 40 to 45%), prices 7% higher than rivals were not enough to be an abuse. By contrast prices 25% higher than a company's estimated
6613:
held that for investments in companies, the capital rules, rather than freedom of establishment rules, were engaged if an investment did not enable a "definite influence" through shareholder voting or other rights by the investor. That case held a Dutch Wealth Tax Act 1964 unjustifiably exempted
5667:
stated that 'Citizenship is destined to be the fundamental status of nationals of the Member States', political debate remains on who should have access to public services and welfare systems funded by taxation. As of now, Union citizenship is criticised for being not inclusive enough and having
5351:
community, which provided for everyone's material needs irrespective of their contributions. The Court of Justice held that Mr Steymann was entitled to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did. Having "worker" status means protection against all forms of
3611:
the UK House of Lords felt confident that it was clear under the First Banking Directive that depositors did not have direct rights to sue the Bank of England for alleged failure to carry out adequate prudential regulation. Their Lordships highlighted that while some uncertainty might exist, the
3218:
do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state) standing to sue other citizens. In theory, this is because TFEU article 288 says Directives are addressed to the member states and usually "leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods" to implement. In part this
11938:
case an investigation for abuse of dominant position was launched for Amazon using other traders' data to benefit its own retail business, and preferencing itself in its "Buy Box" and in access to "Prime" seller status. This was settled after Amazon committed in 2022 "not to use non-public data
11255:
requires that ownership of tracks and operating companies are separated to prevent conflicts of interest and pricing, particularly to ensure that trains can run from one member state to another. Most European railways are publicly owned, and each train enterprise must have separate accounts and
11079:
Clean road, rail, sea and air transport are fundamental goals of the EU, given its commitment to human rights for 'improvement of the quality of the environment', 'services of general economic interest', and the right to 'the benefits of scientific progress'. However, the pace of reform is slow
9631:
to deport someone to a country where there were unlikely to live longer than two years without treatment. There is no duty 'through provision of free and unlimited health care to all aliens without a right to stay within its jurisdiction' to avoid 'too great a burden on the Contracting States.'
8855:
applies to "concentrations" (any merger or acquisition), that generally have a value of at least €100 million turnover in the EU if it "would significantly impede effective competition" by creating or strengthening a dominant position. While mergers between direct ("horizontal") competitors are
5708:
countries (not the UK and Ireland) abolished the need to show documents, and police searches at borders, altogether. These reflect the general principle of free movement in TFEU article 21. Second, article 6 allows every citizen to stay three months in another member state, whether economically
3254:
business. A member state could "not rely, as against individuals, on its own failure to perform the obligations which the Directive entails". Second, a citizen or company can also invoke a Directive as a defence in a dispute with another citizen or company (not just a public authority) which is
2285:
article 19(2) there is one judge from each member state in the Court of Justice and General Court (27 on each at present). Judges should "possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices" (or for the General Court, the "ability required for appointment to high
2139:
Committee" is convened, representing MEPs, ministers and the commission to try to get agreement on a joint text: if this works, it will be sent back to the Parliament and Council to approve by absolute and qualified majority. This means, legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a
2007:
and democracy are still in development because the elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation against the commission's wishes, citizens of smallest countries have greater voting weight in Parliament than citizens of the largest countries, and "qualified majorities" or
20407:(2010) C-58/08, the CJEU rejected Vodafone's argument that the Regulation was disproportionate to the EU's legislative power, holding price controls were necessary for competitive markets to function, and 'only the regulation of retail charges could improve the situation of consumers directly.'
10432:
The third main set of standards is that the EU requires that electricity or gas enterprises acquire a licence from member state authorities. There must be legal separation into different entities of owners of networks from retailers, although they can be owned by the same enterprise, to ensure
6140:
the Court of Justice held that because corporations are created by law, they must be subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose. This meant the Hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to Italy, while it still
3958:
producers challenged Council Regulation No 1638/98, which withdrew subsidies. Because Regulations are not implemented in national law, but have direct effect, they argued the requirement for individual concern would deny them effective judicial protection. The Court of Justice held that direct
3915:
However, only a limited number of people can bring claims for judicial review. Under TFEU article 263(2), a member state, the Parliament, Council or Commission have automatic rights to seek judicial review. But under article 263(4) a "natural or legal person" must have a "direct and individual
2690:
principles) then it cannot override German law. However, as the nicknames of the judgments go, "so long as" the EU works towards the democratisation of its institutions, and has a framework that protects fundamental human rights, it would not review EU legislation for compatibility with German
1608:
states the commission should "promote the general interest of the Union" while Article 17(3) adds that Commissioners should be "completely independent" and not "take instructions from any Government". Under Article 17(2), "Union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a Commission
10730:
was in agriculture, and after WW2 Europe had been on the brink of starvation. In 2020, the agricultural workforce was 4.2% of the EU total. The CAP's objectives are still to increase production, "a fair standard of living for the agricultural community", to stabilise markets and supplies, and
8738:
prohibits "abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position". A "dominant position" is presumed to exist with over a 50% market share, and may exist with a 39.7% market share. There may also be dominance through control of data, or by a group of undertakings acting collectively, and a
7690:
requires basic requirements to prevent and insure against workplace risks, with employee consultation and participation, and this is complemented by specialised Directives, ranging from work equipment to dangerous industries. In almost all cases, all member states go significantly beyond this
6013:
and was censured by the Milan Bar Council for not having registered, should claim for breach of establishment freedom, rather than service freedom. However, the requirements to be registered in Milan before being able to practice would be allowed if they were non-discriminatory, "justified by
5019:
the Court suggested that a total ban for advertising alcohol on the radio, TV and in magazines could fall within article 34 where advertising was the only way for sellers to overcome consumers' "traditional social practices and to local habits and customs" to buy their products, but again the
2061:
in 1999). In some cases, the Parliament has explicit consultation rights, which the Commission must genuinely follow. However its participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the Commission and Council, meaning power
11566:
Historically to protect people's privacy and correspondence, the post banned tampering with letters, and excluded post offices from responsibility for letters even if the contents were for something illegal. As the internet developed, the original Information Society Directive 1998 aimed for
6647:
that enabled disproportionate voting rights, by creating a "deterrent effect on portfolio investments" and reducing "the attractiveness of an investment". This suggested the Court's preference that a government, if it sought public ownership or control, should nationalise in full the desired
4907:, the Court of Justice found that a German law requiring all spirits and liqueurs (not just imported ones) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to TFEU article 34, because it had a greater negative effect on imports. German liqueurs were over 25 per cent alcohol, but
3705:
the Court of Justice added that member state liability could also flow from judges failing to adequately implement the law. On the other hand, it is also clear that EU institutions, such as the commission, may be liable according to the same principles for failure to follow the law. The only
11274:
aims to eliminate unclean materials and energy waste to have "nearly zero-energy buildings", particularly by setting standards for new buildings since 2020 and upgrading existing buildings by 2050. There is, however, no requirement yet that all buildings replace gas heating with electric or
11161:
limits. Article 4 states manufacturers must 'demonstrate that all new vehicles sold, registered or put into service in the Community are type approved in accordance with this Regulation'. Article 6 requires manufacturers to 'provide unrestricted and standardised access to vehicle repair and
6298:
state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice. The Court of Justice has held that secondary education falls outside the scope of article 56 because usually the state funds it, but higher education does not. Health care generally counts as a service. In
700:
legalised the Solidarity organisation, which captured 99% of available parliamentary seats in June elections. These elections, in which anti-communist candidates won a striking victory, inaugurated a series of peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe that eventually
7081:, requiring information and cancellation rights for consumers. As a whole, the law is designed to ensure that consumers in the EU are entitled to the same minimum rights wherever they shop, and largely follows inspiration from theories of consumer protection developed in California and the
10772:
certain crops and meat are eligible for purchase by member state authorities, to be 'stored by them until disposed of', with extra aid for storage. The goal of this is to restrict supply and therefore raise prices, particularly in response to unexpected drops in demand, a health scare, or
5465:
the Court of Justice held that a Dutch woman living in the Netherlands, but working between 3 and 14 hours a week in Germany, did not have a right to receive German child benefits, even though the wife of a man who worked full-time in Germany but was resident in Austria could. The general
525:
proposed that, beginning with integration of French and German coal and steel production, there should be "an organisation open to the participation of the other countries of Europe", where "solidarity in production" would make war "not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible". The
14538:
dissenting, would have held this charge, contrary to the requirement of good faith, created a significant imbalance in the parties' rights and duties. He pointed out that £85 was two-thirds of a state pension, and criticised the majority for wrongly applying the Court of Justice's case
11592:. First, there is the right to have data about someone processed only with their 'consent', or based on other justifiable grounds, such as a lawful purpose. It has been held that consent is not given if there is 'a pre-checked checkbox which the user must deselect to refuse'. Under the
17921:
13637:
13478:
11162:
maintenance information' should there be any non-compliance. Article 13 requires penalties imposed by member states for breach are 'effective, proportionate and dissuasive', and breaches include any 'false declarations' as well as 'use of defeat devices'. This reference follows the "
3547:
the Court of Justice held that a Complaints Board of European Schools, set up under the international agreement, the European Schools Convention, could not refer because though it was a court, it was not "of a member state" (even though all member states had signed that Convention).
2355:
require judges are appointed only if they have no political occupation, with independence "beyond doubt". They are selected for renewable six-year terms by "common accord" of governments, with the advice of seven EU or member state judges that the Council and Parliament selects. The
6373:
firm that had sold internet gambling services, was justified to prevent fraud and gambling where people's views were highly divergent. The ban was proportionate as this was an appropriate and necessary way to tackle the serious problems of fraud that arise over the internet. In the
9998:) that required privatisation, cuts to welfare, and wages in Greece, Spain, Portugal or Ireland was particularly negative. The EU's main metric for economic performance has been GDP, which adds up market exchange values in firm accounts and government expenditures according to the
9152:
was passed to regulate copyright over the internet, and the effect of article 5 is that internet service providers are not liable for data they transmit even if it infringes copyright. However under article 6, member states must give "adequate legal protection" for copyrights. The
8427:. Additional rules on remuneration practices, separating depositary bodies in firms from management and investment companies, and more penalties for violations were inserted in 2014. These measures are meant to decrease the risk to investors that an investment goes insolvent. The
4525:, developing industries, and communities. For this reason, the European has become "not merely an economic union", but creates binding social rights for people to "ensure social progress and seek the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples". The
9873:
by qualified majority, after consulting the European Parliament, and the Governing Council of the ECB. The Governing Council is made up of the ECB executive board and member state central banks using the euro, they have 8 year terms, and can be removed only for gross misconduct.
3265:
systems, on the basis that it had not been notified to the commission as a Directive required. Third, if a Directive gives expression to a "general principle" of EU law, it can be invoked between private non-state parties before its deadline for implementation. This follows from
15023:, 'this provision forms part of the social objectives of the community, which is not merely an economic union, but is at the same time intended, by common action, to ensure social progress and seek the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples'.
11088:
article 25 requires that final energy consumption in transport in each member state is 'at least 14%' renewable by 2030. This is within the 2030 target for 32% "share of energy from renewable sources in the Union's gross final consumption of energy". In 2022, the EU promised to
2790:, that it "is when the cannons roar that we especially need the laws". The Court of Justice held that even UN member cannot contravene "the principles that form part of the very community legal order". In effect the EU has developed a rule that within the boundaries of certain
16329:
and W Cary, 'Federalism and Corporate Law: Reflections on Delaware' (1974) 83(4) Yale Law Journal 663. See further S Deakin, 'Two Types of Regulatory Competition: Competitive Federalism versus Reflexive Harmonisation. A Law and Economics Perspective on Centros' (1999) 2 CYELS
10002:, even though this fails to discount polluting and harmful economic activities such as energy and industry that damages the climate, the environment and human health. The EU's budget mainly comes from contributions of around 0.7% of GDP per member state, as well as a share of
16916:
2645:
basic principle is that Parliament, as the sovereign expression of democratic legitimacy, can decide whether it wishes to expressly legislate against EU law. This, however, would only happen in the case of an express wish of the people to withdraw from the EU. It was held in
110:, currently unanimously agreed on by the governments of 27 member states. New members may join if they agree to follow the rules of the union, and existing states may leave according to their "own constitutional requirements". Citizens are entitled to participate through the
973:
is the supreme judicial body which interprets EU law, and develops it through precedent. The Court can review the legality of the EU institutions' actions, in compliance with the Treaties. It can also decide upon claims for breach of EU laws from member states and citizens.
667:
Aside from the European Economic Community itself, the European continent underwent a profound transition towards democracy. The dictators of Greece and Portugal were deposed in 1974, and Spain's dictator died in 1975, enabling their accession in 1981 and 1986. In 1979, the
7559:
of 1956 recommended that labour standards did not need to be harmonised, although a general principle of anti-discrimination between men and women was included in the early Treaties. Increasingly, the absence of labour rights was seen as inadequate given the capacity for a
12304:, particularly "The consent of the governed is a value that is basic to our understanding of a free and democratic society. Yet democracy in any real sense of the word cannot exist without the rule of law". And "Democracy, however, means more than simple majority rule".
7677:
requires a minimum of 4 weeks (totalling 28 days) paid holidays each year, a minimum of 20-minute paid rest breaks for 6-hour work shifts, limits on night work or time spent on dangerous work, and a maximum 48-hour working week unless a worker individually consents. The
17110:
9981:
is set in 7 year cycles, and in 2022 around €170bn was spent, of which nearly one-third was agricultural policy, including regional development. EU member state government expenditures are far higher as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product, but are constrained by the
19172:" which in turn requires unanimity for "measures significantly affecting a Member State's choice between different energy sources and the general structure of its energy supply." This does not prevent measures to make energy sources internalise pollution costs in full.
17978:
and clarification that solo-self-employed persons will not be subject to competition law in Communication from the commission Guidelines on the application of Union competition law to collective agreements regarding the working conditions of solo self-employed persons
3943:
refused permission to Germany to stop import custom duties. This kept it more expensive for Mr Plaumann to import clementines, but it was equally expensive for everyone else. This decision heavily restricted the number of people who could claim for judicial review. In
3626:, and decline to make a reference, even though a senior Law Lord delivered a powerfully reasoned dissent. However, in addition to a reluctance to make references, a general scepticism has grown among senior member state judiciaries of the mode of reasoning used by the
5444:
the Court of Justice held that it contravened TFEU art 45 to deny tax benefits (e.g. for married couples, and social insurance expense deductions) to a man who worked in Germany, but was resident in Belgium when other German residents got the benefits. By contrast in
5394:
articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers. First, articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment, conclude contracts, and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state. In a famous case, the
724:, there were protests both for and against the UK leaving the EU and there was considerable division on how Brexit should be enacted. Britain finally left the union in 2020, where the government opted to limit the relationship to an international free trade agreement.
10786:
article 14 requires that food is not place on the market if it is 'injurious to health' or is 'unfit for human consumption', but there is no requirement that supermarkets or others eliminate harmful packaging such as plastic. The third main part, administered by the
20314:
arts 7 and 34(3) 'the right to social and housing assistance'. UDHR 1948 art 25. ICESCR 1966 art 11 (right to adequate standard of living for housing). ECHR 1950 art 8, 'respect for private and family life, home', and Prot 1, art 1, right to peaceful enjoyment of
5341:, a "worker" is anybody who is economically active, which includes everyone in an employment relationship, "under the direction of another person" for "remuneration". A job, however, need not be paid in money for someone to be protected as a worker. For example, in
14071:(recording devices) was compulsory from a certain date. Art 21(1) then said MSs should, after consulting with the Comm, adopt implementing regulations, and penalties for breach. Potentially it could also not have imposed a criminal offence, as it was far too vague.
13470:
12772:
12314:
7170:
the Court of Justice advised that clauses in a tenancy contract requiring tenants pay €25 per day were likely unfair, and would have to be entirely void without replacement, if they were not substituted with more precise mandatory terms in national legislation. In
14378:(1994) Case C-91/92, ECR I-3325, holding Miss Dori could not rely on the Consumer Long Distance Contracts Directive 85/577/EEC, to cancel her English language course subscription in 7 days, but the Italian court had to interpret the law in her favour if it could.
3640:
devoted large parts of its judgment to criticism, in its view, an unpredictable 'teleological' mode of reasoning which, could decrease confidence in maintaining a dialogue within a plural and transnational judicial system. It added that it might not interpret the
20545:
Information Society Directive 98/48/EC recital 11, noting it would be 'be premature to coordinate national rules' entirely because 'enough is not yet known about the form the new services will take or their nature'. Also art 1(2) amending Directive 98/34/EC art
17124:
13123:
6347:
customers. The Court of Justice held the Dutch prohibition pursued a legitimate aim to prevent "undesirable developments in securities trading" including protecting the consumer from aggressive sales tactics, thus maintaining confidence in the Dutch markets. In
17877:
12077:
19169:
10308:
emphasised the 'serious and irreversible consequences of dangerous climate change in the Netherlands... pose a threat to the human rights of Dutch residents'. After this loss, Shell dropped "Royal Dutch" from its name, and moved its headquarters to London. In
11153:" standards in maximum emissions that car manufacturers can have. Since the 'Euro 1' standard was introduced in 1992, standards became cleaner each 4 to 5 years, but recently stalled. Article 2 states this applies to vehicles under 2,610 kilograms, while the
2092:" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities'. It meets each six months and its President (currently former Belgian Prime Minister
8176:. This sets out basic provisions on the method of registration (e.g. by merger or reincorporation of an existing company) but then states that wherever the SE has its registered office, the law of that member state supplements the rules of the Statute. The
5452:
charge applied equally to Austrians, in absence of EU legislation on the matter it had to be regarded as justified. Third, people must receive equal treatment regarding "social advantages", although the Court has approved residential qualifying periods. In
4854:
is one of the 'fundamental pillars of a democratic society', against which the free movement of goods had to be balanced, and was probably subordinate. If a member state does appeal to the article 36 justification, the measures it takes have to be applied
2286:
judicial office"). A president is elected by the judges for three years. While TEU article 19(3) says the Court of Justice is the ultimate court to interpret questions of EU law, in practice, most EU law is applied by member state courts (e.g. the English
11226:
to evade regulation by arguing it was not a "transport service" rather than an "Information Society Service" failed. Most bus networks are publicly owned or procured, but there are common rights. If buses are delayed in journeys over 250 kilometres, the
10762:
gives payments to an 'active farmer' that carries out agricultural activity, grazing or cultivation, does not operate airports, rail, waterworks, real estate, sport or recreation grounds, and has the land at their disposal. The farm must have at least 1
19526:
the EU's 'own modeling predicts that yearly use of bioenergy will more than double between 2015 and 2050, from 152 million to 336 million tonnes of oil equivalent. That requires a quantity of biomass each year that is twice Europe's present annual wood
10284:
are 90% from (1) energy generation from gas, oil and coal, (2) buildings with gas heating, (3) transport using oil, and (4) agriculture. By 2023, clean energy was cheaper from wind, solar or hydro, but EU law has not yet required rapid clean technology
19165:
2691:
constitutional principles. Most other member states have expressed similar reservations. This suggests the EU's legitimacy rests on the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.
20718:
GDPR 2016/679 art 4(11) says this must be 'freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject's wishes by which he or she, by a statement or by a clear affirmative action, signifies agreement to the processing of personal
18055:
13842:
11806:
take part in the government'. In almost all member states there is a well funded public, and independent broadcaster for TV and radio, and there are common standards for all TV and radio, which are designed to support open, fact-based discussion and
19719:
10423:
The EU's wind, solar and hydro sectors remain a minority, but growing share of energy. It has not yet given a deadline to shut down all gas, oil and coal, although some member states have required fossil fuel companies to convert, such as Denmark's
14646:
18020:
13689:
arts 102 (on consulting with the Commission on distortions to the common market), art 93 (on state aids), art 53 (right of establishment), and art 37 (national monopolies of a commercial character should treat all EC nationals equally). See now
11931:
case, the Commission fined Google €1.49 billion for stopping third-party websites displaying their adverts in Google's embedded search widgets, given that it was dominant in the ad market, and unfairly excluding competitors from results. In the
4375:
Beyond human rights, the Court of Justice has recognised at least five further 'general principles' of EU law. The categories of general principles are not closed, and may develop according to the social expectations of people living in Europe.
10260:
inherent right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize fully and freely their natural wealth and resources' such as clean air, and the right to 'the benefits of scientific progress', such as clean energy. The EU's overall target is to reduce toxic
8435:. It requires similar authorisation procedures to have a "passport" to sell in any EU country, and transparency of financial contracts through duties to disclose material information about products being sold, including disclosure of potential
20240:
18147:
1383:, while the TFEU expands on all principles and fields of policy in which the EU can legislate. In principle, the EU treaties are like any other international agreement, which will usually be interpreted according to principles codified by the
19052:
11925:(by then Google's rebranded parent name) €4.34 billion, or 4.5% of worldwide turnover, for paying phone manufacturers to pre-install its apps, such as Google search or Chrome, as a condition to license its app marketplace Google Play. In the
8389:
or banks, depending on the member state) who are holding "other people's money". A large proportion of this money comes from employees and other people saving for retirement, but who do not have an effective voice. Unlike Switzerland after a
6024:
was unjustified. TFEU article 49 says states are exempt from infringing others' freedom of establishment when they exercise "official authority". But regulation of an advocate's work (as opposed to a court's) was not official. By contrast in
16006:
10450:, the EU Commission proposed a windfall fossil fuel tax. There are not yet common standards on energy enterprise governance, although a number of member states ensure that workers and energy bill payers have the right to vote for directors.
6323:, fell outside article 56 altogether. The Court of Justice reasoned that narcotic drugs were controlled in all member states, and so this differed from other cases where prostitution or other quasi-legal activity was subject to restriction.
5458:
the Court of Justice held that a Dutch national was not entitled to continue receiving incapacity benefits when he moved to Belgium, because the benefit was "closely linked to the socio-economic situation" of the Netherlands. Conversely, in
11576:
makes clear that TV and radio stations do not count as ISS's. None of these definitions include advertising, which is never "at the request of a recipient of services" as the 2015 Directive requires, however various cases have decided that
5774:, Austria was not entitled to restrict its university places to Austrian students to avoid "structural, staffing and financial problems" if (mainly German) foreign students applied, unless it proved there was an actual problem. However, in
9953:
creates an EU wide minimum guarantee of €100,000 for bank deposits, so that if anyone's bank goes insolvent, the state will pay the deposit up to this amount. There are not yet rules requiring higher reserving and accounting practices for
7802:. These controversial decisions, quickly disapproved by legislative measures, suggested the fundamental right of workers to take collective action was subordinate to business freedom to establish and provide services. More positively, the
13931:
3959:
actions were still not allowed: if this was unsatisfactory the member states would have to change the treaties. Individual concern is not needed, however under article 263(4), if an act is not legislation, but just a "regulatory act". In
20705:
16004:, holding that four asylum seekers from outside the EU, although they did not lawfully enter Ireland (because their asylum claims were ultimately rejected) were entitled to remain because they had lawfully married EU citizens. See also,
13360:(1971) Case 22/70, ECR 263 acknowledged that the list was not exhaustive, relating to a Council 'resolution' on the European Road Transport Agreement. Atypical acts include communications and recommendations, and white and green papers.
1644:) sets the agenda for its work. Decisions are taken by a simple majority vote, often through a "written procedure" of circulating the proposal and adopting it if there are no objections. In response to Ireland's initial rejection of the
4537:, services and capital. These "four freedoms" were thought to be inhibited by physical barriers (e.g. customs), technical barriers (e.g. differing laws on safety, consumer or environmental standards) and fiscal barriers (e.g. different
12288:
19146:
16808:
13961:
12947:
12248:
12215:
12185:
5668:
failed to establish a truly borderless space of social solidarity. In 2008, just 8 million people from 500 million EU citizens (1.7 per cent) had in fact exercised rights of free movement, the vast majority workers. According to
24758:
16444:
8856:
carefully scrutinised upon mandatory notification to the commission, vertical or conglomerate mergers are often allowed where a competitor is not removed. This has led to increasingly large business groups, with ever greater power.
7572:
article 147 to contribute to a "high level of employment by encouraging cooperation between Member States". This has not resulted in legislation, which usually requires taxation and fiscal stimulus for significant change, while the
15156:
11499:
eliminates extra charges for mobile calls, texts and data when abroad in other member states, and wholesale charges must be fair. To ensure internet service providers do not slow speeds for some websites to gain unfair profit, the
8398:
in relation to brokers, the EU has not yet prevented intermediaries casting votes without express instructions of beneficiaries. This concentrates power into a small number of financial institutions, and creates the potential for
3916:
concern" about the regulatory act. "Direct" concern means that someone is affected by an EU act without "the interposition of an autonomous will between the decision and its effect", for instance by a national government body. In
22000:
926:, which have been agreed or adhered to among the governments of all 27 member states. The Treaties establish the EU's institutions, list their powers and responsibilities, and explain the areas in which the EU can legislate with
20729:
10964:
9939:
programme, created by an international banker group, banks must hold more money in reserves based on the risk-profile that it holds, as determined by the member state regulator. More risky assets require more reserves, and the
9087:
that distorts competition is allowed, but aid is allowed (2) for individual consumers, without discrimination, and (3) for economic development, particularly to tackle underemployment. The Procurement Directive 2014/24/EU, on
906:", Parliament increasingly assumed more rights in the legislative process. Proposals have not yet been adopted to allow it to initiate legislation, require the commission to be from the Parliament, and reduce the power of the
12893:
1672:
portfolios. TFEU art 248 says the president may reshuffle commissioners, though this is uncommon, without member state approval. A proposal that the commissioners be drawn from the elected Parliament, was not adopted in the
17391:
7593:. Generally, four main fields of EU regulation of labour rights touch (1) individual labour rights, (2) anti-discrimination regulations, (3) rights to information, consultation, and participation at work, and (4) rights to
807:
were put under severe pressure. British, French, German, and other governments were forced to turn some banks into partially or wholly state-owned banks. Some governments instead guaranteed their banks' debts. In turn, the
4253:
of proving his identity to get food. While those 'general principles' were not written down in EU law, and simply declared to exist by the court, it accords with a majority philosophical view that 'black letter' rules, or
18764:(27 July 2015) art 1(2) access 'to NHS services is based on clinical need, not an individual's ability to pay'. The UK's NHS, since 2010, has suffered from substantial underfunding, and increasing privatisation after the
18119:
7717:
generally require that people who do not have ordinary full-time, permanent contracts are treated no less favourably than their colleagues. However, the scope of the protected worker is left to member state law, and the
1394:
As the European Union has grown from 6 to 27 member states, a clear procedure for accession of members is set out in TEU article 49. The European Union is only open to a "European" state which respects the principles of
9136:, where article 3 states the principle that a choice of law can be made expressly in a contract, unless this affects provisions that cannot be derogated from, such as employment, consumer, tenancy or other rights. The
9078:, the Commission held an agreement among washing machine makers to phase out production of low-efficiency machines was lawful, especially since it would lead to "reduced pollution from electricity generation". Fourth,
20858:
19049:
18500:
18049:
11269:
Finally, the 'right to housing assistance' is a basic part of EU law. House prices are affected by monetary policy (above), but otherwise the EU's involvement is so far limited to minimal environmental standards. The
8411:. This requires duties of disclosure in how a retirement fund is run, funding and insurance to guard against insolvency, but not yet that voting rights are only cast on the instructions of investors. By contrast, the
3235:
First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called "vertical" direct effect). So, in
16868:
4988:, the Court of Justice developed a presumption that "selling arrangements" would be presumed to not fall into TFEU article 34, if they applied equally to all sellers, and affected them in the same manner in fact. In
4835:
Generally speaking, if a member state has laws or practices that directly discriminate against imports (or exports under TFEU article 35) then it must be justified under article 36. The justifications include public
162:
20625:
11221:
hours. Drivers may also not be paid according to distance travelled if this would endanger road safety. Taxi enterprises are usually regulated separately in each member state, and the attempts of the app-based firm
6605:
6457:
6358:
council. It bought fake laser gun services from a UK firm called Pulsar Ltd, but residents had protested against "playing at killing" entertainment. The Court of Justice held that the German constitutional value of
6004:
held that to be "established" means to participate in economic life "on a stable and continuous basis", while providing "services" meant pursuing activity more "on a temporary basis". This meant that a lawyer from
5466:
justifications for limiting free movement in TFEU article 45(3) are "public policy, public security or public health", and there is also a general exception in article 45(4) for "employment in the public service".
18525:
12807:
TEU art 48. This is the "ordinary" procedure, and a further "simplified" procedure for amending internal EU policy, but not increasing policy competence, can work through unanimous member state approval without a
11992:
5356:
rights. By contrast a citizen, who is "any person having the nationality of a Member State" (TFEU article 20(1)), has rights to seek work, vote in local and European elections, but more restricted rights to claim
4813:
imports to have a certificate of origin was unlikely to be lawful. It discriminated against parallel importers like Mr Dassonville, who could not get certificates from authorities in France, where they bought the
2662:, although the UK constitution is uncodified, there could be "fundamental principles" of common law, and Parliament "did not either contemplate or authorise the abrogation" of those principles when it enacted the
9235:
that funds private banks, and adopts a common monetary policy for price stability, employment and sustainability. The EU's policies on energy, agriculture and forestry, transport and buildings are crucial to end
9127:
that are common to member states. In absence of harmonisation, there is a comprehensive system of conflicts of laws to settle the jurisdiction of courts, and the applicable law, for most commercial disputes. The
25277:
14420:
10539:
10515:
8412:
16179:
9944:
codifies these standards, for instance by mandating that proportionally less in reserves is needed if more government debt is held, but more if mortgage-backed securities are held. To guard against the risk of
134:. As the Court of Justice has said, the EU is "not merely an economic union" but is intended to "ensure social progress and seek the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples".
22010:
16934:
18579:
16960:
9869:), and these 19 Eurozone member state central banks have a duty to act compatibly with ECB policy. The ECB has an executive board with a president, vice president and four other members, all appointed by the
8899:
8589:
17999:
20517:
17975:
10827:
requires water that is "wholesome and clean", and article 4 defines this as free from micro-organisms and parasites dangerous to health, and compliant with chemical and biological standards in Annex I. The
9583:
based on public service or insurance. First, healthcare may be seen as a public service free at the point of use, with hospitals largely owned by the public health service and doctors publicly funded (the "
9118:
While EU law has not yet developed a civil code for contracts, torts, unjust enrichment, real or personal property, or commerce in general, European legal scholars have drafted common principles, including
4804:
held that this rule meant all "trading rules" that are "enacted by Member States" which could hinder trade "directly or indirectly, actually or potentially" would be caught by article 34. This meant that a
20677:
20196:
19641:
M Florio, 'The Return of Public Enterprise' (2014) Working Paper N. 01/2014, 7-8. Also R Brau, R Doronzo, C Fiorio and M Florio, 'EU gas industry reforms and consumers' prices' (2010) 31(4) Energy Journal
3645:
to abridge basic principles and understanding of constitutional functioning – in effect implying that it might decline to follow unreasonable Court of Justice judgments on important issues. Similarly, the
2882:, particularly where general principles of law, or fundamental rights are engaged. The remedy for a claimant where there has been a breach of the law is often monetary damages, but courts can also require
19685:
19132:
16102:
15570:
were probably outside the scope of article 34 (but not clearly reasoned). The "rules reflect certain political and economic choices" that "accord with national or regional socio-cultural characteristics".
18090:
8070:
6088:
by shifting its residence to the Netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the UK. The UK did not need to justify its action, as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised. By contrast, in
1943:
18113:
10440:
public ownership requirement was justified by 'overriding reasons in the public interest', 'to protect consumers' and for the 'security of energy supply'. It further pointed to the foundational case of
7597:. In virtually all cases, the EU follows the principle that member states can always create rights more beneficial to workers. This is because the fundamental principle of labour law is that employees'
3977:
products, but were not allowed. They would have to show both direct and individual concern as normal. Thus, without a treaty change, EU administrative law remains one of the most restrictive in Europe.
20029:
15581:
15408:
14913:
7786:
the Court held "the right to bargain collectively with the employer has, in principle, become one of the essential elements" of article 11. This approach, which includes affirmation of the fundamental
4175:
4160:
18853:
18540:
18492:
18231:
13971:
13893:
8646:
8201:
to hold directors and shareholders accountable. However, Directives do require minimum rights on company formation, capital maintenance, accounting and audit, market regulation, board neutrality in a
4037:
83:
following World War II, the EU has developed the aim to "promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples". The EU has political institutions, social and economic policies, which transcend
19661:
16226:
15897:
15848:
15831:
10264:
by 50-55% by 2030, and be carbon neutral or negative by 2050, and 32% renewable energy by 2030, though a 45% target by 2030 was proposed by the commission and backed by Parliament in 2022. Since the
7852:, where the Court of Justice affirmed that member states which fail to implement the minimum standards in EU Directives are liable to pay compensation to employees who should have rights under them.
6289:
5754:
5222:
3317:
Fifth, national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law "as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive". Textbooks (though not the Court itself) often called this "
20663:
7195:, if a home could be repossessed. Because consumer law operates through Directives, national courts have the final say on applying the general principles set out by the Court of Justice's case law.
7112:, consumers are entitled to a legislative "charter of rights" to safe and healthy products, fair terms, proper information free from misleading advertising and marketing, and rights of cancellation.
25340:
20483:
Also article 46, member states should set out conditions for use of a wireless telegraphy station or using apparatus, unless exempt. Articles 68-73 require various standards for setting conditions.
16153:
11939:
relating to, or derived from, the independent sellers' activities on its marketplace, for its retail business", and to not discriminate against third parties in its Buy Box and Prime services. The
11915:
case, the Commission fined Google €2.4 billion for giving preference to its own shopping results over others in Google's search, leading to huge increases in traffic for Google over rivals. In the
11394:
5995:
5084:
17167:
it is possible to extend legal rules, which are appropriate to the social phenomenon for which they were originally developed, to other social phenomena, thereby concealing the exercise of social
20216:
17859:
17363:
10988:
8047:
7834:
laws. This is practically important as a majority of EU member states require employee representation on company boards. Fourth, minimum job security rights are provided by three Directives. The
4063:
2062:("kratia") is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ("demos"): in the EU it is not yet true that "the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few".
1653:
10814:
merely requires that member states keep accounts of land use and forestry changes based on greenhouse gas emissions, and that emissions do not exceed removals of greenhouse gases. Globally, the
3310:, which made women retire at age 60 and men at 65, if (1) pursuant to a state measure, (2) it provided a public service, and (3) had special powers. This could also be true if the enterprise is
20908:(2020) on Cambridge Analytica working to procure Brexit. R Darbyshire, '"We Dumped Our Entire Budget in the Last 10 days": Inside the Behavioural Science Strategy of Vote Leave' (13 June 2017)
19767:
17616:
10551:
10472:
7842:
require that staff retain all contractual rights, unless there is an independent economic, technical or organisational reason, if their workplace is sold from one company to another. Last, the
13308:
said, 'Our government does not copy our neighbors, but is an example to them. It is true that we are called a democracy, for the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few'.
6134:
in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes. But in this case denial of capacity went too far: it was an "outright negation" of the right of establishment. Setting a further limit, in
5333:", so that people had rights to empower them to become economically and socially active, rather than economic activity being a precondition for rights. This means the basic "worker" rights in
612:
for goods, services, labour and capital, and prevent distortion of competition and regulate areas of common interest like agriculture, energy and transport. A separate treaty was signed for a
20921:
Culture, Media and Sport Committee, Disinformation and 'fake news': Interim Report (29 July 2018) HC 363, 43-4, §162, Russia engaged in "unconventional warfare" against the UK to back Brexit.
17962:
13943:
9733:
2088:
The second main legislative body is the Council of the European Union, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "
1576:
856:
brought a Conservative majority with a manifesto commitment to drive through Brexit. The UK left EU membership in February 2020, with uncertain economic, territorial and social consequences.
15165:
780:
currency went into circulation in 2002. Third came the accession of Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania. Fourth, in 2005 a
25202:
16904:"is aimed not only at practices which may cause prejudice to consumers directly, but also at those which are detrimental to them through their impact on an effective competition structure".
14341:
14178:
10407:
the Court of Justice held that member states could fix any price they chose, so that energy companies would have to reimburse producers for the energy they received. A company now owned by
3860:
1435:
Article 7 allows member states to be suspended for a "clear risk of a serious breach" of values in article 2 (for example, democracy, equality, human rights) with a four-fifths vote of the
1415:". Countries whose territory is wholly outside the European continent cannot therefore apply. Nor can any country without fully democratic political institutions which ensure standards of "
14067:(1979) Case 128/78, Court of Justice held the UK had failed to implement art 21 of the Tachograph Regulation 1463/70, art 4 (now repealed) on time. This said in commercial vehicles use of
4242:. Initially, reflecting its primitive economic nature, the treaties made no reference to rights. However, in 1969 particularly after concern from Germany, the Court of Justice declared in
21856:
20403:
18757:
18074:(2001) C-453/99, "the matters to be taken into account... include the economic and legal context... and... the respective bargaining power and conduct of the two parties to the contract".
14873:
14623:(1996) C-46/93, -. Curiously, the German High Court, the Bundesgerichtshof, BGH, EuZW 1996, 761, eventually decided that the breach was not serious enough, though one might have read the
14190:, the Court of Justice held that Ms Marshall, who was made to retire at 60 as a woman, unlike the men at 65, was unlawful sex discrimination, but only on the basis that the employer (the
14063:
11461:
9074:
establish collusion where there is no other plausible explanation for price rises. Some agreements among businesses, however, can be highly beneficial. For instance, in a decision on the
4786:, and the principle of non-discrimination. The EU manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports circulate freely. In addition under the
1609:
proposal, except where the Treaties provide otherwise". This means that the commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure, although the council or Parliament are the "
538:
as its president. Its theory was simply that war would be impossibly costly if ownership and production of every country's economy was mixed together. It established an Assembly (now the
6365:
25345:
25207:
20611:
18543:, "Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education".
16458:
14003:
12595:
11417:
11185:
for instance, to protect workers was rejected. A justification for environmental protection was not offered. After this, the Porsche family dominated Volkswagen, and in 2007 a new CEO,
11093:
only by 2035, enabling manufacturing corporations to profit from toxic emissions for another 13 years, though many member states have higher standards. There is not yet a plan for full
7990:
7127:
for all producers and retailers for any harm to consumers from products, as a way to promote basic standards of health and safety. Any producer, or supplier if the ultimate producer is
10068:
6203:
24917:
22264:
18270:
17871:
17656:
16892:
16239:
8817:
8735:
8670:
8225:
7606:
11266:
yet duties on airline companies to invest in research for clean fuels, and eliminate unnecessary flight paths when clean land transport alternatives (such as high-speed rail) exist.
24622:
17719:
17258:
16610:
9595:, Italy, Portugal, Greece or Ireland. Second, healthcare can be provided through insurance, where hospitals and doctors are separately owned and run from the service provider (the "
8408:
8180:
also adds that, when an SE is incorporated, employees have the default right to retain all existing representation on the board of directors that they have, unless the negotiate by
7661:
7308:
6600:
6447:
5728:
and other assistance in EU member states. To ensure people contribute fairly to the communities they live in, there can be qualifying periods of residence and work up to five years.
3969:
affirmed that a Regulation does not count as a "regulatory act" within the Treaty's meaning: it is only meant for acts of lesser importance. Here, a Canadian group representing the
6767:
the goal was "not merely an economic union", but to "ensure social progress and seek the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples". On this view,
5732:
Fourth, and more debated, article 24 requires that the longer an EU citizen stays in a host state, the more rights they have to access public and welfare services, on the basis of
3929:
no "direct" concern (its complaint was with the Luxembourg government instead). "Individual" concern requires that someone is affected specifically, not as a member of a group. In
22075:
20567:
Electronic Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC arts 1 and 3. Under art 3(4)-(5) if the ISS is based abroad, a member state can ask the host state to regulate, and inform the Commission.
18337:
e.g. M Bajgar, G Berlingieri, S Calligaris, C Criscuolo and J Timmis, 'Industry Concentration in Europe and North America' (January 2019) OECD Productivity Working Paper No. 18, 2
10334:
of Essen gave leave to appeal on whether there is causation of damage, and in 2022 visited the lake. There has also been heightened responsibility on member state governments. In
9672:
8011:
4929:
if it was not cube shaped was disproportionate: it would "considerably exceed the requirements of the object in view" and labelling would protect consumers "just as effectively".
25488:
13282:
10870:
10028:
9297:
9165:, which is separate from the EU, the general patent term is 20 years from the date that a patent (of an invention) is filed with an official register, and the development of an
8023:
7966:
5032:
to each other's standards of regulation, while the EU has attempted to harmonise minimum ideals of best practice. The attempt to raise standards is hoped to avoid a regulatory "
4832:, and even Belgian tomato imports. France was liable for these hindrances to trade because the authorities 'manifestly and persistently abstained' from preventing the sabotage.
4317:
in 2000. While the UK has opted out of direct application of the Charter, this has little practical relevance since the Charter merely reflected pre-existing principles and the
3261:
the Court of Justice held that a business called CIA Security could defend itself from allegations by competitors that it had not complied with a Belgian decree from 1991 about
965:, made up of different government Ministers) is composed of the Prime Ministers or executive presidents of the member states. It appoints the Commissioners and the board of the
848:
in 2016, and campaigners for "leave" (or "Brexit") won 51.89 per cent of votes on a 72.2 per cent turnout. This referendum was politically inconclusive given the UK's system of
661:
13590:
13454:
6287:
The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration", especially commercial or professional activity. For example, in
3162:) are directly effective, if they are (1) clear and unambiguous (2) unconditional, and (3) did not require EU or national authorities to take further action to implement them.
1379:(TFEU) are the two main sources of EU law. Representing agreements between all member states, the TEU focuses more on principles of democracy, human rights, and summarises the
18520:(2019) art 90 (academic council powers). Compare the Oxford University Statute IV and VI, Council Regulations 13 of 2002, regs 4-10 (majority-elected Council, tracing back to
17703:
11641:
8381:
be able to make proposals, ask questions at meetings, vote by proxy and vote through intermediaries. This has become increasingly important as most company shares are held by
7978:
7933:
5317:
Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the
3636:
2658:
21188:
19706:
19271:
18861:
25335:
22279:
20077:
18324:
18133:
15843:
11384:
7999:
7954:
7921:
1825:
25365:
21383:
9132:
determines the jurisdiction of courts depending upon where a person is domiciled or has operations. The applicable law for consensual obligations is then determined by the
25212:
24021:
22324:
19867:
13717:
12268:
10563:
10358:, articles 2 and 20a. However the EU and member states have so far failed to codify liability to prevent pollution and climate damage by corporations that profit, and the
3605:) had to give permission for appeals to continue. The practical difficulty is that judges differ on their views of whether or not the law is clear. In a significant case,
3149:
2304:
1226:
676:
increased the number of treaty issues in which qualified majority voting (rather than consensus) would be used to legislate, as a way to accelerate trade integration. The
563:
10773:
international market volatility. In 2018, this was 4.59% of the CAP budget. The benefits of many of these subsidies go to the parties in the food supply chains with most
6035:
of the Court of Justice held the commission had not proven that this had any object or effect of limiting practitioners from entering the market. Therefore, there was no
4947:
statement' was enough to protect consumers. If member states place considerable obstacles on the use of a product, this can also infringe article 34. So, in a 2009 case,
2052:
153:
22145:
21405:
14409:, ECR 1891, which held that because the member state had a choice of remedy, the Equal Treatment Directive did not allow Ms Van Colson to have a job as a prison worker.
14356:
680:
of 1985 (not initially signed by Italy, the UK, Ireland, Denmark or Greece) allowed movement of people without any border checks. Meanwhile, in 1987, the Soviet Union's
22224:
21082:
6031:
the Court of Justice held that a requirement for lawyers in Italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction. The
4818:. This "wide test", to determine what could potentially be an unlawful restriction on trade, applies equally to actions by quasi-government bodies, such as the former "
25476:
25284:
24890:
21474:
19085:
16672:
15103:(4th edn Addison-Wesley 1997) and HJ Chang, 'Kicking Away the Ladder: Infant Industry Promotion in Historical Perspective' (2003) 31(1) Oxford Development Studies 21.
14318:
10158:
9290:
9194:
8939:
2632:
2465:
15172:
art 30 is "intended to liberalize intra-Community trade or is it intended more generally to encourage the unhindered pursuit of commerce in individual Member States?"
10006:
and customs duties. The EU does not yet have a more comprehensive system for preventing tax evasion, or for fair taxation of multinational or financial corporations.
25500:
24617:
15562:
15009:
10832:
sets standards for quality of bathing waters, namely riviers and beaches, to be free from toxic waste or sewage. There must be adequate remedies for breaches, so in
8842:
8712:
7798:
6683:. Today, 19 member states have adopted the euro, while 9 member states have either determined to opt-out or their accession has been delayed, particularly since the
6632:
violated article 63, in that §2(1) restricted any party having voting rights exceeding 20% of the company, and §4(3) allowed a minority of 20% of shares held by the
2718:
article 6(2) required the EU to accede to the ECHR, but would "not affect the Union's competences as defined in the Treaties". This was thought necessary before the
2381:, begin with submission of written cases to the court, followed by a short oral hearing. In each case a judge is designated to actively manage the hearing (called a
1452:
1177:
657:
589:
13345:
Luxembourg, Slovenia: 4. Malta: 3. This was set by the 2014 Protocol No 36 on Transitional Provisions, art 3(3) amended by art 20 for Croatia Accession Treaty 2011.
12064:
stated that "Such highly toxic waste should never have left the European Union". With countries such as Spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste,
10372:
has been driven by "biomass" being classified as "renewable", even though burning wood for power pollutes the air and harms human health more than coal, and drives
25588:
25505:
25095:
24130:
19825:
10585:
5696:
article 4 says every citizen has the right to depart a member state with a valid passport. This has historical importance for central and eastern Europe, when the
1056:
845:
19219:
17694:
See M Gold, 'Worker directors in the UK and the limits of policy transfer from Europe since the 1970s' (2005) 20 Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 29, 35
8784:
where the subsidiary of CSC stopped selling an ingredient for a drug to combat tuberculosis to a competitor after it itself entered the drug market. Similarly in
7142:
was the second main measure. Under article 3(1) a term is unfair, and not binding, if it is not "individually negotiated| and "if, contrary to the requirement of
2636:, a company, Simmenthal SpA, claimed that a public health inspection fee under an Italian law of 1970 for importing beef from France to Italy was contrary to two
25419:
25400:
19547:
17970:
14347:
8954:
8269:
7682:
creates a bare minimum of 4 months of unpaid leave for parents (mothers, fathers, or legal guardians) to care for children before they turn 8 years old, and the
6326:
If an activity does fall within article 56, a restriction can be justified under article 52, or by overriding requirements developed by the Court of Justice. In
5428:
design college could be justified as part of the public policy of promoting the Irish language, but only if the measure was not disproportionate. By contrast in
785:
25433:
20900:
explaining they had "four or five thousand data points on every adult in the United States", that they worked for the Cruz campaign and were working for Trump.
14845:(1985). For well known minority positions advocating 'legal positivism' (the view that the concept of law and morality should be intellectually segregated) see
9836:. This is vital for European society as it affects the human rights to full employment, to fair wages, housing, and to an adequate standard of living. When the
8529:
compared to business and employers. A legal professional body setting regulatory standards was held to be outside competition law, and so were the rules of the
6103:
rules. UK law only required £1 of capital to start a company, while Denmark's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000
22284:
21846:
21622:
20909:
19673:
UDHR 1948 art 25(1). ICESCR 1966 art 11(1). UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2002) General Comment No.15, water implicit in right to food.
18691:
18626:
18517:
18357:
16641:
15996:
13069:
8924:
8477:
8096:
6471:
5748:
5581:
1921:
1456:
1188:
19323:
15994:
art 2(2) defines 'family member' as a spouse, long term partner, descendant under 21 or depednant elderly relative that is accompanying the citizen. See also
13373:
8778:
operating systems" by paying manufacturers to not install any version other than Google's own. Refusal to supply goods or services may also be abusive, as in
6575:
article 63, "all restrictions on the movement of capital between Member States and between Member States and third countries shall be prohibited". This means
4850:, en route to Italy. Although many companies, including Mr Schmidberger's German undertaking, were prevented from trading, the Court of Justice reasoned that
3854:(TFEU) article 263(1) the Court can review the legality of any EU legislative of other "act" against the Treaties or general principles, such as those in the
3663:
If references are made, the Court of Justice will give a preliminary ruling, in order for the member state court to conclude the case and award a remedy. The
2589:
between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Justice's view is that if Union law conflicts with a provision of State law, then Union law has
24929:
24777:
23927:
22254:
20184:
20092:
19351:
18624:(2005) C-147/03, higher requirements for non-Austrians (mainly Germans) were held invalid despite the alleged 'structural, staffing and financial problems'.
16844:
16366:
16315:
15538:
15394:
14953:
14214:
9144:
Unlike other property forms, intellectual property rights are comprehensively regulated by a series of directives on copyrights, patents and trademarks. The
8280:
5758:
a French student, who had lived in Belgium for three years, was entitled to receive the "minimex" income support for his fourth year of study. Similarly, in
3683:
member state's violation of EU and a claimant's loss, damages must be paid. The fact that the incompatible law is an Act of Parliament is no defence. So, in
3365:
2647:
2489:
1443:. Within the treaties' framework, sub-groups of member states may make further rules that only apply to those member states who want them. For example, the
24607:
22005:
21995:
19997:
18833:
18782:
17346:
16514:
14475:
13183:, ch 2(6) 50–51. See also the European Parliament Resolution of 30 March 1962. Recognised in SEA art 3(1). TEEC art 190(4) required proposals for elections
11593:
10778:
10678:
9991:
9791:
9544:
7722:
only applies to "basic working conditions" (mostly pay, working hours and participation rights) and enabled member states to have a qualifying period. The
4328:
22304:
21607:
5768:
economics student lived in the UK for three years before receiving a student loan, but not that he had to have additional "settled status". Similarly, in
2373:
often assist drafting the judgments in the Court of Justice. The Court's Translation Directorate will translate every final judgment into the 24 official
1837:
25320:
24458:
24282:
23993:
23686:
23681:
23676:
22165:
21537:
20691:
18641:
Skovgaard-Petersen, Henrik (December 2013). "There and back again: portability of student loans, grants and fee support in a free movement perspective".
17774:
16106:(1996) C-107/94, ECR I-3089, holding a director and sole shareholder of a company was not regarded as a "worker" with "a relationship of subordination".
15061:
14887:
13055:
12963:
8440:
8302:
6127:, which is argued to attract companies with the worst standards of accountability, and unreasonably low corporate tax. Appearing to meet the concern, in
4368:
4314:
4306:
4216:
3855:
3232:
persuasively argued that Directives should create rights and duties for all citizens. The Court of Justice refused, but there are five large exceptions.
1803:
753:
14301:(1996) C-194/94, ECR I-2201, regarding Directive 83/189 which said various 'technical regulations' on alarm systems requiring approval from government.
13205:(TFEU) art 223(1) requires the Parliament to eventually propose a uniform voting system, adopted by the Council, but it is unclear when this may happen.
7656:
requires that every employee (however defined by member state law) has the right to a written statement of their employment contract. While there is no
7181:, the European Court of Justice advised that even terms regarding repossession of homes in Spain had to be assessed for fairness by national courts. In
2862:
also held that the Treaties allowed citizens or corporations to bring claims against EU and member state institutions for violation of the Treaties and
1667:
The remaining commissioners are appointed by agreement between the president-elect and each national government, and are then, as a block, subject to a
22299:
18547:
17678:
16438:
16370:(2011) C-371/10 (an exit tax for a Dutch company required justification, not justified here because it could be collected at the time of transfer) and
11810:. However, the same standards have not yet been applied to equivalent internet television, radio or "social media" such as the platforms controlled by
11372:
11203:
People need to have a driving licence to drive on a road, and there is a common system of recognition around the EU. For delivery vehicle workers, the
11045:
10802:, once covered 80% of Europe, but now cover only 43.5% of EU land. There is no plan yet to reforest and rewild the continent in the agriculture budget.
10574:
8404:
8350:
6070:
3735:
3185:
the Court of Justice held that Italy had breached a duty under the Treaties, both by failing to operate a scheme to pay farmers a premium to slaughter
9986:, which requires no more than a 3% budget deficit compared to GDP in any given year, and aiming for surpluses or balanced budgets. As a result of the
6783:, to increase shareholder profit, even if production costs more and workers are paid less. This would mean an aggregate loss of social wealth, and a "
4335:
from equal treatment, so that men and women could be charged different car insurance rates, was unlawful. It contravened the principle of equality in
3689:
it was irrelevant that Parliament had legislated to require a quota of British ownership of fishing vessels in primary legislation. Similarly, in was
2003:
articles 9 and 10, the EU observes "the principle of equality of its citizens" and is meant to be founded on "representative democracy". In practice,
672:
had its first direct elections, reflecting a growing consensus that the EEC should be less a union of member states, and more a union of peoples. The
24829:
24788:
24742:
21851:
12096:
10479:
7881:
7139:
7070:
6942:
3954:
propose a broader test of allowing anyone to claim if there was a "substantial adverse effect" on the claimant's interests. Here, a group of Spanish
3607:
13036:, despite TEU art 17(5) allowing this figure to be reduced to two-thirds of the number of member states. It is now unclear whether this will happen.
11504:
states providers 'of internet access services shall treat all traffic equally' but this shall not prevent 'reasonable traffic management measures'.
9412:
worked even without a system for countries to reimburse one another if costs differ widely. However, if member states have grants or student loans,
7691:
minimum. The objective of transnational regulation is therefore to progressively raise the minimum floor in line with economic development. Second,
6328:
6215:
4903:
22025:
21627:
21447:
20187:, 2, in 2014, the year that VW fraud was first alleged, Winterkorn was paid €18 million, of which €16 million was 'performance based' variable pay.
18995:
18513:
17224:
12448:
11008:
10997:
10788:
9770:
9149:
8538:
standards that comply with social objectives. The four most important sets of rules relate to monopolies and enterprises with a dominant position,
6421:
3961:
812:
developed when international investment withdrew and Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Ireland saw international bond markets charge unsustainably high
616:
to manage nuclear production. In 1961 the United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland and Norway applied for membership only to be vetoed in 1963 by France's
17980:
9632:
However, if someone's death would be imminent the European Court of Human Rights has held that a decision to remove would violate ECHR article 3.
6060:
or any other, to do business EU-wide, but must comply with proportionate requirements in the public interest, such as the basic labour right to a
5447:
5200:
3678:, the Italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent, as the
3591:(a clear rule), or "so obvious as to leave no scope for any reasonable doubt as to the manner in which the question raised is to be resolved". In
3142:
Although it is generally accepted that EU law has primacy, not all EU laws give citizens standing to bring claims: that is, not all EU laws have "
24125:
23631:
22309:
21398:
20601:
says an ISS is "normally provided for remuneration, at a distance, by electronic means and at the individual request of a recipient of services".
20171:
Heavy Vehicle Emission Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 arts 4-5, the Commission determining limits ad hoc, and a zero-emission vehicle counting as two.
19554:
17865:
17424:
16872:
13202:
12574:
11692:
11539:
is critical for EU infrastructure. Article 5 requires a member state regulator or a "competent authority" is set up that will license use of the
11262:
11057:
10655:
9600:
9497:
8460:
is directed particularly at insurance firms, requiring minimum capital and best practices in valuation of assets, again to avoid insolvency. The
8428:
8291:
7057:
6843:
5989:
5836:
4787:
4526:
3851:
3167:
2017:
1932:
1900:
1886:
1864:
1854:
1793:
1432:
in negotiations, because the costs of having no trade treaty would be proportionally greater to the individual state than the remaining EU bloc.
1376:
923:
126:
represents the elected member-state governments, the Parliament is elected by European citizens, and the Court of Justice is meant to uphold the
107:
25446:
7605:
so that people may earn a living to fully participate in a democratic society. The EU's competences generally follow principles codified in the
5688:
had no right to leave, and few could enter. The EU has progressively dismantled barriers to free movement, consistent with economic development.
4846:
the Court of Justice held that Austria did not infringe article 34 by failing to ban a protest that blocked heavy traffic passing over the A13,
4396:
is regarded as a fundamental principle: this matters particularly for labour rights, political rights, and access to public or private services.
2146:
question: who ultimately has the "competence" to define the EU's "competence". Many member state courts believe they decide, other member state
22130:
19081:
19019:
18760:, 'Restoration of a sick person to health is a duty of the State and the sick person, prior to any other consideration.' Department of Health,
17544:
17530:
16372:
12069:
11318:
11271:
11240:
11032:
9721:
8570:
8173:
6191:
5495:
4578:
3440:
2503:
1773:
1447:
of 1985 and 1990 allow people to move without any passport or ID checks anywhere in the EU, but did not apply to the UK or Ireland. During the
19701:
JC Bureau and A Matthews, 'EU Agricultural Policy: What Developing Countries Need to Know' (2005) IIS Discussion Paper No 91, 3. E McGaughey,
17155:. All these abstractions contain within them socially opposed and contradictory phenomena: property used for production and property used for
17072:
12592:
9928:
eliminate investment in fossil fuels, despite the inflation that gas, oil and coal cause given their price volality in international markets.
604:. It shared the Assembly and Court with the Coal and Steel Community, but set up parallel bodies for the Council and Commission. Based on the
24187:
23691:
22294:
22120:
21413:
20469:
19345:
12728:
12724:
11536:
10939:
5809:
2848:'s governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member state governments to follow the law. Both member states and the
2108:
873:
781:
19771:(1989) Case 151/78 held that milk subsidies are a type of property and a real asset that could not simply be withdrawn without compensation.
14322:(2005) C-397/01, which found there could be no "horizontal" direct effect to claim against an employer that was a private ambulance service.
13237:, ECR 1339. The Greens challenged funding, contending its distribution was unfair against smaller parties, and it was held all funding was
9570:
Most EU countries ensure healthcare is a free public service, or provide public insurance with hospitals operating independently such as at
3502:(making somebody stop or do something). If, however, the position in EU law appears unclear, member state courts can refer questions to the
24571:
24040:
23879:
23874:
23869:
22080:
20942:
Audiovisual Media Services Directive 2010/13/EU art 6, and art 7 requires services are made 'more accessible to persons with disabilities'.
19297:
15729:
14101:
12732:
11020:
10527:
10354:
held that the German government must speed up its climate protection measures to protect the rights to life, and the environment under the
10291:
10135:
10091:
9994:
created a fund to assist countries with severe fiscal problems. The results of the "strict conditionality" attached to loans (or so called
9383:
Education and health are provided mainly by member states, but shaped by common minimum standards in EU law. In the case of education, the
8780:
8656:
8365:
proposed in 1972, which would have required EU-wide rights for employees to vote for boards stalled mainly because it attempted to require
6903:
5864:
5593:
5430:
5370:
5168:
4913:
3619:
2179:
1506:
1360:
918:, like every political body it has laws which "constitute" its basic governance structure. The EU's primary constitutional sources are the
18550:"free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages" and "higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit."
16289:
11145:
Member states are simply required to record the relevant success or failure, and manufacturers' performance is published. By contrast the
10726:'s origins lay in ensuring that all farm workers had fair wages and everyone had food, since in 1960 a third of employment and a fifth of
9575:
9173:
enables a common system of trade mark registration so that, with exceptions, a registered trade mark applies across all EU member states.
6129:
5878:
25325:
25090:
24706:
24103:
22209:
22060:
20227:
18452:
17761:
14284:
11882:), discriminatory content short of incitement to hatred, systematic bias, or propaganda from dictatorships or corporations. By contrast,
11495:
article 3 requires 'universal service' at minimum standards by the main postal provider. For mobile phone access anywhere in the EU, the
11428:
10977:
10273:
required that existing licensees pay for the pollution and climate damage they have caused, nor sought to end extraction of gas and oil.
9350:
7803:
7435:
6165:
6136:
5904:
5555:
4725:
4341:
4293:
4153:
3695:
the German government was liable to a French beer company for damages from prohibiting its imports, which did not comply with the fabled
1009:
17147:(1981) 103, 'The technique of bourgeois society and its law is to cover social facts and factors of social existence with abstractions:
6779:
can exploit weaker legal rights in other member states. For example, a corporation could shift production to member states with a lower
5659:
Beyond the right of free movement to work, the EU has increasingly sought to guarantee rights of citizens, and rights simply be being a
24900:
24612:
24586:
24485:
23983:
22150:
21391:
21375:
20153:
20138:
20124:
20048:
17642:
13577:
12427:
12255:, the Union and the Member States shall, in full mutual respect, assist each other in carrying out tasks which flow from the Treaties'.
11189:
took up his post and aimed in 'Strategie 2018' to become the world's largest auto-manufacturer, and it began to install cheat devices.
10401:
system, requiring energy grids and retailers to pay a fair price to households or businesses with solar or wind generation, however in
10075:
9893:
powers to make banks divest the fossil fuels that cause inflation, to prevent escalating wage inequality, or escalating housing prices.
9679:
9227:
A major part of EU law, and most of the EU's budget, concerns public regulation of enterprise and public services. A basic norm of the
8996:
8215:
7585:. Under article 153(1), the EU is able to use the ordinary legislation procedure on a list of labour law fields. This notably excludes
7074:
7013:
6091:
6052:
5850:
5752:, a French man who lived in Belgium for two years was entitled to the "minimex" allowance from the state for a minimum living wage. In
5138:
4750:
4267:
2753:
2357:
2229:
369:
22229:
14988:
12054:
640:
in 1966 agreed that France (or other countries) could veto issues of "very important national interest", particularly relating to the
25270:
25222:
24182:
24076:
22201:
20951:
20930:
20324:
19206:
17017:
16950:
16424:
14974:
13673:
13587:
13451:
12538:
12132:
12058:
11862:
11854:
11275:
heat-pumps, have solar or wind energy generation, electric vehicle charging, and particular insulation standards, wherever possible.
10913:
10877:
10709:
10168:
10035:
9304:
9028:
9011:
8880:
8469:
7701:
6954:
4297:, wine growers wanted to market their wine as "easily digestible", but the food regulators thought this would mislead consumers. The
3358:
3268:
3062:
2424:
25018:
25013:
19395:
18003:
15923:
15542:(2009) C-142/05, on prohibiting jet skis, but justified if proportionate towards the aim of safeguarding health and the environment.
14836:
10392:
replaces pollution from gas, oil and coal, EU law has standards for generation and distribution networks. First, in generation, the
4541:
rates). Free movement and trade is not meant to be a licence for unrestricted commercial profit. Increasingly, the Treaties and the
24939:
24861:
23696:
23546:
22065:
22050:
21809:
21638:
20001:(2003) C-278/0, confirming fines of €624,150 a year and per 1% of bathing areas in Spanish inshore waters which were found unclean.
18983:
18794:
17376:
14601:
14092:
12795:
12589:
Comite Intergouvernemental créé par la conference de Messine. Rapport des chefs de delegation aux ministres des affaires etrangeres
11704:
11648:
11404:
10925:
10596:
9758:
9521:
8465:
7839:
7687:
7473:
7337:
5343:
5329:". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted towards developing a more "social" Europe. Free movement was increasingly based on "
5121:
4323:
4212:
4136:
3924:
3289:
2315:
1384:
19492:
Searchinger, Timothy; et al. (28 November 2022). "EU climate plan sacrifices carbon storage and biodiversity for bioenergy".
16796:
12557:
11558:
Data protection is a human right, and personal data cannot be processed by any enterprise except with consent or by law under the
10344:
2007 minimum recommendations, and that failure to do so would violate the right to life and home in ECHR articles 2 and 8. In the
8760:, where a drug company was fined €60 million for misleading public authorities to secure a longer patent for a medicine it called
7838:
specifies that minimum periods of notice and consultation occur if more than a set number of jobs in a workplace are at risk. The
7790:
in all democratic member states, has been seen as lying in tension with some of the Court of Justice's previous case law, notably
7154:". Terms which are very skewed, are to be conclusively regarded as contrary to "good faith" and therefore unfair. For example, in
6241:
25111:
24966:
24880:
15380:
13984:
12679:(2015). "Democracy in Europe: Why the Development of the EU into a Transnational Democracy Is Necessary and How It Is Possible".
12466:
11589:
11559:
10807:
10742:
is 33% of the EU budget, but does not yet require fair wages for farm workers, that production stops using fossil fuels, or that
10719:
8851:
had not adequately proven an anti-competitive effect, so in 2023 the Commission imposed a smaller €376 million fine. Second, the
7173:
3556:
3292:. Fourth, if the defendant is an emanation of the state, even if not central government, it can still be bound by Directives. In
3281:
3228:"horizontal" direct effect (i.e. between non-state parties). This view was instantly controversial, and in the early 1990s three
3014:
2874:" limit the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer EU law. All actions by EU institutions can be subject to
19597:
18207:
17961:
art 49 distinguishes the right of establishment for "self employed persons" from the right "to set up and manage undertakings".
17926:
17022:
16955:
16897:
16702:
16690:
16667:
16646:
16627:
16494:
16481:
16392:
policies, have brought about other corporate law changes in Europe that were neither intended by the Court nor by policy-makers"
16089:
16067:
16001:
15805:
15707:
15671:
15533:
15511:
15363:
15346:
15342:
15323:
15310:
15297:
14782:
14756:
14710:
14685:
14511:
14498:
14446:
12661:(2000), A Moravcsik, 'In Defence of the "Democratic Deficit": Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union' (2002) 40 JCMS 603,
11826:), all of which have spread conspiracy theories, discrimination, far-right, extremist, terrorist, and hostile military content.
9018:
9001:
8986:
8971:
8702:
7164:, to unilaterally vary prices were advised by the Court of Justice to be not sufficiently transparent, and therefore unfair. In
6990:
5440:
5207:
5190:
5185:
5106:
4901:, protecting the environment, press diversity, fairness in commerce, and more: the categories are not closed. In the noted case
4641:
4143:
4083:
4068:
636:
within the EEC. Shortly after, de Gaulle boycotted the commission, which he believed was pressing supranationalism too far. The
24490:
24403:
24247:
24212:
24081:
24013:
23904:
23899:
23894:
23889:
23838:
23671:
22040:
21804:
21479:
21437:
19365:
19007:
14624:
12967:(2012) C-370/12 held the 'special agreement' could be given in advance with reference to a whole class of pre-defined disputes.
12521:
11252:
11154:
10834:
10362:
has failed to adequately price carbon for the damage it causes (prices traded under €98 per metric ton until the end of 2022).
9782:
9613:
9510:
9443:
9202:
7835:
7747:
7484:
7188:
6826:
EU law makes basic standards of "exit" (where markets operate), rights (enforceable in court), and "voice" (especially through
6610:
6311:
6265:
6001:
5892:
5704:
denied its citizens the freedom to leave. Article 5 gives every citizen a right of entry, subject to national border controls.
5664:
5454:
5217:
4926:
4542:
4318:
4231:
3966:
3843:
3728:
3627:
3534:
3503:
3299:
3257:
3098:
3038:
2859:
2837:
2541:
2266:
2252:
1388:
551:
92:
20754:
cf T Macaulay, 'How to stop annoying cookie pop-ups from ruining your browsing: It doesn't have to be this way' (26 May 2022)
17315:
state "5.6 weeks" is needed, although this is also 28 days, as a "week" was originally taken to refer to a 5-day working week.
16825:
16353:
16340:
16284:
16271:
15126:
15020:
14462:
12334:
7093:
has continually affirmed that the need for more consumer rights (than in commercial contracts) both because consumers tend to
6721:
4925:
shaped packages infringed article 34, and was not justified by the pursuit of consumer protection. The argument that Belgians
1726:'s recommendation. The president of the council and a commissioner can sit in on ECB meetings, but do not have voting rights.
1680:
was censured by Parliament in 1999, and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations. This resulted in one main case,
25184:
25155:
25040:
24934:
24737:
24086:
24008:
23978:
23829:
22160:
21866:
21464:
21338:
21319:
21296:
21273:
21217:
21198:
21177:
21155:
20799:
J Constine, 'Facebook Asks Users If It Can Abolish Their Right To Vote On Future Site Governance Changes' (21 November 2012)
18593:
15612:
14401:
13507:
12042:
12032:
11257:
10824:
10769:
10713:
10645:
9999:
9969:(PPP) per capita in 2019. The EU has not yet updated its GDP measures to discount for harmful goods and services that create
9399:
was created to fund students to study in other countries, and with a budget of €30 billion from 2021 to 2027. From 1999, the
9388:
8981:
7874:
7811:
7666:
7653:
7446:
7290:
7199:
6672:
6395:
6300:
6229:
5397:
5153:
5021:
4653:
4466:
2968:
2682:
decisions is that if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles (particularly democracy, the
2329:
16565:"Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market"
7846:
requires that employees' wage claims are protected in case their employer falls insolvent. This last Directive gave rise to
6074:
that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business, without infringing TFEU article 49. This meant the
5347:, a German man claimed the right to residence in the Netherlands, while he volunteered plumbing and household duties in the
2858:) to bring claims against EU institutions and other member states for breach of the treaties. From the EU's foundation, the
2714:
and the United Nations. All individual EU member states are party to both organisations through international treaties. The
140:
25080:
25035:
24949:
24497:
24177:
24091:
24071:
23988:
23748:
22350:
22135:
21574:
21331:
The foundations of European Union law : an introduction to the constitutional and administrative law of European Union
20104:
19949:
19922:
18668:
17630:
12010:
11362:
11228:
11133:
10811:
10755:
10635:
9941:
9414:
8966:
8909:
8391:
8342:
7843:
7714:
7622:
7493:
7375:
6414:
5760:
5607:
5337:
article 45 function as a specific expression of the general rights of citizens in TFEU articles 18 to 21. According to the
4465:
says two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less productive economy in all respects. Like the
4355:
3351:
3219:
reflects that directives often create minimum standards, leaving member states to apply higher standards. For example, the
2132:
2077:
2023:
1735:
1649:
943:
510:
506:
20472:
20156:
17903:
16653:
was unjustified discrimination. It was disproportionate in preserving, as Belgium argued, fiscal coherence or supervision.
14798:
14167:
article 3. Oddly, the UK chose to express 28 days as 5.6 weeks in its own regulations (assuming a week is 5 working days).
8219:
that freedom of establishment requires companies operate in any member state they choose. This has been argued to risk a "
1975:
is elected each five years, aspiring to the "principle of equality of its citizens". Its power is limited compared to the
25384:
25192:
25150:
24895:
24595:
24468:
24364:
23666:
23624:
21666:
20416:
20141:
20127:
20108:
20064:
18034:
18007:
17558:
17415:
17055:
15746:
15367:
14549:
13924:
11618:
11450:
11440:
11105:
10340:
the Dutch Supreme Court held the Dutch government must reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25% before 2020, following the
10304:
9228:
9120:
8177:
7819:
7751:
7455:
7280:
7183:
7156:
7002:
6966:
6863:
6618:. Apart from tax cases, largely following from cases originating in the UK, a series of cases held that government owned
6567:
required that restrictions on free capital flows only be removed to the extent necessary for the common market. From the
6563:
was traditionally seen as the fourth freedom, after goods, workers and persons, services and establishment. The original
6253:
5391:
5243:
5093:
5008:
4701:
4259:
4235:
4220:
4048:
3946:
3786:
3652:
3529:
3454:
3392:
3050:
2833:
2711:
2703:
2653:
653:
490:
182:
76:
36:
The EU has a population of 448 million people, the second largest combined economy in the world, and a very high rate of
19069:
17096:
14769:
12908:"The right of withdrawal in the treaty of Lisbon: a game theoretic reflection on different decision processes in the EU"
12404:
An ESSAY towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe by the Establishment of an European Dyet, Parliament, or Estates
11235:
11207:
limits daily driving time to 9 hours a day, a maximum of 56 hours a week, and requires at least a 45-minute break after
9808:
5128:
4113:
744:, and limit government spending. The UK initially opted out of the social provisions, and then monetary union after the
25060:
24800:
24795:
24532:
24049:
24003:
23973:
23914:
23806:
23713:
23658:
21819:
20786:
20650:
20638:
20594:
19970:
19937:
18921:
17379:
16614:
16508:
16428:(1980) Case 52/79, art 56 does not apply to 'wholly internal situations' where an activity are all in one member state.
15615:
13897:
12624:
12612:
11970:
11966:
11952:
11870:
11573:
11568:
11483:
The right 'to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers' is a basic part of
11311:
11292:
11146:
10667:
10607:
10447:
9932:
9901:. Without prejudice to that objective, it shall support the general economic policies in the Union', such as 'balanced
9604:
9392:
9242:
9105:
8563:
8253:
7776:
7412:
7256:
7218:
7202:
6757:, and dismantling barriers to trade, more EU law today concerns regulation of the "social market economy". In 1976 the
5736:. This reflects general principles of equal treatment and citizenship in TFEU articles 18 and 20. In a simple case, in
5488:
5246:
5065:
5028:, is misleading or aggressive, and sets out a list of examples that count as unfair. Increasingly, states have to give
5024:, the EU harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising, to forbid conduct that distorts average
5015:
4863:
to achieve the aim, (2) be necessary, so that a less restrictive measure could not achieve the same result, and (3) be
4822:" company that had government appointees. It also means states can be responsible for private actors. For instance, in
4713:
4571:
4007:
3642:
3486:
Litigation often begins and is resolved by member state courts. They interpret and apply EU law, and award remedies of
2932:
2915:
2749:
2710:
As opposed to the member states, the relation of EU law and international law is debated, particularly relating to the
2663:
2441:
2069:
2065:
1766:
1380:
1220:
792:, without the emotive symbols of federalism or the word "constitution". In the same year, Bulgaria and Romania joined.
20969:(exemptions for being a conduit, caching or hosting), 8-9 (illegal content and orders), 12-13 (terms and transparency)
17060:
14160:
10930:
9702:
9571:
9330:
4513:, can benefit some groups within countries (particularly big business) more than others, and disadvantages people who
428:
for the losing countries. After another economic collapse and the rise of fascism led to a Second World War, European
25197:
25085:
24812:
24763:
24512:
24426:
24398:
24160:
23856:
23753:
22972:
22530:
22429:
22105:
22045:
21984:
21876:
21681:
21452:
20287:
17289:
17207:
15292:
14191:
12137:
11567:
something similar, so that internet server providers or email hosts, for instance, protected privacy. After this the
11244:
11090:
10782:
These rules limit supermarkets' abuse of a dominant position but do not ensure subsidies reach farm communities. The
10403:
10385:
10181:
9877:
9566:
8534:
8424:
8374:
8362:
8338:
7945:
7727:
7384:
7178:
5802:
5654:
5330:
4791:
4271:
4093:
3798:
3721:
3701:
2116:
2027:
939:
869:
800:
531:
186:
119:
80:
32:
20755:
20598:
13862:
4284:
the Court of Justice delayed, because of perceived difficulties in retaining an appropriate balance of competences.
3691:
25528:
24805:
24561:
24502:
24421:
24308:
24252:
24096:
23784:
23086:
22955:
22155:
21959:
21884:
17084:
16973:
13370:
13300:
12297:
11874:
go up to 6% of annual turnover. These rules fall short of most TV standards that restrict inaccurate news (such as
10747:
10465:
10381:
10265:
9950:
9222:
9089:
7867:
7827:
7464:
7117:
7066:
6933:
6896:
6676:
6532:
5971:
5742:
the Court of Justice held that a Spanish lady who had lived in Germany for 25 years and had a baby was entitled to
5461:
5416:
5232:
4773:
3567:
On the other side, courts and tribunals are theoretically under a duty to refer questions. In the UK, for example,
2811:
2172:
2013:
1628:
headquarters opened in 2015, exercises executive control within its monetary policy powers. It was targeted by the
1499:
1353:
1245:
881:
741:
633:
613:
486:
22239:
20742:
20458:
20454:
20390:
20290:
20275:
20044:
19925:
19383:
19376:
19369:
19038:
18797:
18456:
18440:
18296:
17965:
17519:
14801:, which requires the probability that a claimant's human rights are infringed, or the Administrative Court Order (
14582:
14163:) arguing that as society became wealthier, increasing production would allow everyone to work less. See also the
5143:
828:" measures on debtor states. This exacerbated further contraction in the economies. In 2011 two new treaties, the
25145:
25050:
25030:
24768:
23968:
23956:
23864:
23541:
22888:
22789:
22090:
21919:
21834:
21586:
21552:
20060:
20040:
19409:
19242:
19064:
18765:
17788:
17574:
17561:
17547:
17533:
17351:
17341:
17327:
17308:
17000:
16976:
16259:
16244:
14374:
14148:
12108:
12006:
11895:
11716:
11172:
11085:
10952:
10847:
10759:
10393:
10100:
9919:
9803:
9744:
9190:
9124:
8530:
8461:
7683:
7319:
6867:
6679:
to coordinate common monetary policy, and third by locking exchange rates and introducing a single currency, the
6407:
6158:
5312:
5301:
5273:
5111:
4420:
3679:
3323:
3086:
2794:
principles, other courts may take primacy. The content of those core principles remains open to ongoing judicial
2374:
1002:
223:. Ancient concepts of European unity were generally undemocratic, and founded on domination, like the Empire of
23932:
21122:
20800:
20327:
20159:, sets out the Euro 6 limits. See summary in 'EU: Light-Duty: Emissions' and 'EU: Heavy-Duty: Emissions' (2021)
19557:
17908:
17619:
14835:, 'Natural Law, Justice and Democracy—Some Reflections on Three Types of Thinking About Law and Justice' (1944)
12157:
8099:
8087:
8075:
8061:
8038:
8026:
8014:
8002:
7981:
7969:
7957:
7936:
7924:
7912:
7900:
5992:
also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "freedom to provide services" in article 56. In
25160:
25075:
25008:
24954:
24944:
24922:
24822:
24636:
24527:
24522:
24463:
24380:
24222:
23617:
23048:
22682:
22035:
22015:
21794:
21542:
21494:
21459:
20387:
18571:
18202:
17722:
17261:
17160:
16256:
14595:
13075:
11726:
11605:
or to have decision-rights over use of their data, in contrast to the rights of service-users of websites like
11501:
11492:
11204:
11094:
10820:
10336:
10246:
10148:
10123:
9618:
9608:
9408:
9361:
9210:
8697:
8489:
7767:
7731:
7710:
7402:
7366:
7109:
7098:
7078:
7061:
7024:
6776:
6663:
and fluctuations of currency exchange between member states but not between member states and third countries (
5985:
5693:
5521:
5158:
4942:
could not be labelled as "chocolate". It had to be "chocolate substitute". All Italian chocolate was made from
4796:
4605:
4514:
4275:
3864:
the commission made a decision to withdraw an assurance to a Dutch cement company that it would be immune from
3155:
2821:
2765:
2723:
2706:, so long as international law institutions, like the United Nations themselves comply with basic human rights.
2392:
2378:
2274:
1555:
1429:
1249:
1121:
983:
494:
232:
20204:
19372:) which requires polluters pay for damage and take remedial action for species and habitats as defined in the
18943:
argues that the price stability objective cannot be interpreted in a way that conflicts with general EU goals.
17248:(1930) arguing a 15-hour week was achievable by 2000 if gains in productivity increases were equitably shared.
11909:. First, in a series of Commission decisions, Google and Amazon were fined for competition violations. In the
10326:
should pay 0.47% of the costs of flood defences against a melting mountain glacier that increases the size of
6319:
consumption, including the prohibitions by some municipalities on tourists (but not Dutch nationals) going to
4226:
plausible interpretations of a rule, the one which is most consistent with human rights should be chosen. The
461:
To "save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice.. brought untold sorrow to mankind", the
25301:
25237:
25170:
25140:
25003:
24976:
24817:
24544:
24478:
24431:
24331:
24120:
24113:
23649:
22401:
22274:
22125:
22100:
21989:
21763:
20812:
20200:
19477:
19231:
18437:
18161:
17312:
12222:, its values and the well-being of its peoples.' (3) '... and shall promote social justice and protection...'
12002:
11997:
11956:
11891:
11304:
10829:
9145:
8873:
8807:
Google was fined €4.125 billion for bribing phone-makers to pre-install only its Operating System version of
8741:
8599:
8556:
8403:
where financial institutions sell retirement, banking or products to companies in which they cast votes with
7706:
7679:
7357:
7348:
7328:
6350:
5531:
5481:
5268:
4564:
4185:
3931:
3918:
3899:
3810:
3774:
3668:
2741:
2616:
2590:
2564:
2417:
2073:
1996:
1980:
1759:
1743:
1436:
962:
947:
543:
462:
377:
365:
in North America, argued that to prevent ongoing wars in Europe a "European dyet, or parliament" was needed.
196:
178:
123:
88:
37:
18103:
British Airways plc v Commission (2003) T-219/99, , –, given the nearest rival only had a 5.5% market share.
16774:, 'Coercion and Distribution in a Supposedly Non-Coercive State' (1923) 38 Political Science Quarterly 472.
14316:(2005) C-144/04, ECR I-9981, which suggested that Directives would have horizontal direct effect. See also
13580:
12301:
8794:
and other competitors information needed to build servers after Microsoft itself entered the server market.
6819:
to comprehensive rules in each member state. Member states may go beyond the harmonised minimum, acting as "
716:
652:
and de Gaulle's resignation, the way was free for the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark to join in 1973.
24998:
24885:
24844:
24556:
24336:
23821:
23208:
22687:
22170:
21979:
21939:
21934:
21789:
21360:
19098:
18761:
18728:
18695:
18559:
18482:
17707:
17475:
17293:
17204:
17168:
15918:(1950) 28-9, positing that 'citizenship' passed from civil rights, political rights, to social rights, and
14859:
14164:
12102:
11284:
11199:
is coordinated by the commission, and has a patchwork plan to gradually upgrade track for a faster network.
10722:"the improvement of the quality of the environment must be integrated into the policies of the Union". The
10616:
9978:
9923:
a German politician claimed that the ECB's purchase of Greek government debt on secondary markets violated
9487:
9340:
9276:
8756:
8629:
8420:
8084:
7909:
7780:
the Court held that any detriment for membership of a trade union was incompatible with article 11, and in
7723:
7637:
7568:
if corporations can shift jobs and production to countries with low wages. Today, the EU is required under
7393:
6788:
6081:
5795:
5020:
national courts would decide whether it was justified under article 36 to protect public health. Under the
4263:
3706:
institution whose decisions appear incapable of generating a damages claim is the Court of Justice itself.
3664:
2603:
lawyer, and former shareholder of an energy company, named Mr Costa refused to pay his electricity bill to
2043:
1416:
833:
574:
405:
24721:
20263:
18284:
17846:
12475:
11849:
and other data without user's consent, built psychological profiles of everyone, and corporations and the
3858:. This includes legislation, and most other acts that have legal consequences for people. For example, in
3202:
case first allowed EU citizens to claim rights based on EU law. Despite the influential opinions of three
2084:", which is the heads of member state governments, is meant to guide the EU's general political direction.
2020:
article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament on issues which affect them.
558:
had installed dictatorial governments, controlling East Germany, and the rest of Eastern Europe. Although
114:, and their respective state governments through the Council in shaping the legislation the EU makes. The
25583:
25330:
25165:
25070:
24849:
24507:
23811:
23766:
23203:
22185:
21929:
21909:
21564:
20450:
18402:
18310:
18188:
18084:
17946:
17828:
17394:
extends these protections to people who do not have typical, full-time or permanent employment contracts.
16839:
16310:
16304:
16140:
15818:
15783:
15734:
15279:
15262:
15257:
14734:
14672:
14660:
14434:
14387:
13241:. See Joliet and Keeling, 'The Reimbursement of Election Expenses: A Forgotten Dispute' (1994) 19 ELR 243
11622:
11256:
member states should run railways 'at the lowest possible cost for the quality of service required'. The
10783:
10625:
10359:
10351:
10269:
9958:
and of gas, oil or coal reserves become worthless as Europe replaces fossil fuels with renewable energy.
9263:
9069:
8828:
8786:
8682:
8614:
8500:
8198:
8136:
8050:
7897:
7674:
7641:
7548:
7299:
6889:
6750:
6725:
All enterprises and markets are governed through legal rights for consumers, employees, investors or the
6643:
the Court of Justice held that Portugal infringed free movement of capital by retaining golden shares in
6624:
6483:
5916:
4739:
4053:
3647:
3581:
3416:
3242:
because the Italian government had failed to implement a Directive 73/173/EEC on packaging and labelling
3159:
2863:
2667:
2637:
2165:
2031:
1492:
1346:
1277:
931:
697:
601:
474:
20429:
17777:
17736:
15143:
10810:
across Europe. There is no requirement yet to undertake any reforesting or rewilding of land, while the
6834:
balance the interests of different groups, generally to favour consumers, for the larger purpose in the
886:
25541:
24875:
24711:
24473:
24277:
23178:
22677:
22345:
22340:
21974:
21814:
21676:
21569:
21307:
21284:
21165:
21048:
19828:
19579:
19550:
19394:
See 'Weekly European Union Emission Trading System (EU-ETS) carbon pricing in 2022' (13 December 2022)
19072:
held the mechanism lawful despite a challenge that it exceeded the EU's competence for economic policy.
18809:
18521:
18399:
18258:
17882:
17458:
17404:
16677:
16054:
16032:
15902:
15762:
15689:
15676:
15498:
15486:
15473:
15448:
15274:
15218:
15161:
14406:
14183:
14120:
14106:
14088:
14028:
13989:
13948:
13881:
13734:
13234:
12347:
12273:
10739:
10723:
10701:
10242:
9645:
9436:
9186:
9162:
9129:
9035:
8944:
8929:
8914:
8808:
8775:
8687:
8619:
8604:
8473:
8457:
8313:
7782:
7424:
7215:
6850:
ownership". This means the EU is bound to be neutral to member state's choice to take enterprises into
6738:
6151:
5946:
5175:
4824:
4617:
4190:
4098:
3871:
3762:
3238:
3215:
3207:
3002:
2867:
2340:
2256:
2039:
1700:
1692:
1682:
1661:
1543:
995:
927:
641:
17815:
17803:
17038:
15749:
7652:
The first group of Directives create a range of individual rights in EU employment relationships. The
7640:
art 2(1) requires "the working week to be progressively reduced" with "increase of productivity". The
7210:
5096:
2335:
713:, with most of Eastern Europe declaring independence and moving to hold democratic elections by 1991.
25130:
24752:
24566:
24269:
24217:
24026:
23937:
23261:
22180:
22175:
22095:
21924:
21904:
21889:
21581:
21442:
20775:
GDPR 2016 art 17, where data is no longer necessary for legitimate purposes, or consent is withdrawn.
19882:
18496:
17193:
16795:
and F Wilkinson, 'Rights vs Efficiency? The Economic Case for Transnational Labour Standards' (1994)
14853:(1961). For the work that is widely seen as having resolved the positivism debate in philosophy, see
11875:
11196:
10851:
10250:
9665:
8522:
7830:, employees are entitled to no less favourable representation than under the member state's existing
7696:
7207:
6820:
6596:
6584:
6391:
6363:, which underpinned the ban, did count as a justified restriction on freedom to provide services. In
6032:
6027:
5765:
5375:
4949:
4934:
4677:
4665:
4339:
articles 21 and 23, and had to be regarded as ineffective after a transition period. By contrast, in
3181:
3175:
3026:
2990:
2582:
2270:
2261:
The judiciary of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law. It interprets the
1967:
1687:
1648:, it was agreed to keep the system of one Commissioner from each of the member states, including the
1273:
970:
849:
772:
government, the UK joined the social chapter. A newly confident EU then sought to expand. First, the
625:
309:
20160:
19184:
arts 3 and 27(1). ICESCR 1966 art 15. On origins, see L Shaver, 'The right to science and culture'
17578:
11239:
Transport and buildings are the EU's two greatest internal sources of fossil fuel use, yet there is
11170:
and manufacturers around Europe and the world fraudulently concealed their true emissions. In 2007,
9148:
article 1 states the principle that copyrights last for 70 years after the death of the author. The
8229:
that companies must still comply with proportionate requirements that are in the "public interest".
7686:
creates a right for mothers to a minimum of 14 weeks' paid leave to care for children. Finally, the
3842:
As well as preliminary rulings on the proper interpretation of EU law, an essential function of the
3214:
While the Treaties and Regulations will have direct effect (if clear, unconditional and immediate),
2103:
457:
that envisaged social, economic and political integration, within limited fields, for nation-states.
381:
24783:
24321:
24316:
24108:
23721:
23056:
23038:
21964:
21944:
21036:
21024:
18936:
18904:
16877:
16650:
15702:
15121:
15015:
15000:
12880:
12758:
12329:
12182:
12014:
11960:
11177:
10863:
10823:
sets common standards and provides that member states should oversee water industry standards. The
10774:
10281:
10261:
10254:
10193:
10021:
9970:
9653:
8866:
8724:
8526:
7743:
7598:
7544:
7065:
Beyond these general principles, and outside specific sectors, there are four main Directives: the
7056:
Protection of European consumers has been a central part of developing the EU internal market. The
6835:
6831:
6763:
6700:
6309:. Aside from public services, another sensitive field of services are those classified as illegal.
5776:
5631:
5511:
4470:
4416:
3612:
costs of delay in making a reference outweighed the benefits from total certainty. By contrast, in
3543:
3404:
3294:
3074:
2956:
2715:
2611:
of the Italian energy corporations. He claimed the Italian nationalisation law conflicted with the
2410:
2282:
2195:
2035:
2000:
1910:
1896:
1850:
1789:
1605:
1522:
1372:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1094:
1076:
919:
853:
796:
757:
585:
478:
466:
103:
23390:
19311:
7750:, which protect employees' right to vote for a corporation's management. This is reflected in the
3571:
considered it appropriate to refer if the outcome of a case depended on a correct answer, and the
2764:
national, Mr Kadi. Sweden froze his assets pursuant to an EU Regulation, which gave effect to the
1314:
840:
states. In 2013, Croatia entered the union. However a further crisis was triggered after the UK's
25246:
25025:
24912:
23431:
23218:
22707:
22692:
22115:
21721:
19983:
18094:(1979) Case 85/76, : 'very large shares are in themselves... evidence of... a dominant position'.
17156:
16757:
16583:
13843:
Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel
12232:
12120:
12046:
12036:
11978:
11634:
11554:
11496:
10705:
10435:
10369:
10238:
9935:
requires authorisation and prudence provisions in other banks in all EU member states. Under the
9384:
9272:
9154:
8803:
8766:
8641:
7614:
7538:
7223:
7082:
6768:
6742:
6716:
6306:
6021:
5738:
5543:
5256:
5013:
if advertising were "the only effective form of promotion enabling to penetrate" the market. In
4126:
3951:
3614:
3285:
2787:
2774:, Mr Kadi claimed there was no evidence that he was connected to terrorism, and he had not had a
2097:
2004:
1668:
1336:
915:
841:
829:
518:
425:
219:
Democratic ideals of integration for international and European nations are as old as the modern
18939:
art 3(3). M Roth, 'Employment as a Goal of Monetary Policy of the European Central Bank' (2015)
6020:
the Court of Justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the Belgian bar because he lacked
4473:, EU law breaks down barriers to trade, by creating rights to free movement of goods, services,
4170:
25315:
25135:
24981:
24870:
24839:
24773:
24716:
24147:
23726:
23486:
23471:
22319:
22244:
21736:
21686:
21612:
20302:
Passenger Rights Regulation 2007 (EC) No 1371/2007 art 3 (bikes), 8-9 (information and tickets)
19106:
18307:
16007:
R (Secretary of State for the Home Department) v Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Surinder Singh
15866:
15658:
employment there without discrimination, to improve the standard of living of his or her family
14198:, at the Court of Justice suggested she would not have succeeded if it were a 'private' party.
14145:
11807:
10815:
10268:
it aims to eliminate Russian fossil fuel imports as fast as possible. However laws such as the
9649:
9198:
8852:
8382:
8246:
8151:
8113:
8058:
7792:
7771:
7249:
7191:
held that consumer law was to be interpreted in the light of fundamental rights, including the
6116:
5934:
5058:
5003:
4876:
4851:
4842:
4629:
4530:
4412:
4345:
wine producers claimed that a direction to stop marketing their brands as 'easily digestible' (
4000:
3593:
3428:
3332:
3220:
2944:
2908:
1476:
1157:
1085:
877:
761:
527:
338:
41:
17:
25293:
19185:
18940:
15282:. See further K Muylle, 'Angry famers and passive policemen' (1998) 23 European Law Review 467
13192:
See Marias, 'The Right to Petition the European Parliament after Maastricht' (1994) 19 ELR 169
12197:
12057:, from a European ship, prompted the commission to look into legislation against toxic waste.
11136:
says manufacturers of "new passenger cars" should not allow emissions to exceed 95 grams of CO
10397:
take decades to replenish, and smoke damages human health. Second, the EU does not yet have a
9323:
8452:
pay. There are general prohibitions on conflicts of interest, and specialised prohibitions on
3597:
the Court of Justice held that the duty to refer existed for the Swedish Court of Appeal, the
2816:
2150:
believe they decide, while within the EU, the Court of Justice believes it has the final say.
2016:
that must be considered by the Commission if it has received at least one million signatures.
957:
The Commission oversees departments and various agencies that execute or enforce EU law. The "
592:
led to the UK leaving the bloc in 2020, reducing the total number of member states back to 27.
25555:
25523:
25251:
24856:
24676:
24242:
23798:
23590:
23183:
22861:
22672:
22363:
22234:
22140:
22030:
21741:
21711:
21706:
21691:
21147:
19692:
arts 4 (shared competence for agriculture and environment), 13 (pay regard to animal welfare)
18010:
article 11, freedom of association subject only to proportionate restrictions in a democracy.
17751:(3rd edn 2014). On the original conception of the need for securities market regulation, see
16848:
16319:
15879:
See NN Shuibhne, 'The Resilience of EU Market Citizenship' (2010) 47 CMLR 1597 and HP Ipsen,
15422:
14568:
14360:
14218:
12745:
12355:
12236:
11974:
11879:
11484:
10331:
10276:
9995:
9906:
9882:
9846:
9829:
9641:
9588:
9429:
9279:, although their governance does not always give sufficient voting power to staff and alumni.
9232:
9214:
9170:
9158:
8494:
8432:
8189:
to vindicate constitutional rights, are not generally regulated by EU law. Nor are rights of
7763:
7590:
7574:
7151:
7094:
7047:
6839:
6796:
6688:
6639:
6536:
6495:
5569:
4856:
4462:
4450:
4387:
4244:
4227:
3657:
3576:
3572:
2879:
2779:
2775:
2736:, after a request by the commission to review their plan to accede, the Court of Justice (in
1707:
1621:
1480:
1318:
1253:
1112:
966:
825:
817:
637:
534:(ECSC), signed by France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Italy, with
385:
296:
236:
16748:
9845:
was planned to be a common central bank, which would aim to have common interest rates. The
9611:
is also available for free to receive health across the EU. This system was developed after
6547:, has been criticised for failing to fulfil its mandate. It interpreted the requirement for
4497:, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, and eventually a full union characteristic of a
4353:, however, are not expressed with sufficient clarity to be regarded as directly binding. In
3903:
required that claimants must be individually and directly concerned by an EU law to request
3579:
to refer at any stage of proceedings. The view of the Court of Justice in the leading case,
1699:, who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a €60m bribe in connection with a
752:. Sweden, Finland and Austria joined in 1995, but Norway again chose not to do so after its
25414:
25055:
24661:
24651:
24517:
24453:
24341:
23884:
23736:
23311:
22657:
22085:
21985:
Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation
21954:
21661:
21649:
21591:
21560:
20428:
e.g. K Finley, 'The First US City With 10 GB Internet Is ... Salisbury' (4 September 2015)
20051:, article 3(4) required at least 10% of transport was fueled from renewable energy by 2020.
19592:
18630:(2004) C-65/03, held invalid Belgian university limits on foreign (mainly French) students.
18620:
18070:
17792:
17733:
16597:
13606:
13584:
13549:
13448:
13356:
13354:
TFEU art 288 outlines the main legislative acts as Directives, Regulations, and Decisions.
13099:
First Report on Allegations of Fraud, Mismanagement and Nepotism in the European Commission
12865:
11866:
10300:
10215:
9914:
9592:
9268:
9258:
8513:
8464:
contain analogous rules, with a similar goals, for banks. To administer the new rules, the
8436:
8400:
8181:
8142:
8132:
8124:
7610:
7582:
7124:
6804:
6795:
fair, the EU establishes a minimum floor of rights for the stakeholders in enterprise: for
6771:
in each member state might not have the capacity to take advantage of expanding trade in a
6734:
6684:
6568:
6552:
5975:
5770:
5619:
5326:
3499:
2883:
2745:
2348:
2219:
1875:
1723:
1641:
1633:
1448:
1310:
1289:
1281:
1263:
1038:
809:
804:
417:
314:
248:
208:
19322:
A Elfar, 'Landmark Climate Change Lawsuit Moves Forward as German Judges Arrive in Peru' (
17682:(1914) and E McGaughey, 'Does Corporate Governance Exclude the Ultimate Investor?' (2016)
14424:(1989) C-322/88, ECR 4407, requires member state courts take account of Recommendations.
12243:
and social progress, and a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the
9913:
and social progress, and a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the
8516:, to bankrupt competitor media players. Maximum fines can reach 10% of worldwide turnover.
4545:
aim to ensure free trade serves higher values such as public health, consumer protection,
3551:
820:
believed that it was necessary to save their banks by taking over Greek debt, and impose "
8:
25355:
25217:
25045:
24986:
24905:
24696:
24681:
24192:
24172:
24066:
23466:
22606:
22523:
22214:
22001:
Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport
21949:
21779:
21671:
21522:
21512:
21484:
21086:
21012:
20897:
20076:'EU ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2035 explained' (3 November 2022)
18971:
18917:
18469:
17600:
17034:
16020:
12388:
Craig, P (2014). "2. The Development of the EU". In Barnard, Catherine; Peers, S (eds.).
12252:
12244:
11940:
11906:
11829:
11548:
11544:
11100:
9749:
9400:
9254:
8443:
applies to firms with massive quantities of capital, over €100 million, essentially
8395:
7626:
7565:
7552:
7518:
7507:
7051:
6859:
6800:
6754:
6629:
6560:
6378:
a group of justifications were codified in article 16, which the case law has developed.
5979:
5716:
5710:
4894:
4485:
and raise living standards. Early theorists argued a free trade area would give way to a
4478:
4458:
3940:
3524:
2849:
2722:
to ensure that the EU gave adequate protection to human rights, overseen by the external
2308:(holding EU law to created a new legal order, and citizens could sue for treaty rights),
2142:
2112:
1992:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1739:
1597:
1472:
1444:
1440:
1332:
1293:
1285:
1103:
1047:
951:
935:
895:
891:
765:
737:
673:
669:
621:
597:
547:
539:
514:
409:
397:
350:
334:
318:
224:
212:
115:
111:
19326:) Columbia Climate School, appealing from the Regional Court (2015) Case No. 2 O 285/15.
17968:
art 1(b) defines an "economic entity" as an "organised grouping of resources". Contrast
17604:
10806:
Outside farms, forests cover just 43.52% of the EU's land, compared to 80% forest cover
10425:
10330:, because RWE is responsible for 0.47% of historic global greenhouse gas emissions. The
6369:
the Court of Justice also held that the state monopoly on gambling, and a penalty for a
954:(elected by citizens) can make amendments and must give their consent for laws to pass.
628:
proclaimed that the Community constituted a "new legal order of international law". The
329:, is generally acknowledged as the beginning of the nation-state system. Even then, the
25518:
25065:
24666:
24359:
23771:
23281:
22940:
22794:
22779:
22757:
22501:
22481:
22434:
22424:
22259:
22070:
22055:
21969:
21861:
21784:
21731:
21716:
21252:
20532:: "Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his
19905:
19517:
19482:
19439:
19380:
19102:
19024:
18650:
18425:
16851:
16322:
14351:
13276:
13128:
12929:
12839:
12710:
12696:
12628:
12495:
12292:
11934:
11902:
11773:
11288:
10289:
A growing number of cases seek to enforce liability on gas, oil and coal polluters. In
10003:
9623:
9532:
9137:
9092:
sets standards for open tenders when outsourcing public services to private companies.
9045:
8341:
requires proxy vote instructions are followed. There EU has not yet acted, as have the
8220:
8159:
8155:
8035:
7848:
7823:
7755:
7561:
7166:
6978:
6846:
article 345 to "in no way prejudice the rules in Member States governing the system of
6784:
6579:
of various kinds are prohibited, including limits on buying currency, limits on buying
6375:
6120:
5421:
5318:
5033:
5029:
5025:
4990:
4689:
4360:
3837:
3674:
3507:
3477:
3303:
3277:
3110:
2866:, if they were properly interpreted as creating rights and obligations. However, under
2807:
2299:
2009:
1813:
1322:
1167:
1067:
903:
865:
677:
449:
342:
19435:
17944:
Albany International BV v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie''''' (1999)
12235:
of Europe based on balanced economic growth and price stability, a highly competitive
9866:
8774:
fine against Google for the "obstruction of development and distribution of competing
6599:
are not affected so long as they do not discriminate by nationality. According to the
6042:
5406:
3314:, as it was held with a water company that was responsible for basic water provision.
3170:
article 30 prevented the Dutch Customs Authorities charging tariffs, when it imported
23998:
23266:
23188:
23026:
22769:
22764:
22717:
22642:
22636:
22476:
22394:
21899:
21840:
21799:
21701:
21617:
21517:
21334:
21315:
21292:
21269:
21244:
21213:
21194:
21173:
21151:
21083:"Intellectual property rights: criminal sanctions to fight piracy and counterfeiting"
20901:
19521:
19509:
19486:
19443:
19310:
T Wilson, 'Shell investors back moving HQ from Netherlands to UK' (10 December 2021)
19255:
18654:
18413:
17507:
17462:
17273:
16649:, holding that a law forbidding Belgian residents getting securities of loans on the
15958:
14221:
14209:
13876:
13777:
13503:
12872:
are expressly excluded from EU law. Specific provisions can be made for others, like
12843:
12700:
12363:
12114:
11512:
11186:
9396:
9218:
9133:
8751:
8509:
8366:
8239:
8190:
8168:
7618:
7534:
7530:
7242:
6668:
6592:
6016:
5283:
5051:
4438:
4078:
3993:
3894:
3685:
3618:, a majority of the Supreme Court apparently felt able to declare that the law under
3273:
3229:
3203:
3171:
2901:
2770:
2699:
2586:
2477:
2325:
2320:
2291:
2278:
2277:
that deals with issues of detail but without general importance, and then a separate
2058:
1677:
1629:
769:
729:
681:
617:
577:, and repressed every other attempt of its people to win democracy and human rights.
566:
502:
482:
421:
330:
322:
304:
300:
96:
19909:
19901:
18821:
17893:, and a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the environment".
16388:, p. 815: "it seems that the CJEU's rulings, lacking any deep understanding of
15982:
COM(2004) 508, found by 2004, 18.5m third country nationals were resident in the EU.
12933:
11894:
by suspending or banning users that break rules, and ensuring Knowledge maintains a
11192:
3331:
provisions, on contracts lacking cause or defrauding creditors, to conform with the
3174:
plastics from Germany to the Netherlands. After a Dutch court made a reference, the
2369:
who research and write. Unlike the UK where judges always write their own opinions,
2120:
25262:
24993:
24671:
24155:
23271:
23238:
22737:
22601:
22596:
22561:
22110:
21532:
21236:
20913:
20859:
R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport
20446:
19897:
19501:
19472:
19462:
19431:
19218:'Parliament backs boost for renewables use and energy savings' (14 September 2022)
19050:
Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union
18785:, §§1-6, 12, 20 and 138. 'Germany: Health system review' (2020) 22(6) HSiT 1, 30-49
17992:
17595:
17591:
17228:
16901:
15948:
15004:
14531:
13495:
13388:
This does not extend to foreign and security policy, where there must be consensus.
12919:
12831:
12688:
12499:
12073:
11857:
does not yet regulate web media spreading false news, discrimination or propaganda.
11784:
11488:
10355:
10346:
10296:
10295:, the Hague District Court held that Shell was bound by the tort provisions of the
9870:
9860:
9109:
9101:
8797:
8791:
8186:
8163:
7826:. If a company transforms from a member state corporation to incorporate under the
7806:
requires that workplaces with over 20 or 50 staff have the right to set up elected
7192:
7147:
7121:
6871:
6851:
6660:
6644:
6576:
6542:
6336:
6112:
5402:
5382:" to free movement, so a bank could not refuse employment to a worker who lacked a
4960:
4957:". It would require justification under article 36, or as a mandatory requirement.
4898:
4888:. The Court of Justice recognised fundamental rights take priority over free trade.
4885:
4847:
4454:
4239:
3886:
3631:
3516:
3250:
from enforcing a conflicting national law from 1963 against Mr Ratti's solvent and
3198:
3163:
2719:
2626:
2600:
2568:
2361:
2124:
2089:
2081:
1999:
have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process. According to the
1747:
1719:
1673:
1645:
1484:
958:
899:
789:
373:
244:
23922:
21365:
17428:
2886:
or will grant an injunction, in order to ensure the law is effective as possible.
24701:
23520:
23493:
23481:
23461:
23395:
23373:
23353:
23348:
23328:
23193:
23173:
23168:
23071:
23031:
22742:
22667:
22591:
22576:
22496:
21914:
21824:
21753:
21726:
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21469:
20966:
19373:
17890:
17886:
17140:
14841:
13782:
13594:
13458:
13377:
12856:
Island territories geographically outside the EU, but politically within include
12599:
12535:
12240:
12065:
11993:
Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations
11911:
11901:
The EU has also begun to regulate marketplaces that operate online, both through
11749:
11128:
engaged in mass fraud to conceal toxic emissions, leading to thousands of deaths.
10327:
10310:
10111:
9987:
9910:
9902:
9898:
9890:
9886:
9584:
9404:
8822:
8453:
8370:
7831:
7787:
7738:
7692:
7670:
7657:
7586:
7578:
7522:
7086:
6696:
6692:
6656:
6652:
6548:
6387:
6294:
6100:
6096:
5787:
5733:
5725:
5358:
5353:
4995:
4908:
4538:
4434:
4393:
4380:
4367:
that an employing entity must inform and consult. They said this contravened the
4302:
3904:
3865:
3847:
3833:
3696:
3568:
3318:
3307:
3284:. The Court of Justice held that the Directive could be relied on by her because
2875:
2757:
2737:
2608:
2574:
2295:
2287:
1711:
1404:
745:
408:
in 1849 envisioned a day when there would be a "United States of America and the
393:
57:
18709:
Cleverlands: The Secrets Behind the Success of the World's Education Superpowers
16564:
15922:, 'The European Union belongs to its citizens: Three immodest proposals' (1997)
13499:
12798:
art 5, on application to constituent instruments of international organisations.
10734:
9961:
9603:
article 56 there is the right to receive services, with rules codified into the
9063:
prohibits cartels or collusive practices, including competitors engaging in (a)
8548:
8413:
Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directive 2009
7766:, although the EU, with all member states, is bound by the jurisprudence of the
6651:
The final stage of completely free movement of capital was thought to require a
5746:, without the need for a residence permit, because Germans did not need one. In
5352:
discrimination by governments, and employers, in access to employment, tax, and
439:
24686:
23640:
23597:
23405:
23323:
22912:
22878:
22829:
22814:
22586:
22491:
22471:
22461:
21894:
21829:
21747:
21527:
21502:
21417:
20529:
19505:
15953:
15936:
15567:
14968:
14854:
14312:
12861:
12819:
12359:
12126:
11986:
11927:
11917:
11887:
11850:
11761:
11737:
11540:
11081:
10398:
10373:
9983:
9628:
9596:
9237:
8448:
8386:
8147:
8128:
6712:
6580:
6564:
6343:
and another banking firms) attempted to challenge a Dutch law that prohibiting
6057:
4973:
4969:
4864:
4779:
4522:
4494:
4424:
4108:
2845:
2829:
2612:
2585:
and the supreme courts of the states have had to develop principles to resolve
2310:
2093:
1601:
1412:
813:
773:
749:
733:
522:
444:
317:(1618–1648), killing around a quarter of the population in central Europe. The
270:
20889:
19254:
e.g. M Roser, 'Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?' (1 December 2020)
18000:
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention 1948
17367:(1998) C-411/96 requires pay be at least the same level as statutory sick pay.
16376:(2012) C-378/10 (Hungary did not need to allow an Italian company to register)
12924:
12907:
12407:
11507:
10794:
9181:
9161:
requires member states have effective remedies and legal processes. Under the
9141:
result" there is a choice to bring an action under the law of the tortfeasor.
2046:
leads the opposition. Parties do not receive public funds from the EU, as the
1751:
1616:
580:
25577:
24747:
23451:
23410:
23296:
23276:
23248:
23198:
23163:
23137:
23132:
23125:
23076:
23016:
22856:
22846:
22804:
22727:
22722:
22652:
22611:
22535:
22269:
22219:
22020:
21507:
21248:
20893:
20492:
arts 17 and 71, 77-70. Under arts 61-62, member states should encourage this.
20183:, 'Volkswagen's Emissions Scandal: Lessons for Corporate Governance?' (2016)
20091:, 'Volkswagen's Emissions Scandal: Lessons for Corporate Governance?' (2016)
17136:
15962:
15104:
14233:
14080:
12869:
12061:
11886:'s online content has user-regulated policies preventing uncontrolled use of
11516:
10743:
10389:
9833:
9241:
online media. It has limited involvement in the military and security, but a
9113:
8790:, Microsoft was fined €497 million for, among other things, refusing to give
8346:
7815:
7807:
7632:
7602:
7526:
6855:
6792:
6772:
6695:. This has been criticised for apparently being superior to the objective of
6619:
6588:
6399:
6360:
6340:
6061:
5743:
5721:
5705:
5410:
5379:
4985:
4977:
4954:
4939:
4881:
4815:
4810:
4783:
4546:
4502:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4474:
4363:
should not exclude casual workers from counting toward the right to set up a
3880:
3255:
attempting to enforce a national law that conflicts with a Directive. So, in
3224:
3143:
3133:
2871:
2756:
adopted a resolution to freeze the assets of suspected terrorists, linked to
2578:
1657:
1411:, and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to
987:
645:
629:
609:
429:
389:
284:
19569:
Electricity Directive 2019/944 art 35 and the Gas Directive 2009/73/EC art 9
19451:"Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy"
17922:
Federación Española de Empresas de Tecnología Sanitaria (FENIN) v Commission
10457:
10365:
8361:
for who is on the board of directors for investors of labour and capital. A
6675:
an objective, first by completing the internal market, second by creating a
6551:
as requiring wage suppression and growing inequality in its dealings on the
6143:
3327:
the Court of Justice held that a Spanish Court had to interpret its general
24234:
23583:
23333:
23301:
23256:
22994:
22989:
22960:
22873:
22851:
22819:
22752:
22732:
22626:
22566:
22556:
22508:
22466:
22444:
22387:
22289:
22249:
21758:
21141:
19619:
19513:
18769:
17419:
17152:
16389:
16169:
art 54 treats natural and legal persons in the same way under this chapter.
15111:(3rd edn 2005) ch 1, summarising and attempting to rebut various arguments.
14535:
14254:
14115:
13966:
12569:
12351:
11922:
11842:
11296:
10442:
9955:
9064:
7594:
7556:
6816:
6780:
6633:
6344:
6104:
5697:
5685:
5660:
5043:
4965:
4943:
4829:
4364:
4280:
4255:
4033:
3137:
2854:
2783:
2761:
2732:
2687:
2595:
2453:
2365:
are often followed in practice. In addition, each judge has secretaries or
2328:
had to conform with basic principles of EU law). Until 2016, there was the
2136:
710:
605:
555:
362:
354:
326:
228:
220:
204:
163:
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
131:
84:
65:
23609:
20432:, reporting speeds in Salisbury, North Carolina, of 10 Gigabits, or 10,000
20262:
e.g. 'Electric Dreams: Green Vehicles Cheaper Than Petrol' (29 June 2020)
18006:) which protects anyone, including self-employed, who works for a living.
16180:
ITWF and Finnish Seamen's Union v Viking Line ABP and OÜ Viking Line Eesti
9578:, while a minority have more costly private provision with worse outcomes.
7104:
6290:
Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid
5676:
4828:
French farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of Spanish
4287:
3985:
3884:
not could be relied upon as evidence in a final decision. By contrast, in
24165:
24058:
23505:
23446:
23436:
23233:
23228:
23066:
22967:
22883:
22842:
22809:
22774:
22697:
22621:
22571:
22486:
22314:
20502:
20026:
18850:
18749:
18724:
18608:
EU Higher Education Law. The Bologna Process and Harmonization by Stealth
18537:
18489:
17673:
17173:
Beyond Employment: Changes in Work and the Future of Labour Law in Europe
17164:
13920:
13823:
13819:
13815:
12835:
12503:
12443:
11487:, as much as the right against 'arbitrary or unlawful interference with
10799:
9699:
9463:
9327:
9056:
8836:
OS sales, which had the effect of damaging competitor businesses such as
8416:
8378:
8333:
8231:
7234:
7132:
6615:
6603:, Annex I, 13 categories of capital which must move free are covered. In
6527:
6333:
6320:
6085:
5928:
5701:
5681:
5473:
4556:
4457:, free movement and trade were central to European development since the
4429:
4250:
3538:
3495:
3491:
3343:
2694:
2683:
2147:
1408:
1210:
784:
was proposed. This proposed "constitution" was largely symbolic, but was
721:
706:
692:
535:
433:
413:
401:
280:
240:
127:
61:
21190:
Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights
20766:
GDPR 2016 arts 12-16, including a right to have mistaken data rectified.
19703:
Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights
19268:
Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights
18858:
Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights
11531:
not until 2030, even though speeds 10 times this were available in 2015.
4501:. But in Europe those stages were mixed, and it is unclear whether the "
3563:
at any time. Some member states are more active than others in doing so.
696:). This revealed the depths of corruption and waste. In April 1989, the
25567:
25460:
25424:
24656:
24257:
23569:
23498:
23378:
23316:
23061:
22982:
22977:
22935:
22917:
22905:
22866:
22712:
22702:
22662:
22647:
22631:
22581:
22518:
22513:
22368:
20917:
20876:
20844:
20828:
20514:
20375:
20363:
20351:
20339:
20311:
20010:
19682:
19467:
19450:
19284:
19158:
19129:
18732:
18576:
17878:
Europemballage Corporation and Continental Can Company Inc v Commission
16997:
16752:
16744:
16578:
16326:
15919:
14068:
14000:
13856:
13295:
12692:
12676:
12449:
A lasting peace through the federation of Europe; and, The state of war
11682:
11668:
11535:
Since today's communications have mostly merged into the internet, the
11352:
11338:
11167:
11163:
11113:
11109:
10903:
10855:
10419:
10084:
10065:
10055:
9897:
The European Central Bank's 'primary objective... shall be to maintain
9854:
9477:
9347:
9282:
8858:
8837:
8444:
8206:
7601:
justifies substitution of rules in property and contract with positive
7143:
6881:
6076:
5036:", while allowing consumers access to goods from around the continent.
5002:
under wholesale price, was unlawful. The aim of the law was to prevent
4999:
4867:
in balancing the interests of free trade with interests in article 36.
4510:
4506:
4336:
4332:
4122:
3936:
3908:
3587:
3520:
3481:
3328:
3311:
3192:
2825:
2791:
2727:
2678:
2529:
2402:
2383:
2157:
1696:
1459:(the "Fiscal Compact") were adopted only for member states who had the
1424:
1420:
1272: 5 not in ERM II, but obliged to join the eurozone on meeting the
498:
470:
292:
288:
276:
146:
21256:
15080:
The Uniting of Europe: Political, social and economic forces 1950–1957
14534:, Mr Beavis received an £85 charge for parking too long in a carpark.
13944:
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission
10758:
distributes 'direct payments', which are 70.9% of the CAP budget. The
7859:
5996:
Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano
4870:
2893:
25124:
24204:
24135:
23476:
23441:
23383:
23358:
23223:
23120:
23108:
23093:
23081:
23009:
22927:
22900:
22784:
20990:
20978:
20963:
20872:
20840:
20824:
20371:
20367:
20347:
20343:
20022:
19848:
Rural Development Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013 arts 3, 7-9, 17 and 19
19807:
Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC and the Wild Birds Directive 2009/147/EC
19181:
19117:
18846:
18736:
18720:
18566:
18544:
18151:(1973) Case 6/72, , list in treaties 'not an exhaustive enumeration'.
17938:
17241:
17004:
15661:(This book is not listed on WorldCat, metadata is probably incorrect.
15632:
15350:
15083:
15056:
14832:
14241:
14179:
Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority
14152:
14096:
13836:
12873:
12549:
12516:
11883:
11823:
11678:
11664:
11606:
11348:
11334:
10893:
10495:
10051:
9946:
9936:
9695:
9657:
9473:
9459:
9320:
9185:
The EU's budget in 2022 was around €170bn. Of this, €54bn subsidised
9166:
9157:
creates a right to royalties for authors where works are resold. The
9084:
8505:
7719:
7128:
6370:
6006:
5364:
4918:
4819:
3955:
3876:
3713:
2672:
2517:
1625:
1029:
821:
701:
culminated in the fall of communism. In November 1989, protestors in
260:
256:
53:
25562:
25469:
23564:
20831:
art 11, 'The freedom and pluralism of the media shall be respected.'
20404:
R (Vodafone Ltd) v SS for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform
19538:(2001) C-379/98, , following the Opinion of Advocate General Jacobs.
17683:
17418:
art 11. This codified traditions in democratic member states before
16121:
15898:
Grzelczyk v Centre Public d'Aide Sociale d'Ottignes-Louvain-la-Neuve
14823:
For example, in this vast philosophical debate, see on the one hand
14805:) §42, which requires a probable infringement of a subjective right.
13430:
12970:
12714:(1961) ch 4, on the danger of a static system and "rules of change".
10013:
9421:
6099:
operating in Denmark could not be required to comply with Denmark's
5755:
Grzelczyk v Centre Public d'Aide Sociale d'Ottignes-Louvain-la-Neuve
3210:
are still thought not to create direct rights among private parties.
2265:, and has accelerated economic and political integration. Today the
764:(EEA), abiding by most EU law but without any voting rights. At the
24834:
24691:
24576:
23525:
23510:
23213:
23098:
22895:
22439:
21357:– online access to existing and proposed European Union legislation
21240:
20180:
20088:
17756:
17752:
17338:
17324:
17305:
17218:
17176:
17148:
16792:
16775:
15991:
14846:
14824:
14554:
14289:
14187:
13305:
12749:
12705:
12090:
11846:
11838:
11815:
11626:
11582:
9837:
8202:
7645:
6847:
6808:
6730:
6316:
6124:
6108:
6039:
infringement freedom of establishment that needed to be justified.
4860:
4837:
3974:
3247:
3243:
2795:
2298:, etc.). Member state courts can refer questions to the CJEU for a
2262:
1236:
1025:
837:
686:
346:
22265:
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd
20278:
arts 4 and 7. This followed the First Railway Directive 91/440/EC.
18056:
Javico International and Javico AG v Yves Saint Laurent Parfums SA
17657:
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd
16240:
Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd
15566:(1989) C-145/88, holding the UK Sunday trading laws in the former
15175:
13369:
e.g. M Banks, 'Sarkozy slated over Strasbourg seat' (24 May 2007)
12876:
12506:
at the Congress of the League of Peace and Freedom in Geneva 1867.
9849:, based in Frankfurt, controls monetary policy that underpins the
8736:
Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
8468:
was established in 2011, and consists of three main branches: the
7607:
Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers 1989
1664:
which won the most seats in Parliament, was proposed and elected.
24600:
23415:
23363:
23343:
23291:
23103:
23021:
22837:
22799:
22747:
22205:
22011:
Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources
21654:
19789:
Management and Financing Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 arts 91-101
17720:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003
17259:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003
15075:
14249:
14110:
13655:
12857:
12822:(1990). "Does the Court of Justice Have Inherent Jurisdiction?".
11819:
11811:
11597:
11125:
11097:, or clean shipping or air travel, even where technology exists.
10764:
9197:, €13bn on welfare, €20bn on foreign and defence policy, €2bn in
8833:
8771:
8543:
8539:
8409:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003
7662:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003
7310:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003
6366:
Liga Portuguesa de Futebol v Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa
5764:
the Court of Justice held that it was lawful to require a French
5435:
5383:
5348:
5322:
4859:. This means the rule must be pursue a legitimate aim and (1) be
4806:
4534:
4518:
4442:
3487:
3251:
2273:
that deals with cases that contain more public importance, and a
2269:(CJEU) is the main judicial body, within which there is a higher
1400:
1396:
776:
made voting weight more proportionate to population. Second, the
620:. Spain also applied and was rejected as it was still led by the
358:
49:
45:
22076:
Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions
21370:
21108:
18562:
18485:
14647:
P Laboratoires Pharmaceutiques Bergaderm and Goupil v Commission
11585:, and AirBnB, may count as ISSs, but the cab app Uber does not.
9343:
8832:
case, where Microsoft bundled a pre-installed media player into
4972:, caused uproar as it symbolised the EU becoming no more than a
3861:
Société anonyme Cimenteries CBR Cementsbedrijven NV v Commission
1695:. In 2012, it investigated the Maltese Commissioner for Health,
25389:
23942:
23515:
23368:
23113:
23004:
22999:
22945:
22616:
20653:/1535 Annex I lists those that are not, including TV and radio.
19422:
Le Page, Michael (21 September 2016). "The Great Carbon Scam".
18021:
Wouters v Algemene Raad van de Nederlandsche Orde van Advocaten
16771:
16109:
15620:
15337:
15026:
14278:
14136:
art 288 there is no reason why a Regulation cannot do the same.
12487:
12461:
12346:
Distinct from the idea of conquest or empire, examples include
12022:
art 218, advisory opinion procedure on international agreements
11834:
11520:
11150:
10323:
10315:
8815:
Under the third type of abuse, (c) unlawful discrimination, in
8746:
8323:
8223:" in standards, although the Court of Justice soon affirmed in
8109:
7613:. Initially the UK had opted-out, because of opposition by the
7503:
7035:
6812:
6726:
6687:. According to TFEU articles 119 and 127, the objective of the
6517:
6277:
5959:
5684:(1961–1989) symbolised a bordered globe, where citizens of the
5643:
5425:
5297:
4762:
4482:
4201:
3822:
3585:
is that a national court has no duty to refer if the law is an
3466:
3122:
2553:
2241:
1957:
1586:
1200:
702:
649:
559:
517:", though this did not mean the UK would sever its ties to the
454:
307:
guaranteed each principality the right to its chosen religion (
252:
191:
19961:
Drinking Water Quality Directive 2020/2184, arts 4-5 and Annex
19839:
Management and Financing Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 arts 4-5
19037:
See the Multilateral Financial Framework Regulation 2020/2093
18148:
Europemballage Corp. and Continental Can Co. Inc. v Commission
17704:
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 2010
15038:
14009:
13494:(in German). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. pp. 213–258.
4984:
In contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder
4383:
requires that judgments should be prospective, open and clear.
3637:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
2659:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
588:
of 6 member states, to a union of 28 member states in 2013. A
25336:
Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic
23456:
23400:
23306:
23147:
22950:
22449:
22280:
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA
21379:, 2014, by Marcus Klamert, Legal Officer, European Commission
21354:
16931:
16379:
16203:
13928:
13822:" may not be a perfect translation of the German concept of "
12219:
11601:
8847:
8761:
7822:
requires representation of workers on company boards in some
7276:
6923:
6583:
or financial assets, or government approval requirements for
6293:
a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a
6010:
4938:
Italian law required that cocoa products that included other
4350:
3970:
3262:
570:
200:
22031:
Directive on the enforcement of intellectual property rights
20505:
for average broadband and mobile internet speeds by country.
20253:
Bus Passenger Rights Regulation 2011 (EU) No 181/2011 art 2.
19491:
14282:(1990) C-262/88, AG van Gerven referred to the principle of
13718:
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
12269:
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
11853:
flooded social media with ads or bots to manipulate voters.
9627:
that it was not inhuman and degrading treatment contrary to
8750:
costs were found to be unfair. Unfair pricing also includes
7648:, most people in the EU work two-thirds of the year or less.
4994:
two importers claimed that their prosecution under a French
4917:
the Court of Justice found that a Belgian law requiring all
4533:
in the EU, while articles 45 to 66 require free movement of
3541:
tribunal could make a reference. By contrast, and oddly, in
3150:
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
2573:
Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing
950:(which are ministers from member state governments) and the
608:
of 1956, it sought to break down all barriers to trade in a
412:
face to face, reaching out for each other across the seas".
24581:
23338:
23286:
23142:
22540:
22456:
22146:
European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products
22036:
Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely
20555:
20433:
19883:"The prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation of Europe"
19747:
Management and Financing Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 art 4
19731:
19689:
19162:
19143:
18932:
18900:
17958:
17285:
17121:
17107:
16927:
16913:
16864:
16812:
16716:
16401:
16166:
15460:
15429:
15231:
15205:
15187:
15169:
14793:
Compare, for example, the German Constitutional Court Act (
14133:
14040:
13704:
13691:
13686:
13649:
13634:
13622:
13565:
13553:
13474:
13397:
13262:
13250:
13168:
13146:
13110:
13024:
13000:
12982:
12958:
12641:
12019:
11982:
11578:
11528:
11524:
11223:
11181:
11117:
10505:
10412:
10408:
10341:
10319:
10204:
10088:
10072:
9924:
9850:
9841:
9711:
9079:
9076:
Conseil Européen de la Construction d'Appareils Domestiques
9060:
8896:
8586:
8358:
8209:. The omission of minimum standards is important since the
8194:
8193:
to buy shares, nor rights of any party regarding claims by
8185:
to the company and its stakeholders, or the right to bring
7569:
7272:
6919:
6827:
6680:
6664:
6572:
6506:
6437:
6355:
6181:
5825:
5669:
5334:
5081:
4922:
4594:
4023:
3891:
with the law, under article 264, it will be declared void.
3751:
3511:
3381:
3186:
2979:
2832:
but is not part of the EU. All EU member states are in the
2620:
2604:
2352:
2215:
2205:
1715:
1566:
1532:
1460:
777:
424:, any European integration, and imposed punishing terms of
420:
failed to establish a workable international system in the
384:", "an everlasting peace in Europe", a project taken up by
264:
19756:
Direct Payments Regulation (EU) No 1307/2013 arts 9 and 33
19718:'Farmers and the agricultural labour force - statistics' (
17885:, . Also TEU art 3(3) states the EU's goals as "aiming at
17159:, agreements between equal parties and agreements between
17007:, 'Good Faith in European Contract Law' (1994) 14 OJLS 229
14572:
UKHL 37, 2 AC 52, per Lord Slynn on specific performance.
14319:
Pfeiffer v Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Kreisverband Waldshut eV
14151:
art 7. A contract of employment can also require more. cf
12416:
The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration
12350:
proposing a standing committee of princes in 1306, Quaker
9271:, are tuition free and funded through fair tax, after the
7705:
to be a general principle of EU law. Further to this, the
5420:
the Court of Justice accepted that a requirement to speak
4790:
article 34, 'Quantitative restrictions on imports and all
4437:
for trade exports, like those passing through its largest
4321:
uses the Charter to interpret all EU law. For example, in
3869:
and exposed them to a grave financial risk". Similarly in
3656:
referred a question for preliminary ruling on whether the
2633:
Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Simmenthal SpA
2008:
consensus of the council are required to legislate. This "
816:
on government debt. Eurozone governments and staff of the
788:. Most of its technical provisions were inserted into the
684:
announced policies of "transparency" and "restructuring" (
24759:
European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
22410:
20241:
Asociación Profesional Élite Taxi v Uber Systems Spain SL
19880:
17996:
16445:
Schwarz and Gootjes-Schwarz v Finanzamt Bergisch Gladbach
14310:(2010) C-555/07, IRLR 346. This revised the position in
12369:
11121:
10727:
9966:
8407:. A series of rights for ultimate investors exist in the
8357:
Among the most important governance standards are rights
8210:
7799:
Laval Un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareforbundet
7161:
7090:
6815:. Each field of law is vast, so EU law is designed to be
6758:
6047:
5338:
4801:
4298:
3560:
2047:
1453:
Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism 2012
1179:
Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism 2012
907:
19826:
Agricultural Unfair Trading Practices Directive 2019/633
19816:
Agricultural Products Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 art 8
12072:, proposed with Dimas to create criminal sentences for "
11261:
make reservations. Finally, in air transport, under the
10718:
Everyone has the right to food and water, and under the
10587:
Agricultural Unfair Trading Practices Directive 2019/633
9205:, €1.5bn in communications, and €13bn in administration.
9169:
attempts to harmonise standards around these norms. The
1058:
Treaty establishing the European Economic Community 1957
19660:
e.g. in the German state of North Rhine Westfalia, see
17971:
FNV Kunsten Informatie en Media v Staat der Nederlanden
15247:(1st edn 2006) 662, 'This is a ridiculously wide test.'
14715:
12961:
art 273, for a 'special agreement' of the parties, and
11596:
a well-known result is that websites must not install "
9828:
Banking, monetary and fiscal policy is overseen by the
8271:
Institutions for Occupational Retirement Directive 2003
6648:
proportion of a company in line with TFEU article 345.
5984:
As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally
4313:
Many of the most important rights were codified in the
2131:
To make new legislation, TFEU article 294 defines the "
938:
has the right to propose new laws, formally called the
852:, with no agreement after the 2017 election, until the
23749:
International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
22379:
21847:
European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances
21266:
The substantive law of the EU : the four freedoms
20730:
Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen v Planet49 GmbH
20706:
Asociación profesional Élite Taxi v Uber Systems Spain
15997:
Metock v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform
10299:, Book 6, section 162(2), interpreted in light of the
9635:
8478:
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority
8205:
bid, rules on mergers, and management of cross-border
7762:
Third, the EU is formally not enabled to legislate on
7742:
A majority of EU countries have legislation, such the
7160:
clauses in gas supply contracts enabling corporation,
7120:
was the first consumer protection measure. It creates
6741:. EU law harmonises a minimum floor of rights so that
4234:'s competence, and required the EU's accession to the
1457:
Treaty on Stability, Co-ordination and Governance 2012
1190:
Treaty on Stability, Co-ordination and Governance 2012
748:("Black Wednesday") where speculators bet against the
432:
was determined to create a lasting union to guarantee
279:
and fair dealing through their business. In 1517, the
243:, medieval trade flourished in organisations like the
25539:
14954:
R (Seymour-Smith) v Secretary of State for Employment
12432:
A Project for Settling an Everlasting Peace in Europe
11946:
9853:. Member states also have central banks (such as the
9095:
8282:
Undertakings for Collective Investment Directive 2009
6858:
them. While there have been academic proposals for a
6068:
In regard to companies, the Court of Justice held in
2648:
R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
2491:
R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
786:
rejected by referendums in France and the Netherlands
283:
triggered a hundred years of crisis and instability.
25292:
23807:
European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
22006:
Directive on the re-use of public sector information
21227:
Weiler, JHH (1991). "The Transformation of Europe".
19448:
18176:
Deutsche Post AG – Interception of cross-border mail
17392:
Health and Safety of Atypical Workers Directive 1991
17347:
Pfeiffer v Deutsches Kreuz, Kreisverband Waldshut eV
17033:
See further, for the history behind the parallel in
11861:
General standards for broadcasting are found in the
11594:
Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive 2002
10779:
Agricultural Unfair Trading Practices Directive 2019
9992:
Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism
9793:
Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism
4329:
Equal Treatment in Goods and Services Directive 2004
2828:, Europe's highest human rights authority, uses the
2395:, even if the final balance of power is unresolved.
1514:
436:
through economic, social and political integration.
154:
Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union
23839:
European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–
23754:
European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)
22166:
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
20888:
A Nix, 'The Power of Big Data and Psychographics' (
18120:
Compagnie Maritime Belge Transports SA v Commission
17818:
respectively arts 22–23, 13 and Annex II, 14 and 30
17668:
17666:
15157:
Hünermund v Landesapothekerkammer Baden-Württemberg
15062:
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
9889:" and full employment, but it has not yet used its
8441:
Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive 2011
8304:
Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive 2011
5749:
Trojani v Centre public d'aide sociale de Bruxelles
5285:
Vander Elst v Office des Migrations Internationales
4549:, fair competition, and environmental improvement.
4402:
Professional privilege between lawyers and clients.
4369:
Information and Consultation of Employees Directive
4315:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
4217:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
3856:
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
3667:is a general principle of EU law, enshrined in the
1654:
High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy
1391:, and the courts and Parliaments of member states.
23830:European Financial Stability Facility (2010–
22300:Peter Paul and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland
21996:Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
21066:Charter, David (2007). "A new legal environment".
21059:
18640:
11787:Decision, Facebook, Inc (6 February 2019) B6-22/16
11527:internet speed to all households in 2025, and 1000
11374:Electronic Communications Code Directive 2018/1972
11176:held that the German Volkswagen Act 1959 violated
11047:Rail Passenger Rights Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007
10576:Agricultural Products Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013
10453:
6862:, and projects to frame non-binding principles of
6071:R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v HM Treasury
5817:
2836:, and the EU treaties require it to join, but the
2387:) and draft the judgment (probably with help from
2332:, which dealt with EU institutions' staff issues.
2053:Parti écologiste "Les Verts" v European Parliament
1710:has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of
1309: 4 using the euro with a monetary agreement (
894:, elected by EU citizens, makes new laws with the
21109:"EU court delivers blow on environment sanctions"
19478:20.500.11755/3e9ea771-9762-42d6-b1db-6f63ba2b6e5c
19209:arts 3, 7, Annexes I and V (32% renewable target)
18501:Higher Education (Higher Amount) Regulations 2010
18050:Societe Technique Miniere v Maschinenbau Ulm GmbH
16944:
16942:
11588:The main rights to data privacy are found in the
10966:Asociación Profesional Élite Taxi v Uber Spain SL
9587:".) This is the system, for example, in Finland,
8578:
7140:Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 1993
7071:Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 1993
6944:Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 1993
4274:'s Conventions. The EU itself must accede to the
3939:importer was not individually concerned when the
3608:Three Rivers DC v Governor of the Bank of England
1691:responsibility'. This led to the creation of the
416:devastated Europe's society and economy, and the
25575:
22026:Directive on the energy performance of buildings
20626:McFadden v Sony Music Entertainment Germany GmbH
20576:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC, art 14
20453:2002/22/EC, Electronic Communications Directive
19651:Draft Energy Price Regulation COM/2022/473 final
18996:Capital Requirements Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
18499:ss 23-24 and 31-39 (tuition fees and plans) and
17663:
17225:Russell v Transocean International Resources Ltd
15980:First Annual Report on Migration and Integration
13079:(1992) C-54/90, ECR I-871, on immunity waivers.
12111: – Uniquely identifies national and EU laws
12105: – Identifier of court judgements in Europe
12055:toxic waste spill off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire
11519:networks, meaning much faster internet than old
11010:Bus Passenger Rights Regulation (EU) No 181/2011
10999:Heavy Vehicle Emission Regulation (EU) 2019/1242
10819:water resources, in nature or for drinking, the
10789:European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development
9772:Capital Requirements Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
9150:Copyright and Information Society Directive 2001
8369:structures, although most EU member states have
6706:
6606:Baars v Inspecteur der Belastingen Particulieren
6459:Baars v Inspecteur der Belastingen Particulieren
5405:claimed that he should be able to transfer from
4880:, protests blocked trucks for goods through the
3962:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami v Parliament and Council
3223:requires that every worker has at least 4 weeks
2615:, and requested a reference be made to both the
25589:Court of Justice of the European Union case law
25203:Largest cities by population within city limits
22310:Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent und Markenamt
21143:EU External Relations Law: The Cases in Context
18597:(1992) vol 1, 'Universities in the Middle Ages'
18526:Higher Education Governance (Scotland) Act 2016
17866:GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited v Commission
17679:Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It
17425:Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch
17043:Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch
16732:Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the EC
16293:(2002) C-208/00, on Dutch minimum capital laws.
14157:The Economic Possibilities of our Grandchildren
13801:
13799:
13516:
13203:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
12575:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
12472:Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf
12295:and human rights principles for secession, see
11694:Audiovisual Media Services Directive 2010/13/EU
11263:Flight Compensation Regulation (EC) No 261/2004
11059:Flight Compensation Regulation (EC) No 261/2004
10657:Drinking Water Quality Directive (EU) 2020/2184
10411:claimed the feed-in tariff was state aid under
9601:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
9499:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
8826:imposing supplementary obligations include the
8429:Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004
8293:Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004
7644:requires 28 paid holidays a year. With two-day
7058:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
6844:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5990:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5838:R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v Treasury
4976:for endless competitive consumption, devoid of
4794:shall be prohibited between Member States'. In
4788:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
4527:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
3852:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
3672:Regulation, and must therefore pay damages. In
3559:, may refer questions of interpretation to the
1781:
1377:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
1218:
924:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
709:, which became a symbol of the collapse of the
596:In the West, the decision was made through the
321:, which brought peace according to a system of
295:declared a unilateral split from Rome with the
287:nailed a list of demands to the church door of
108:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
19405:
19403:
19082:Gross National Income Regulation (EU) 2019/516
19020:Gross National Income Regulation (EU) 2019/516
18470:"EUR-Lex - 02015L2436-20151223 - EN - EUR-Lex"
17749:EU Securities and Financial Markets Regulation
17545:Statute for a European Company Regulation 2001
17531:Statute for a European Company Regulation 2001
17145:Labour Law and Politics in the Weimar Republic
16939:
16302:The classic arguments are found in WZ Ripley,
14705:
14703:
14421:Grimaldi v Fonds des Maladies Professionnelles
11272:Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010
11034:R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v SS for Transport
10541:Rural Development Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013
10517:Management and Financing Reg (EU) No 1306/2013
9723:Gross National Income Regulation (EU) 2019/516
8508:was fined €497 million for tying sales of its
8174:Statute for a European Company Regulation 2001
6587:. By contrast, taxation of capital, including
6429:
6329:Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financiën
6217:Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financiën
6193:Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006
4904:Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol für Branntwein
3981:
3442:R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v SS for Transport
2505:R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v SS for Transport
2127:has previously refused to let it be shut down.
1991:has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the
1017:
313:). This unstable settlement unravelled in the
25278:
23812:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)
23767:European Economic Community (1958–1993)
23625:
22395:
22295:Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA
22121:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
21399:
21306:
21283:
20470:Electronic Communications Code Directive 2018
18961:Statute of the European Central Bank art 18.1
16964:(2000) C-240/98 to C-244/98 and ECR I-4941,
16747:, 'Too important for bankers' (11 June 2003)
16385:
16115:
15883:(1972) on the concept of a 'market citizen' (
15650:
15626:
15181:
15032:
14015:
13661:
13610:
13436:
13180:
13134:
12988:
12976:
12725:Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
12662:
12375:
11642:
11537:Electronic Communications Code Directive 2018
11312:
10941:Emission Performance Regulation (EC) 443/2009
10871:
10498:art 25. ICESCR 1966 art 11. CFREU 2000 art 37
10487:
10473:
10029:
9673:
9437:
9298:
8874:
8564:
8247:
7875:
7250:
6897:
6415:
6173:
6159:
5993:
5803:
5783:
5489:
5448:Weigel v Finanzlandesdirektion für Vorarlberg
5202:Weigel v Finanzlandesdirektion für Vorarlberg
5059:
4572:
4529:articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of
4001:
3729:
3359:
3302:held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a
3166:, a postal company, claimed that what is now
2909:
2418:
2173:
2026:, take place every five years, and votes for
1767:
1718:. It has a six-person board appointed by the
1500:
1354:
1003:
874:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
782:Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe
660:, while the UK confirmed its membership in a
23785:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)
22131:Directive on services in the internal market
22081:Directive on the legal protection of designs
21208:Tobler, Christa; Beglinger, Jacques (2020).
21074:
19298:Friends of the Earth v Royal Dutch Shell plc
19161:art 1(2) and ICESCR 1966 art 1(2). See also
18226:
18224:
16811:and Directives and Regulations issued under
15730:Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA
14457:See Court of Justice of the European Union,
13796:
12324:
12322:
12263:
12261:
12097:Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht
11326:
11022:Single European Railway Directive 2012/34/EU
10529:Direct Payments Regulation (EU) No 1307/2013
10292:Friends of the Earth v Royal Dutch Shell plc
10137:Friends of the Earth v Royal Dutch Shell plc
9858:
8781:Commercial Solvents Corporation v Commission
8658:Commercial Solvents Corporation v Commission
8349:casting votes on company shares bought with
7609:, introduced in the "social chapter" of the
7555:has been a gradual process. Originally, the
6540:
5866:Centros Ltd v Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen
5431:Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA
5170:Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA
5073:
4914:Walter Rau Lebensmittelwerke v De Smedt PVBA
3620:Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive
2778:: a fundamental human right. The opinion of
2030:(MEP) in member states must be organised by
1613:catalysts of many legislative initiatives".
914:Although the European Union does not have a
25326:Preamble of the French Constitution of 1946
23639:
22210:Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College
22061:Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
21980:Directive 2000/43/EC on Anti-discrimination
21955:Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)
20678:Glawischnig-Piesczek v Facebook Ireland Ltd
20228:Road Transport Regulation (EC) No. 561/2006
20197:Trans-European transport network Regulation
19400:
18952:Statute of the European Central Bank art 19
18453:Copyright and Information Society Directive
18091:Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. AG v Commission
17762:The Modern Corporation and Private Property
17246:Economic Possibilities of our Grandchildren
16780:Saving Capitalism: for the many not the few
16712:
16710:
14700:
14285:nemo auditur propriam turpitudinem allegans
13490:Kuhnert, Jan; Leps, Olof (1 January 2017).
13489:
13158:TEU art 14(2) and Council Decision 2002/772
11430:General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679
11157:applies to heavier vehicles, with looser CO
10979:Road Transport Regulation (EC) No. 561/2006
8997:O2 (Germany) GmbH & Co OHG v Commission
7855:
7804:Information and Consultation Directive 2002
7437:Information and Consultation Directive 2002
5557:Baumbast and R v SS for the Home Department
4727:Deutscher Apothekerverband v 0800 DocMorris
4342:Deutsches Weintor eG v Land Rheinland-Pfalz
4155:Deutsches Weintor eG v Land Rheinland-Pfalz
4015:
3147:
2123:, has been criticised for its expense. The
268:
149:has original text related to this article:
25285:
25271:
24486:Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
23632:
23618:
22402:
22388:
22086:Markets in Financial Instruments Directive
21406:
21392:
20585:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000, art 15
20154:Vehicle Emissions Regulation (EC) 715/2007
19632:Foster v British Gas plc (1990) C-188/89,
19197:Climate Neutral Communication COM/2020/562
18516:, arts L712-1 to 7 (governing bodies) and
17684:16(1) Journal of Corporate Law Studies 221
17643:Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen
16961:Océano Grupo Editorial and Salvat Editores
15101:International Economics: Theory and Policy
13578:Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice
12905:
12291:. On the most sophisticated discussion of
12070:Justice, Freedom and Security Commissioner
11649:
11635:
11319:
11305:
11278:
11247:until 2035, or 2030 in some member states.
11091:ban sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles
10878:
10864:
10841:
10480:
10466:
10036:
10022:
9905:and price stability, a highly competitive
9680:
9666:
9444:
9430:
9305:
9291:
8881:
8867:
8571:
8557:
8345:, to prevent asset managers or banks like
8261:
8254:
8240:
8072:Transparency of Listed Companies Directive
7882:
7868:
7581:has been acutely controversial during the
7264:
7257:
7243:
7075:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005
7015:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005
6904:
6890:
6422:
6408:
6354:a "laserdrome" business was banned by the
6166:
6152:
6092:Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen
5852:Gebhard v Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano
5810:
5796:
5503:
5496:
5482:
5066:
5052:
4752:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005
4586:
4579:
4565:
4453:" concept was only put into EU law by the
4406:
4309:, in support of good consumer information.
4268:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
4008:
3994:
3736:
3722:
3373:
3366:
3352:
3339:
2916:
2902:
2852:have a general legal right or "standing" (
2425:
2411:
2358:Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice
2231:Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice
2180:
2166:
1945:Hauptzollamt Bremerhaven v Massey-Ferguson
1774:
1760:
1507:
1493:
1361:
1347:
1010:
996:
95:, the EU represents "a new legal order of
75:is a system of rules operating within the
21314:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
21291:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
21268:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
21172:(7th ed.). Oxford University Press.
21140:Butler, Graham; Wessel, Ramses A (2022).
20952:Audiovisual Media Services Directive 2010
20931:Audiovisual Media Services Directive 2010
20325:Energy Performance of Buildings Directive
19476:
19466:
19379:arts 2 and 4, duty to protect birds, and
19207:Renewable Energy Directive (EU) 2018/2001
18221:
16290:Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH
15952:
15582:Vereinigte Familiapresse v Heinrich Bauer
15409:Vereinigte Familiapresse v Heinrich Bauer
12923:
12319:
12258:
12231:See TEU arts 3(3) 'It shall work for the
12133:List of European Court of Justice rulings
11863:Audiovisual Media Services Directive 2010
10915:Renewable Energy Directive (EU) 2018/2001
10754:The CAP has three main parts. First, the
10710:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
10170:Renewable Energy Directive (EU) 2018/2001
10009:
9193:, building and the environment, €16bn on
9030:GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited v Comm
9013:T-Mobile BV v Nederlandse Mededingingsaut
8470:European Securities and Markets Authority
7665:money. Reflecting basic standards in the
7060:article 169 enables the EU to follow the
6745:can fully participate in social progress.
6315:held that the Netherlands' regulation of
6130:Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH
6123:in legal standards, like the US state of
5880:Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH
5321:originally focused upon free movement of
4331:article 5(2), which purported to allow a
1839:Parti écologiste “Les Verts” v Parliament
1466:
27:System of rules within the European Union
24940:European Structural and Investment Funds
24862:European System of Financial Supervision
23727:Western European Union (1954–2011)
23547:History of the American legal profession
22066:Internal Market in Electricity Directive
22051:European units of measurement directives
21940:Copyright Duration Directive (93/98/EEC)
21810:Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1170/2011
21100:
19662:Gemeindeordnung Nordrhein-Westfalen 1994
19301:(26 May 2021) C/09/571932 / HA ZA 19-379
18984:Credit Institutions Directive 2013/36/EU
18891:European Central Bank Statute arts 10-11
18388:The European Civil Code: The Way Forward
17377:Safety and Health at Work Directive 1989
16707:
16103:Asscher v Staatssecretaris van Financiën
15719:Member States with the biggest inflows'.
15099:See generally P Krugman and M Obstfeld,
14602:R (Factortame) v SS for Transport (No 3)
12675:
12283:
12281:
11828:
11706:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC
11553:
11506:
11406:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC
11234:
11191:
11099:
10927:Vehicle Emissions Regulation 715/2007/EC
10885:
10793:
10733:
10598:Food Safety Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002
10418:
10364:
10275:
9960:
9876:
9760:Credit Institutions Directive 2013/36/EU
9565:
9312:
9267:Most European universities, such as the
9262:
9180:
8888:
8796:
8493:
8466:European System of Financial Supervision
8353:, and to empower the ultimate investors.
8332:
7840:Transfers of Undertakings Directive 2001
7737:
7688:Safety and Health at Work Directive 1989
7631:
7475:Transfers of Undertakings Directive 2001
7339:Safety and Health at Work Directive 1989
7103:
6911:
6720:
6526:
6041:
5715:
5675:
5595:Grzelczyk v Centre Public d’Aide Sociale
5363:
5344:Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
5123:Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
4959:
4869:
4428:
4324:Test-Achats ASBL v Conseil des ministres
4286:
4213:General principles of European Union law
4138:Test-Achats ASBL v Conseil des ministres
3925:Municipality of Differdange v Commission
3893:
3550:
3191:
2815:
2693:
2432:
2334:
2187:
2102:
2064:
1966:
1615:
1209:
885:
736:", and expanded its powers to include a
715:
579:
438:
190:
31:
25341:Principles having constitutional status
22230:Chacón Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA
21424:Judiciary and law of the European Union
21371:Evolution of European Union legislation
21328:
21263:
21080:
21065:
20203:and European Court of Auditors Report (
19421:
18681:France Education Code, arts L712-1 to 7
18672:(2005) C-209/03, under TFEU arts 18-21.
18114:Società Italiana Vetro SpA v Commission
16127:
15852:
15638:
15435:
15193:
15044:
14721:
14614:(1996) C-46/93 and C-48/93, ECR I-1029
14605:(1996) C-46/93 and C-48/93, ECR I-1029
13985:Marshall v Southampton Health Authority
13214:TEU art 14(2) reduced from 765 in 2013.
12467:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
12026:
11590:General Data Protection Regulation 2016
11560:General Data Protection Regulation 2016
11551:) tend to have the fastest web speeds.
11523:cables. The EU's pledge is at least 100
11395:Information Society Directive 2015/1535
10720:Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU
9248:
8546:or collusive practices, and state aid.
7889:
6671:in 1988, the Treaty of Maastricht made
6667:article 63). Following a Report of the
6628:the Commission claimed the 1960 German
3875:the Commission demanded information on
3557:Federal Administrative Court of Germany
3537:also held that a mining worker pension
3282:Employment Equality Framework Directive
3154:it was held that the provisions of the
3015:Marshall v Southampton Health Authority
2923:
2581:legal systems. This has meant both the
1640:The commission's President (as of 2021
1299:
803:, European banks that were invested in
554:to interpret the law. In the East, the
521:. In 1950, the French Foreign Minister
118:has the right to propose new laws (the
14:
25576:
24404:European Economic and Social Committee
24213:Court of Justice of the European Union
23737:European Communities (1967–2009)
21945:Copyright Term Directive (2006/116/EC)
21852:Commission Regulation (EC) No 474/2006
21805:Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2257/94
21438:Court of Justice of the European Union
21106:
21070:. People Power Process. pp. 23–5.
20615:UKSC 28, referring to 'mere conduits'
20217:Driving Licenses Directive 2006/126/EC
20067:. The previous target was 15% by 2020.
19366:Environmental Liability Directive 2004
19008:Deposit Guarantee Directive 2014/49/EU
17860:Konkurrensverket v TeliaSonera Sverige
17364:Boyle v Equal Opportunities Commission
16680:on golden shares in KPN NV and TPG NV.
15976:5th Report on Citizenship of the Union
15934:
14908:
14906:
13866:(22 October 1986) BVerfGE, 3 CMLR 225
13735:"EUR-Lex - 61964CJ0006 - EN - EUR-Lex"
13674:Ente nazionale per l'energia elettrica
12906:Lechner, Susanne; Ohr, Renate (2011).
12818:
12554:Speech to the French National Assembly
12522:The Economic Consequences of the Peace
12412:The Political Writings of William Penn
12078:intellectual property rights directive
11253:Single European Railway Directive 2012
11155:Heavy Vehicle Emission Regulation 2019
10989:Driving Licenses Directive 2006/126/EC
9783:Deposit Guarantee Directive 2014/49/EU
9687:
9614:R (Watts) v Bedford Primary Care Trust
9511:R (Watts) v Bedford Primary Care Trust
8764:, so limiting public use. In 2022, in
8172:, abbreviated to "SE") created by the
8048:Draft Fourteenth Company Law Directive
7836:Collective Redundancies Directive 1998
7485:Collective Redundancies Directive 1998
6877:
6870:, harmonisation has only occurred for
6838:article 3(3) of a "highly competitive
6312:Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht
6266:Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht
5893:Kamer van Koophandel v Inspire Art Ltd
5455:Hendrix v Employee Insurance Institute
5218:Hendrix v Employee Insurance Institute
5139:Trojani v Centre public d’aide sociale
4359:a French trade union claimed that the
4064:Carpenter v SS for the Home Department
3743:
3258:CIA Security v Signalson and Securitel
3099:Unilever Italia SpA v Central Food SpA
3039:CIA Security v Signalson and Securitel
2844:While constitutional law concerns the
2798:among the senior courts in the Union.
2267:Court of Justice of the European Union
2253:Court of Justice of the European Union
25372:Treaties and international agreements
25266:
25041:Stabilisation and Association Process
24738:Area of freedom, security and justice
23613:
22383:
22161:Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
22151:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
21867:Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation
21785:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1348/2000
21780:Council Regulation (EC) No. 1206/2001
21387:
19768:Wachauf v Federal Republic of Germany
19449:Norton, Michael; et al. (2019).
18795:Patients' Rights Directive 2011/24/EU
18594:A History of the University in Europe
17829:"EUR-Lex - 32009L0138 - EN - EUR-Lex"
17617:Thirteenth Company Law Directive 2004
15613:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
15109:The Regulation of International Trade
14975:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
14459:Annual Report 2015: Judicial Activity
14402:Von Colson v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen
14276:(1979) Case 148/78, . See further in
14186:, ECR 723, following the Opinion of
13729:
13727:
13427:Protocol No 1 to the Treaty of Lisbon
13201:TEU art 14(3) and Decision 2002/772.
12912:European Journal of Law and Economics
12754:Constitutional and Administrative Law
12631:) on the campaign rules for the poll.
12492:Opening Address to the Peace Congress
12387:
12278:
12093: – EU laws on medicinal products
12043:Area of freedom, security and justice
12033:Area of freedom, security and justice
11630:
11300:
11258:Rail Passenger Rights Regulation 2007
11080:compared to the urgency of reversing
10859:
10825:Drinking Water Quality Directive 2020
10777:, which is usually supermarkets. The
10770:Agricultural Products Regulation 2013
10714:Water supply and sanitation in the EU
10646:Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
10552:Wachauf v Federal Republic of Germany
10461:
10043:
10017:
10000:Gross National Income Regulation 2019
9661:
9522:Patients' Rights Directive 2011/24/EU
9451:
9425:
9286:
8982:Arzneimittel-Importeure eV v Bayer AG
8862:
8552:
8235:
7863:
7812:European Works Council Directive 2009
7702:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
7667:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7654:Employment Information Directive 1991
7447:European Works Council Directive 2009
7291:Employment Information Directive 1991
7238:
7200:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
6885:
6403:
6396:Economic and Monetary Union of the EU
6301:Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds
6242:Omega GmbH v Oberbürgermeisterin Bonn
6230:Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds
6147:
6095:the Court of Justice found that a UK
5791:
5477:
5398:Belgian Football Association v Bosman
5154:Belgian Football Association v Bosman
5047:
5022:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
4893:or "overriding" requirements such as
4654:Rau Lebensmittelwerke v De Smedt PVBA
4560:
4517:in an expanding market, particularly
4467:North American Free Trade Association
3989:
3907:. Being adversely affected by rising
3717:
3510:" on EU law's proper interpretation.
3494:(remedying loss or stripping gains),
3347:
3269:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
3063:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
2969:Von Colson v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen
2897:
2801:
2406:
2330:European Union Civil Service Tribunal
2161:
1755:
1488:
1331: 2 using the euro unilaterally (
991:
859:
370:Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre
247:, stretching from English towns like
25036:European Union Association Agreement
23772:European Community (1993–2009)
22351:Accountability in the European Union
20105:Emission Performance Regulation 2019
19950:Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC
19923:Land Use and Forestry Directive 2018
19881:Kaplan, Jed O.; et al. (2009).
19335:Judgment (20 December 2019) 19/00135
18754:Social insurance and allied services
18669:R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing
17963:Transfers of Understakings Directive
17631:Insolvency Regulation (EC) 1346/2000
17018:Banco Español de Crédito SA v Camino
16951:Banco Español de Crédito SA v Camino
16598:"EUR-Lex - 12008E063 - EN - EUR-Lex"
15672:Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg
13418:TEU art 20 and TFEU arts 326 and 334
12011:European Union free trade agreements
11867:Digital Services Act Regulation 2022
11656:
11612:
11363:Postal Services Directive 1997/67/EC
11229:Bus Passenger Rights Regulation 2011
11134:Emission Performance Regulation 2019
10812:Land Use and Forestry Directive 2018
10756:European Agricultural Guarantee Fund
10636:Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC
9942:Capital Requirements Regulation 2013
9734:Statute of the European Central Bank
9415:R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing
9176:
8967:Commission v Anic Partecipazioni SpA
8910:Consten SaRL and Grundig GmbH v Comm
8431:applies to other businesses selling
7844:Insolvency Protection Directive 2008
7810:with a range of binding rights, the
7715:Temporary Agency Work Directive 2008
7494:Insolvency Protection Directive 2008
7376:Temporary Agency Work Directive 2008
7174:Aziz v Caixa d'Estalvis de Catalunya
6991:Aziz v Caixa d´Estalvis de Catalunya
6955:Banco Español de Crédito SA v Camino
6691:and other central banks ought to be
5761:R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing
5608:R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing
5441:Finanzamt Köln Altstadt v Schumacker
5186:Finanzamt Köln Altstadt v Schumacker
5107:Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg
4955:access of that product to the market
4642:Rewe-Zentral AG v BMV für Branntwein
4356:AMS v Union locale des syndicats CGT
3973:wished to challenge a Regulation on
3850:of the acts of the EU itself. Under
2072:are represented by Ministers in the
1736:European Union legislative procedure
1577:Statute of the European Central Bank
1262: 1 in ERM II, with an opt-out (
25385:European Convention on Human Rights
24365:European Data Protection Supervisor
23667:Ideas of European unity before 1948
22136:Temporary and Agency Work Directive
21623:Commission and Council acting alone
20417:Net Neutrality Regulation 2015/2120
18035:Meca Medina and Majcen v Commission
17559:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
17056:RWE AG v Verbraucherzentrale NRW eV
15747:Free Movement of Workers Regulation
14933:Regulation No 1924/2006 art 2(2)(5)
14903:
14550:Outright Monetary Transactions case
14342:Griffin v South West Water Services
13304:(ca 411 BC) Book 2, para 37, where
11907:Digital Markets Act Regulation 2022
11619:Media freedom in the European Union
11451:Roaming Regulation (EU) No 531/2012
11441:Net Neutrality Regulation 2015/2120
11106:Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe
10896:art 27 and ICESCR 1966 art 15(1)(b)
10798:Forests, like the Wörschachwald in
9636:Banking, monetary and fiscal policy
9229:Treaty on the Functioning of the EU
9121:Principles of European Contract Law
8178:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
7820:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
7752:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
7456:Employee Involvement Directive 2001
7157:RWE AG v Verbraucherzentrale NRW eV
6967:RWE AG v Verbraucherzentrale NRW eV
6254:Laval un Partneri Ltd v Svenska BAF
5392:Free Movement of Workers Regulation
5244:Free Movement of Citizens Directive
5094:Free Movement of Workers Regulation
5009:Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
4702:Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
4481:. This is meant to reduce consumer
4260:European Convention on Human Rights
4236:European Convention on Human Rights
4221:European Convention on Human Rights
4049:ERT AE v Pliroforissis and Kouvelas
3653:Outright Monetary Transactions case
3530:Vaassen v Beambtenfonds Mijnbedrijf
3455:Outright Monetary Transactions case
3393:Vaassen v Beambtenfonds Mijnbedrijf
3051:Pfeiffer v Deutsches Rotes Kreuz eV
2750:World Trade Center in New York City
2712:European Convention on Human Rights
2704:European Convention on Human Rights
2654:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
2593:. In the first major case in 1964,
2398:
491:European Convention on Human Rights
207:'s map shows Europe in 1644 as the
183:Ideas of European unity before 1945
102:The EU's legal foundations are the
87:for the purpose of cooperation and
77:member states of the European Union
24:
25407:parliamentary or governmental laws
25061:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
24801:Common Security and Defence Policy
24796:Common Foreign and Security Policy
21377:The Principle of Loyalty in EU Law
21170:EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials
20787:The Age of Surveillance Capitalism
20664:L'Oréal SA v eBay International AG
20651:Information Society Directive 2015
20639:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000
20595:Information Society Directive 2015
20274:Single European Railway Directive
19971:Bathing Waters Directive 2006/7/EC
19938:Timber Regulation (EU) No 995/2010
16509:Watts v Bedford Primary Care Trust
15088:The Theory of Economic Integration
14874:Internationale Handelsgesellschaft
13898:Common Foreign and Security Policy
13724:
13676:was privatised once again in 1999.
13280:(1980) Case 138/79, ECR 3333 and
13097:Committee of Independent Experts,
12625:European Union Referendum Act 2015
12117: – European Union law concept
12099:(European Journal of Business Law)
11971:Common Security and Defence Policy
11967:Common Foreign and Security Policy
11953:Common Foreign and Security Policy
11947:Foreign, security and trade policy
11943:codifies many of these standards.
11871:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000
11574:Information Society Directive 2015
11569:Electronic Commerce Directive 2000
11462:R (Vodafone Ltd) v SS for Business
11293:General Data Protection Regulation
11147:Vehicles Emissions Regulation 2007
11140:per kilometre, and 147 grams of CO
10668:Bathing Waters Directive 2006/7/EC
10608:Timber Regulation (EU) No 995/2010
9933:Credit Institutions Directive 2013
9393:International Bill of Human Rights
9243:Common Foreign and Security Policy
9106:European intellectual property law
9096:Commerce and intellectual property
8770:the General Court upheld a €4.125
8483:
7777:Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom
7413:Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom
5720:All EU citizens have the right to
5016:Konsumentombudsmannen v Gourmet AB
4778:Free movement of goods within the
4714:Konsumentombudsmannen v Gourmet AB
3709:
2933:Van Gend en Loos v Ned Belastingen
2466:Amm delle Finanze v Simmenthal SpA
2442:Van Gend en Loos v Ned Belastingen
2042:is currently the largest, and the
2028:Members of the European Parliament
1600:is the main executive body of the
644:, instead of making decisions by "
569:had denounced him in 1956, Soviet
493:, overseen by a new transnational
469:set up a new system of integrated
333:broke out and only ended with the
299:, and conflicts flared across the
25:
25600:
25346:Objective of constitutional value
24830:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
24427:European Union Military Committee
24399:European Committee of the Regions
22531:Restitution and unjust enrichment
22046:European SEA Directive 2001/42/EC
22041:Environmental liability directive
21348:
21107:Mahony, Honor (23 October 2007).
20612:Cartier International AG v BT plc
20288:Single European Railway Directive
17904:Höfner and Elser v Macrotron GmbH
17290:Holidays with Pay Convention 1970
17171:behind a veil of law'. A Supiot,
17163:, capitalist and worker. Through
16459:Wirth v Landeshauptstadt Hannover
16442:(1988) Case 263/86, but contrast
15935:Lashyn, Serhii (1 October 2021).
15293:PreussenElektra AG v Schleswag AG
13652:arts 256, 263, 265, 268, 270, 272
13137:, chs 2 and 5, 40–56 and 124–160.
12138:List of European Union directives
11818:or Instagram (owned by Meta), or
11418:Cartier International AG v BT plc
11241:no legislative end to gas heating
10404:PreussenElektra AG v Schleswag AG
10182:PreussenElektra AG v Schleswag AG
8535:International Swimming Federation
8415:does suggest that investors in a
8375:Shareholder Rights Directive 2007
8363:Draft Fifth Company Law Directive
8339:Shareholder Rights Directive 2007
7991:Draft Ninth Company Law Directive
7946:Draft Fifth Company Law Directive
7748:École normale supérieure in Paris
7728:Equality Framework Directive 2000
7385:Equality Framework Directive 2000
6137:Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt
6056:held that people can establish a
5905:Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt
5655:Citizenship of the European Union
4792:measures having equivalent effect
4505:" should be the same as a state.
4327:, the Court of Justice held that
4272:International Labour Organization
4094:P v S and Cornwall County Council
3935:the Court of Justice held that a
3799:Kanatami v Parliament and Council
870:United Kingdom constitutional law
532:European Coal and Steel Community
187:Enlargement of the European Union
81:European Coal and Steel Community
25561:
25549:
25529:General principles of French law
25354:
25321:Declaration of the Rights of Man
25294:Hierarchy of norms in French law
24806:Permanent Structured Cooperation
24422:Political and Security Committee
24309:European Atomic Energy Community
23578:
23577:
23563:
21960:Dangerous Preparations Directive
21885:Good Clinical Practice Directive
21416:
21041:
21029:
21017:
21005:
20996:
20984:
20972:
20957:
20945:
20936:
20924:
20892:) 2016 Concordia Annual Summit,
20882:
20866:
20850:
20834:
20818:
20805:
20793:
20778:
20769:
20760:
20748:
20736:
20722:
20712:
20698:
20684:
20670:
20656:
20644:
20632:
20618:
20604:
20588:
20579:
20570:
20561:
20549:
20539:
20522:
20508:
20495:
20486:
20477:
20463:
20457:and Universal Service Directive
20439:
20422:
20410:
20395:
20381:
20357:
20333:
20318:
20305:
20296:
20281:
20268:
20256:
20247:
20233:
20221:
20210:
20190:
20174:
20165:
20147:
20132:
20118:
20098:
20082:
20070:
20054:
20034:
20016:
20004:
19989:
19976:
19964:
19955:
19943:
19931:
19916:
19874:
19860:
19851:
19842:
19833:
19819:
19810:
19801:
19792:
19783:
19774:
19759:
19750:
19741:
19725:
19712:
19695:
19676:
19667:
19654:
19645:
19635:
19626:
19612:
19603:
19585:
19572:
19563:
19541:
19532:
19415:
19388:
19358:
19338:
19329:
19316:
19304:
19290:
19277:
19260:
19248:
19236:
19224:
19212:
19200:
19191:
19175:
19152:
19149:"improvement of the environment"
19137:
19123:
19111:
19091:
19075:
19057:
19043:
19031:
19012:
19001:
18989:
18977:
18964:
18955:
18946:
18926:
18910:
18894:
18885:
18876:
18867:
18840:
18826:
18815:
18802:
18788:
18775:
18742:
18714:
18701:
18684:
18675:
18661:
18633:
18613:
18600:
18585:
18553:
18531:
18512:For and example, see the French
18506:
18476:
18462:
18446:
18431:
18419:
18407:
18393:
18380:
18364:
18349:
18340:
18331:
18316:
18301:
18289:
18277:
18271:British Airways plc v Commission
18263:
18251:
18242:
18212:
18195:
18181:
18168:
18154:
18140:
18126:
18106:
18097:
18077:
18062:
18041:
18027:
18013:
17985:
17952:
17931:
17913:
17896:
17872:British Airways plc v Commission
17852:
17839:
17821:
17809:
17797:
17782:
17768:
17741:
17727:
17713:
17697:
17688:
17649:
17635:
17624:
17609:
17583:
17566:
17552:
17538:
17524:
17512:
17500:
17491:
17482:
17467:
17451:
17442:
17433:
17409:
17397:
17384:
17370:
17356:
17332:
17318:
17299:
17279:
17266:
17251:
17234:
17212:
17198:
17186:
17129:
17115:
17101:
17089:
17077:
17065:
17048:
17027:
17010:
16991:
16982:
16974:Product Liability Directive 1985
16967:
16921:
16907:
16893:British Airways plc v Commission
16884:
16857:
16831:
16818:
16801:
16797:23(4) Industrial Law Journal 289
16785:
16764:
16737:
16724:
16695:
16683:
16656:
16633:
16620:
16604:
16590:
16571:
16557:
16548:
16539:
16530:
16521:
16500:
16487:
16474:
16465:
16451:
16431:
16416:
16407:
16395:
16358:
16346:
16333:
16296:
16277:
16264:
16249:
16232:
16219:
16210:
16195:
16186:
16172:
16160:
16146:
16133:
16094:
16082:
16073:
16060:
16047:
16038:
16025:
16013:
15985:
15969:
15928:
15908:
15890:
15873:
15858:
15836:
15824:
15811:
15798:
15789:
15776:
15767:
15755:
15740:
15722:
15712:
15695:
15682:
15664:
15644:
15606:
15597:
15588:
15573:
15554:
15545:
15526:
15517:
15504:
15491:
15479:
15466:
15453:
15441:
15415:
15401:
15387:
15373:
15356:
15329:
15316:
15303:
15285:
15267:
15250:
15237:
15224:
15211:
15199:
15148:
15132:
15114:
15093:
15068:
15050:
15003:article 3(3), introduced by the
14994:
14981:
14960:
14945:
14936:
14927:
14918:
14894:
14880:
14866:
14817:
14808:
14787:
14775:
14762:
14749:
14740:
14727:
14691:
14678:
14665:
14653:
14639:
14630:
14617:
14608:
14588:
14575:
14560:
14542:
14525:
14516:
14504:
14491:
14482:
14468:
14451:
14439:
14427:
14412:
14393:
14381:
14366:
14334:
14325:
14304:
14295:
14270:
14261:
14258:(1994) Case C-91/92, ECR I-3325
14227:
14201:
14170:
14139:
14126:
14074:
14055:
14046:
14033:
14021:
13994:
13977:
13954:
13936:
13913:
13903:
13886:
13869:
13849:
13829:
13808:
13787:
13770:
13301:History of the Peloponnesian War
12659:Democratizing the European Union
12657:(1999), C Hoskyns and M Newman,
12354:proposing a Parliament in 1693,
12298:Reference Re Secession of Quebec
12123: – Risk management strategy
11845:campaigns in 2016 took personal
10448:OPEC deciding to restrict supply
10266:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
10087:art 1(2), ICESCR 1966 art 1(2),
9951:Deposit Guarantee Directive 2014
9223:Government procurement in the EU
9090:government procurement in the EU
8818:British Airways plc v Commission
8671:British Airways plc v Commission
8525:, and workers have structurally
7828:European Company Regulation 2001
7465:European Company Regulation 2001
7230:
7118:Product Liability Directive 1985
7067:Product Liability Directive 1985
6934:Product Liability Directive 1985
6677:European System of Central Banks
6539:and member state banks like the
6533:European System of Central Banks
5972:Internal Market (European Union)
5462:Geven v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen
5417:Groener v Minister for Education
5233:Geven v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen
4774:Internal Market (European Union)
4461:in 1957. The standard theory of
3601:, since Sweden's Supreme Court (
2889:
2812:United States administrative law
1714:for the purpose of managing the
1515:EU executive institution sources
902:. To address the EU's asserted "
882:United States constitutional law
756:, instead remaining part of the
742:European Exchange Rate Mechanism
614:European Atomic Energy Community
337:of 1688, by Parliament inviting
139:
79:(EU). Since the founding of the
25208:National parties by affiliation
25051:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
25031:Economic Partnership Agreements
23722:Western Union (1948–1954)
23542:History of the legal profession
22091:Measuring Instruments Directive
21920:Capital Requirements Directives
21835:Regulation on Community designs
20061:Renewable Energy Directive 2018
20041:Renewable Energy Directive 2018
19902:10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2009.09.028
19765:DPR 2013 arts 10 and Annex IV.
19410:Renewable Energy Directive 2018
19243:Hydrocarbons Directive 94/22/EC
19065:Pringle v Government of Ireland
18766:Health and Social Care Act 2012
18739:arts 2, 3 and 8 (right to life)
18038:(2006) C-519/04 P, ECR I-6991.
17575:BCE Inc v 1976 Debentureholders
16611:Capital Movement Directive 1988
16308:(Little, Brown & Co 1927),
15881:Europäisches Gemeinschaftsrecht
14795:Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz
14375:Paolo Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl
14345:IRLR 15. This was not true for
14006:, right to an effective remedy.
13767:(1978) Case 106/77, ECR 629, -
13761:
13752:
13710:
13697:
13679:
13667:
13642:
13628:
13616:
13599:
13571:
13559:
13543:
13534:
13525:
13483:
13463:
13442:
13421:
13412:
13403:
13391:
13382:
13363:
13348:
13338:
13329:
13320:
13311:
13289:
13268:
13256:
13244:
13227:
13217:
13208:
13195:
13186:
13174:
13161:
13152:
13140:
13116:
13104:
13091:
13082:
13076:Weddel & Co BV v Commission
13073:(1968) Case 5/68, ECR 395 and
13062:
13048:
13039:
13030:
13018:
13009:
12994:
12952:
12940:
12898:
12886:
12850:
12811:
12801:
12789:
12777:
12765:
12738:
12717:
12668:
12647:
12634:
12617:
12605:
12581:
12563:
12543:
12528:
12509:
12481:
12455:
12437:
12421:
12396:
12381:
12340:
12218:'The Union's aim is to promote
12129: – Potential EU patent law
12109:European Legislation Identifier
12007:European Commissioner for Trade
11717:Digital Services Act Regulation
11108:was merely 19% in 2021. In the
11086:Renewable Energy Directive 2018
10848:Transport in the European Union
10760:Direct Payments Regulation 2013
10454:Agriculture, forestry and water
10394:Renewable Energy Directive 2018
10101:Hydrocarbons Directive 94/22/EC
9920:Gauweiler v Deutscher Bundestag
9804:Pringle v Government of Ireland
9745:Gauweiler v Deutscher Bundestag
9605:Patients' Rights Directive 2011
9125:Principles of European Tort Law
8531:International Olympic Committee
8462:Capital Requirements Directives
8373:today with unified boards. The
7684:Pregnant Workers Directive 1992
7320:Pregnant Workers Directive 1992
6601:Capital Movement Directive 1988
6448:Capital Movement Directive 1988
6204:Säger v Dennemeyer & Co Ltd
6111:if the company failed and went
5313:Freedom of movement for workers
4998:, which prevented them selling
4980:and rights. It was not adopted.
4421:European Free Trade Association
3680:Insolvency Protection Directive
3555:Courts around the EU, like the
3324:Marleasing SA v La Comercial SA
3087:Marleasing SA v La Comercial SA
2619:and the Court of Justice under
2375:languages of the European Union
2057:Commission (as happened to the
1556:Weddel & Co BV v Commission
940:right of legislative initiative
836:were signed among the nineteen
349:to the throne, and passing the
195:The idea of European Union for
25213:Presidents of the institutions
25009:European Higher Education Area
24587:International status and usage
24381:Agencies of the European Union
24114:European political foundations
22305:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville
22016:End of Life Vehicles Directive
21608:Ordinary legislative procedure
21303:(later editions are available)
21280:(later editions are available)
21193:. Cambridge University Press.
20388:Postal Services Directive 1997
18922:2021–2022 global energy crisis
18572:Belgian Linguistic case (No 2)
18569:Protocol 1, article 2 and the
18203:France Telecom SA v Commission
17479:(2009) Application No 68959/01
17311:. In the UK, the implementing
16257:Employee Involvement Directive
15937:"The Aporia of EU Citizenship"
15651:Craig, P; de Burca, G (2003).
15140:Completing the Internal Market
14829:The Social Role of Private Law
14596:Brasserie du Pecheur v Germany
14240:(1993) C-271/91, ECR I-4367,
13863:Re Wünsche Handelsgesellschaft
13818:arts 20 and 79(3). Note that "
12494:(21 August 1849). Afterwards,
12307:
12251:'Pursuant to the principle of
12225:
12208:
12190:
12176:
12150:
11727:Digital Markets Act Regulation
11502:Net Neutrality Regulation 2015
11493:Postal Services Directive 1997
11205:Road Transport Regulation 2006
10821:Water Framework Directive 2000
10337:Urgenda v State of Netherlands
10247:Environmental policy of the EU
10149:Electricity Directive 2019/944
10124:Urgenda v State of Netherlands
9619:European Court of Human Rights
9609:European Health Insurance Card
9409:European Higher Education Area
9362:Belgian Linguistic case (No 2)
9211:Economics of the public sector
8698:France Telecom SA v Commission
8490:European Union competition law
8012:Eleventh Company Law Directive
7768:European Court of Human Rights
7732:Equal Treatment Directive 2006
7711:Fixed-term Work Directive 1999
7617:, but was acceded to when the
7551:agreement, the development of
7403:Equal Treatment Directive 2006
7367:Fixed-term Work Directive 1999
7184:Kušionová v SMART Capital a.s.
7079:Consumer Rights Directive 2011
7062:ordinary legislative procedure
7025:Consumer Rights Directive 2011
7003:Kušionová v SMART Capital a.s.
5818:Freedom of establishment cases
5694:Citizens Rights Directive 2004
5522:Citizens Rights Directive 2004
4797:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville
4606:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville
4249:not to have to go through the
3947:Unión de Pequeños Agricultores
3932:Plaumann & Co v Commission
3900:Plaumann & Co v Commission
3787:Unión de Pequeños Agricultores
3775:Plaumann & Co v Commission
3692:Brasserie du Pêcheur v Germany
2822:European Court of Human Rights
2766:UN Security Council resolution
2724:European Court of Human Rights
2393:European Court of Human Rights
2379:International Court of Justice
2133:ordinary legislative procedure
1729:
984:Treaties of the European Union
944:ordinary legislative procedure
267:. These traders developed the
203:goes back to the Middle Ages.
13:
1:
25004:European Common Aviation Area
24459:Charter of Fundamental Rights
24432:European Union Military Staff
24332:European University Institute
24121:Council of the European Union
22275:Microsoft Corp. v. Commission
22126:Satellite and Cable Directive
21990:Information Society Directive
21820:Regulation on roaming charges
21538:Charter of Fundamental Rights
21133:
20981:arts 35-36 (codes of conduct)
19436:10.1016/S0262-4079(16)31736-5
19355:(24 March 2021) 1 BvR 2656/18
18438:Copyright Term Directive 2006
18162:United Brands Co v Commission
17497:(2007) C-319/05, and C-319/06
17313:Working Time Regulations 1998
16044:(2004) C-456/02, ECR I-07573
15773:(1989) Case 379/87, ECR 3967
14267:(1979) Case 148/78, ECR 1629
13492:Neue Wohnungsgemeinnützigkeit
13283:European Parliament v Council
12613:European Communities Act 1972
12003:Common Commercial Policy (EU)
11998:European Neighbourhood Policy
11957:Common Commercial Policy (EU)
11719:2022/2065 arts 3-13, 35-6, 51
10830:Bathing Waters Directive 2006
9931:Beyond the central bank, the
9146:Copyright Term Directive 2006
8742:United Brands Co v Commission
8600:United Brands BV v Commission
8579:Monopoly, dominance and abuse
8425:financial crisis of 2007–2008
8024:Twelfth Company Law Directive
7967:Seventh Company Law Directive
7707:Part-time Work Directive 1997
7680:Parental Leave Directive 2010
7358:Part-time Work Directive 1997
7349:Posted Workers Directive 1996
7329:Parental Leave Directive 2010
7179:financial crisis of 2007–2008
7135:the risks of its activities.
6707:Social and market regulations
6351:Omega Spielhallen GmbH v Bonn
6009:, who had set up chambers in
5532:Metock v Minister for Justice
5401:, a Belgian footballer named
5269:Metock v Minister for Justice
4186:Kadi v Council and Commission
3919:Piraiki-Patraiki v Commission
3811:Piraiki-Patraiki v Commission
3669:Charter of Fundamental Rights
3643:European Communities Act 1972
2878:, and judged by standards of
2664:European Communities Act 1972
2652:Community law". In 2014, the
2565:Primacy of European Union law
2014:right to submit an initiative
1997:Council of the European Union
1744:Council of the European Union
1437:Council of the European Union
963:Council of the European Union
801:financial crisis of 2007–2008
542:) to represent the people, a
372:, who worked negotiating the
179:History of the European Union
124:Council of the European Union
25453:Executive branch regulations
24999:European Political Community
24845:European Banking Supervision
24337:European Stability Mechanism
22171:Waste Incineration Directive
22106:Pressure Equipment Directive
21935:Conditional Access Directive
21790:Customs Regulation 1383/2003
21727:Principle of legal certainty
21310:; de Búrca, Gráinne (2015).
21287:; de Búrca, Gráinne (2011).
21168:; de Búrca, Gráinne (2020).
20111:, previously 120 grams of CO
19412:art 2(a) and (e) and Annex V
19099:EU financial transaction tax
18920:and the Russia and OPEC led
18762:NHS Constitution for England
18729:European Social Charter 1961
18560:European Social Charter 1961
18483:European Social Charter 1961
18024:(2002) C-309/99, ECR I-1577
17708:Securities Exchange Act 1934
17476:Enerji Yapi-Yol Sen v Turkey
17294:European Social Charter 1961
17205:European Social Charter 1961
17181:The Law of the Labour Market
16536:(1995) C-384/93, ECR I-1141
16471:(2001) C-157/99, ECR I-5473
15916:Citizenship and Social Class
15603:(2001) C-405/98, ECR I-1795
14877:(1970) Case 11/70, ECR 1125
14860:Philosophical Investigations
14165:European Social Charter 1961
13088:(2006) C-432/04, ECR I-6387
12103:European Case Law Identifier
11285:Telecommunications in the EU
10617:Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
9979:budget of the European Union
9488:European Social Charter 1961
9341:European Social Charter 1961
9277:International Bill of Rights
8757:AstraZeneca plc v Commission
8630:AstraZeneca plc v Commission
8421:collective investment scheme
8085:Shareholder Rights Directive
7979:Eighth Company Law Directive
7934:Fourth Company Law Directive
7910:Second Company Law Directive
7724:Race Equality Directive 2000
7638:European Social Charter 1961
7394:Race Equality Directive 2000
6107:(around €27,000) to protect
4264:European Social Charter 1961
3702:Köbler v Republik Österreich
3665:right to an effective remedy
3306:claim against her employer,
2617:Italian Constitutional Court
2314:(establishing equality as a
2153:
2044:Party of European Socialists
1221:European Union member states
834:European Stability Mechanism
632:finally placed the ECSC and
575:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
465:was passed in 1945, and the
406:International Peace Congress
7:
25493:Circulars, directives, etc.
25331:Charter for the Environment
25071:Union for the Mediterranean
24850:Single Resolution Mechanism
24789:Vehicle registration plates
24743:Migration and asylum policy
24722:Potential superpower status
22156:Universal Service Directive
21992:(first Copyright directive)
21930:Computer Programs Directive
21910:Biocidal Products Directive
21795:Regulation (EC) No 261/2004
21366:Summaries of EU legislation
21333:. Oxford University Press.
21264:Barnard, Catherine (2013).
20813:Wikimedia Board of Trustees
20451:Universal Service Directive
19101:, and minor policies of an
18325:Tetra Laval BV v Commission
18189:AKZO Chemie BV v Commission
18134:Viho Europe BV v Commission
18085:AKZO Chemie BV v Commission
16840:Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee
16664:Commission v United Kingdom
16554:(2009) C‑42/07, ECR I-7633
16545:(2004) C-36/02, ECR I-9609
16311:Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee
16305:Main Street and Wall Street
16183:(2007) C-438/05, I-10779,
15844:Hartmann v Freistaat Bayern
15594:(1997) C-34/95, ECR I-3843
15523:(2009) C-110/05, ECR I-519
14957:UKHL 12 and (1999) C-167/97
14636:Case C-224/01, ECR I-10239
14627:to have believed otherwise.
14388:First Company Law Directive
14064:Commission v United Kingdom
14052:(1972) Case 39/72, ECR 101
13500:10.1007/978-3-658-17570-2_8
12866:French overseas departments
12756:(2012) ch 1 and W Bagehot,
12083:
11623:European Broadcasting Union
11385:Access Directive 2002/19/EC
10835:Commission v United Kingdom
10784:Food Safety Regulation 2002
10626:Birds Directive 2009/147/EC
10360:EU Emissions Trading System
10352:German Constitutional Court
10270:Hydrocarbons Directive 1994
10141:(2021) Hague District Court
10127:(20 December 2019) 19/00135
9840:and common currency of the
9407:led to the creation of the
9070:Parker ITR Srl v Commission
8829:Microsoft Corp v Commission
8787:Microsoft Corp v Commission
8683:Microsoft Corp v Commission
8615:AKZO Chemie BV v Commission
8501:Microsoft Corp v Commission
8199:piercing the corporate veil
8137:United States corporate law
8000:Tenth Company Law Directive
7955:Sixth Company Law Directive
7922:Third Company Law Directive
7898:First Company Law Directive
7675:Working Time Directive 2003
7642:Working Time Directive 2003
7549:European Economic Community
7300:Working Time Directive 2003
6874:and intellectual property.
6751:European Economic Community
6673:economic and monetary union
5469:
4927:would believe it was butter
4509:, without rights to ensure
4238:, overseen by the external
3982:Human rights and principles
3648:German Constitutional Court
3582:CILFIT v Ministry of Health
3417:CILFIT v Ministry of Health
3333:First Company Law Directive
3290:general principle of EU law
2668:German Constitutional Court
2607:, as a protest against the
2316:general principle of EU law
2032:proportional representation
1826:Front national v Parliament
1782:EU legislative body sources
1706:Beyond the commission, the
977:
844:government chose to hold a
698:People's Republic of Poland
602:European Economic Community
505:, who had been defeated as
275:, spreading basic norms of
10:
25605:
25307:Bloc de constitutionnalité
25014:EU/ESA Framework Agreement
24712:Differentiated integration
24278:European Court of Auditors
24109:European political parties
23209:International legal theory
22688:International slavery laws
22683:International human rights
22678:International criminal law
22346:European Anti-Fraud Office
21815:Customs Regulation 3295/94
21677:European Enforcement Order
21210:Essential EU Law in Charts
21146:. Oxford: Hart Publishing/
21081:Gargani, Giuseppe (2007).
20144:. Also art 11 derogations.
19890:Quaternary Science Reviews
19868:Cheminova A/S v Commission
19780:DPR 2013 arts 10-11 and 32
19506:10.1038/d41586-022-04133-1
19120:art 2. ICCPR 1966 art 6(1)
18522:Oxford University Act 1854
18416:(EC) 593/2008 arts 3 and 8
18400:Brussels I Regulation 2012
17459:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
17292:(no 132) and see also the
16192:(1974) Case 2/74, ECR 631
15954:10.1007/s10991-021-09279-y
15924:22 European Law Review 150
14891:(1974) Case 4/73, ECR 491
14803:Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung
14650:Case C-352/98, ECR I-5291
14399:(1990) C-106/89. See also
14331:(1990) C-188/89, ECR 1839
14288:, a civil law analogue of
13758:(1964) Case 6/64, ECR 585
12655:The Constitution of Europe
12030:
11950:
11921:case the Commission fined
11616:
11282:
10845:
10740:Common Agricultural Policy
10724:Common Agricultural Policy
10702:Common Agricultural Policy
10699:
10564:Cheminova A/S v Commission
10243:Renewable energy in the EU
10236:
10197:(1990) C-188/89, 2 AC 306
10173:arts 3, 7, Annexes I and V
10115:(2015) Case No. 2 O 285/15
9973:, pollution or ill health.
9646:European Banking Authority
9639:
9572:Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital
9252:
9208:
9163:European Patent Convention
9130:Brussels I Regulation 2012
9099:
8487:
8474:European Banking Authority
8458:Solvency II Directive 2009
8314:Solvency II Directive 2009
8122:
7783:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
7516:
7425:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
7216:Payment Services Directive
7045:
6842:". The EU is bound by the
6830:) in enterprise. Rules of
6739:social and economic rights
6710:
6430:Freedom of capital sources
6385:
6381:
5969:
5947:Demir and Baykara v Turkey
5784:Establishment and services
5713:wherever a citizen lives.
5652:
5310:
5039:
4771:
4410:
4210:
3872:Deutsche Post v Commission
3831:
3763:Deutsche Post v Commission
3475:
3239:Pubblico Ministero v Ratti
3131:
3003:Pubblico Ministero v Ratti
2805:
2562:
2341:Court of Justice of the EU
2257:European Court of Auditors
2250:
1733:
1701:Tobacco Products Directive
1693:European Anti-fraud Office
1683:Commission v Edith Cresson
1544:Commission v Edith Cresson
1470:
1018:EU Treaties and accessions
981:
863:
656:had rejected joining in a
642:Common Agricultural Policy
501:in 1950. Already in 1946,
176:
172:
44:, the EU is committed to "
25514:
25487:
25444:
25398:
25363:
25352:
25300:
25231:
25183:
25131:House of European History
25119:
25110:
24965:
24753:European Judicial Network
24730:
24644:
24635:
24623:Health expense per person
24552:
24543:
24444:
24412:
24389:
24373:
24350:
24297:
24270:Supreme audit institution
24268:
24233:
24203:
24146:
24057:
24048:
24039:
23964:
23955:
23913:
23855:
23820:
23797:
23780:
23762:
23744:
23735:
23712:
23705:
23657:
23648:
23557:
23534:
23424:
23262:Administration of justice
23247:
23156:
23047:
22926:
22828:
22549:
22417:
22359:
22333:
22194:
22181:Water Framework Directive
22176:Waste framework directive
22096:Medical Devices Directive
21925:Clinical Trials Directive
21905:Best available technology
21890:Data Protection Directive
21875:
21772:
21636:
21600:
21551:
21493:
21443:European Court of Justice
21430:
21002:(27 June 2017) Case 39740
19097:See the proposals for an
19084:arts 1-2. See previously
18497:Higher Education Act 2004
18218:(2012) C-457/10 P, and .
16815:arts 101–109 and 145–172.
16527:(2010) C‑137/09, I-13019
16386:Craig & de Búrca 2015
16116:Craig & de Búrca 2015
15627:Craig & de Búrca 2015
15536:, ECR I-519, . See also
15182:Craig & de Búrca 2015
15033:Craig & de Búrca 2015
14016:Craig & de Búrca 2015
13662:Craig & de Búrca 2015
13611:Craig & de Búrca 2015
13437:Craig & de Búrca 2015
13376:27 September 2007 at the
13181:Craig & de Búrca 2015
13135:Craig & de Búrca 2015
12989:Craig & de Búrca 2015
12977:Craig & de Búrca 2015
12925:10.1007/s10657-009-9139-1
12663:Craig & de Búrca 2011
12376:Craig & de Búrca 2011
12158:"Population on 1 January"
11792:
11782:
11777:(17 July 2019) Case 40462
11770:
11765:(14 July 2016) Case 40411
11758:
11753:(27 June 2017) Case 39740
11746:
11741:(18 July 2018) Case 40099
11734:
11724:
11714:
11702:
11690:
11676:
11662:
11470:
11458:
11448:
11438:
11426:
11414:
11402:
11392:
11382:
11370:
11360:
11346:
11332:
11197:High-speed rail in Europe
11066:
11055:
11043:
11029:
11018:
11006:
10995:
10986:
10975:
10961:
10949:
10937:
10923:
10911:
10901:
10891:
10852:High-speed rail in Europe
10687:
10675:
10665:
10653:
10643:
10633:
10623:
10614:
10605:
10594:
10583:
10572:
10560:
10548:
10537:
10525:
10513:
10503:
10493:
10488:EU food and water sources
10251:Climate change litigation
10224:
10212:
10202:
10190:
10178:
10166:
10156:
10146:
10132:
10120:
10108:
10098:
10082:
10063:
10049:
9859:
9832:, member states, and the
9815:
9800:
9789:
9780:
9768:
9756:
9741:
9731:
9719:
9709:
9693:
9553:
9541:
9529:
9519:
9507:
9495:
9485:
9471:
9457:
9370:
9358:
9338:
9318:
9042:
9025:
9008:
8993:
8978:
8963:
8951:
8936:
8921:
8906:
8894:
8721:
8709:
8694:
8679:
8667:
8653:
8638:
8626:
8611:
8596:
8584:
8523:labour is not a commodity
8320:
8311:
8300:
8289:
8278:
8267:
8106:
8094:
8082:
8068:
8056:
8045:
8033:
8021:
8009:
7997:
7988:
7976:
7964:
7952:
7943:
7931:
7919:
7907:
7895:
7818:transnationally, and the
7547:was central to the first
7500:
7491:
7482:
7471:
7462:
7453:
7444:
7433:
7421:
7409:
7400:
7391:
7382:
7373:
7364:
7355:
7346:
7335:
7326:
7317:
7306:
7297:
7288:
7270:
7208:Consumer Rights Directive
7031:
7022:
7011:
6999:
6987:
6975:
6963:
6951:
6940:
6931:
6917:
6821:laboratories of democracy
6733:, contract, competition,
6597:Financial transaction tax
6541:
6514:
6504:
6492:
6480:
6468:
6454:
6445:
6435:
6392:Single Euro Payments Area
6274:
6262:
6250:
6238:
6226:
6212:
6200:
6189:
6179:
6174:Freedom of services cases
5955:
5943:
5925:
5913:
5901:
5889:
5875:
5861:
5847:
5833:
5823:
5640:
5628:
5616:
5604:
5590:
5578:
5566:
5552:
5540:
5528:
5519:
5509:
5294:
5280:
5265:
5253:
5241:
5229:
5214:
5197:
5182:
5165:
5150:
5135:
5118:
5103:
5091:
5079:
4759:
4748:
4736:
4722:
4710:
4698:
4686:
4674:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4626:
4614:
4602:
4592:
4386:Decision-making must be "
4230:made rights underpin the
4198:
4182:
4167:
4150:
4133:
4120:
4105:
4090:
4075:
4060:
4045:
4031:
4021:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3749:
3515:includes bodies like the
3463:
3451:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3401:
3389:
3379:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3027:Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl
3023:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2583:European Court of Justice
2550:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2500:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2238:
2227:
2213:
2203:
2193:
1954:
1940:
1930:
1918:
1908:
1894:
1884:
1872:
1862:
1848:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1801:
1787:
1688:European Court of Justice
1583:
1574:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1439:, and the consent of the
1197:
1186:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1023:
971:European Court of Justice
850:Parliamentary sovereignty
650:May 1968 events in France
562:died in 1953 and the new
546:for the member states, a
378:War of Spanish Succession
319:Treaty of Westphalia 1648
310:cuius regio, eius religio
25366:Bloc de conventionnalité
24322:European Investment Fund
24317:European Investment Bank
23039:Basic structure doctrine
22889:Natural and legal rights
22770:Public international law
22101:Posted Workers Directive
21965:Data Retention Directive
21329:Hartley, Trevor (2014).
21187:McGaughey, Ewan (2022).
20745:recital 25 and arts 5-15
19230:RePowerEU Communication
19186:Wisconsin Law Review 121
19086:GDP Directive 89/130/EEC
18295:(2017) C-413/14, (2022)
18178:(25 July 2001) para 166.
16878:Exit, Voice, and Loyalty
16782:(2015) chs 2, 4–7 and 21
16673:Commission v Netherlands
16287:, ECR I-1459. See also
15703:Dano v Jobcenter Leipzig
15563:Torfaen BC v B&Q plc
15122:Defrenne v Sabena (No 2)
15001:Treaty on European Union
14248:, C-316/93, ECR I-763,
12881:Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
12824:Common Market Law Review
12759:The English Constitution
12598:27 February 2008 at the
12183:Treaty on European Union
12144:
12059:Environment Commissioner
12015:World Trade Organization
11961:World Trade Organization
11327:EU communication sources
11279:Communications and data
11178:free movement of capital
10842:Transport and buildings
10314:Mr Lliuya, who lives in
10282:greenhouse gas emissions
10262:greenhouse gas emissions
10255:Climate change in Europe
10194:Foster v British Gas plc
10159:Gas Directive 2009/73/EC
9971:greenhouse gas emissions
9654:European Investment Bank
8940:Suiker Unie v Commission
8725:European competition law
8527:unequal bargaining power
8392:2013 people's initiative
8162:". There is however, a "
8141:Like labour regulation,
7856:Companies and investment
7744:Codetermination Act 1976
7599:unequal bargaining power
7545:free movement of workers
7110:unequal bargaining power
6836:Treaty on European Union
6777:greater bargaining power
6701:Treaty on European Union
5777:Dano v Jobcenter Leipzig
5632:Dano v Jobcenter Leipzig
5074:Free movement of workers
4552:
4471:World Trade Organization
4417:World Trade Organization
4399:Right to a fair hearing.
3544:Miles v European Schools
3405:Miles v European Schools
3295:Foster v British Gas plc
3246:by the deadline, it was
3206:, and major exceptions,
3075:Foster v British Gas plc
2957:Defrenne v Sabena (No 2)
2716:Treaty on European Union
2283:Treaty on European Union
2036:single transferable vote
2001:Treaty on European Union
1606:Treaty on European Union
1373:Treaty on European Union
1095:Treaty of Amsterdam 1997
1077:Single European Act 1986
920:Treaty on European Union
854:2019 UK general election
797:subprime mortgage crisis
758:European Free Trade Area
732:renamed the EEC as the "
674:1986 Single European Act
586:Coal and Steel Community
584:The EU evolved from the
550:as the executive, and a
467:Bretton Woods Conference
361:from London who founded
104:Treaty on European Union
25026:European Peace Facility
24253:System of Central Banks
23219:Principle of typicality
22693:International trade law
22409:
22116:Resale Rights Directive
21722:Precautionary principle
21628:Commission acting alone
21312:The evolution of EU Law
21289:The evolution of EU Law
19984:Water Industry Act 1991
18386:See further H Collins,
18361:(1972) Cases 48–57/69,
16758:The Price of Inequality
16584:The Price of Inequality
15010:Deutsche Post v Sievers
14837:19 Tulane Law Review 32
14585:and C-9/90, ECR I-5357
13793:UKHL 7, (1990) C-213/89
12744:This is similar to the
12233:sustainable development
12121:Precautionary principle
12047:European Arrest Warrant
12037:European Arrest Warrant
11979:European Defence Agency
11876:flat Earth conspiracies
11497:Roaming Regulation 2022
11251:In rail transport, the
11245:end to polluting motors
11132:In road transport, the
11112:scandal, firms such as
10706:Common Fisheries Policy
10436:Netherlands v Essent NV
10416:expense of the state'.
10370:Deforestation in Europe
10239:Energy policy of the EU
9385:European Social Charter
9273:European Social Charter
9155:Resale Rights Directive
8843:Intel Corp v Commission
8804:Google LLC v Commission
8767:Google LLC v Commission
8713:Intel Corp v Commission
8642:Google LLC v Commission
8383:institutional investors
7746:or the statute for the
7539:United States labor law
7224:Late Payments Directive
7083:Consumer Bill of Rights
6717:Stakeholder (corporate)
6307:National Health Service
5739:Sala v Freistaat Bayern
5544:Sala v Freistaat Bayern
5257:Gravier v City of Liege
4407:Free movement and trade
4016:EU human rights sources
3952:Advocate General Jacobs
3615:ParkingEye Ltd v Beavis
3458:(2014) BVerfGE 134, 366
3340:References and remedies
2788:Supreme Court of Israel
2098:qualified majority vote
2040:European People's Party
1669:qualified majority vote
1662:European People's Party
1604:. Article 17(1) of the
830:European Fiscal Compact
515:United States of Europe
410:United States of Europe
25136:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
24982:European Economic Area
24840:European banking union
24717:Privileged partnership
24572:Government procurement
22320:Van Duyn v Home Office
22245:Coleman v Attridge Law
22186:Working Time Directive
21737:Principle of conferral
21613:Consultation procedure
21475:Relationship with ECHR
21465:Civil Service Tribunal
20528:This is the basis for
19578:Electricity Directive
19107:EU tax haven blacklist
18606:See further S Garben,
18308:Merger Regulation 2004
18088:(1991) C-62/86, . Cf.
15867:Van Duyn v Home Office
15243:See D Chalmers et al,
15007:. But see previously,
14357:NUT v St Mary's School
14146:Working Time Directive
12796:Vienna Convention 1969
11858:
11808:deliberative democracy
11563:
11532:
11433:arts 4(11), 5-8, 13-17
11248:
11200:
11129:
10816:Timber Regulation 2010
10803:
10751:
10429:
10377:
10286:
10010:Electricity and energy
9974:
9894:
9885:is meant to maintain "
9650:European banking union
9579:
9280:
9206:
9195:education and research
8853:Merger Regulation 2004
8812:
8745:held that, although a
8517:
8354:
8262:Investment law sources
8114:European corporate law
8059:Market Abuse Directive
7793:ITWF v Viking Line ABP
7772:freedom of association
7759:
7649:
7265:European labour rights
7113:
6753:originally focused on
6746:
6556:
6117:regulatory competition
6065:
5994:
5935:ITWF v Viking Line ABP
5729:
5689:
5504:Citizen rights sources
5387:
5004:cut throat competition
4981:
4889:
4877:Schmidberger v Austria
4852:freedom of association
4843:Schmidberger v Austria
4630:Schmidberger v Austria
4587:Free movement of goods
4531:free movement of goods
4446:
4413:European Single Market
4310:
3912:
3911:duties was not enough.
3594:Kenny Roland Lyckeskog
3564:
3429:Kenny Roland Lyckeskog
3374:Preliminary references
3221:Working Time Directive
3211:
3148:
2945:Van Duyn v Home Office
2841:
2742:United Nations Charter
2707:
2344:
2128:
2085:
2078:legislative procedures
1984:
1637:
1477:European Civil Service
1467:Executive institutions
1419:, non-discrimination,
1385:Vienna Convention 1969
1368:
1215:Eurozone participation
1158:Vienna Convention 1969
1086:Maastricht Treaty 1992
911:
878:Constitution of France
762:European Economic Area
725:
705:began taking down the
593:
463:United Nations Charter
458:
305:Peace of Augsburg 1555
281:Protestant Reformation
269:
216:
69:
42:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
25524:Sources of French law
25081:Free trade agreements
24923:Health Insurance Card
24857:Capital Markets Union
24707:Democratic legitimacy
24677:Optimum currency area
24498:Legislative procedure
24243:European Central Bank
23214:Principle of legality
22973:Delegated legislation
22673:Intellectual property
22364:European Union portal
22141:Trade Marks Directive
21712:Maximum harmonisation
21707:Minimum harmonisation
21692:Home state regulation
21212:. Budapest HVG-ORAC.
20354:arts 10-11 and 19(1).
19548:Electricity Directive
19022:arts 1-2. K Raworth,
18165:(1978) Case 27/76, –.
17793:conflicts of interest
16988:PLD 1985 arts 1 and 3
15870:Case 41/74, ECR 1337
15423:Dansk Supermarked A/S
15366:, ECR I-5659, . See
14757:C-50/00 P, AG Opinion
14569:Wilson v St Helens BC
14348:Doughty v Rolls-Royce
13317:TEU art 15(3) and (6)
13149:art 225(2) and 294(2)
12748:. See AW Bradley and
12729:referendums in France
12356:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
12237:social market economy
11975:European Defence Fund
11896:neutral point of view
11880:global warming denial
11832:
11814:(owned by Alphabet),
11557:
11510:
11485:freedom of expression
11355:arts 10-11 and 19(1).
11238:
11195:
11103:
10797:
10737:
10422:
10380:As clean energy from
10368:
10332:Higher Regional Court
10279:
9996:structural adjustment
9964:
9907:social market economy
9883:European Central Bank
9880:
9830:European Central Bank
9642:European Central Bank
9569:
9389:Universal Declaration
9266:
9233:European Central Bank
9215:US public service law
9189:, €42bn was spent on
9184:
9171:Trade Marks Directive
9159:Enforcement Directive
8955:Bayer AG v Commission
8800:
8497:
8437:conflicts of interest
8433:financial instruments
8401:conflicts of interest
8336:
7764:collective bargaining
7741:
7635:
7623:1997 general election
7591:collective bargaining
7575:European Central Bank
7107:
7099:less bargaining power
7048:European consumer law
6840:social market economy
6724:
6689:European Central Bank
6640:Commission v Portugal
6530:
6496:Commission v Portugal
6332:a business that sold
6101:minimum share capital
6045:
5986:lack bargaining power
5719:
5679:
5570:Chen v Home Secretary
5386:language certificate.
5367:
4968:' proposed "barcode"
4963:
4873:
4515:lack bargaining power
4463:comparative advantage
4455:2007 Treaty of Lisbon
4451:social market economy
4432:
4290:
4245:Stauder v City of Ulm
4228:Treaty of Lisbon 2007
3897:
3658:European Central Bank
3573:Civil Procedure Rules
3554:
3195:
2819:
2698:The EU complies with
2697:
2338:
2119:attend alongside the
2106:
2068:
1970:
1708:European Central Bank
1622:European Central Bank
1619:
1481:European Central Bank
1213:
1122:Treaties of Accession
1113:Treaty of Lisbon 2007
967:European Central Bank
916:codified constitution
889:
826:structural adjustment
818:European Central Bank
719:
638:Luxembourg compromise
624:. The same year, the
583:
573:crushed a democratic
487:Treaty of London 1949
442:
400:in the 19th century,
392:after him. After the
386:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
368:The French diplomat,
297:Act of Supremacy 1534
194:
40:. A recipient of the
35:
25316:Constitution of 1958
25302:Constitutional block
25193:Books on the subject
25056:EU Gateway Programme
25019:EU/ESA Space Council
24977:Neighbourhood Policy
24935:Regional development
24901:Environmental policy
24891:Educational policies
24818:Neighbourhood Policy
24662:Intergovernmentalism
24652:European integration
24567:Community preference
24518:Enhanced cooperation
24503:Citizens' Initiative
24342:Unified Patent Court
24193:Directorates-General
23984:Environmental issues
23432:Barristers' chambers
23374:Legal representation
23312:Justice of the peace
22658:Financial regulation
21662:Direct applicability
21650:Acquis communautaire
21592:Digital Services Act
21125:Commission v Council
20342:art 19(2). See also
19982:(1992) C-337/89, on
19593:Netherlands v Essent
18986:arts 8-18, 35, 88-96
18692:Higher Education Law
18627:Commission v Belgium
18621:Commission v Austria
18518:Higher Education Law
18495:. cf in the UK, the
18373:OJ L187/47, –. Also
18358:ICI Ltd v Commission
18071:Courage Ltd v Crehan
17734:UCITS Directive 2009
16642:Commission v Belgium
16512:(2006) C-372/04 and
15941:Liverpool Law Review
15641:, chs 8–9 and 12–13.
15258:Commission v Ireland
14972:(2005) C-144/04 and
13607:Statute of the Court
13593:21 July 2010 at the
13585:Statute of the Court
13550:Statute of the Court
13457:21 July 2010 at the
13449:Statute of the Court
13357:Commission v Council
12836:10.54648/cola1990043
12681:European Law Journal
12414:(2002) See D Urwin,
12027:Security and justice
11387:arts 3-6 and Annex I
11173:Commission v Germany
11104:The market share of
11095:rail electrification
10953:Commission v Germany
10886:EU transport sources
10660:arts 4-5 and Annex I
10301:Paris Agreement 2015
10216:Netherlands v Essent
9965:European nations by
9763:arts 8-18, 35, 88-96
9313:EU education sources
9269:University of Berlin
9259:Healthcare in Europe
9249:Education and health
8925:ICI Ltd v Commission
8889:Sources on collusion
8405:other people's money
8351:other people's money
8182:collective agreement
8143:European company law
8133:German corporate law
8125:European company law
8097:Merger Tax Directive
7695:was affirmed by the
7611:Treaty of Maastricht
7583:European debt crisis
7125:enterprise liability
6912:Consumer law sources
6685:European debt crisis
6625:Commission v Germany
6569:Treaty of Maastricht
6553:European debt crisis
6484:Commission v Germany
6472:Commission v Belgium
5976:European company law
5917:Commission v Germany
5771:Commission v Austria
5620:Commission v Austria
5582:Ruiz Zambrano v ONEM
5327:factor of production
4740:Commission v Germany
4441:, totals over €2840
4294:Deutsches Weintor eG
4171:Åklagaren v Fransson
4026:arts 19, 157 and 263
3879:given by Germany to
3500:specific performance
2884:specific performance
2746:September 11 attacks
2577:of member state and
2433:EU law primacy cases
2349:Statute of the Court
2220:Statute of the Court
2188:EU judiciary sources
2024:Parliament elections
1922:Germany v Commission
1876:Commission v Council
1642:Ursula von der Leyen
1634:European debt crisis
1632:for its role in the
1449:European debt crisis
1301:Non–EU member states
1274:convergence criteria
1039:Treaty of Paris 1951
810:European debt crisis
760:(EFTA) and thus the
746:1992 sterling crisis
730:Treaty of Maastricht
600:to launch the first
590:referendum in the UK
544:Council of Ministers
528:1951 Treaty of Paris
513:, had called for a "
455:international treaty
25489:Administrative acts
25218:Terrorist incidents
25046:Eastern Partnership
24987:EEA Joint Committee
24906:European Green Deal
24876:Agricultural policy
24682:Supranational union
24173:European Commission
24131:General Secretariat
24067:European Parliament
24022:Special territories
23822:Financial stability
23467:Election commission
23179:Expressive function
22708:Landlord–tenant law
22607:Consumer protection
22215:Apostolides v Orams
21950:Cosmetics Directive
21672:European labour law
21575:Framework Directive
21513:Single European Act
21485:European civil code
21087:European Parliament
21035:(20 December 2022)
20898:Cambridge Analytica
20445:See previously the
20201:COM(2021) 812 final
20161:transportpolicy.net
19352:Climate Change case
19232:COM(2022) 108 final
18918:1970s energy crisis
18768:ss 164-5, amending
18643:European Law Review
18575:(1968) 1 EHRR 252.
18248:(1974) Cases 6-7/73
18232:"CURIA - Documents"
18123:(2000) C-395/96, –.
17869:(2009) C-513/06, ;
17601:Chandler v Cape plc
17035:German contract law
16930:art 169(3) and the
16761:(2011) ch 9 and 349
16730:See Delors Report,
16678:AG Maduro's Opinion
16587:(2011) ch 9 and 349
16567:. 27 December 2006.
16367:National Grid Indus
16130:, chs 10–11 and 13.
16021:Communist Manifesto
15539:Mickelsson and Roos
15438:, pp. 172–173.
15395:Mickelsson and Roos
15370:articles 10 and 11.
15275:Commission v France
12253:sincere cooperation
11941:Digital Markets Act
11869:the rules from the
10532:arts 9-11 and 32-46
10520:arts 4-5 and 91-101
9401:Bologna Declaration
9255:Education in the EU
9083:TFEU art 107(1) no
8662:(1974) Cases 6-7/73
8396:Dodd-Frank Act 2010
7890:Company law sources
7832:board participation
7627:Treaty of Amsterdam
7566:international trade
7553:European labour law
7519:European labour law
7279:arts 12-15, 20-34,
7052:Consumer protection
6878:Consumer protection
6860:European Civil Code
6773:globalising economy
6022:Belgian nationality
5988:in the market, the
5980:European labour law
5711:European Parliament
5663:. But although the
4895:consumer protection
4825:Commission v France
4618:Commission v France
3525:Employment Tribunal
2924:Direct effect cases
2834:European Convention
2754:UN Security Council
2143:Kompetenz-Kompetenz
2113:European Parliament
2080:. In addition the "
1993:European Parliament
1740:European Parliament
1598:European Commission
1473:European Commission
1445:Schengen Agreements
1227:special territories
1104:Treaty of Nice 2001
1048:Euratom Treaty 1957
961:" (rather than the
952:European Parliament
936:European Commission
892:European Parliament
766:Treaty of Amsterdam
670:European Parliament
622:Franco dictatorship
598:1957 Treaty of Rome
540:European Parliament
426:reparation payments
398:Revolutions of 1848
380:proposed, through "
351:Bill of Rights 1689
335:Glorious Revolution
225:Alexander the Great
213:Peace of Westphalia
120:right of initiative
91:. According to its
25584:European Union law
25519:Hierarchy of norms
25434:Règlement autonome
25380:European Union law
25066:Northern Dimension
24813:Enlargement Policy
24755:(criminal matters)
24667:Multi-speed Europe
24360:European Ombudsman
24016:(first-level NUTS)
23999:Larger urban zones
23425:Legal institutions
23292:Lawsuit/Litigation
23282:Dispute resolution
23087:Catholic canon law
22795:State of emergency
22758:Will and testament
22482:Law of obligations
22435:Constitutional law
22425:Administrative law
22071:Landfill Directive
22056:Habitats Directive
21970:Database Directive
21862:Rome II Regulation
21717:Preliminary ruling
20954:/13/EU art 1(1)(c)
20933:/13/EU art 1(1)(a)
20078:europarl.europa.eu
19998:Commission v Spain
19738:on CAP objectives.
19468:10.1111/gcbb.12643
19381:Habitats Directive
19220:europarl.europa.eu
19103:EU withholding tax
19025:Doughnut Economics
18837:(1997) 24 EHRR 423
18834:D v United Kingdom
18808:See EHIC Decision
18783:Sozialgesetzbuch V
18524:ss 16 and 21) and
18426:Rome II Regulation
18117:(1992) T-68/89, .
17875:(2007) C-95/04, .
17863:(2011) C-52/09, ;
17422:. See for example
17192:See the Charter's
16791:See, for example,
16515:Commission v Spain
15978:COM(2008) 85. The
15653:European Union Law
15384:(1981) Case 155/80
15245:European Union Law
15168:, asking whether
14851:The Concept of Law
14746:(1984) Case 222/83
14553:(14 January 2014)
14476:Bulmer v Bollinger
13781:3 All ER 325, per
13277:Roquette v Council
13167:TEU art 16(3) and
12711:The Concept of Law
12693:10.1111/eulj.12128
12578:(25 February 1956)
12496:Giuseppe Garibaldi
12390:European Union Law
12293:constitutional law
12198:"Living in the EU"
11935:Amazon Marketplace
11859:
11796:European Union law
11774:Amazon Marketplace
11613:Media and markets
11564:
11533:
11474:European Union law
11409:arts 1, 3, 14-15 (
11289:Internet in the EU
11249:
11201:
11130:
11070:European Union law
11050:arts 3-29, Annex I
10804:
10752:
10691:European Union law
10679:Commission v Spain
10555:(1989) Case 151/78
10430:
10378:
10287:
10228:European Union law
10004:EU value added tax
9975:
9895:
9819:European Union law
9688:EU banking sources
9624:N v United Kingdom
9580:
9557:European Union law
9548:(1997) 24 EHRR 423
9545:D v United Kingdom
9533:N v United Kingdom
9374:European Union law
9281:
9207:
9138:Rome II Regulation
9046:EU competition law
8840:. By contrast, in
8813:
8518:
8476:in London and the
8439:with clients. The
8355:
8221:race to the bottom
8036:Takeover Directive
7849:Francovich v Italy
7824:European Companies
7760:
7756:European Companies
7650:
7615:Conservative Party
7562:race to the bottom
7167:Brusse v Jahani BV
7152:level of knowledge
7114:
6979:Brusse v Jahani BV
6785:race to the bottom
6747:
6659:, eliminating the
6622:were unlawful. In
6585:foreign investment
6557:
6376:Services Directive
6121:race to the bottom
6066:
6028:Commission v Italy
5730:
5690:
5388:
5319:European Community
5260:(1985) Case 293/83
5034:race to the bottom
5030:mutual recognition
5026:consumer behaviour
4991:Keck and Mithouard
4982:
4950:Commission v Italy
4935:Commission v Italy
4890:
4743:(1987) Case 178/84
4690:Keck and Mithouard
4678:Commission v Italy
4666:Commission v Italy
4657:(1983) Case 261/81
4645:(1979) Case 120/78
4447:
4361:French Labour Code
4311:
3913:
3838:Preliminary ruling
3744:EU judicial review
3675:Francovich v Italy
3565:
3508:preliminary ruling
3478:Preliminary ruling
3420:(1982) Case 283/81
3304:sex discrimination
3278:age discrimination
3212:
3182:Commission v Italy
3111:Francovich v Italy
3018:(1986) Case 152/84
3006:(1979) Case 148/78
2991:Commission v Italy
2842:
2808:Administrative law
2802:Administrative law
2760:. This included a
2708:
2666:. The view of the
2345:
2300:preliminary ruling
2129:
2086:
2010:democratic deficit
1985:
1925:(1987) Case 281/85
1843:(1986) Case 294/83
1817:(1980) Case 138/79
1814:Roquette v Council
1638:
1369:
1168:Schengen Agreement
1068:Merger Treaty 1965
1028:arts 7, 48-50 and
912:
904:democratic deficit
866:Constitutional law
860:Constitutional law
726:
678:Schengen Agreement
646:qualified majority
594:
530:created the first
459:
376:at the end of the
235:controlled by the
217:
211:ended, before the
73:European Union law
70:
25537:
25536:
25260:
25259:
25179:
25178:
25166:Telephone numbers
25106:
25105:
24881:Cultural policies
24631:
24630:
24618:Unemployment rate
24440:
24439:
24300:international-law
24293:
24292:
24283:Secretary-General
24035:
24034:
23994:Geographic centre
23951:
23950:
23851:
23850:
23793:
23792:
23607:
23606:
23267:Constitutionalism
23189:Law and economics
23027:Act of parliament
22765:Product liability
22718:Legal archaeology
22643:Environmental law
22637:Entertainment law
22477:International law
22377:
22376:
22341:Court of Auditors
21900:Battery Directive
21841:Societas Europaea
21800:EU-Eco-regulation
21702:Incidental effect
21618:Consent procedure
21518:Maastricht Treaty
21480:Public Prosecutor
21453:Advocates General
21340:978-0-19-873467-3
21321:978-0-19-882118-2
21298:978-0-19-959296-8
21275:978-0-19-967076-5
21219:978-963-258-489-8
21200:978-1-009-04573-5
21179:978-0-19-871492-7
21157:978-1-5099-3969-5
21053:eur-lex.europa.eu
20890:27 September 2016
20692:Airbnb Ireland UC
20558:arts 56-57 and 52
20264:Direct Line Group
19707:Cambridge UP 2022
19609:(2013) C-105/12,
19551:2019/944 2019/944
19287:articles 6 and 17
19272:Cambridge UP 2022
19256:Our World in Data
19170:Article 192(2)(c)
18862:Cambridge UP 2022
18756:(1942) Cmd 6404,
18563:arts 7, 10 and 17
18486:arts 7, 10 and 17
18414:Rome I Regulation
18192:(1991) C-62/86, –
18174:COMP/C-1/36.915,
18137:(1996) C-73/95, .
17833:eur-lex.europa.eu
17775:UCITS V Directive
17572:See for example,
17508:Rome I Regulation
17328:arts 2–5 and 8–13
17274:Pensions Act 2004
17262:arts 11–12, 17–18
17179:and F Wilkinson,
16979:, recital 1 and 6
16676:(2006) C‑282/04,
16413:(1974) Case 33/74
15426:(1981) Case 58/80
15016:Defrenne v Sabena
14888:Nold v Commission
14839:, 52, R Dworkin,
14697:(1981) Case 60/81
14210:Shelley v Kraemer
14194:) was the state.
13877:Kadi v Commission
13846:(1970) Case 11/70
13778:Macarthys v Smith
13739:eur-lex.europa.eu
13721:(1963) Case 26/62
13522:(1963) Case 26/62
13509:978-3-658-17569-6
13056:Humblet v Belgium
12964:Pringle v Ireland
12602:) text in French.
12428:C de Saint-Pierre
12364:Henri Saint-Simon
12330:Defrenne v Sabena
12115:Incidental effect
12074:ecological crimes
11981:), membership of
11802:
11801:
11513:internet backbone
11480:
11479:
11187:Martin Winterkorn
11076:
11075:
10697:
10696:
10508:arts 4, 13, 38-44
10322:has claimed that
10303:article 2(1) and
10234:
10233:
10044:EU energy sources
9825:
9824:
9563:
9562:
9476:arts 2, 3 and 8.
9452:EU health sources
9397:Erasmus Programme
9380:
9379:
9365:(1968) 1 EHRR 252
9219:UK enterprise law
9177:Public regulation
9134:Rome I Regulation
9052:
9051:
8821:it was held that
8752:predatory pricing
8731:
8730:
8633:(2012) C-457/10 P
8330:
8329:
8187:derivative claims
8169:Societas Europaea
8158:" or the French "
8120:
8119:
7535:French labour law
7531:German labour law
7514:
7513:
7043:
7042:
6789:human development
6764:Defrenne v Sabena
6735:environmental law
6669:Delors Commission
6661:transaction costs
6593:capital gains tax
6559:Free movement of
6524:
6523:
6509:arts 119, 282-284
6284:
6283:
6017:Reyners v Belgium
5967:
5966:
5920:(2007) C-112/2005
5842:(1988) Case 81/87
5650:
5649:
5378:gave "horizontal
5308:
5307:
4782:is achieved by a
4769:
4768:
4489:, which led to a
4439:Port of Rotterdam
4208:
4207:
4079:Omega GmbH v Bonn
3829:
3828:
3814:(1985) Case 11/82
3778:(1963) Case 25/62
3473:
3472:
3396:(1966) Case 61/65
3274:German Civil Code
3230:Advocate Generals
3204:Advocate Generals
3172:urea-formaldehyde
3129:
3128:
2994:(1972) Case 39/72
2972:(1984) Case 14/83
2960:(1976) Case 43/75
2948:(1974) Case 41/74
2936:(1963) Case 26/62
2771:Kadi v Commission
2700:international law
2587:conflicts of laws
2560:
2559:
2478:Macarthys v Smith
2362:Advocates General
2326:international law
2321:Kadi v Commission
2292:Bundesgerichtshof
2279:Court of Auditors
2248:
2247:
2059:Santer Commission
1964:
1963:
1879:(1971) Case 22/70
1829:(2004) C-486/01 P
1804:Decision 2002/772
1678:Santer Commission
1630:Blockupy movement
1593:
1592:
1207:
1206:
682:Mikhail Gorbachev
648:". But after the
618:Charles de Gaulle
567:Nikita Khrushchev
564:general secretary
507:UK Prime Minister
503:Winston Churchill
483:Council of Europe
422:League of Nations
418:Versailles Treaty
374:Treaty of Utrecht
331:English Civil War
323:international law
315:Thirty Years' War
301:Holy Roman Empire
209:Thirty Years' War
197:human development
97:international law
89:human development
38:human development
16:(Redirected from
25596:
25566:
25565:
25554:
25553:
25552:
25545:
25494:
25454:
25408:
25401:Bloc de légalité
25373:
25358:
25309:
25287:
25280:
25273:
25264:
25263:
25240:
25117:
25116:
24994:Energy Community
24913:Fisheries policy
24672:Neofunctionalism
24642:
24641:
24550:
24549:
24492:Official Journal
24479:Citizens' Rights
24218:Court of Justice
24156:European Council
24104:Political groups
24055:
24054:
24046:
24045:
24017:
23962:
23961:
23742:
23741:
23710:
23709:
23655:
23654:
23634:
23627:
23620:
23611:
23610:
23582:
23581:
23580:
23568:
23567:
23391:Question of fact
23272:Criminal justice
22602:Construction law
22597:Conflict of laws
22562:Agricultural law
22404:
22397:
22390:
22381:
22380:
22325:Van Gend en Loos
22111:Rental Directive
21523:Amsterdam Treaty
21422:
21421:
21420:
21408:
21401:
21394:
21385:
21384:
21344:
21325:
21302:
21279:
21260:
21235:(8): 2403–2483.
21229:Yale Law Journal
21223:
21204:
21183:
21161:
21128:
21120:
21118:
21116:
21104:
21098:
21097:
21095:
21093:
21078:
21072:
21071:
21063:
21057:
21056:
21045:
21039:
21033:
21027:
21023:(20 March 2019)
21021:
21015:
21009:
21003:
21000:
20994:
20988:
20982:
20976:
20970:
20961:
20955:
20949:
20943:
20940:
20934:
20928:
20922:
20914:Dominic Cummings
20886:
20880:
20870:
20864:
20854:
20848:
20838:
20832:
20822:
20816:
20809:
20803:
20797:
20791:
20782:
20776:
20773:
20767:
20764:
20758:
20752:
20746:
20740:
20734:
20726:
20720:
20716:
20710:
20702:
20696:
20688:
20682:
20674:
20668:
20660:
20654:
20648:
20642:
20636:
20630:
20622:
20616:
20608:
20602:
20592:
20586:
20583:
20577:
20574:
20568:
20565:
20559:
20553:
20547:
20543:
20537:
20526:
20520:
20512:
20506:
20499:
20493:
20490:
20484:
20481:
20475:
20467:
20461:
20447:Telecoms Package
20443:
20437:
20426:
20420:
20414:
20408:
20399:
20393:
20385:
20379:
20361:
20355:
20337:
20331:
20322:
20316:
20309:
20303:
20300:
20294:
20285:
20279:
20272:
20266:
20260:
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20219:
20214:
20208:
20194:
20188:
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20102:
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20032:
20020:
20014:
20008:
20002:
19993:
19987:
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19968:
19962:
19959:
19953:
19947:
19941:
19935:
19929:
19920:
19914:
19913:
19887:
19878:
19872:
19864:
19858:
19855:
19849:
19846:
19840:
19837:
19831:
19823:
19817:
19814:
19808:
19805:
19799:
19798:DPR 2013 arts 45
19796:
19790:
19787:
19781:
19778:
19772:
19763:
19757:
19754:
19748:
19745:
19739:
19734:arts 38-44, and
19729:
19723:
19716:
19710:
19699:
19693:
19680:
19674:
19671:
19665:
19658:
19652:
19649:
19643:
19639:
19633:
19630:
19624:
19623:(1964) Case 6-64
19616:
19610:
19607:
19601:
19589:
19583:
19576:
19570:
19567:
19561:
19545:
19539:
19536:
19530:
19529:
19489:
19480:
19470:
19446:
19419:
19413:
19407:
19398:
19392:
19386:
19362:
19356:
19342:
19336:
19333:
19327:
19320:
19314:
19308:
19302:
19294:
19288:
19281:
19275:
19274:) ch 11, 411-414
19264:
19258:
19252:
19246:
19240:
19234:
19228:
19222:
19216:
19210:
19204:
19198:
19195:
19189:
19179:
19173:
19156:
19150:
19141:
19135:
19127:
19121:
19115:
19109:
19095:
19089:
19079:
19073:
19061:
19055:
19047:
19041:
19035:
19029:
19016:
19010:
19005:
18999:
18993:
18987:
18981:
18975:
18968:
18962:
18959:
18953:
18950:
18944:
18930:
18924:
18916:In the OPEC led
18914:
18908:
18898:
18892:
18889:
18883:
18880:
18874:
18871:
18865:
18844:
18838:
18830:
18824:
18819:
18813:
18806:
18800:
18792:
18786:
18779:
18773:
18746:
18740:
18718:
18712:
18705:
18699:
18688:
18682:
18679:
18673:
18665:
18659:
18658:
18637:
18631:
18617:
18611:
18604:
18598:
18589:
18583:
18557:
18551:
18535:
18529:
18510:
18504:
18480:
18474:
18473:
18466:
18460:
18450:
18444:
18435:
18429:
18428:(EC) No 864/2007
18423:
18417:
18411:
18405:
18397:
18391:
18384:
18378:
18368:
18362:
18353:
18347:
18344:
18338:
18335:
18329:
18320:
18314:
18305:
18299:
18293:
18287:
18281:
18275:
18274:(2007) C-95/04,
18267:
18261:
18255:
18249:
18246:
18240:
18239:
18228:
18219:
18216:
18210:
18199:
18193:
18185:
18179:
18172:
18166:
18158:
18152:
18144:
18138:
18130:
18124:
18110:
18104:
18101:
18095:
18081:
18075:
18066:
18060:
18045:
18039:
18031:
18025:
18017:
18011:
17993:Clayton Act 1914
17989:
17983:
17956:
17950:
17935:
17929:
17917:
17911:
17900:
17894:
17856:
17850:
17843:
17837:
17836:
17825:
17819:
17813:
17807:
17801:
17795:
17786:
17780:
17772:
17766:
17745:
17739:
17731:
17725:
17717:
17711:
17706:§957, inserting
17701:
17695:
17692:
17686:
17670:
17661:
17653:
17647:
17639:
17633:
17628:
17622:
17613:
17607:
17592:Lubbe v Cape Plc
17587:
17581:
17570:
17564:
17556:
17550:
17542:
17536:
17528:
17522:
17516:
17510:
17504:
17498:
17495:
17489:
17486:
17480:
17471:
17465:
17455:
17449:
17446:
17440:
17437:
17431:
17413:
17407:
17401:
17395:
17388:
17382:
17374:
17368:
17360:
17354:
17336:
17330:
17322:
17316:
17303:
17297:
17283:
17277:
17270:
17264:
17255:
17249:
17238:
17232:
17216:
17210:
17202:
17196:
17190:
17184:
17133:
17127:
17119:
17113:
17105:
17099:
17093:
17087:
17081:
17075:
17069:
17063:
17052:
17046:
17031:
17025:
17014:
17008:
16995:
16989:
16986:
16980:
16971:
16965:
16946:
16937:
16925:
16919:
16911:
16905:
16902:TFEU article 102
16888:
16882:
16861:
16855:
16835:
16829:
16822:
16816:
16805:
16799:
16789:
16783:
16768:
16762:
16741:
16735:
16728:
16722:
16714:
16705:
16699:
16693:
16687:
16681:
16660:
16654:
16637:
16631:
16624:
16618:
16608:
16602:
16601:
16594:
16588:
16575:
16569:
16568:
16561:
16555:
16552:
16546:
16543:
16537:
16534:
16528:
16525:
16519:
16504:
16498:
16491:
16485:
16478:
16472:
16469:
16463:
16455:
16449:
16439:Belgium v Humbel
16435:
16429:
16420:
16414:
16411:
16405:
16399:
16393:
16383:
16377:
16362:
16356:
16350:
16344:
16337:
16331:
16325: (1933) per
16300:
16294:
16281:
16275:
16268:
16262:
16253:
16247:
16236:
16230:
16223:
16217:
16214:
16208:
16199:
16193:
16190:
16184:
16176:
16170:
16164:
16158:
16157:(1995) C-55/94,
16150:
16144:
16137:
16131:
16125:
16119:
16113:
16107:
16098:
16092:
16086:
16080:
16077:
16071:
16064:
16058:
16051:
16045:
16042:
16036:
16029:
16023:
16017:
16011:
15989:
15983:
15973:
15967:
15966:
15956:
15932:
15926:
15914:See T Marshall,
15912:
15906:
15894:
15888:
15877:
15871:
15862:
15856:
15840:
15834:
15828:
15822:
15815:
15809:
15802:
15796:
15793:
15787:
15786:, ECR I-4139, -
15780:
15774:
15771:
15765:
15759:
15753:
15744:
15738:
15726:
15720:
15716:
15710:
15699:
15693:
15686:
15680:
15668:
15662:
15660:
15648:
15642:
15636:
15630:
15624:
15618:
15610:
15604:
15601:
15595:
15592:
15586:
15577:
15571:
15558:
15552:
15549:
15543:
15530:
15524:
15521:
15515:
15508:
15502:
15495:
15489:
15483:
15477:
15470:
15464:
15457:
15451:
15445:
15439:
15433:
15427:
15419:
15413:
15405:
15399:
15391:
15385:
15377:
15371:
15360:
15354:
15333:
15327:
15320:
15314:
15307:
15301:
15300:, ECR I-2099, -
15289:
15283:
15271:
15265:
15254:
15248:
15241:
15235:
15228:
15222:
15215:
15209:
15203:
15197:
15191:
15185:
15179:
15173:
15152:
15146:
15136:
15130:
15118:
15112:
15097:
15091:
15072:
15066:
15054:
15048:
15042:
15036:
15030:
15024:
15005:Treaty of Lisbon
14998:
14992:
14985:
14979:
14964:
14958:
14949:
14943:
14940:
14934:
14931:
14925:
14922:
14916:
14910:
14901:
14898:
14892:
14884:
14878:
14870:
14864:
14821:
14815:
14812:
14806:
14791:
14785:
14779:
14773:
14766:
14760:
14753:
14747:
14744:
14738:
14731:
14725:
14719:
14713:
14707:
14698:
14695:
14689:
14682:
14676:
14669:
14663:
14657:
14651:
14643:
14637:
14634:
14628:
14625:Court of Justice
14621:
14615:
14612:
14606:
14592:
14586:
14579:
14573:
14564:
14558:
14555:BVerfGE 134, 366
14546:
14540:
14529:
14523:
14520:
14514:
14508:
14502:
14495:
14489:
14486:
14480:
14472:
14466:
14455:
14449:
14443:
14437:
14431:
14425:
14416:
14410:
14397:
14391:
14385:
14379:
14370:
14364:
14338:
14332:
14329:
14323:
14308:
14302:
14299:
14293:
14274:
14268:
14265:
14259:
14231:
14225:
14205:
14199:
14174:
14168:
14143:
14137:
14130:
14124:
14078:
14072:
14059:
14053:
14050:
14044:
14037:
14031:
14025:
14019:
14013:
14007:
13998:
13992:
13981:
13975:
13958:
13952:
13949:C-402 and 415/05
13940:
13934:
13917:
13911:
13907:
13901:
13890:
13884:
13882:C-402 and 415/05
13873:
13867:
13853:
13847:
13833:
13827:
13812:
13806:
13803:
13794:
13791:
13785:
13774:
13768:
13765:
13759:
13756:
13750:
13749:
13747:
13745:
13731:
13722:
13714:
13708:
13701:
13695:
13683:
13677:
13671:
13665:
13659:
13653:
13646:
13640:
13632:
13626:
13620:
13614:
13603:
13597:
13575:
13569:
13563:
13557:
13547:
13541:
13538:
13532:
13529:
13523:
13520:
13514:
13513:
13487:
13481:
13467:
13461:
13446:
13440:
13434:
13428:
13425:
13419:
13416:
13410:
13409:TFEU art 313–319
13407:
13401:
13395:
13389:
13386:
13380:
13367:
13361:
13352:
13346:
13342:
13336:
13333:
13327:
13324:
13318:
13315:
13309:
13293:
13287:
13272:
13266:
13260:
13254:
13248:
13242:
13231:
13225:
13221:
13215:
13212:
13206:
13199:
13193:
13190:
13184:
13178:
13172:
13165:
13159:
13156:
13150:
13144:
13138:
13132:
13126:
13120:
13114:
13108:
13102:
13095:
13089:
13086:
13080:
13066:
13060:
13059:(1960) Case 6/60
13052:
13046:
13043:
13037:
13034:
13028:
13022:
13016:
13013:
13007:
12998:
12992:
12986:
12980:
12974:
12968:
12956:
12950:
12944:
12938:
12937:
12927:
12902:
12896:
12890:
12884:
12854:
12848:
12847:
12815:
12809:
12805:
12799:
12793:
12787:
12781:
12775:
12769:
12763:
12742:
12736:
12727:was rejected by
12721:
12715:
12703:
12672:
12666:
12651:
12645:
12638:
12632:
12621:
12615:
12609:
12603:
12585:
12579:
12567:
12561:
12547:
12541:
12532:
12526:
12513:
12507:
12500:John Stuart Mill
12485:
12479:
12459:
12453:
12441:
12435:
12425:
12419:
12410:) in AR Murphy,
12400:
12394:
12393:
12385:
12379:
12373:
12367:
12344:
12338:
12326:
12317:
12311:
12305:
12285:
12276:
12265:
12256:
12229:
12223:
12212:
12206:
12205:
12194:
12188:
12180:
12174:
12173:
12171:
12169:
12154:
11969:, including the
11892:personal attacks
11851:Russian military
11785:Bundeskartellamt
11707:
11695:
11667:arts 19 and 21.
11657:EU media sources
11651:
11644:
11637:
11628:
11627:
11431:
11407:
11377:arts 3-17, 61-84
11375:
11321:
11314:
11307:
11298:
11297:
11220:
11219:
11215:
11212:
11166:" scandal where
11060:
11048:
11035:
11023:
11011:
11000:
10980:
10967:
10942:
10928:
10916:
10880:
10873:
10866:
10857:
10856:
10775:bargaining power
10658:
10599:
10588:
10577:
10542:
10530:
10518:
10482:
10475:
10468:
10459:
10458:
10356:Grundgesetz 1949
10347:Klimaschutz case
10297:Dutch Civil Code
10171:
10138:
10038:
10031:
10024:
10015:
10014:
9871:European Council
9864:
9863:
9861:Banque de France
9794:
9773:
9761:
9724:
9682:
9675:
9668:
9659:
9658:
9500:
9446:
9439:
9432:
9423:
9422:
9307:
9300:
9293:
9284:
9283:
9110:EU copyright law
9102:Conflict of laws
9031:
9014:
8883:
8876:
8869:
8860:
8859:
8792:Sun Microsystems
8659:
8573:
8566:
8559:
8550:
8549:
8510:Operating System
8305:
8294:
8283:
8272:
8256:
8249:
8242:
8233:
8232:
8211:Court of Justice
8164:European Company
8073:
7884:
7877:
7870:
7861:
7860:
7697:Court of Justice
7476:
7438:
7340:
7311:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7236:
7235:
7193:right to housing
7189:Court of Justice
7177:, following the
7148:bargaining power
7097:, and they have
7095:lack information
7091:Court of Justice
7016:
6945:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6883:
6882:
6872:conflict of laws
6852:public ownership
6759:Court of Justice
6645:Portugal Telecom
6611:Court of Justice
6577:capital controls
6546:
6545:
6543:Banque de France
6535:, including the
6460:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6401:
6400:
6218:
6194:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6145:
6144:
6048:Court of Justice
6002:Court of Justice
5999:
5881:
5867:
5853:
5839:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5789:
5788:
5665:Court of Justice
5596:
5558:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5475:
5474:
5403:Jean-Marc Bosman
5376:Court of Justice
5339:Court of Justice
5286:
5203:
5171:
5124:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5045:
5044:
4932:In a 2003 case,
4899:labour standards
4886:Brenner Autobahn
4848:Brenner Autobahn
4802:Court of Justice
4753:
4728:
4609:(1974) Case 8/74
4581:
4574:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4543:Court of Justice
4319:Court of Justice
4299:Court of Justice
4240:Strasbourg Court
4232:Court of Justice
4156:
4139:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3967:Court of Justice
3887:IBM v Commission
3844:Court of Justice
3790:(2002) C-50/00 P
3766:(2011) C-463/10P
3738:
3731:
3724:
3715:
3714:
3632:UK Supreme Court
3628:Court of Justice
3561:Court of Justice
3535:Court of Justice
3517:UK Supreme Court
3504:Court of Justice
3443:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3300:Court of Justice
3199:Van Gend en Loos
3176:Court of Justice
3164:Van Gend en Loos
3153:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2860:Court of Justice
2838:Court of Justice
2720:Treaty of Lisbon
2627:Van Gend en Loos
2569:Conflict of laws
2506:
2492:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2399:Conflict of laws
2305:Van Gend en Loos
2271:Court of Justice
2232:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2125:French President
2090:European Council
2082:European Council
2048:Court of Justice
1949:(1973) Case 8/73
1946:
1935:arts 2-6 and 352
1840:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:European Council
1720:European Council
1674:Treaty of Lisbon
1646:Treaty of Lisbon
1509:
1502:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1430:bargaining power
1389:Court of Justice
1363:
1356:
1349:
1330:
1308:
1271:
1261:
1243:
1235: 20 in the
1234:
1191:
1180:
1059:
1012:
1005:
998:
989:
988:
959:European Council
908:Court of Justice
790:Treaty of Lisbon
750:British currency
626:Court of Justice
552:Court of Justice
485:, formed by the
450:Musei Capitolini
274:
245:Hanseatic League
239:in Rome. In the
143:
93:Court of Justice
64:and respect for
21:
25604:
25603:
25599:
25598:
25597:
25595:
25594:
25593:
25574:
25573:
25572:
25560:
25550:
25548:
25540:
25538:
25533:
25510:
25492:
25491:
25483:
25452:
25451:
25440:
25406:
25405:
25394:
25371:
25370:
25359:
25350:
25305:
25304:
25296:
25291:
25261:
25256:
25243:
25236:
25227:
25175:
25156:Public holidays
25102:
25076:Global Strategy
24968:
24961:
24930:Labour mobility
24823:Global Strategy
24784:Driving licence
24726:
24702:Pro-Europeanism
24627:
24539:
24464:Competition law
24436:
24414:
24408:
24391:
24385:
24369:
24352:
24346:
24301:
24299:
24289:
24264:
24229:
24199:
24183:Vice-Presidents
24142:
24077:Vice-Presidents
24031:
24015:
24009:Protected areas
23979:External border
23947:
23909:
23847:
23816:
23789:
23776:
23758:
23731:
23701:
23692:1993–2004
23687:1973–1993
23682:1958–1972
23677:1948–1957
23644:
23638:
23608:
23603:
23576:
23562:
23553:
23530:
23521:Political party
23494:Legal education
23482:Law enforcement
23462:Court of equity
23420:
23396:Question of law
23349:Practice of law
23329:Judicial review
23243:
23194:Legal formalism
23174:Comparative law
23169:Contract theory
23152:
23072:Legal pluralism
23043:
23032:Act of Congress
22956:Executive order
22922:
22824:
22743:Nationality law
22668:Immigration law
22592:Competition law
22545:
22413:
22408:
22378:
22373:
22355:
22329:
22225:Cassis de Dijon
22190:
21915:Birds Directive
21871:
21825:Brussels Regime
21768:
21754:State liability
21742:Proportionality
21697:Indirect effect
21643:
21641:
21632:
21596:
21547:
21489:
21470:European lawyer
21426:
21415:
21414:
21412:
21351:
21341:
21322:
21299:
21276:
21226:
21220:
21207:
21201:
21186:
21180:
21164:
21158:
21139:
21136:
21131:
21114:
21112:
21105:
21101:
21091:
21089:
21079:
21075:
21064:
21060:
21047:
21046:
21042:
21034:
21030:
21022:
21018:
21011:(18 July 2018)
21010:
21006:
21001:
20997:
20993:art 59 (fines).
20989:
20985:
20977:
20973:
20962:
20958:
20950:
20946:
20941:
20937:
20929:
20925:
20887:
20883:
20871:
20867:
20855:
20851:
20839:
20835:
20823:
20819:
20810:
20806:
20798:
20794:
20783:
20779:
20774:
20770:
20765:
20761:
20753:
20749:
20741:
20737:
20733:(2019) C-673/17
20727:
20723:
20717:
20713:
20709:(2017) C-434/15
20703:
20699:
20695:(2019) C-390/18
20689:
20685:
20675:
20671:
20667:(2011) C-324/09
20661:
20657:
20649:
20645:
20637:
20633:
20628:(2016) C-484/14
20623:
20619:
20609:
20605:
20593:
20589:
20584:
20580:
20575:
20571:
20566:
20562:
20554:
20550:
20544:
20540:
20527:
20523:
20513:
20509:
20500:
20496:
20491:
20487:
20482:
20478:
20468:
20464:
20444:
20440:
20427:
20423:
20415:
20411:
20400:
20396:
20386:
20382:
20362:
20358:
20338:
20334:
20323:
20319:
20310:
20306:
20301:
20297:
20286:
20282:
20273:
20269:
20261:
20257:
20252:
20248:
20244:(2017) C-434/15
20238:
20234:
20226:
20222:
20215:
20211:
20195:
20191:
20179:
20175:
20170:
20166:
20152:
20148:
20137:
20133:
20123:
20119:
20114:
20109:arts 1(2) and 2
20103:
20099:
20087:
20083:
20075:
20071:
20059:
20055:
20039:
20035:
20021:
20017:
20009:
20005:
19994:
19990:
19981:
19977:
19969:
19965:
19960:
19956:
19948:
19944:
19936:
19932:
19921:
19917:
19885:
19879:
19875:
19865:
19861:
19856:
19852:
19847:
19843:
19838:
19834:
19824:
19820:
19815:
19811:
19806:
19802:
19797:
19793:
19788:
19784:
19779:
19775:
19764:
19760:
19755:
19751:
19746:
19742:
19730:
19726:
19717:
19713:
19700:
19696:
19681:
19677:
19672:
19668:
19659:
19655:
19650:
19646:
19640:
19636:
19631:
19627:
19617:
19613:
19608:
19604:
19590:
19586:
19577:
19573:
19568:
19564:
19546:
19542:
19537:
19533:
19420:
19416:
19408:
19401:
19393:
19389:
19374:Birds Directive
19363:
19359:
19343:
19339:
19334:
19330:
19321:
19317:
19312:Financial Times
19309:
19305:
19295:
19291:
19282:
19278:
19265:
19261:
19253:
19249:
19241:
19237:
19229:
19225:
19217:
19213:
19205:
19201:
19196:
19192:
19180:
19176:
19157:
19153:
19142:
19138:
19128:
19124:
19116:
19112:
19096:
19092:
19088:, now repealed.
19080:
19076:
19062:
19058:
19048:
19044:
19036:
19032:
19017:
19013:
19006:
19002:
18994:
18990:
18982:
18978:
18969:
18965:
18960:
18956:
18951:
18947:
18931:
18927:
18915:
18911:
18899:
18895:
18890:
18886:
18882:TFEU art 283(2)
18881:
18877:
18872:
18868:
18856:. E McGaughey,
18845:
18841:
18831:
18827:
18820:
18816:
18807:
18803:
18793:
18789:
18780:
18776:
18747:
18743:
18719:
18715:
18706:
18702:
18689:
18685:
18680:
18676:
18666:
18662:
18638:
18634:
18618:
18614:
18605:
18601:
18591:W Rüegg et al,
18590:
18586:
18558:
18554:
18536:
18532:
18511:
18507:
18481:
18477:
18468:
18467:
18463:
18451:
18447:
18436:
18432:
18424:
18420:
18412:
18408:
18398:
18394:
18385:
18381:
18369:
18365:
18354:
18350:
18346:(2014) C-434/13
18345:
18341:
18336:
18332:
18321:
18317:
18313:arts 1 and 2(3)
18306:
18302:
18294:
18290:
18282:
18278:
18268:
18264:
18256:
18252:
18247:
18243:
18236:curia.europa.eu
18230:
18229:
18222:
18217:
18213:
18200:
18196:
18186:
18182:
18173:
18169:
18159:
18155:
18145:
18141:
18131:
18127:
18111:
18107:
18102:
18098:
18082:
18078:
18067:
18063:
18046:
18042:
18032:
18028:
18018:
18014:
17990:
17986:
17957:
17953:
17936:
17932:
17918:
17914:
17901:
17897:
17891:social progress
17887:full employment
17857:
17853:
17844:
17840:
17827:
17826:
17822:
17814:
17810:
17802:
17798:
17787:
17783:
17773:
17769:
17765:(1932) Part III
17747:See N Moloney,
17746:
17742:
17732:
17728:
17718:
17714:
17702:
17698:
17693:
17689:
17671:
17664:
17660:(2003) C-167/01
17654:
17650:
17646:(1999) C-212/97
17640:
17636:
17629:
17625:
17614:
17610:
17588:
17584:
17571:
17567:
17557:
17553:
17543:
17539:
17529:
17525:
17517:
17513:
17505:
17501:
17496:
17492:
17488:(2007) C-438/05
17487:
17483:
17472:
17468:
17456:
17452:
17447:
17443:
17438:
17434:
17414:
17410:
17402:
17398:
17389:
17385:
17375:
17371:
17361:
17357:
17337:
17333:
17323:
17319:
17304:
17300:
17284:
17280:
17271:
17267:
17256:
17252:
17239:
17235:
17217:
17213:
17203:
17199:
17191:
17187:
17161:unequal parties
17141:Hugo Sinzheimer
17134:
17130:
17120:
17116:
17106:
17102:
17094:
17090:
17082:
17078:
17070:
17066:
17053:
17049:
17032:
17028:
17015:
17011:
16996:
16992:
16987:
16983:
16972:
16968:
16947:
16940:
16926:
16922:
16912:
16908:
16889:
16885:
16862:
16858:
16836:
16832:
16823:
16819:
16806:
16802:
16790:
16786:
16769:
16765:
16742:
16738:
16729:
16725:
16715:
16708:
16700:
16696:
16688:
16684:
16661:
16657:
16638:
16634:
16625:
16621:
16609:
16605:
16596:
16595:
16591:
16576:
16572:
16563:
16562:
16558:
16553:
16549:
16544:
16540:
16535:
16531:
16526:
16522:
16518:(2010) C-211/08
16505:
16501:
16492:
16488:
16479:
16475:
16470:
16466:
16462:(1993) C-109/92
16456:
16452:
16436:
16432:
16421:
16417:
16412:
16408:
16400:
16396:
16384:
16380:
16363:
16359:
16351:
16347:
16338:
16334:
16301:
16297:
16282:
16278:
16269:
16265:
16254:
16250:
16237:
16233:
16224:
16220:
16216:(2011) C-565/08
16215:
16211:
16200:
16196:
16191:
16187:
16177:
16173:
16165:
16161:
16151:
16147:
16138:
16134:
16126:
16122:
16114:
16110:
16099:
16095:
16087:
16083:
16079:(2005) C-147/03
16078:
16074:
16065:
16061:
16052:
16048:
16043:
16039:
16030:
16026:
16018:
16014:
15990:
15986:
15974:
15970:
15933:
15929:
15913:
15909:
15895:
15891:
15878:
15874:
15863:
15859:
15855:, ch 9, 293–294
15851:. Discussed in
15841:
15837:
15829:
15825:
15816:
15812:
15803:
15799:
15795:(1995) C-279/93
15794:
15790:
15781:
15777:
15772:
15768:
15760:
15756:
15745:
15741:
15727:
15723:
15717:
15713:
15700:
15696:
15687:
15683:
15669:
15665:
15655:. p. 701.
15649:
15645:
15637:
15633:
15625:
15621:
15611:
15607:
15602:
15598:
15593:
15589:
15585:(1997) C-368/95
15578:
15574:
15559:
15555:
15551:(1993) C-267/91
15550:
15546:
15531:
15527:
15522:
15518:
15509:
15505:
15496:
15492:
15484:
15480:
15471:
15467:
15458:
15454:
15446:
15442:
15434:
15430:
15420:
15416:
15412:(1997) C-368/95
15406:
15402:
15398:(2009) C-142/05
15392:
15388:
15378:
15374:
15361:
15357:
15345:, ECR I‑9171,
15334:
15330:
15321:
15317:
15308:
15304:
15290:
15286:
15272:
15268:
15255:
15251:
15242:
15238:
15229:
15225:
15216:
15212:
15204:
15200:
15192:
15188:
15180:
15176:
15153:
15149:
15137:
15133:
15119:
15115:
15098:
15094:
15073:
15069:
15065:(3rd 1821) ch 7
15055:
15051:
15043:
15039:
15031:
15027:
14999:
14995:
14986:
14982:
14978:(2010) C-555/07
14965:
14961:
14950:
14946:
14942:(2014) C-176/12
14941:
14937:
14932:
14928:
14924:(2011) C-236/09
14923:
14919:
14911:
14904:
14899:
14895:
14885:
14881:
14871:
14867:
14822:
14818:
14813:
14809:
14792:
14788:
14780:
14776:
14767:
14763:
14754:
14750:
14745:
14741:
14732:
14728:
14720:
14716:
14708:
14701:
14696:
14692:
14683:
14679:
14670:
14666:
14658:
14654:
14644:
14640:
14635:
14631:
14622:
14618:
14613:
14609:
14593:
14589:
14580:
14576:
14565:
14561:
14557:, 2 BvR 2728/13
14547:
14543:
14530:
14526:
14521:
14517:
14509:
14505:
14496:
14492:
14487:
14483:
14473:
14469:
14456:
14452:
14444:
14440:
14432:
14428:
14417:
14413:
14398:
14394:
14386:
14382:
14371:
14367:
14339:
14335:
14330:
14326:
14309:
14305:
14300:
14296:
14275:
14271:
14266:
14262:
14238:Marshall (No 2)
14232:
14228:
14206:
14202:
14175:
14171:
14144:
14140:
14131:
14127:
14091:, ECR I-4367 (
14085:Marshall (No 2)
14079:
14075:
14060:
14056:
14051:
14047:
14038:
14034:
14026:
14022:
14014:
14010:
13999:
13995:
13982:
13978:
13959:
13955:
13941:
13937:
13918:
13914:
13908:
13904:
13891:
13887:
13874:
13870:
13854:
13850:
13834:
13830:
13813:
13809:
13804:
13797:
13792:
13788:
13783:Lord Denning MR
13775:
13771:
13766:
13762:
13757:
13753:
13743:
13741:
13733:
13732:
13725:
13715:
13711:
13702:
13698:
13684:
13680:
13672:
13668:
13660:
13656:
13647:
13643:
13633:
13629:
13621:
13617:
13604:
13600:
13595:Wayback Machine
13576:
13572:
13564:
13560:
13548:
13544:
13539:
13535:
13531:(2005) C-144/04
13530:
13526:
13521:
13517:
13510:
13488:
13484:
13468:
13464:
13459:Wayback Machine
13447:
13443:
13435:
13431:
13426:
13422:
13417:
13413:
13408:
13404:
13396:
13392:
13387:
13383:
13378:Wayback Machine
13368:
13364:
13353:
13349:
13343:
13339:
13334:
13330:
13325:
13321:
13316:
13312:
13294:
13290:
13273:
13269:
13265:art 230 and 234
13261:
13257:
13253:art 226 and 228
13249:
13245:
13232:
13228:
13222:
13218:
13213:
13209:
13200:
13196:
13191:
13187:
13179:
13175:
13166:
13162:
13157:
13153:
13145:
13141:
13133:
13129:
13121:
13117:
13109:
13105:
13101:(15 March 1999)
13096:
13092:
13087:
13083:
13067:
13063:
13053:
13049:
13044:
13040:
13035:
13031:
13023:
13019:
13014:
13010:
12999:
12995:
12987:
12983:
12975:
12971:
12957:
12953:
12945:
12941:
12903:
12899:
12891:
12887:
12855:
12851:
12820:Arnull, Anthony
12816:
12812:
12806:
12802:
12794:
12790:
12782:
12778:
12770:
12766:
12743:
12739:
12722:
12718:
12673:
12669:
12653:e.g. J Weiler,
12652:
12648:
12639:
12635:
12622:
12618:
12610:
12606:
12600:Wayback Machine
12586:
12582:
12568:
12564:
12548:
12544:
12536:UN Charter 1945
12533:
12529:
12514:
12510:
12486:
12482:
12460:
12456:
12442:
12438:
12426:
12422:
12401:
12397:
12386:
12382:
12374:
12370:
12345:
12341:
12327:
12320:
12312:
12308:
12286:
12279:
12266:
12259:
12241:full employment
12230:
12226:
12213:
12209:
12196:
12195:
12191:
12181:
12177:
12167:
12165:
12156:
12155:
12151:
12147:
12142:
12086:
12066:Franco Frattini
12039:
12031:Main articles:
12029:
11973:(funded by the
11963:
11951:Main articles:
11949:
11912:Google Shopping
11903:competition law
11803:
11798:
11788:
11778:
11766:
11754:
11750:Google Shopping
11742:
11730:
11720:
11710:
11705:
11698:
11693:
11686:
11672:
11671:arts 19 and 25.
11658:
11655:
11625:
11615:
11481:
11476:
11466:
11454:
11444:
11434:
11429:
11422:
11410:
11405:
11398:
11388:
11378:
11373:
11366:
11356:
11342:
11328:
11325:
11295:
11281:
11217:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11160:
11143:
11139:
11077:
11072:
11062:
11058:
11051:
11046:
11039:
11033:
11025:
11021:
11014:
11009:
11002:
10998:
10991:
10982:
10978:
10971:
10970:(2017) C-434/15
10965:
10957:
10956:(2007) C-112/05
10945:
10940:
10933:
10926:
10919:
10914:
10907:
10897:
10887:
10884:
10854:
10846:Main articles:
10844:
10716:
10698:
10693:
10683:
10682:(2003) C-278/01
10671:
10661:
10656:
10649:
10639:
10629:
10619:
10610:
10601:
10597:
10590:
10586:
10579:
10575:
10568:
10556:
10544:
10540:
10533:
10528:
10521:
10516:
10509:
10499:
10489:
10486:
10456:
10328:Lake Palcacocha
10311:Lliuya v RWE AG
10257:
10237:Main articles:
10235:
10230:
10220:
10219:(2013) C-105/12
10208:
10207:arts 63 and 345
10198:
10186:
10185:(2001) C-379/98
10174:
10169:
10162:
10152:
10151:arts 3-8 and 35
10142:
10136:
10128:
10116:
10112:Lliuya v RWE AG
10104:
10094:
10078:
10059:
10045:
10042:
10012:
9988:Eurozone crisis
9911:full employment
9903:economic growth
9899:price stability
9891:monetary policy
9887:price stability
9867:Banco de España
9826:
9821:
9811:
9796:
9792:
9785:
9776:
9771:
9764:
9759:
9752:
9737:
9727:
9722:
9715:
9705:
9689:
9686:
9656:
9638:
9585:Beveridge model
9564:
9559:
9549:
9537:
9525:
9515:
9514:(2006) C-372/04
9503:
9498:
9491:
9490:arts 11 and 13.
9481:
9467:
9453:
9450:
9381:
9376:
9366:
9354:
9334:
9314:
9311:
9261:
9251:
9225:
9179:
9116:
9100:Main articles:
9098:
9053:
9048:
9038:
9029:
9021:
9012:
9004:
8989:
8974:
8959:
8947:
8932:
8917:
8902:
8890:
8887:
8823:British Airways
8732:
8727:
8717:
8716:(2017) C-413/14
8705:
8690:
8675:
8663:
8657:
8649:
8634:
8622:
8607:
8592:
8580:
8577:
8542:and takeovers,
8492:
8486:
8484:Competition law
8454:asset stripping
8371:codetermination
8331:
8326:
8316:
8307:
8303:
8296:
8292:
8285:
8281:
8274:
8270:
8263:
8260:
8154:", the German "
8139:
8123:Main articles:
8121:
8116:
8102:
8090:
8078:
8071:
8064:
8052:
8041:
8029:
8017:
8005:
7993:
7984:
7972:
7960:
7948:
7939:
7927:
7915:
7903:
7891:
7888:
7858:
7788:right to strike
7671:ILO Conventions
7658:wage regulation
7587:wage regulation
7579:monetary policy
7541:
7523:ILO Conventions
7517:Main articles:
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7510:
7496:
7487:
7478:
7474:
7467:
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7405:
7396:
7387:
7378:
7369:
7360:
7351:
7342:
7338:
7331:
7322:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7293:
7284:
7266:
7263:
7233:
7087:John F. Kennedy
7054:
7044:
7039:
7027:
7018:
7014:
7007:
6995:
6994:(2013) C-415/11
6983:
6982:(2013) C-488/11
6971:
6959:
6958:(2012) C-618/10
6947:
6943:
6936:
6927:
6913:
6910:
6880:
6832:competition law
6719:
6709:
6697:full employment
6693:price stability
6657:monetary policy
6653:single currency
6549:price stability
6525:
6520:
6510:
6500:
6499:(2010) C-171/08
6488:
6487:(2007) C-112/05
6476:
6475:(2000) C-478/98
6464:
6463:(2000) C-251/98
6458:
6450:
6441:
6431:
6428:
6398:
6388:Capital control
6386:Main articles:
6384:
6295:social security
6285:
6280:
6270:
6269:(2010) C‑137/09
6258:
6257:(2007) C-319/05
6246:
6234:
6233:(2001) C-157/99
6222:
6221:(1995) C-384/93
6216:
6208:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6175:
6172:
6097:limited company
5982:
5970:Main articles:
5968:
5963:
5951:
5939:
5938:(2007) C-438/05
5921:
5909:
5908:(2008) C-210/06
5897:
5896:(2003) C-167/01
5885:
5884:(2002) C-208/00
5879:
5871:
5870:(1999) C-212/97
5865:
5857:
5851:
5843:
5837:
5829:
5819:
5816:
5786:
5734:equal treatment
5726:social security
5657:
5651:
5646:
5636:
5635:(2014) C‑333/13
5624:
5623:(2005) C-147/03
5612:
5611:(2005) C-209/03
5600:
5599:(2001) C-184/99
5594:
5586:
5574:
5573:(2004) C-200/02
5562:
5561:(2002) C-413/99
5556:
5548:
5536:
5535:(2008) C-127/08
5524:
5515:
5505:
5502:
5472:
5407:R.F.C. de Liège
5359:social security
5354:social security
5315:
5309:
5304:
5290:
5284:
5276:
5261:
5249:
5237:
5236:(2007) C-213/05
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5146:
5131:
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5099:
5087:
5075:
5072:
5042:
4996:competition law
4909:Cassis de Dijon
4857:proportionately
4776:
4770:
4765:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4732:
4731:(2003) C-322/01
4726:
4718:
4717:(2001) C-405/98
4706:
4694:
4693:(1993) C-267/91
4682:
4681:(2009) C-110/05
4670:
4658:
4646:
4634:
4633:(2003) C-112/00
4622:
4621:(1997) C-265/95
4610:
4598:
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4555:
4539:Value Added Tax
4435:internal market
4427:
4409:
4381:Legal certainty
4303:right to health
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4027:
4017:
4014:
3984:
3905:judicial review
3866:competition law
3848:judicial review
3840:
3834:Judicial review
3832:Main articles:
3830:
3825:
3815:
3803:
3802:(2013) C-583/11
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3745:
3742:
3712:
3710:Judicial review
3697:beer purity law
3569:Lord Denning MR
3484:
3476:Main articles:
3474:
3469:
3459:
3447:
3441:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3408:(2011) C-196/09
3397:
3385:
3375:
3372:
3342:
3319:indirect effect
3308:British Gas plc
3140:
3132:Main articles:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3103:
3102:(2000) C-443/98
3091:
3090:(1990) C-106/89
3079:
3078:(1990) C-188/89
3067:
3066:(2010) C-555/07
3055:
3054:(2005) C-397/01
3043:
3042:(1996) C-194/94
3031:
3019:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2922:
2892:
2880:proportionality
2876:judicial review
2814:
2804:
2758:Osama bin Laden
2609:Nationalization
2571:
2563:Main articles:
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2546:
2534:
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2510:
2504:
2496:
2490:
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2434:
2431:
2401:
2296:Cour du travail
2288:Court of Appeal
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2251:Main articles:
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2244:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2186:
2156:
2109:Strasbourg seat
1965:
1960:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1926:
1914:
1904:
1890:
1880:
1868:
1858:
1853:arts 15-16 and
1844:
1838:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1797:
1783:
1780:
1750:
1734:Main articles:
1732:
1712:monetary policy
1594:
1589:
1579:
1570:
1560:
1548:
1547:(2006) C-432/04
1536:
1526:
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1079:
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1057:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1019:
1016:
986:
980:
884:
862:
754:1994 referendum
720:After the 2016
662:1975 referendum
658:1972 referendum
394:Napoleonic Wars
382:Perpetual Union
293:King Henry VIII
233:Catholic Church
189:
177:Main articles:
175:
170:
169:
168:
167:
158:
144:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
25602:
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25586:
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25570:
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25556:European Union
25535:
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25521:
25515:
25512:
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25509:
25508:
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25497:
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25141:Laissez-passer
25138:
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25128:
25120:
25114:
25108:
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25104:
25103:
25101:
25100:
25099:
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25091:Current agenda
25083:
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24694:
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24687:Euroscepticism
24684:
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24674:
24669:
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23989:Extreme points
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23730:
23729:
23724:
23718:
23716:
23714:Defence policy
23707:
23703:
23702:
23700:
23699:
23694:
23689:
23684:
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23674:
23669:
23663:
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23643: articles
23641:European Union
23637:
23636:
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23605:
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23587:
23573:
23570:Law portal
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23413:
23408:
23406:Trial advocacy
23403:
23398:
23393:
23388:
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23386:
23381:
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22936:Ballot measure
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22913:Legal treatise
22910:
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22879:Letters patent
22876:
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22870:
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22854:
22849:
22840:
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22830:Sources of law
22826:
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22823:
22822:
22817:
22815:Unenforced law
22812:
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22802:
22797:
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22587:Commercial law
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22028:
22023:
22018:
22013:
22008:
22003:
21998:
21993:
21987:
21982:
21977:
21975:Database right
21972:
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21937:
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21897:
21895:ATEX directive
21892:
21887:
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21879:
21873:
21872:
21870:
21869:
21864:
21859:
21854:
21849:
21844:
21837:
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21830:CLP Regulation
21827:
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21807:
21802:
21797:
21792:
21787:
21782:
21776:
21774:
21770:
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21748:Staatenverbund
21744:
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21587:Recommendation
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21349:External links
21347:
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21297:
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21241:10.2307/796898
21224:
21218:
21205:
21199:
21184:
21178:
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21156:
21135:
21132:
21130:
21129:
21123:Case C-440/05
21099:
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20681:(2019) C-18/18
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20631:
20617:
20603:
20587:
20578:
20569:
20560:
20548:
20538:
20534:correspondence
20530:ECHR article 8
20521:
20507:
20494:
20485:
20476:
20462:
20438:
20421:
20409:
20394:
20380:
20356:
20332:
20317:
20304:
20295:
20280:
20267:
20255:
20246:
20232:
20220:
20209:
20189:
20173:
20164:
20146:
20131:
20117:
20112:
20097:
20081:
20069:
20053:
20045:arts 25 and 27
20033:
20015:
20013:arts 27 and 36
20003:
19988:
19975:
19963:
19954:
19942:
19930:
19915:
19873:
19859:
19857:RDR 2013 art 5
19850:
19841:
19832:
19818:
19809:
19800:
19791:
19782:
19773:
19758:
19749:
19740:
19724:
19711:
19694:
19675:
19666:
19653:
19644:
19634:
19625:
19611:
19602:
19584:
19571:
19562:
19553:art 8 and the
19540:
19531:
19414:
19399:
19387:
19357:
19337:
19328:
19315:
19303:
19289:
19276:
19259:
19247:
19235:
19223:
19211:
19199:
19190:
19174:
19151:
19136:
19122:
19110:
19090:
19074:
19056:
19042:
19030:
19011:
19000:
18988:
18976:
18963:
18954:
18945:
18925:
18909:
18893:
18884:
18875:
18866:
18839:
18825:
18814:
18801:
18787:
18774:
18741:
18727:art 12(2)(d).
18713:
18700:
18683:
18674:
18660:
18632:
18612:
18599:
18584:
18552:
18530:
18514:Education Code
18505:
18475:
18461:
18445:
18430:
18418:
18406:
18392:
18379:
18363:
18348:
18339:
18330:
18328:(2002 T-5/02,
18315:
18300:
18288:
18276:
18262:
18250:
18241:
18220:
18211:
18194:
18180:
18167:
18153:
18139:
18125:
18105:
18096:
18076:
18061:
18053:ECR 234, and
18040:
18026:
18012:
17984:
17951:
17930:
17912:
17895:
17851:
17838:
17820:
17808:
17796:
17781:
17767:
17740:
17726:
17712:
17696:
17687:
17662:
17648:
17634:
17623:
17608:
17582:
17565:
17551:
17537:
17523:
17511:
17499:
17490:
17481:
17466:
17450:
17441:
17432:
17408:
17396:
17383:
17369:
17355:
17331:
17317:
17298:
17278:
17265:
17250:
17233:
17211:
17197:
17185:
17128:
17114:
17100:
17088:
17076:
17064:
17047:
17026:
17009:
16990:
16981:
16966:
16938:
16920:
16906:
16883:
16856:
16830:
16817:
16800:
16784:
16763:
16736:
16723:
16706:
16694:
16682:
16655:
16632:
16619:
16603:
16589:
16570:
16556:
16547:
16538:
16529:
16520:
16499:
16486:
16473:
16464:
16450:
16448:(2007) C-76/05
16430:
16415:
16406:
16404:arts 56 and 57
16394:
16378:
16357:
16345:
16332:
16295:
16276:
16263:
16248:
16231:
16218:
16209:
16194:
16185:
16171:
16159:
16145:
16132:
16120:
16108:
16093:
16081:
16072:
16059:
16046:
16037:
16024:
16012:
15984:
15968:
15947:(3): 361–377.
15927:
15907:
15889:
15872:
15857:
15835:
15823:
15810:
15797:
15788:
15775:
15766:
15754:
15739:
15721:
15711:
15694:
15681:
15663:
15643:
15631:
15619:
15605:
15596:
15587:
15572:
15568:Shops Act 1950
15553:
15544:
15525:
15516:
15503:
15490:
15478:
15465:
15452:
15440:
15428:
15414:
15400:
15386:
15372:
15355:
15328:
15315:
15302:
15284:
15266:
15249:
15236:
15223:
15210:
15198:
15186:
15174:
15147:
15131:
15113:
15092:
15067:
15049:
15037:
15025:
14993:
14980:
14969:Mangold v Helm
14959:
14944:
14935:
14926:
14917:
14902:
14893:
14879:
14865:
14855:L Wittgenstein
14816:
14807:
14786:
14774:
14761:
14748:
14739:
14726:
14724:, p. 387.
14714:
14699:
14690:
14677:
14664:
14652:
14638:
14629:
14616:
14607:
14587:
14574:
14559:
14541:
14524:
14515:
14503:
14490:
14488:CPR 68.2(1)(a)
14481:
14467:
14450:
14438:
14426:
14411:
14392:
14380:
14365:
14354:, but was for
14333:
14324:
14313:Mangold v Helm
14303:
14294:
14269:
14260:
14226:
14200:
14176:First held in
14169:
14138:
14125:
14109:, ECR I-763,
14073:
14054:
14045:
14032:
14020:
14008:
13993:
13976:
13953:
13935:
13912:
13902:
13885:
13868:
13848:
13828:
13807:
13795:
13786:
13769:
13760:
13751:
13723:
13709:
13696:
13685:This included
13678:
13666:
13654:
13641:
13627:
13615:
13598:
13581:arts 28 and 60
13570:
13558:
13542:
13533:
13524:
13515:
13508:
13482:
13462:
13441:
13439:, ch 2, 57–67.
13429:
13420:
13411:
13402:
13390:
13381:
13362:
13347:
13337:
13328:
13319:
13310:
13288:
13267:
13255:
13243:
13226:
13216:
13207:
13194:
13185:
13173:
13160:
13151:
13139:
13127:
13115:
13103:
13090:
13081:
13061:
13047:
13038:
13029:
13017:
13008:
12993:
12981:
12979:, ch 2, 31–40.
12969:
12951:
12939:
12897:
12885:
12862:Canary Islands
12849:
12810:
12800:
12788:
12776:
12764:
12746:United Kingdom
12737:
12716:
12667:
12646:
12633:
12616:
12604:
12580:
12562:
12542:
12527:
12508:
12480:
12454:
12436:
12420:
12395:
12380:
12368:
12360:Jeremy Bentham
12339:
12318:
12306:
12277:
12257:
12224:
12207:
12204:. 5 July 2016.
12202:European Union
12189:
12175:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12127:Unitary patent
12124:
12118:
12112:
12106:
12100:
12094:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12051:
12050:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12023:
12017:
12000:
11995:
11991:TFEU art 214,
11989:
11987:United Nations
11948:
11945:
11928:Google AdSense
11918:Google Android
11800:
11799:
11793:
11790:
11789:
11783:
11780:
11779:
11771:
11768:
11767:
11762:Google AdSense
11759:
11756:
11755:
11747:
11744:
11743:
11738:Google Android
11735:
11732:
11731:
11725:
11722:
11721:
11715:
11712:
11711:
11703:
11700:
11699:
11691:
11688:
11687:
11677:
11674:
11673:
11663:
11660:
11659:
11654:
11653:
11646:
11639:
11631:
11614:
11611:
11541:radio spectrum
11478:
11477:
11471:
11468:
11467:
11465:(2010) C-58/08
11459:
11456:
11455:
11449:
11446:
11445:
11439:
11436:
11435:
11427:
11424:
11423:
11415:
11412:
11411:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11393:
11390:
11389:
11383:
11380:
11379:
11371:
11368:
11367:
11361:
11358:
11357:
11347:
11344:
11343:
11333:
11330:
11329:
11324:
11323:
11316:
11309:
11301:
11280:
11277:
11158:
11141:
11137:
11082:global heating
11074:
11073:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11056:
11053:
11052:
11044:
11041:
11040:
11030:
11027:
11026:
11019:
11016:
11015:
11007:
11004:
11003:
10996:
10993:
10992:
10987:
10984:
10983:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10962:
10959:
10958:
10950:
10947:
10946:
10938:
10935:
10934:
10931:2-6, 13, Annex
10924:
10921:
10920:
10912:
10909:
10908:
10906:arts 27 and 36
10902:
10899:
10898:
10892:
10889:
10888:
10883:
10882:
10875:
10868:
10860:
10843:
10840:
10695:
10694:
10688:
10685:
10684:
10676:
10673:
10672:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10654:
10651:
10650:
10644:
10641:
10640:
10634:
10631:
10630:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10615:
10612:
10611:
10606:
10603:
10602:
10595:
10592:
10591:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10573:
10570:
10569:
10561:
10558:
10557:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10538:
10535:
10534:
10526:
10523:
10522:
10514:
10511:
10510:
10504:
10501:
10500:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10485:
10484:
10477:
10470:
10462:
10455:
10452:
10399:feed-in tariff
10374:climate damage
10232:
10231:
10225:
10222:
10221:
10213:
10210:
10209:
10203:
10200:
10199:
10191:
10188:
10187:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10167:
10164:
10163:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10133:
10130:
10129:
10121:
10118:
10117:
10109:
10106:
10105:
10099:
10096:
10095:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10064:
10061:
10060:
10050:
10047:
10046:
10041:
10040:
10033:
10026:
10018:
10011:
10008:
9984:Fiscal Compact
9823:
9822:
9816:
9813:
9812:
9801:
9798:
9797:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9769:
9766:
9765:
9757:
9754:
9753:
9742:
9739:
9738:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9720:
9717:
9716:
9710:
9707:
9706:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9685:
9684:
9677:
9670:
9662:
9637:
9634:
9629:ECHR article 3
9597:Bismarck model
9561:
9560:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9496:
9493:
9492:
9486:
9483:
9482:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9458:
9455:
9454:
9449:
9448:
9441:
9434:
9426:
9378:
9377:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9344:arts 7, 10, 17
9339:
9336:
9335:
9319:
9316:
9315:
9310:
9309:
9302:
9295:
9287:
9250:
9247:
9238:climate damage
9178:
9175:
9097:
9094:
9050:
9049:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9009:
9006:
9005:
8994:
8991:
8990:
8979:
8976:
8975:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8958:(2000) T-41/96
8952:
8949:
8948:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8885:
8878:
8871:
8863:
8729:
8728:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8674:(2007) C-95/04
8668:
8665:
8664:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8612:
8609:
8608:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8575:
8568:
8561:
8553:
8488:Main article:
8485:
8482:
8480:in Frankfurt.
8472:in Paris, the
8449:private equity
8394:, or the U.S.
8387:asset managers
8367:two-tier board
8328:
8327:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8259:
8258:
8251:
8244:
8236:
8197:, contract or
8129:UK company law
8118:
8117:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8010:
8007:
8006:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7953:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7886:
7879:
7872:
7864:
7857:
7854:
7512:
7511:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:arts 4-6, 9-11
7275:arts 151-153,
7271:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7239:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7221:
7213:
7205:
7085:proclaimed by
7041:
7040:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:(2014) C-34/13
7000:
6997:
6996:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6970:(2013) C-92/11
6964:
6961:
6960:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6909:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6886:
6879:
6876:
6775:. Groups with
6713:Market economy
6708:
6705:
6637:Similarly, in
6630:Volkswagen Act
6581:company shares
6565:Treaty of Rome
6522:
6521:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6404:
6383:
6380:
6282:
6281:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6245:(2004) C-36/02
6239:
6236:
6235:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:(1991) C-76/90
6201:
6198:
6197:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6148:
6082:parent company
5965:
5964:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:(1995) C-55/94
5848:
5845:
5844:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5792:
5785:
5782:
5648:
5647:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:(2011) C-34/09
5579:
5576:
5575:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:(1998) C-85/96
5541:
5538:
5537:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5478:
5471:
5468:
5424:to teach in a
5311:Main article:
5306:
5305:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:(1994) C-43/93
5281:
5278:
5277:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5048:
5041:
5038:
4974:market economy
4970:Flag of Europe
4940:vegetable fats
4809:law requiring
4780:European Union
4772:Main article:
4767:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:(1997) C-34/95
4699:
4696:
4695:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:(2003) C-14/00
4663:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4561:
4554:
4551:
4523:small business
4495:monetary union
4459:Treaty of Rome
4425:United Nations
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4391:
4384:
4278:, although in
4206:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4109:Mangold v Helm
4106:
4103:
4102:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3603:Högsta domstol
3471:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:(2002) C-99/00
3426:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3160:EU Regulations
3127:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:(1994) C-91/92
3024:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2846:European Union
2830:Flag of Europe
2803:
2800:
2730:. However, in
2656:noted that in
2613:Treaty of Rome
2558:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2311:Mangold v Helm
2294:, the Belgian
2246:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2121:Brussels seats
2094:Charles Michel
1962:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1792:arts 9-14 and
1788:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1731:
1728:
1602:European Union
1591:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:(1992) C-54/90
1553:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1468:
1465:
1375:(TEU) and the
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1327:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1278:Czech Republic
1268:
1258:
1240:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1000:
992:
982:Main article:
979:
976:
861:
858:
814:interest rates
774:Treaty of Nice
738:social chapter
734:European Union
523:Robert Schuman
453:was the first
445:Treaty of Rome
271:lex mercatoria
174:
171:
159:
150:
145:
138:
137:
136:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
25601:
25590:
25587:
25585:
25582:
25581:
25579:
25569:
25564:
25559:
25557:
25547:
25546:
25543:
25530:
25527:
25525:
25522:
25520:
25517:
25516:
25513:
25507:
25504:
25502:
25499:
25498:
25496:
25490:
25486:
25480:
25478:
25474:
25472:
25471:
25467:
25465:
25464:
25459:
25458:
25456:
25450:
25448:
25443:
25437:
25435:
25431:
25429:
25428:
25423:
25421:
25418:
25416:
25413:
25412:
25410:
25404:
25402:
25397:
25391:
25388:
25386:
25383:
25381:
25378:
25377:
25375:
25369:
25367:
25362:
25357:
25347:
25344:
25342:
25339:
25337:
25334:
25332:
25329:
25327:
25324:
25322:
25319:
25317:
25314:
25313:
25311:
25308:
25303:
25299:
25295:
25288:
25283:
25281:
25276:
25274:
25269:
25268:
25265:
25253:
25250:
25248:
25245:
25244:
25239:
25235:
25234:
25230:
25224:
25221:
25219:
25216:
25214:
25211:
25209:
25206:
25204:
25201:
25199:
25196:
25194:
25191:
25190:
25188:
25186:
25182:
25172:
25169:
25167:
25164:
25162:
25159:
25157:
25154:
25152:
25151:Media freedom
25149:
25147:
25144:
25142:
25139:
25137:
25134:
25132:
25129:
25127:
25126:
25122:
25121:
25118:
25115:
25113:
25109:
25097:
25094:
25092:
25089:
25088:
25087:
25084:
25082:
25079:
25077:
25074:
25072:
25069:
25067:
25064:
25062:
25059:
25057:
25054:
25052:
25049:
25047:
25044:
25042:
25039:
25037:
25034:
25032:
25029:
25027:
25024:
25020:
25017:
25016:
25015:
25012:
25010:
25007:
25005:
25002:
25000:
24997:
24995:
24992:
24988:
24985:
24984:
24983:
24980:
24978:
24975:
24974:
24972:
24970:
24964:
24956:
24953:
24951:
24948:
24946:
24943:
24941:
24938:
24936:
24933:
24931:
24928:
24924:
24921:
24920:
24919:
24916:
24914:
24911:
24907:
24904:
24903:
24902:
24899:
24897:
24896:Energy policy
24894:
24892:
24889:
24887:
24886:Customs Union
24884:
24882:
24879:
24877:
24874:
24873:
24872:
24871:Single market
24869:
24863:
24860:
24859:
24858:
24855:
24851:
24848:
24846:
24843:
24842:
24841:
24838:
24836:
24833:
24832:
24831:
24828:
24824:
24821:
24819:
24816:
24814:
24811:
24807:
24804:
24803:
24802:
24799:
24798:
24797:
24794:
24790:
24787:
24785:
24782:
24779:
24775:
24774:identity card
24772:
24770:
24767:
24765:
24762:
24760:
24757:
24754:
24751:
24749:
24748:Schengen Area
24746:
24744:
24741:
24740:
24739:
24736:
24735:
24733:
24729:
24723:
24720:
24718:
24715:
24713:
24710:
24708:
24705:
24703:
24700:
24698:
24695:
24693:
24690:
24688:
24685:
24683:
24680:
24678:
24675:
24673:
24670:
24668:
24665:
24663:
24660:
24658:
24655:
24653:
24650:
24649:
24647:
24643:
24640:
24638:
24634:
24624:
24621:
24619:
24616:
24614:
24611:
24609:
24606:
24602:
24599:
24598:
24597:
24594:
24588:
24585:
24584:
24583:
24580:
24579:
24578:
24575:
24573:
24570:
24568:
24565:
24563:
24560:
24558:
24555:
24554:
24551:
24548:
24546:
24542:
24534:
24531:
24529:
24526:
24525:
24524:
24521:
24519:
24516:
24514:
24511:
24509:
24506:
24504:
24501:
24499:
24496:
24494:
24493:
24489:
24487:
24484:
24480:
24477:
24476:
24475:
24472:
24470:
24469:Copyright law
24467:
24465:
24462:
24460:
24457:
24455:
24452:
24451:
24449:
24447:
24443:
24433:
24430:
24428:
24425:
24423:
24420:
24419:
24417:
24411:
24405:
24402:
24400:
24397:
24396:
24394:
24388:
24382:
24379:
24378:
24376:
24372:
24366:
24363:
24361:
24358:
24357:
24355:
24349:
24343:
24340:
24338:
24335:
24333:
24330:
24326:EIB Institute
24325:
24323:
24320:
24318:
24315:
24314:
24312:
24310:
24307:
24306:
24304:
24296:
24284:
24281:
24280:
24279:
24276:
24275:
24273:
24271:
24267:
24259:
24256:
24254:
24251:
24249:
24246:
24245:
24244:
24241:
24240:
24238:
24236:
24232:
24224:
24223:General Court
24221:
24219:
24216:
24215:
24214:
24211:
24210:
24208:
24206:
24202:
24194:
24191:
24189:
24188:Commissioners
24186:
24184:
24181:
24179:
24176:
24175:
24174:
24171:
24167:
24164:
24162:
24159:
24158:
24157:
24154:
24153:
24151:
24149:
24145:
24137:
24134:
24132:
24129:
24127:
24124:
24123:
24122:
24119:
24115:
24112:
24110:
24107:
24105:
24102:
24098:
24095:
24094:
24093:
24090:
24088:
24085:
24083:
24080:
24078:
24075:
24073:
24070:
24069:
24068:
24065:
24064:
24062:
24060:
24056:
24053:
24051:
24047:
24044:
24042:
24038:
24028:
24025:
24023:
24020:
24018:
24012:
24010:
24007:
24005:
24004:Member states
24002:
24000:
23997:
23995:
23992:
23990:
23987:
23985:
23982:
23980:
23977:
23975:
23972:
23970:
23967:
23966:
23963:
23960:
23958:
23954:
23944:
23941:
23939:
23936:
23934:
23931:
23929:
23926:
23924:
23921:
23920:
23918:
23916:
23912:
23906:
23903:
23901:
23898:
23896:
23893:
23891:
23888:
23886:
23883:
23881:
23878:
23876:
23873:
23871:
23868:
23866:
23863:
23862:
23860:
23858:
23854:
23844:
23842:
23837:
23835:
23833:
23828:
23827:
23825:
23823:
23819:
23813:
23810:
23808:
23805:
23804:
23802:
23800:
23796:
23786:
23783:
23782:
23779:
23773:
23770:
23768:
23765:
23764:
23761:
23755:
23752:
23750:
23747:
23746:
23743:
23740:
23738:
23734:
23728:
23725:
23723:
23720:
23719:
23717:
23715:
23711:
23708:
23704:
23698:
23695:
23693:
23690:
23688:
23685:
23683:
23680:
23678:
23675:
23673:
23670:
23668:
23665:
23664:
23662:
23660:
23656:
23653:
23651:
23647:
23642:
23635:
23630:
23628:
23623:
23621:
23616:
23615:
23612:
23600:
23599:
23595:
23593:
23592:
23588:
23586:
23585:
23574:
23572:
23571:
23566:
23560:
23559:
23556:
23548:
23545:
23544:
23543:
23540:
23539:
23537:
23533:
23527:
23524:
23522:
23519:
23517:
23514:
23512:
23509:
23507:
23504:
23500:
23497:
23496:
23495:
23492:
23488:
23485:
23484:
23483:
23480:
23478:
23475:
23473:
23470:
23468:
23465:
23463:
23460:
23458:
23455:
23453:
23452:Civil society
23450:
23448:
23445:
23443:
23440:
23438:
23435:
23433:
23430:
23429:
23427:
23423:
23417:
23414:
23412:
23411:Trier of fact
23409:
23407:
23404:
23402:
23399:
23397:
23394:
23392:
23389:
23385:
23382:
23380:
23377:
23375:
23372:
23370:
23367:
23365:
23362:
23360:
23357:
23355:
23352:
23351:
23350:
23347:
23345:
23342:
23340:
23337:
23335:
23332:
23330:
23327:
23325:
23322:
23318:
23315:
23313:
23310:
23309:
23308:
23305:
23303:
23300:
23298:
23297:Legal opinion
23295:
23293:
23290:
23288:
23285:
23283:
23280:
23278:
23277:Court-martial
23275:
23273:
23270:
23268:
23265:
23263:
23260:
23258:
23255:
23254:
23252:
23250:
23249:Jurisprudence
23246:
23240:
23237:
23235:
23232:
23230:
23227:
23225:
23222:
23220:
23217:
23215:
23212:
23210:
23207:
23205:
23202:
23200:
23197:
23195:
23192:
23190:
23187:
23185:
23182:
23180:
23177:
23175:
23172:
23170:
23167:
23165:
23162:
23161:
23159:
23155:
23149:
23146:
23144:
23141:
23139:
23138:Statutory law
23136:
23134:
23133:Socialist law
23131:
23127:
23126:Byzantine law
23124:
23123:
23122:
23119:
23115:
23112:
23110:
23107:
23105:
23102:
23100:
23097:
23095:
23092:
23088:
23085:
23084:
23083:
23080:
23079:
23078:
23077:Religious law
23075:
23073:
23070:
23068:
23065:
23063:
23060:
23058:
23055:
23054:
23052:
23050:
23049:Legal systems
23046:
23040:
23037:
23033:
23030:
23028:
23025:
23023:
23020:
23019:
23018:
23017:Statutory law
23015:
23011:
23008:
23007:
23006:
23003:
23001:
22998:
22996:
22993:
22991:
22988:
22984:
22981:
22979:
22976:
22974:
22971:
22970:
22969:
22966:
22962:
22959:
22957:
22954:
22952:
22949:
22948:
22947:
22944:
22942:
22939:
22937:
22934:
22933:
22931:
22929:
22925:
22919:
22916:
22914:
22911:
22907:
22904:
22902:
22899:
22898:
22897:
22894:
22890:
22887:
22886:
22885:
22882:
22880:
22877:
22875:
22872:
22868:
22865:
22864:
22863:
22860:
22858:
22855:
22853:
22850:
22848:
22847:Statutory law
22844:
22841:
22839:
22836:
22835:
22833:
22831:
22827:
22821:
22818:
22816:
22813:
22811:
22808:
22806:
22805:Transport law
22803:
22801:
22798:
22796:
22793:
22791:
22788:
22786:
22783:
22781:
22778:
22776:
22773:
22771:
22768:
22766:
22763:
22759:
22756:
22754:
22751:
22750:
22749:
22746:
22744:
22741:
22739:
22736:
22734:
22731:
22729:
22726:
22724:
22723:Legal fiction
22721:
22719:
22716:
22714:
22711:
22709:
22706:
22704:
22701:
22699:
22696:
22694:
22691:
22689:
22686:
22684:
22681:
22679:
22676:
22674:
22671:
22669:
22666:
22664:
22661:
22659:
22656:
22654:
22653:Financial law
22651:
22649:
22646:
22644:
22641:
22638:
22635:
22633:
22630:
22628:
22625:
22623:
22620:
22618:
22615:
22613:
22612:Corporate law
22610:
22608:
22605:
22603:
22600:
22598:
22595:
22593:
22590:
22588:
22585:
22583:
22580:
22578:
22575:
22573:
22570:
22568:
22565:
22563:
22560:
22558:
22555:
22554:
22552:
22548:
22542:
22539:
22537:
22536:Statutory law
22534:
22532:
22529:
22525:
22522:
22521:
22520:
22517:
22515:
22512:
22510:
22507:
22503:
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22446:
22443:
22441:
22438:
22436:
22433:
22431:
22428:
22426:
22423:
22422:
22420:
22418:Core subjects
22416:
22412:
22405:
22400:
22398:
22393:
22391:
22386:
22385:
22382:
22370:
22367:
22365:
22362:
22361:
22358:
22352:
22349:
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22344:
22342:
22339:
22338:
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22332:
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22318:
22316:
22313:
22311:
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22276:
22273:
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22241:
22238:
22236:
22233:
22231:
22228:
22226:
22223:
22221:
22218:
22216:
22213:
22211:
22207:
22203:
22200:
22199:
22197:
22193:
22187:
22184:
22182:
22179:
22177:
22174:
22172:
22169:
22167:
22164:
22162:
22159:
22157:
22154:
22152:
22149:
22147:
22144:
22142:
22139:
22137:
22134:
22132:
22129:
22127:
22124:
22122:
22119:
22117:
22114:
22112:
22109:
22107:
22104:
22102:
22099:
22097:
22094:
22092:
22089:
22087:
22084:
22082:
22079:
22077:
22074:
22072:
22069:
22067:
22064:
22062:
22059:
22057:
22054:
22052:
22049:
22047:
22044:
22042:
22039:
22037:
22034:
22032:
22029:
22027:
22024:
22022:
22021:CHP Directive
22019:
22017:
22014:
22012:
22009:
22007:
22004:
22002:
21999:
21997:
21994:
21991:
21988:
21986:
21983:
21981:
21978:
21976:
21973:
21971:
21968:
21966:
21963:
21961:
21958:
21956:
21953:
21951:
21948:
21946:
21943:
21941:
21938:
21936:
21933:
21931:
21928:
21926:
21923:
21921:
21918:
21916:
21913:
21911:
21908:
21906:
21903:
21901:
21898:
21896:
21893:
21891:
21888:
21886:
21883:
21882:
21880:
21878:
21874:
21868:
21865:
21863:
21860:
21858:
21855:
21853:
21850:
21848:
21845:
21843:
21842:
21838:
21836:
21833:
21831:
21828:
21826:
21823:
21821:
21818:
21816:
21813:
21811:
21808:
21806:
21803:
21801:
21798:
21796:
21793:
21791:
21788:
21786:
21783:
21781:
21778:
21777:
21775:
21771:
21765:
21762:
21760:
21757:
21755:
21752:
21750:
21749:
21745:
21743:
21740:
21738:
21735:
21733:
21730:
21728:
21725:
21723:
21720:
21718:
21715:
21713:
21710:
21708:
21705:
21703:
21700:
21698:
21695:
21693:
21690:
21688:
21687:Four freedoms
21685:
21683:
21680:
21678:
21675:
21673:
21670:
21668:
21667:Direct effect
21665:
21663:
21660:
21656:
21653:
21652:
21651:
21648:
21647:
21645:
21640:
21635:
21629:
21626:
21624:
21621:
21619:
21616:
21614:
21611:
21609:
21606:
21605:
21603:
21599:
21593:
21590:
21588:
21585:
21583:
21580:
21576:
21573:
21572:
21571:
21568:
21566:
21562:
21559:
21558:
21556:
21554:
21550:
21544:
21541:
21539:
21536:
21534:
21533:Lisbon Treaty
21531:
21529:
21526:
21524:
21521:
21519:
21516:
21514:
21511:
21509:
21508:Merger Treaty
21506:
21504:
21501:
21500:
21498:
21496:
21492:
21486:
21483:
21481:
21478:
21476:
21473:
21471:
21468:
21466:
21463:
21461:
21460:General Court
21458:
21454:
21451:
21449:
21446:
21445:
21444:
21441:
21439:
21436:
21435:
21433:
21429:
21425:
21419:
21409:
21404:
21402:
21397:
21395:
21390:
21389:
21386:
21380:
21378:
21374:
21372:
21369:
21367:
21364:
21362:
21359:
21356:
21353:
21352:
21342:
21336:
21332:
21327:
21323:
21317:
21313:
21309:
21305:
21300:
21294:
21290:
21286:
21282:
21277:
21271:
21267:
21262:
21258:
21254:
21250:
21246:
21242:
21238:
21234:
21230:
21225:
21221:
21215:
21211:
21206:
21202:
21196:
21192:
21191:
21185:
21181:
21175:
21171:
21167:
21163:
21159:
21153:
21149:
21145:
21144:
21138:
21137:
21127:
21126:
21111:. EU Observer
21110:
21103:
21088:
21084:
21077:
21069:
21062:
21054:
21050:
21049:"? - EUR-Lex"
21044:
21038:
21032:
21026:
21020:
21014:
21008:
20999:
20992:
20987:
20980:
20975:
20968:
20965:
20960:
20953:
20948:
20939:
20932:
20927:
20919:
20916:organiser of
20915:
20911:
20907:
20903:
20899:
20895:
20894:Alexander Nix
20891:
20885:
20878:
20874:
20869:
20861:
20860:
20853:
20846:
20842:
20837:
20830:
20826:
20821:
20814:
20808:
20802:
20796:
20789:
20788:
20781:
20772:
20763:
20757:
20751:
20744:
20739:
20732:
20731:
20725:
20715:
20708:
20707:
20701:
20694:
20693:
20687:
20680:
20679:
20673:
20666:
20665:
20659:
20652:
20647:
20640:
20635:
20629:
20627:
20621:
20614:
20613:
20607:
20600:
20596:
20591:
20582:
20573:
20564:
20557:
20552:
20542:
20535:
20531:
20525:
20519:
20516:
20511:
20504:
20503:Speedtest.net
20498:
20489:
20480:
20474:
20471:
20466:
20460:
20456:
20452:
20448:
20442:
20435:
20431:
20425:
20418:
20413:
20406:
20405:
20398:
20392:
20389:
20384:
20377:
20373:
20369:
20365:
20360:
20353:
20349:
20345:
20341:
20336:
20329:
20326:
20321:
20313:
20308:
20299:
20292:
20289:
20284:
20277:
20271:
20265:
20259:
20250:
20243:
20242:
20236:
20229:
20224:
20218:
20213:
20206:
20202:
20198:
20193:
20186:
20182:
20177:
20168:
20162:
20158:
20155:
20150:
20143:
20140:
20135:
20129:
20126:
20121:
20110:
20106:
20101:
20094:
20090:
20085:
20079:
20073:
20066:
20062:
20057:
20050:
20046:
20042:
20037:
20031:
20028:
20024:
20019:
20012:
20007:
20000:
19999:
19992:
19985:
19979:
19972:
19967:
19958:
19951:
19946:
19939:
19934:
19927:
19924:
19919:
19911:
19907:
19903:
19899:
19895:
19891:
19884:
19877:
19870:
19869:
19863:
19854:
19845:
19836:
19830:
19827:
19822:
19813:
19804:
19795:
19786:
19777:
19770:
19769:
19762:
19753:
19744:
19737:
19733:
19728:
19721:
19720:November 2022
19715:
19708:
19704:
19698:
19691:
19687:
19684:
19679:
19670:
19663:
19657:
19648:
19638:
19629:
19622:
19621:
19615:
19606:
19599:
19595:
19594:
19588:
19582:arts 3 and 6.
19581:
19575:
19566:
19559:
19556:
19555:Gas Directive
19552:
19549:
19544:
19535:
19528:
19523:
19519:
19515:
19511:
19507:
19503:
19499:
19495:
19488:
19484:
19479:
19474:
19469:
19464:
19460:
19456:
19455:GCB Bioenergy
19452:
19445:
19441:
19437:
19433:
19429:
19425:
19424:New Scientist
19418:
19411:
19406:
19404:
19397:
19391:
19385:
19382:
19378:
19375:
19371:
19367:
19361:
19354:
19353:
19348:
19347:
19341:
19332:
19325:
19324:4 August 2022
19319:
19313:
19307:
19300:
19299:
19293:
19286:
19280:
19273:
19269:
19266:E McGaughey,
19263:
19257:
19251:
19244:
19239:
19233:
19227:
19221:
19215:
19208:
19203:
19194:
19187:
19183:
19178:
19171:
19167:
19164:
19160:
19155:
19148:
19145:
19140:
19134:
19131:
19126:
19119:
19114:
19108:
19104:
19100:
19094:
19087:
19083:
19078:
19071:
19067:
19066:
19060:
19054:
19051:
19046:
19040:
19034:
19027:
19026:
19021:
19015:
19009:
19004:
18997:
18992:
18985:
18980:
18973:
18967:
18958:
18949:
18942:
18938:
18934:
18929:
18923:
18919:
18913:
18906:
18902:
18897:
18888:
18879:
18870:
18863:
18859:
18855:
18852:
18848:
18843:
18836:
18835:
18829:
18823:
18818:
18811:
18805:
18799:
18796:
18791:
18784:
18781:See Germany,
18778:
18771:
18767:
18763:
18759:
18758:Part VI, §427
18755:
18751:
18745:
18738:
18734:
18730:
18726:
18722:
18717:
18710:
18704:
18697:
18693:
18687:
18678:
18671:
18670:
18664:
18656:
18652:
18648:
18644:
18636:
18629:
18628:
18623:
18622:
18616:
18609:
18603:
18596:
18595:
18588:
18581:
18578:
18574:
18573:
18568:
18564:
18561:
18556:
18549:
18546:
18542:
18539:
18534:
18528:ss 10 and 18.
18527:
18523:
18519:
18515:
18509:
18502:
18498:
18494:
18491:
18487:
18484:
18479:
18471:
18465:
18458:
18454:
18449:
18442:
18439:
18434:
18427:
18422:
18415:
18410:
18404:
18401:
18396:
18389:
18383:
18376:
18375:Philips/Osram
18372:
18367:
18360:
18359:
18352:
18343:
18334:
18327:
18326:
18319:
18312:
18309:
18304:
18298:
18297:T-286/09 RENV
18292:
18286:
18285:Case T-201/04
18280:
18273:
18272:
18266:
18260:
18259:Case T-201/04
18254:
18245:
18237:
18233:
18227:
18225:
18215:
18209:
18205:
18204:
18198:
18191:
18190:
18184:
18177:
18171:
18164:
18163:
18157:
18150:
18149:
18143:
18136:
18135:
18129:
18122:
18121:
18116:
18115:
18109:
18100:
18093:
18092:
18087:
18086:
18080:
18073:
18072:
18065:
18058:
18057:
18052:
18051:
18044:
18037:
18036:
18030:
18023:
18022:
18016:
18009:
18005:
18001:
17998:
17994:
17988:
17982:
17981:2022/C 374/02
17977:
17973:
17972:
17967:
17964:
17960:
17955:
17949:
17948:
17945:
17940:
17934:
17928:
17924:
17923:
17916:
17910:
17906:
17905:
17899:
17892:
17888:
17884:
17880:
17879:
17874:
17873:
17868:
17867:
17862:
17861:
17855:
17848:
17847:Case T-201/04
17842:
17834:
17830:
17824:
17817:
17812:
17805:
17800:
17794:
17790:
17785:
17779:
17776:
17771:
17764:
17763:
17758:
17754:
17750:
17744:
17738:
17735:
17730:
17724:
17721:
17716:
17709:
17705:
17700:
17691:
17685:
17681:
17680:
17675:
17669:
17667:
17659:
17658:
17652:
17645:
17644:
17638:
17632:
17627:
17621:
17618:
17612:
17606:
17603:
17602:
17597:
17594:
17593:
17586:
17580:
17577:
17576:
17569:
17563:
17560:
17555:
17549:
17546:
17541:
17535:
17532:
17527:
17521:
17515:
17509:
17503:
17494:
17485:
17478:
17477:
17470:
17464:
17461:
17460:
17454:
17445:
17436:
17430:
17427:
17426:
17421:
17417:
17412:
17406:
17400:
17393:
17390:See also the
17387:
17381:
17378:
17373:
17366:
17365:
17359:
17353:
17349:
17348:
17343:
17342:arts 6 and 17
17340:
17335:
17329:
17326:
17321:
17314:
17310:
17307:
17302:
17295:
17291:
17287:
17282:
17275:
17269:
17263:
17260:
17254:
17247:
17243:
17237:
17230:
17227:
17226:
17220:
17215:
17209:
17206:
17201:
17195:
17189:
17182:
17178:
17174:
17170:
17166:
17162:
17158:
17154:
17150:
17146:
17142:
17138:
17137:O Kahn-Freund
17132:
17126:
17123:
17118:
17112:
17109:
17104:
17098:
17092:
17086:
17085:Case C-415/11
17080:
17074:
17068:
17062:
17058:
17057:
17051:
17044:
17040:
17036:
17030:
17024:
17023:Case C-618/10
17020:
17019:
17013:
17006:
17002:
16999:
16994:
16985:
16978:
16975:
16970:
16963:
16962:
16957:
16956:Case C-618/10
16953:
16952:
16945:
16943:
16936:
16933:
16929:
16924:
16918:
16915:
16910:
16903:
16899:
16895:
16894:
16887:
16880:
16879:
16874:
16873:AO Hirschmann
16870:
16866:
16860:
16853:
16850:
16846:
16842:
16841:
16834:
16827:
16821:
16814:
16810:
16804:
16798:
16794:
16788:
16781:
16777:
16773:
16767:
16760:
16759:
16754:
16750:
16746:
16740:
16733:
16727:
16721:
16718:
16713:
16711:
16704:
16698:
16692:
16686:
16679:
16675:
16674:
16669:
16665:
16659:
16652:
16648:
16644:
16643:
16636:
16629:
16623:
16616:
16612:
16607:
16599:
16593:
16586:
16585:
16580:
16574:
16566:
16560:
16551:
16542:
16533:
16524:
16517:
16516:
16511:
16510:
16503:
16496:
16490:
16483:
16477:
16468:
16461:
16460:
16454:
16447:
16446:
16441:
16440:
16434:
16427:
16426:
16419:
16410:
16403:
16398:
16391:
16387:
16382:
16375:
16374:
16369:
16368:
16361:
16355:
16349:
16342:
16336:
16328:
16324:
16321:
16317:
16313:
16312:
16307:
16306:
16299:
16292:
16291:
16286:
16280:
16273:
16267:
16261:
16258:
16252:
16246:
16242:
16241:
16235:
16228:
16222:
16213:
16206:
16205:
16198:
16189:
16182:
16181:
16175:
16168:
16163:
16156:
16155:
16149:
16143:, ECR I-4165
16142:
16136:
16129:
16124:
16117:
16112:
16105:
16104:
16097:
16091:
16085:
16076:
16070:, ECR I-2119
16069:
16063:
16057:, ECR I-6193
16056:
16050:
16041:
16035:, ECR I-2691
16034:
16028:
16022:
16019:See also the
16016:
16009:
16008:
16003:
15999:
15998:
15993:
15988:
15981:
15977:
15972:
15964:
15960:
15955:
15950:
15946:
15942:
15938:
15931:
15925:
15921:
15917:
15911:
15905:, ECR I-6193
15904:
15900:
15899:
15893:
15886:
15882:
15876:
15869:
15868:
15861:
15854:
15850:
15846:
15845:
15839:
15833:
15827:
15820:
15814:
15807:
15801:
15792:
15785:
15779:
15770:
15764:
15758:
15751:
15748:
15743:
15737:, ECR I-4139
15736:
15732:
15731:
15725:
15715:
15709:
15705:
15704:
15698:
15691:
15685:
15678:
15674:
15673:
15667:
15659:
15654:
15647:
15640:
15635:
15628:
15623:
15617:
15614:
15609:
15600:
15591:
15584:
15583:
15576:
15569:
15565:
15564:
15557:
15548:
15541:
15540:
15535:
15529:
15520:
15513:
15507:
15500:
15494:
15488:
15482:
15475:
15469:
15462:
15459:At the time,
15456:
15450:
15444:
15437:
15432:
15425:
15424:
15418:
15411:
15410:
15404:
15397:
15396:
15390:
15383:
15382:
15376:
15369:
15365:
15359:
15352:
15348:
15344:
15340:
15339:
15332:
15325:
15319:
15313:, ECR I-5659
15312:
15306:
15299:
15295:
15294:
15288:
15281:
15277:
15276:
15270:
15264:
15260:
15259:
15253:
15246:
15240:
15233:
15227:
15220:
15214:
15207:
15202:
15195:
15190:
15183:
15178:
15171:
15167:
15163:
15159:
15158:
15151:
15145:
15141:
15138:White Paper,
15135:
15128:
15124:
15123:
15117:
15110:
15107:and R Howse,
15106:
15105:MJ Trebilcock
15102:
15096:
15089:
15085:
15081:
15077:
15071:
15064:
15063:
15058:
15053:
15047:, ch 1, 3–30.
15046:
15041:
15034:
15029:
15022:
15018:
15017:
15012:
15011:
15006:
15002:
14997:
14990:
14984:
14977:
14976:
14971:
14970:
14963:
14956:
14955:
14948:
14939:
14930:
14921:
14915:
14909:
14907:
14897:
14890:
14889:
14883:
14876:
14875:
14869:
14862:
14861:
14856:
14852:
14848:
14844:
14843:
14838:
14834:
14830:
14826:
14820:
14811:
14804:
14800:
14796:
14790:
14784:
14778:
14771:
14765:
14758:
14752:
14743:
14736:
14730:
14723:
14718:
14712:
14706:
14704:
14694:
14687:
14681:
14674:
14668:
14662:
14656:
14649:
14648:
14642:
14633:
14626:
14620:
14611:
14604:
14603:
14598:
14597:
14591:
14584:
14578:
14571:
14570:
14563:
14556:
14552:
14551:
14545:
14537:
14533:
14528:
14519:
14513:
14507:
14501:, ECR 3415,
14500:
14494:
14485:
14478:
14477:
14471:
14464:
14460:
14454:
14448:
14442:
14436:
14430:
14423:
14422:
14415:
14408:
14404:
14403:
14396:
14389:
14384:
14377:
14376:
14369:
14362:
14359:
14358:
14353:
14350:
14349:
14344:
14343:
14337:
14328:
14321:
14320:
14315:
14314:
14307:
14298:
14291:
14287:
14286:
14281:
14280:
14273:
14264:
14257:
14256:
14251:
14247:
14243:
14239:
14235:
14234:AG van Gerven
14230:
14223:
14220:
14216:
14212:
14211:
14204:
14197:
14193:
14189:
14185:
14181:
14180:
14173:
14166:
14162:
14158:
14154:
14150:
14147:
14142:
14135:
14129:
14123:, ECR I-3325
14122:
14118:
14117:
14112:
14108:
14104:
14103:
14098:
14094:
14090:
14086:
14082:
14081:AG van Gerven
14077:
14070:
14066:
14065:
14058:
14049:
14042:
14036:
14030:
14024:
14017:
14012:
14005:
14002:
13997:
13991:
13987:
13986:
13980:
13973:
13969:
13968:
13963:
13957:
13951:, ECR I-6351
13950:
13946:
13945:
13939:
13933:
13930:
13926:
13922:
13916:
13906:
13899:
13895:
13889:
13883:
13879:
13878:
13872:
13865:
13864:
13859:
13858:
13852:
13845:
13844:
13839:
13838:
13832:
13825:
13821:
13817:
13811:
13802:
13800:
13790:
13784:
13780:
13779:
13773:
13764:
13755:
13740:
13736:
13730:
13728:
13720:
13719:
13713:
13706:
13703:At the time,
13700:
13693:
13688:
13682:
13675:
13670:
13663:
13658:
13651:
13645:
13639:
13636:
13631:
13624:
13619:
13612:
13608:
13602:
13596:
13592:
13589:
13586:
13582:
13579:
13574:
13567:
13562:
13555:
13551:
13546:
13537:
13528:
13519:
13511:
13505:
13501:
13497:
13493:
13486:
13480:
13476:
13472:
13466:
13460:
13456:
13453:
13450:
13445:
13438:
13433:
13424:
13415:
13406:
13399:
13394:
13385:
13379:
13375:
13372:
13366:
13359:
13358:
13351:
13341:
13335:TEU art 16(2)
13332:
13326:TEU art 15(1)
13323:
13314:
13307:
13303:
13302:
13297:
13292:
13285:
13284:
13279:
13278:
13271:
13264:
13259:
13252:
13247:
13240:
13236:
13230:
13220:
13211:
13204:
13198:
13189:
13182:
13177:
13170:
13164:
13155:
13148:
13143:
13136:
13131:
13125:
13122:c.f. TEU art
13119:
13112:
13107:
13100:
13094:
13085:
13078:
13077:
13072:
13071:
13070:Sayag v Leduc
13065:
13058:
13057:
13051:
13045:TEU art 17(7)
13042:
13033:
13026:
13021:
13015:TEU art 17(6)
13012:
13006:
13002:
12997:
12991:, p. 36.
12990:
12985:
12978:
12973:
12966:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12949:
12943:
12935:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12917:
12913:
12909:
12901:
12895:
12889:
12882:
12878:
12875:
12871:
12870:Faroe Islands
12867:
12863:
12859:
12853:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12833:
12829:
12825:
12821:
12814:
12804:
12797:
12792:
12786:
12780:
12774:
12768:
12761:
12760:
12755:
12751:
12747:
12741:
12734:
12730:
12726:
12720:
12713:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12698:
12694:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12671:
12664:
12660:
12656:
12650:
12643:
12640:TEU arts and
12637:
12630:
12626:
12620:
12614:
12608:
12601:
12597:
12594:
12593:21 April 1956
12590:
12584:
12577:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12559:
12555:
12551:
12546:
12540:
12537:
12531:
12524:
12523:
12518:
12512:
12505:
12501:
12497:
12493:
12489:
12484:
12477:
12473:
12469:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12451:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12433:
12429:
12424:
12417:
12413:
12409:
12405:
12399:
12391:
12384:
12377:
12372:
12365:
12361:
12357:
12353:
12349:
12348:Pierre Dubois
12343:
12336:
12332:
12331:
12325:
12323:
12316:
12310:
12303:
12300:
12299:
12294:
12290:
12284:
12282:
12275:
12271:
12270:
12264:
12262:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12242:
12238:
12234:
12228:
12221:
12217:
12211:
12203:
12199:
12193:
12187:
12184:
12179:
12163:
12159:
12153:
12149:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12128:
12125:
12122:
12119:
12116:
12113:
12110:
12107:
12104:
12101:
12098:
12095:
12092:
12089:
12088:
12081:
12079:
12075:
12071:
12067:
12063:
12062:Stavros Dimas
12060:
12056:
12049:, TFEU art 67
12048:
12044:
12041:
12040:
12038:
12034:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12012:
12008:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11990:
11988:
11984:
11980:
11976:
11972:
11968:
11965:
11964:
11962:
11958:
11954:
11944:
11942:
11937:
11936:
11930:
11929:
11924:
11920:
11919:
11914:
11913:
11908:
11904:
11899:
11897:
11893:
11890:, preventing
11889:
11885:
11881:
11877:
11872:
11868:
11864:
11856:
11852:
11848:
11844:
11840:
11836:
11831:
11827:
11825:
11821:
11817:
11813:
11809:
11797:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11775:
11769:
11764:
11763:
11757:
11752:
11751:
11745:
11740:
11739:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11709:arts 1, 14-15
11708:
11701:
11696:
11689:
11684:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11666:
11661:
11652:
11647:
11645:
11640:
11638:
11633:
11632:
11629:
11624:
11620:
11610:
11608:
11603:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11586:
11584:
11580:
11575:
11570:
11561:
11556:
11552:
11550:
11546:
11542:
11538:
11530:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11517:optical fibre
11515:is made from
11514:
11509:
11505:
11503:
11498:
11494:
11490:
11486:
11475:
11469:
11464:
11463:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11425:
11420:
11419:
11413:
11408:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11336:
11331:
11322:
11317:
11315:
11310:
11308:
11303:
11302:
11299:
11294:
11290:
11286:
11276:
11273:
11267:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11246:
11242:
11237:
11233:
11230:
11225:
11206:
11198:
11194:
11190:
11188:
11183:
11179:
11175:
11174:
11169:
11165:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11135:
11127:
11123:
11119:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11102:
11098:
11096:
11092:
11087:
11083:
11071:
11065:
11061:
11054:
11049:
11042:
11037:
11036:
11028:
11024:
11017:
11012:
11005:
11001:
10994:
10990:
10985:
10981:
10974:
10969:
10968:
10960:
10955:
10954:
10948:
10943:
10936:
10932:
10929:
10922:
10917:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10881:
10876:
10874:
10869:
10867:
10862:
10861:
10858:
10853:
10849:
10839:
10837:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10822:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10801:
10796:
10792:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10757:
10749:
10745:
10744:reforestation
10741:
10736:
10732:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10715:
10711:
10707:
10703:
10692:
10686:
10681:
10680:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10618:
10613:
10609:
10604:
10600:
10593:
10589:
10582:
10578:
10571:
10566:
10565:
10559:
10554:
10553:
10547:
10543:
10536:
10531:
10524:
10519:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10483:
10478:
10476:
10471:
10469:
10464:
10463:
10460:
10451:
10449:
10445:
10444:
10438:
10437:
10427:
10421:
10417:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10391:
10390:hydro storage
10387:
10383:
10375:
10371:
10367:
10363:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10348:
10343:
10339:
10338:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10313:
10312:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10293:
10283:
10278:
10274:
10271:
10267:
10263:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10229:
10223:
10218:
10217:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10195:
10189:
10184:
10183:
10177:
10172:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10139:
10131:
10126:
10125:
10119:
10114:
10113:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10093:
10090:
10086:
10081:
10077:
10074:
10070:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10053:
10048:
10039:
10034:
10032:
10027:
10025:
10020:
10019:
10016:
10007:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9980:
9972:
9968:
9963:
9959:
9957:
9952:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9934:
9929:
9926:
9922:
9921:
9916:
9912:
9908:
9904:
9900:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9879:
9875:
9872:
9868:
9862:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9834:EU Commission
9831:
9820:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9805:
9799:
9795:
9788:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9767:
9762:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9746:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9704:
9701:
9697:
9692:
9683:
9678:
9676:
9671:
9669:
9664:
9663:
9660:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9633:
9630:
9626:
9625:
9620:
9616:
9615:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9586:
9577:
9573:
9568:
9558:
9552:
9547:
9546:
9540:
9535:
9534:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9512:
9506:
9501:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9461:
9456:
9447:
9442:
9440:
9435:
9433:
9428:
9427:
9424:
9420:
9417:
9416:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9375:
9369:
9364:
9363:
9357:
9352:
9349:
9345:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9329:
9325:
9322:
9317:
9308:
9303:
9301:
9296:
9294:
9289:
9288:
9285:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9256:
9246:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9230:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9183:
9174:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9151:
9147:
9142:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9126:
9122:
9115:
9114:EU patent law
9111:
9107:
9103:
9093:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9077:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9047:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9032:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8998:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8983:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8968:
8962:
8957:
8956:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8941:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8926:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8911:
8905:
8901:
8898:
8893:
8884:
8879:
8877:
8872:
8870:
8865:
8864:
8861:
8857:
8854:
8849:
8845:
8844:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8830:
8824:
8820:
8819:
8810:
8806:
8805:
8799:
8795:
8793:
8789:
8788:
8783:
8782:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8768:
8763:
8759:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8744:
8743:
8737:
8726:
8720:
8715:
8714:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8699:
8693:
8689:
8688:Case T-201/04
8685:
8684:
8678:
8673:
8672:
8666:
8661:
8660:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8643:
8637:
8632:
8631:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8601:
8595:
8591:
8588:
8583:
8574:
8569:
8567:
8562:
8560:
8555:
8554:
8551:
8547:
8545:
8541:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8502:
8496:
8491:
8481:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8397:
8393:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8352:
8348:
8347:Deutsche Bank
8344:
8340:
8335:
8325:
8319:
8315:
8310:
8306:
8299:
8295:
8288:
8284:
8277:
8273:
8266:
8257:
8252:
8250:
8245:
8243:
8238:
8237:
8234:
8230:
8228:
8227:
8222:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8144:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8115:
8111:
8105:
8101:
8098:
8093:
8089:
8086:
8081:
8077:
8074:
8067:
8063:
8060:
8055:
8051:
8049:
8044:
8040:
8037:
8032:
8028:
8025:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8008:
8004:
8001:
7996:
7992:
7987:
7983:
7980:
7975:
7971:
7968:
7963:
7959:
7956:
7951:
7947:
7942:
7938:
7935:
7930:
7926:
7923:
7918:
7914:
7911:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7894:
7885:
7880:
7878:
7873:
7871:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7816:work councils
7813:
7809:
7808:work councils
7805:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7778:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7740:
7736:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7694:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7634:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7603:social rights
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7527:UK labour law
7524:
7520:
7509:
7505:
7499:
7495:
7490:
7486:
7481:
7477:
7470:
7466:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7439:
7432:
7427:
7426:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7408:
7404:
7399:
7395:
7390:
7386:
7381:
7377:
7372:
7368:
7363:
7359:
7354:
7350:
7345:
7341:
7334:
7330:
7325:
7321:
7316:
7312:
7305:
7301:
7296:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7269:
7260:
7255:
7253:
7248:
7246:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7231:Labour rights
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7136:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7119:
7111:
7108:Due to their
7106:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7089:in 1962. The
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7049:
7038:
7037:
7030:
7026:
7021:
7017:
7010:
7005:
7004:
6998:
6993:
6992:
6986:
6981:
6980:
6974:
6969:
6968:
6962:
6957:
6956:
6950:
6946:
6939:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6921:
6916:
6907:
6902:
6900:
6895:
6893:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6803:, investors,
6802:
6798:
6794:
6793:globalisation
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6756:
6755:free movement
6752:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6729:, in laws of
6728:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6641:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6620:golden shares
6617:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6589:corporate tax
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6519:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6497:
6491:
6486:
6485:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6467:
6462:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6425:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6379:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6361:human dignity
6357:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6342:
6341:Merrill Lynch
6338:
6335:
6331:
6330:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6279:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6261:
6256:
6255:
6249:
6244:
6243:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6225:
6220:
6219:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6169:
6164:
6162:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6072:
6063:
6062:voice at work
6059:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6033:Grand Chamber
6030:
6029:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5997:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5962:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5948:
5942:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5900:
5895:
5894:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5813:
5808:
5806:
5801:
5799:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5744:child support
5741:
5740:
5735:
5727:
5724:, education,
5723:
5722:child support
5718:
5714:
5712:
5707:
5706:Schengen Area
5703:
5699:
5695:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5645:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5627:
5622:
5621:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5603:
5598:
5597:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5487:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5412:
5411:USL Dunkerque
5408:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5393:
5385:
5381:
5380:direct effect
5377:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5303:
5302:free movement
5299:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5234:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5078:
5069:
5064:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4986:market access
4979:
4978:social values
4975:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4887:
4883:
4882:Austrian Alps
4879:
4878:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4811:Scotch whisky
4808:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4784:customs union
4781:
4775:
4764:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4582:
4577:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4550:
4548:
4547:labour rights
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4521:, consumers,
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4499:federal state
4496:
4492:
4491:common market
4488:
4487:customs union
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4388:proportionate
4385:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:enforceable.
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4203:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4011:
4006:
4004:
3999:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3881:Deutsche Post
3878:
3874:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3824:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3468:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3225:paid holidays
3222:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3144:direct effect
3139:
3135:
3134:Direct effect
3124:
3118:
3114:(1991) C-6/90
3113:
3112:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2890:Direct effect
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2872:direct effect
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:referendaires
2386:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:referendaires
2368:
2367:referendaires
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2343:in Luxembourg
2342:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:, the German
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:General Court
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:Member states
2067:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:Josep Borrell
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:, democracy,
1402:
1398:
1397:human dignity
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1251:
1248:, without an
1247:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1170:1985 and 1990
1169:
1164:
1160:arts 5 and 30
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
993:
990:
985:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
942:. During the
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:, with a new
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
723:
718:
714:
712:
708:
704:
699:
695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:Merger Treaty
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:common market
607:
603:
599:
591:
587:
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:World Banking
468:
464:
456:
452:
451:
446:
441:
437:
435:
431:
430:civil society
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:Immanuel Kant
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:Martin Luther
282:
278:
273:
272:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
188:
184:
180:
166:
165:
164:
157:
156:
155:
148:
142:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:nation states
82:
78:
74:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:human dignity
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
25475:
25468:
25462:
25445:
25432:
25426:
25420:Ordinary law
25399:
25379:
25364:
25306:
25123:
24945:Space policy
24613:Average wage
24608:Minimum wage
24491:
24445:
24235:Central bank
24050:Institutions
23974:Demographics
23857:Enlargements
23840:
23831:
23799:Central bank
23706:Predecessors
23596:
23589:
23575:
23561:
23334:Jurisdiction
23302:Legal remedy
23257:Adjudication
23157:Legal theory
22995:Ratification
22990:Promulgation
22961:Proclamation
22941:Codification
22874:Human rights
22862:Divine right
22852:Constitution
22820:Women in law
22738:Military law
22733:Marriage law
22728:Maritime law
22627:Election law
22567:Aviation law
22557:Abortion law
22509:Property law
22445:Criminal law
22250:Costa v ENEL
22240:Ciarán Tobin
21839:
21759:Subsidiarity
21746:
21682:Gold-plating
21423:
21376:
21330:
21311:
21288:
21265:
21232:
21228:
21209:
21189:
21169:
21142:
21124:
21113:. Retrieved
21102:
21090:. Retrieved
21076:
21067:
21061:
21052:
21043:
21031:
21019:
21007:
20998:
20986:
20974:
20959:
20947:
20938:
20926:
20905:
20884:
20868:
20857:
20852:
20836:
20820:
20807:
20795:
20785:
20780:
20771:
20762:
20750:
20738:
20728:
20724:
20714:
20704:
20700:
20690:
20686:
20676:
20672:
20662:
20658:
20646:
20634:
20624:
20620:
20610:
20606:
20590:
20581:
20572:
20563:
20551:
20541:
20533:
20524:
20510:
20497:
20488:
20479:
20465:
20441:
20424:
20412:
20402:
20397:
20383:
20359:
20346:arts 18-19.
20335:
20320:
20315:possessions.
20307:
20298:
20283:
20270:
20258:
20249:
20239:
20235:
20230:arts 4 and 6
20223:
20212:
20192:
20176:
20167:
20149:
20134:
20120:
20100:
20084:
20072:
20056:
20036:
20030:art 15(1)(b)
20025:art 27, and
20018:
20006:
19996:
19991:
19978:
19966:
19957:
19945:
19933:
19918:
19893:
19889:
19876:
19871:ECR II-02685
19866:
19862:
19853:
19844:
19835:
19821:
19812:
19803:
19794:
19785:
19776:
19766:
19761:
19752:
19743:
19727:
19714:
19702:
19697:
19678:
19669:
19656:
19647:
19637:
19628:
19620:Costa v ENEL
19618:
19614:
19605:
19591:
19587:
19574:
19565:
19543:
19534:
19525:
19497:
19493:
19461:(11): 1256.
19458:
19454:
19427:
19423:
19417:
19390:
19364:Compare the
19360:
19350:
19344:
19340:
19331:
19318:
19306:
19296:
19292:
19279:
19267:
19262:
19250:
19238:
19226:
19214:
19202:
19193:
19177:
19154:
19139:
19125:
19113:
19093:
19077:
19063:
19059:
19045:
19033:
19023:
19014:
19003:
18998:arts 114-134
18991:
18979:
18966:
18957:
18948:
18935:art 282 and
18928:
18912:
18903:art 282 and
18896:
18887:
18878:
18873:TFEU art 131
18869:
18857:
18842:
18832:
18828:
18817:
18804:
18790:
18777:
18770:NHS Act 2006
18753:
18744:
18716:
18708:
18703:
18686:
18677:
18667:
18663:
18646:
18642:
18635:
18625:
18619:
18615:
18607:
18602:
18592:
18587:
18570:
18555:
18541:art 13(2)(c)
18533:
18508:
18493:art 13(2)(c)
18478:
18464:
18448:
18433:
18421:
18409:
18395:
18387:
18382:
18374:
18370:
18366:
18356:
18351:
18342:
18333:
18323:
18318:
18303:
18291:
18279:
18269:
18265:
18253:
18244:
18235:
18214:
18201:
18197:
18187:
18183:
18175:
18170:
18160:
18156:
18146:
18142:
18132:
18128:
18118:
18112:
18108:
18099:
18089:
18083:
18079:
18069:
18064:
18059:ECR I-1983,
18054:
18048:
18043:
18033:
18029:
18019:
18015:
17987:
17969:
17954:
17942:
17933:
17920:
17915:
17902:
17898:
17876:
17870:
17864:
17858:
17854:
17841:
17832:
17823:
17811:
17799:
17791:, art 18 on
17784:
17770:
17760:
17748:
17743:
17737:art 19(3)(o)
17729:
17715:
17699:
17690:
17677:
17655:
17651:
17641:
17637:
17626:
17611:
17605:EWCA Civ 525
17599:
17590:
17585:
17573:
17568:
17554:
17540:
17534:No 2157/2001
17526:
17514:
17502:
17493:
17484:
17474:
17473:See further
17469:
17457:
17453:
17444:
17435:
17423:
17420:World War II
17411:
17399:
17386:
17372:
17362:
17358:
17345:
17334:
17320:
17301:
17281:
17268:
17253:
17245:
17240:See further
17236:
17223:
17214:
17200:
17188:
17180:
17172:
17153:legal person
17151:, contract,
17144:
17135:See further
17131:
17117:
17103:
17097:Case C-34/13
17091:
17079:
17067:
17054:
17050:
17042:
17029:
17016:
17012:
16993:
16984:
16969:
16959:
16949:
16923:
16909:
16900:, , stating
16891:
16886:
16876:
16859:
16838:
16833:
16820:
16803:
16787:
16779:
16766:
16756:
16749:The Guardian
16739:
16731:
16726:
16697:
16685:
16671:
16663:
16658:
16640:
16635:
16622:
16606:
16592:
16582:
16573:
16559:
16550:
16541:
16532:
16523:
16513:
16507:
16502:
16489:
16476:
16467:
16457:
16453:
16443:
16437:
16433:
16423:
16418:
16409:
16397:
16390:business law
16381:
16373:VALE Epitesi
16371:
16365:
16364:See further
16360:
16348:
16335:
16309:
16303:
16298:
16288:
16279:
16266:
16251:
16238:
16234:
16221:
16212:
16202:
16197:
16188:
16178:
16174:
16162:
16152:
16148:
16135:
16128:Barnard 2013
16123:
16111:
16101:
16096:
16084:
16075:
16062:
16049:
16040:
16027:
16015:
16005:
15995:
15987:
15979:
15975:
15971:
15944:
15940:
15930:
15915:
15910:
15896:
15892:
15884:
15880:
15875:
15865:
15860:
15853:Barnard 2013
15842:
15838:
15826:
15813:
15800:
15791:
15778:
15769:
15757:
15742:
15728:
15724:
15714:
15701:
15697:
15684:
15670:
15666:
15656:
15652:
15646:
15639:Barnard 2013
15634:
15622:
15608:
15599:
15590:
15580:
15575:
15561:
15556:
15547:
15537:
15528:
15519:
15506:
15493:
15481:
15468:
15455:
15443:
15436:Barnard 2013
15431:
15421:
15417:
15407:
15403:
15393:
15389:
15379:
15375:
15358:
15336:
15331:
15318:
15305:
15291:
15287:
15273:
15269:
15256:
15252:
15244:
15239:
15226:
15213:
15201:
15194:Barnard 2013
15189:
15177:
15155:
15150:
15139:
15134:
15120:
15116:
15108:
15100:
15095:
15087:
15079:
15070:
15060:
15052:
15045:Barnard 2013
15040:
15028:
15014:
15008:
14996:
14983:
14973:
14967:
14962:
14952:
14947:
14938:
14929:
14920:
14896:
14886:
14882:
14872:
14868:
14858:
14850:
14842:Law's Empire
14840:
14828:
14819:
14814:TEU art 6(2)
14810:
14802:
14794:
14789:
14777:
14764:
14751:
14742:
14729:
14722:Hartley 2014
14717:
14693:
14680:
14667:
14655:
14645:
14641:
14632:
14619:
14610:
14600:
14594:
14590:
14577:
14567:
14562:
14548:
14544:
14536:Lord Toulson
14527:
14518:
14506:
14493:
14484:
14474:
14470:
14458:
14453:
14441:
14429:
14419:
14414:
14400:
14395:
14383:
14373:
14368:
14355:
14346:
14340:
14336:
14327:
14317:
14311:
14306:
14297:
14283:
14277:
14272:
14263:
14255:Faccini Dori
14253:
14245:
14237:
14229:
14208:
14203:
14195:
14177:
14172:
14156:
14141:
14128:
14116:Faccini Dori
14114:
14100:
14084:
14076:
14062:
14057:
14048:
14035:
14023:
14011:
13996:
13983:
13979:
13967:Opinion 2/13
13965:
13956:
13942:
13938:
13915:
13905:
13888:
13875:
13871:
13861:
13855:
13851:
13841:
13835:
13831:
13810:
13789:
13776:
13772:
13763:
13754:
13742:. Retrieved
13738:
13716:
13712:
13699:
13681:
13669:
13657:
13644:
13638:arts 258–259
13630:
13618:
13613:, p. 61
13601:
13573:
13568:arts 254–255
13561:
13545:
13540:(2008) C-402
13536:
13527:
13518:
13491:
13485:
13465:
13444:
13432:
13423:
13414:
13405:
13393:
13384:
13365:
13355:
13350:
13340:
13331:
13322:
13313:
13299:
13291:
13281:
13275:
13270:
13258:
13246:
13238:
13229:
13219:
13210:
13197:
13188:
13176:
13163:
13154:
13142:
13130:
13118:
13106:
13098:
13093:
13084:
13074:
13068:
13064:
13054:
13050:
13041:
13032:
13020:
13011:
12996:
12984:
12972:
12962:
12954:
12942:
12915:
12911:
12900:
12888:
12852:
12827:
12823:
12817:See further
12813:
12803:
12791:
12779:
12767:
12757:
12753:
12740:
12719:
12709:
12684:
12680:
12677:Habermas, J.
12670:
12658:
12654:
12649:
12644:arts 293–294
12636:
12619:
12607:
12588:
12583:
12573:
12570:N Khrushchev
12565:
12553:
12545:
12530:
12520:
12511:
12491:
12483:
12471:
12465:
12457:
12447:
12439:
12431:
12423:
12415:
12411:
12403:
12398:
12389:
12383:
12371:
12352:William Penn
12342:
12328:
12309:
12296:
12267:
12239:, aiming at
12227:
12210:
12201:
12192:
12178:
12166:. Retrieved
12162:ec.europa.eu
12161:
12152:
12052:
11933:
11926:
11923:Alphabet Inc
11916:
11910:
11900:
11860:
11804:
11795:
11772:
11760:
11748:
11736:
11697:arts 1 and 6
11587:
11565:
11534:
11482:
11473:
11460:
11416:
11337:arts 18-19.
11268:
11250:
11202:
11171:
11131:
11078:
11069:
11031:
10963:
10951:
10833:
10808:historically
10805:
10753:
10750:takes place.
10717:
10690:
10677:
10567:ECR II-02685
10562:
10550:
10443:Costa v ENEL
10441:
10434:
10431:
10402:
10379:
10345:
10335:
10309:
10290:
10288:
10258:
10227:
10214:
10192:
10180:
10134:
10122:
10110:
9976:
9956:climate risk
9930:
9918:
9909:, aiming at
9896:
9827:
9818:
9802:
9775:arts 114-134
9743:
9622:
9612:
9581:
9556:
9543:
9531:
9509:
9413:
9382:
9373:
9360:
9331:art 13(2)(c)
9226:
9143:
9117:
9075:
9068:
9065:price fixing
9054:
9027:
9010:
8995:
8980:
8965:
8953:
8938:
8923:
8908:
8841:
8827:
8816:
8814:
8802:
8785:
8779:
8765:
8755:
8740:
8733:
8711:
8696:
8681:
8669:
8655:
8640:
8628:
8613:
8598:
8519:
8514:media player
8499:
8379:shareholders
8356:
8224:
8214:
8167:
8140:
7847:
7797:
7791:
7781:
7775:
7761:
7700:
7651:
7619:Labour Party
7595:job security
7557:Ohlin Report
7542:
7423:
7411:
7182:
7172:
7165:
7155:
7137:
7115:
7055:
7033:
7001:
6989:
6977:
6965:
6953:
6922:art 169 and
6825:
6805:shareholders
6781:minimum wage
6769:stakeholders
6762:
6748:
6743:stakeholders
6650:
6638:
6634:Lower Saxony
6623:
6604:
6558:
6494:
6482:
6470:
6456:
6364:
6349:
6345:cold calling
6327:
6325:
6321:coffee shops
6310:
6299:
6288:
6286:
6264:
6252:
6240:
6228:
6214:
6202:
6135:
6128:
6105:Danish krone
6090:
6080:newspaper's
6075:
6069:
6067:
6051:
6036:
6026:
6015:
5983:
5958:
5945:
5933:
5927:
5915:
5903:
5891:
5877:
5863:
5849:
5835:
5775:
5769:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5737:
5731:
5698:Soviet Union
5691:
5686:Soviet Union
5658:
5630:
5618:
5606:
5592:
5580:
5568:
5554:
5542:
5530:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5429:
5415:
5396:
5389:
5369:
5342:
5316:
5282:
5267:
5255:
5231:
5216:
5199:
5184:
5167:
5152:
5137:
5120:
5105:
5014:
5007:
4989:
4983:
4966:Rem Koolhaas
4948:
4944:cocoa butter
4933:
4931:
4912:
4902:
4897:, improving
4891:
4875:
4841:
4834:
4830:strawberries
4823:
4795:
4777:
4738:
4724:
4712:
4700:
4688:
4676:
4664:
4652:
4640:
4628:
4616:
4604:
4448:
4374:
4365:work council
4354:
4346:
4340:
4322:
4312:
4301:applied the
4292:
4281:Opinion 2/13
4279:
4256:positive law
4243:
4224:
4184:
4169:
4152:
4135:
4107:
4092:
4077:
4062:
4047:
4034:Opinion 2/13
3960:
3945:
3930:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3898:
3885:
3870:
3859:
3841:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3754:arts 263-267
3700:
3690:
3684:
3673:
3662:
3651:
3635:
3623:
3613:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3575:entitle the
3566:
3542:
3528:
3488:compensation
3485:
3453:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3322:
3316:
3293:
3267:
3256:
3237:
3234:
3213:
3197:
3180:
3141:
3138:Locus standi
3109:
3097:
3085:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2855:locus standi
2853:
2843:
2840:has delayed.
2784:Aharon Barak
2769:
2744:. After the
2733:Opinion 2/13
2731:
2709:
2688:social state
2677:
2671:
2657:
2646:
2643:
2631:
2625:
2596:Costa v ENEL
2594:
2572:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2502:
2488:
2481:3 All ER 325
2476:
2464:
2454:Costa v ENEL
2452:
2440:
2388:
2382:
2370:
2366:
2346:
2324:(confirming
2319:
2309:
2303:
2281:. Under the
2260:
2218:art 281 and
2208:arts 251-281
2141:
2137:Conciliation
2130:
2087:
2051:
2022:
1986:
1942:
1920:
1913:arts 4 and 5
1903:arts 326-334
1889:arts 313-319
1874:
1857:arts 235-243
1836:
1824:
1812:
1705:
1681:
1666:
1639:
1610:
1595:
1554:
1542:
1535:arts 244-250
1434:
1393:
1381:institutions
1370:
1323:Vatican City
1214:
956:
913:
842:Conservative
794:
727:
711:Iron Curtain
691:
685:
666:
606:Spaak Report
595:
556:Soviet Union
519:Commonwealth
489:, adopted a
481:. Also, the
460:
448:
447:, signed in
367:
363:Pennsylvania
355:William Penn
327:Hugo Grotius
325:inspired by
308:
229:Roman Empire
221:nation state
218:
205:Willem Blaeu
161:
160:
152:
151:
132:human rights
101:
72:
71:
66:human rights
29:
25461:Unratified
25415:Organic law
25223:Urban areas
25086:Enlargement
24764:Citizenship
24513:LGBT rights
24351:Independent
24166:Euro summit
24082:Secretariat
24059:Legislature
23915:Withdrawals
23506:Legislature
23437:Bureaucracy
23234:Rule of man
23229:Rule of law
23204:Libertarian
23067:Chinese law
22968:Legislation
22918:Regulations
22906:Law reports
22884:Natural law
22780:Reparations
22775:Refugee law
22698:Jurimetrics
22639:(Media law)
22577:Banking law
22572:Amnesty law
22550:Disciplines
22487:Private law
22315:Tanja Kreil
22202:ECJ Rulings
21773:Regulations
21528:Nice Treaty
21503:Rome Treaty
21308:Craig, Paul
21285:Craig, Paul
21166:Craig, Paul
20843:, arts 19.
20827:art 10(2).
20459:2009/136/EC
20455:2009/140/EC
20370:art 12(1).
20350:arts 9-10.
20330:arts 2, 4-8
20027:ICESCR 1966
19377:2009/147/EC
19346:Klimaschutz
18851:ICESCR 1966
18810:2003/751/EC
18750:W Beveridge
18725:ICESCR 1966
18538:ICESCR 1966
18490:ICESCR 1966
18441:2006/116/EC
18377:OJ L378/37.
18311:139/2004/EC
17937:Opinion of
17674:LD Brandeis
17165:abstraction
17157:consumption
16871:. further,
16869:arts 26-197
16854: (1933)
16274:, ECR 5483
15885:Marktbürger
15692:, ECR 6159
15690:Case 196/87
15679:, ECR 2121
15499:Case 261/81
15487:Case 261/81
15474:Case 170/78
15449:Case 170/78
15263:Case 249/81
15234:article 30.
15230:Previously
15184:, ch 18–19.
15082:(1958) and
14499:Case 283/81
14352:EWCA Civ 15
14184:Case 152/84
14132:n.b. under
14069:tachographs
13990:Case 152/84
13921:Magna Carta
13824:Rechtsstaat
13820:rule of law
13816:Grundgesetz
13664:, chs 9–10.
13609:art 20 and
13239:ultra vires
13235:Case 294/83
13113:art 282–287
12808:Convention.
12733:Netherlands
12723:In 2005, a
12704:. See also
12504:Victor Hugo
12444:JJ Rousseau
12245:environment
12053:In 2006, a
11681:art 10(2).
11351:arts 9-10.
10161:art 4 and 9
9915:environment
9714:art 282-283
9700:ICESCR 1966
9591:, Denmark,
9464:ICESCR 1966
9387:, like the
9328:ICESCR 1966
9187:agriculture
9057:Article 101
8445:hedge funds
8417:mutual fund
8385:(primarily
8226:Inspire Art
8191:pre-emption
8100:2009/133/EC
8076:2004/109/EC
8027:2009/102/EC
7901:2009/101/EC
7133:externalise
6703:article 3.
6616:tax evasion
6334:commodities
6053:Centros Ltd
6037:prima facie
5929:The Rosella
5702:Berlin Wall
5692:First, the
5682:Berlin Wall
5661:human being
5331:citizenship
5129:Case 196/87
4449:While the "
4251:humiliation
3539:arbitration
3496:injunctions
3492:restitution
3288:was also a
2864:Regulations
2684:rule of law
2638:Regulations
2579:globalising
2542:Case K 3/21
2148:Parliaments
2076:during the
1899:art 20 and
1867:art 288-294
1796:art 223-234
1730:Legislature
1656:(currently
1569:art 282-287
1423:, justice,
1409:rule of law
1244: 1 in
1229:not shown)
932:Regulations
805:derivatives
795:During the
740:, set up a
722:Brexit poll
707:Berlin Wall
693:perestroika
536:Jean Monnet
434:world peace
414:World War I
402:Victor Hugo
241:Renaissance
128:rule of law
62:rule of law
25578:Categories
25506:Directives
25463:ordonnance
25447:Règlements
25427:ordonnance
25198:Directives
25096:Statistics
24918:Healthcare
24657:Eurosphere
24562:Currencies
24533:Withdrawal
24508:Regulation
24313:EIB Group
24258:Eurosystem
24126:Presidency
24087:Committees
24027:Statistics
23697:Since 2004
23499:Law school
23379:Prosecutor
23317:Magistrate
23104:Jewish law
23062:Common law
22983:Rulemaking
22978:Regulation
22928:Law making
22867:Divine law
22843:Legal code
22790:Sports law
22713:Law of war
22663:Health law
22648:Family law
22632:Energy law
22582:Bankruptcy
22519:Punishment
22514:Public law
22369:Law portal
22260:Francovich
22255:Factortame
21877:Directives
21639:Principles
21601:Procedures
21565:Regulation
21148:Bloomsbury
21134:References
21115:23 October
21037:Case 40462
21025:Case 40411
21013:Case 40099
20918:Vote Leave
20877:ICCPR 1966
20845:ICCPR 1966
20829:CFREU 2000
20801:TechCrunch
20784:S Zuboff,
20743:2002/58/EC
20641:recital 11
20515:CFREU 2000
20391:1997/67/EC
20376:CFREU 2000
20374:art 8(1).
20364:ICCPR 1966
20352:CFREU 2000
20340:ICCPR 1966
20328:2010/31/EC
20312:CFREU 2000
20291:2012/34/EU
20276:2012/34/EU
20185:OxBLB pt 1
20093:OxBLB pt 1
20011:CFREU 2000
19683:CFREU 2000
19558:2009/73/EC
19370:2004/35/EC
19285:ICCPR 1966
19159:ICCPR 1966
19130:CFREU 2000
18733:CFREU 2000
18707:L Crehan,
18649:(6): 783.
18577:CFREU 2000
18503:regs 4-5A.
17966:2001/23/EC
17816:2011/61/EU
17804:2011/61/EU
17789:2004/39/EC
17778:2014/91/EU
17723:2003/41/EC
17620:2004/25/EC
17276:ss 241–243
17183:(2005) 90.
17125:art 153(1)
17045:§307 Rn 32
16998:UTCCD 1993
16977:85/374/EEC
16867:Part III,
16826:Case 43/75
16753:J Stiglitz
16745:J Stiglitz
16615:88/361/EEC
16579:J Stiglitz
16327:Brandeis J
16272:Case 81/87
16260:2001/86/EC
16010:3 CMLR 358
15920:JHH Weiler
15677:Case 66/85
15616:2005/29/EC
15463:article 30
15221:, ECR 837
15208:arts 28–30
15196:, chs 2–6.
15166:AG Opinion
15144:COM(85)310
15127:Case 43/75
15021:Case 43/75
14991:, Table 1.
14900:See above.
14735:Case 11/82
14711:Case 25/62
14522:3 CMLR 205
14435:Case 61/65
14407:Case 14/83
14390:68/151/EEC
14361:3 CMLR 638
14246:Vaneetveld
14149:2003/88/EC
14102:Vaneetveld
14029:Case 26/62
14001:CFREU 2000
13927:art 6 and
13857:Solange II
13744:8 November
13552:art 4 and
13371:EU Politix
13296:Thucydides
13171:art 238(3)
12830:(4): 683.
12687:(4): 546.
12558:9 May 1950
12335:Case 43/75
12315:arts 13–19
12274:Case 26/62
12164:. Eurostat
11822:(owned by
11683:CFREU 2000
11669:ICCPR 1966
11617:See also:
11353:CFREU 2000
11341:art 19(2).
11339:ICCPR 1966
11283:See also:
11168:Volkswagen
11164:Dieselgate
11149:sets the "
11114:Volkswagen
11110:Dieselgate
10918:arts 24-27
10904:CFREU 2000
10700:See also:
10648:91/271/EEC
10085:ICCPR 1966
10066:CFREU 2000
10056:ICCPR 1966
10054:art 2 and
9855:Bundesbank
9736:arts 18-19
9640:See also:
9502:article 56
9478:CFREU 2000
9348:CFREU 2000
9253:See also:
9209:See also:
9201:, €2bn in
8945:Case 40/73
8930:Case 48/69
8915:Case 56/64
8838:RealPlayer
8605:Case 27/76
8207:insolvency
8088:2007/36/EC
8039:2004/25/EC
8015:89/666/EEC
8003:2005/56/EC
7982:2006/43/EC
7970:83/349/EEC
7958:82/891/EEC
7937:78/660/EEC
7925:2011/35/EU
7913:2012/30/EU
7508:labour law
7219:2007/64/EC
7211:2011/83/EU
7203:2005/29/EC
7144:good faith
7046:See also:
6817:subsidiary
6811:, and the
6791:. To make
6749:While the
6737:and other
6711:See also:
6440:arts 63-65
6184:arts 56-62
6084:could not
6077:Daily Mail
6058:UK company
5828:arts 49-55
5653:See also:
5514:arts 18-21
5434:a bank in
5247:2004/38/EC
5112:Case 66/85
5085:arts 45-48
5000:Picon beer
4865:reasonable
4597:arts 28-36
4511:fair trade
4507:Free trade
4411:See also:
4347:bekömmlich
4337:CFREU 2000
4333:derogation
4193:and 415/05
4123:CFREU 2000
3941:Commission
3937:clementine
3909:clementine
3686:Factortame
3624:acte clair
3588:acte clair
3577:High Court
3521:High Court
3482:Certiorari
3329:Civil Code
3312:privatised
3280:under the
3272:where the
3216:Directives
3208:Directives
2868:Directives
2850:Commission
2826:Strasbourg
2806:See also:
2792:jus cogens
2776:fair trial
2738:Luxembourg
2728:Strasbourg
2679:Solange II
2533:3 CMLR 225
2530:Solange II
2384:rapporteur
2222:(C 83/210)
1989:Commission
1987:While the
1977:Commission
1973:Parliament
1697:John Dalli
1686:where the
1441:Parliament
1425:solidarity
1413:minorities
1337:Montenegro
1319:San Marino
928:Directives
896:Commission
864:See also:
846:referendum
548:Commission
499:Strasbourg
353:. In 1693
303:until the
289:Wittenberg
277:good faith
147:Wikisource
116:Commission
112:Parliament
25501:Circulars
25425:Ratified
25146:Languages
25125:Douzelage
24969:relations
24769:passports
24692:Euromyths
24596:Transport
24474:Directive
24302:EU bodies
24248:President
24205:Judiciary
24178:President
24161:President
24148:Executive
24136:Eurogroup
24092:Elections
24072:President
23969:Geography
23957:Geography
23477:Judiciary
23472:Executive
23447:The bench
23384:Solicitor
23359:Barrister
23239:Sociology
23224:Pseudolaw
23164:Anarchist
23121:Roman law
23109:Parsi law
23094:Hindu law
23082:Canon law
23057:Civil law
23010:Concordat
22901:Precedent
22810:Trust law
22785:Space law
22622:Drugs law
22492:Procedure
22430:Civil law
21764:Supremacy
21732:Recasting
21642:and terms
21570:Directive
21431:Judiciary
21249:0044-0094
20991:DSAR 2022
20979:DSAR 2022
20964:DSAR 2022
20873:UDHR 1948
20841:UDHR 1948
20825:ECHR 1950
20372:ECHR 1950
20368:UDHR 1948
20348:ECHR 1950
20344:UDHR 1948
20142:arts 7-10
20023:UDHR 1948
19664:§§107-113
19527:harvest.'
19522:254021202
19487:202007944
19444:125134562
19430:: 20–21.
19396:Statistia
19182:UDHR 1948
19118:ECHR 1950
18847:UDHR 1948
18737:ECHR 1950
18721:UDHR 1948
18655:140851472
18567:ECHR 1950
18545:UDHR 1948
18403:1215/2012
17939:AG Jacobs
17883:Case 6–72
17710:§6(b)(10)
17589:Contrast
17579:3 SCR 560
17506:e.g. The
17463:ECHR 1345
17448:ECHR 1345
17296:art 2(1).
17242:JM Keynes
17222:context:
17005:H Collins
16201:See also
15963:1572-8625
15560:See also
15351:AG Maduro
15219:Case 8/74
15084:B Balassa
15057:D Ricardo
14951:See e.g.
14833:F Kessler
14770:C-50/00 P
14686:C-463/10P
14673:Case 8/66
14661:Case 8/66
14242:AG Jacobs
14153:JM Keynes
14097:AG Jacobs
14039:Formerly
13837:Solange I
13588:art 16(3)
13471:art 19(2)
12874:Gibraltar
12844:146781250
12701:153849884
12550:R Schuman
12517:JM Keynes
12302:2 SCR 217
11884:Knowledge
11824:Elon Musk
11729:2022/1925
11679:ECHR 1950
11665:UDHR 1948
11607:Knowledge
11349:ECHR 1950
11335:UDHR 1948
11243:, or and
10944:arts 1-10
10894:UDHR 1948
10748:rewilding
10496:UDHR 1948
10285:adoption.
10280:The EU's
10052:ECHR 1950
9947:bank runs
9937:Basel III
9696:UDHR 1948
9474:ECHR 1950
9460:UDHR 1948
9321:UDHR 1948
9191:transport
9167:EU patent
9085:state aid
8506:Microsoft
8377:requires
8062:2003/6/EC
7720:TAWD 2008
7428:ECHR 1345
7226:2011/7/EU
7129:insolvent
7034:See also
6856:privatise
6809:creditors
6797:consumers
6571:, now in
6371:Gibraltar
6113:insolvent
6109:creditors
6086:evade tax
6007:Stuttgart
5950:ECHR 1345
4964:In 2002,
4921:to be in
4919:margarine
4820:Buy Irish
4469:, or the
4433:The EU's
4270:, or the
3956:olive oil
3877:state aid
2786:, of the
2782:recalled
2780:AG Maduro
2673:Solange I
2670:from the
2575:plurality
2518:Solange I
2154:Judiciary
1722:, on the
1650:President
1626:Frankfurt
1421:tolerance
1417:pluralism
1030:TFEU 2007
822:austerity
261:Stockholm
257:Frankfurt
231:, or the
54:democracy
25247:Category
25161:Religion
24967:Foreign
24955:VAT Area
24835:Eurozone
24731:Policies
24645:Concepts
24637:Politics
24577:Eurozone
24528:opt-outs
24523:Treaties
24413:Military
24390:Advisory
24374:Agencies
24014:Regions
23672:Founders
23659:Timeline
23584:Category
23526:Tribunal
23511:Military
23354:Attorney
23324:Judgment
23184:Feminist
23099:Jain law
22896:Case law
22617:Cyberlaw
22524:Corporal
22502:Criminal
22472:Evidence
22462:Doctrine
22440:Contract
21582:Decision
21543:Opt-outs
21495:Treaties
21361:Treaties
20967:arts 3-7
20910:The Drum
20906:Mindf*ck
20875:art 21.
20811:See the
20419:art 3(3)
20366:art 17.
20181:J Armour
20139:EPR 2019
20125:EPR 2019
20089:J Armour
20065:art 3(1)
20049:RED 2009
19986:ss 18-19
19973:arts 3-5
19952:arts 4-9
19940:arts 3-6
19928:arts 1-4
19926:2018/841
19910:42090586
19896:: 3016.
19598:C-105/12
19580:2019/944
19514:36443604
19384:92/43/EC
19245:arts 2-6
19147:art 3(3)
19070:C‑370/12
19053:arts 3-4
18941:ssrn.com
18907:art 3(3)
18849:art 23.
18822:ECHR 453
18812:, No 189
18798:arts 4-8
18735:art 35.
18731:art 13.
18723:art 25.
18698:) art 90
18208:C-202/07
17991:See the
17976:C-413/13
17927:T-319/99
17806:art 3(2)
17757:GC Means
17753:AA Berle
17615:See the
17439:ECHR 552
17405:C-555/07
17352:C-397/01
17339:WTD 2003
17325:WTD 2003
17306:WTD 2003
17288:art 24,
17219:WTD 2003
17208:art 2(1)
17177:S Deakin
17175:(2001).
17149:property
17073:C-488/11
17003:and see
17001:93/13/EC
16898:C- 95/04
16809:art 3(3)
16807:See TEU
16793:S Deakin
16776:RB Reich
16703:C-171/08
16691:C-112/05
16651:Eurobond
16647:C-478/98
16628:C-251/98
16497:, and -
16495:C-157/99
16482:C-157/99
16354:C-210/06
16341:C-208/00
16285:C-212/97
16245:C-167/01
16227:C-565/08
16118:, ch 22.
16090:C‑333/13
16068:C-209/03
16055:C-184/99
16002:C-127/08
15992:CRD 2004
15903:C-184/99
15849:C-212/05
15832:C-213/05
15819:C-287/05
15806:C-387/01
15784:C-281/98
15763:C-415/93
15752:arts 1–4
15750:492/2011
15735:C-281/98
15708:C‑333/13
15629:, ch 21.
15534:C-110/05
15364:C-112/00
15343:C-434/04
15324:C-112/00
15311:C-112/00
15298:C-379/98
15280:C-265/95
15162:C-292/92
15035:, ch 17.
14989:Eurostat
14914:C-544/10
14847:HLA Hart
14831:(1889),
14825:O Gierke
14783:C-583/11
14447:C-196/09
14290:estoppel
14188:AG Slynn
14107:C-316/93
14089:C-271/91
13962:art 6(2)
13591:Archived
13455:Archived
13374:Archived
13306:Pericles
12934:53362666
12864:and the
12750:KD Ewing
12731:and the
12706:HLA Hart
12623:See the
12611:See the
12596:Archived
12539:Preamble
12534:See the
12402:W Penn,
12313:See TEU
12249:Art 4(3)
12216:art 3(1)
12214:See TEU
12091:EudraLex
12084:See also
11905:and the
11847:Facebook
11816:Facebook
11583:Facebook
11511:The new
11453:arts 7-8
11443:art 3(3)
10670:arts 3-5
10638:arts 4-9
10628:arts 2-4
10103:arts 2-6
10076:art 3(3)
10058:art 6(1)
9838:Eurozone
9809:C‑370/12
9726:arts 1-2
9698:art 23.
9621:held in
9536:ECHR 453
9524:arts 4-8
9462:art 25.
9036:C-513/06
9002:T-328/03
8703:C-202/07
8647:T-604/18
8533:and the
8213:held in
8203:takeover
7814:enables
7693:equality
7646:weekends
7621:won the
7416:ECHR 552
7150:and his
7077:and the
6864:contract
6854:, or to
6848:property
6761:said in
6731:property
6317:cannabis
6125:Delaware
6119:, and a
5700:and the
5470:Citizens
5371:Angonese
5325:: as a "
5274:C-127/08
5223:C-287/05
5208:C-387/01
5191:C-279/93
5176:C-281/98
5159:C-415/93
5144:C-456/02
5097:492/2011
4861:suitable
4838:morality
4394:Equality
4176:C-617/10
4161:C-544/10
4144:C-236/09
4114:C-144/04
4054:C-260/89
3523:, or an
3286:equality
3248:estopped
3244:solvents
3156:Treaties
2796:dialogue
2702:and the
2686:and the
2601:Milanese
2263:treaties
2115:, which
2050:held in
2005:equality
1995:and the
1652:and the
1624:, whose
1611:de facto
1455:and the
1405:equality
1254:Bulgaria
1237:eurozone
1026:TEU 2007
978:Treaties
922:and the
838:Eurozone
799:and the
687:glasnost
396:and the
347:Hannover
215:in 1648.
106:and the
58:equality
25542:Portals
25479:
25449:
25436:
25403:
25368:
25238:Outline
25171:Symbols
25112:Culture
24601:TRACECA
24545:Economy
24353:offices
23650:History
23598:Outline
23535:History
23442:The bar
23416:Verdict
23364:Counsel
23344:Justice
23199:History
23022:Statute
22838:Charter
22800:Tax law
22748:Probate
22290:Nordsee
22206:Caselex
21655:EUR-Lex
21448:members
21355:EUR-Lex
21092:30 June
21068:E!Sharp
20902:C Wylie
20293:art 5-6
20115:per km.
19709:) ch 13
19596:(2013)
19166:art 194
19068:(2012)
19039:Annex I
18972:C-62/14
18970:(2015)
18864:) ch 10
18690:French
18457:2001/29
18283:(2004)
18257:(2004)
18206:(2009)
17974:(2014)
17947:C-67/96
17925:(2003)
17909:C-41/90
17907:(1991)
17881:(1973)
17845:(2004)
17596:UKHL 41
17518:(1991)
17403:(2010)
17350:(2005)
17229:UKSC 57
17111:art 147
17095:(2014)
17083:(2013)
17071:(2013)
17061:C-92/11
17059:(2013)
17021:(2012)
16958:, and
16954:(2012)
16917:art 169
16896:(2007)
16824:(1976)
16720:art 345
16701:(2010)
16689:(2007)
16668:C-98/01
16666:(2001)
16645:(2000)
16626:(2000)
16493:(2001)
16480:(2001)
16425:Debauve
16352:(2008)
16339:(2002)
16283:(1999)
16270:(1988)
16243:(2003)
16225:(2011)
16154:Gebhard
16141:C-55/94
16139:(1995)
16088:(2014)
16066:(2005)
16053:(2001)
16033:C-85/96
16031:(1998)
16000:(2008)
15901:(2001)
15847:(2007)
15830:(2007)
15817:(2007)
15804:(2004)
15782:(2000)
15761:(1995)
15733:(2000)
15706:(2014)
15688:(1988)
15675:(1986)
15532:(2009)
15512:C-14/00
15510:(2003)
15497:(1983)
15485:(1983)
15472:(1979)
15447:(1979)
15362:(2003)
15347:Opinion
15341:(2006)
15322:(2003)
15309:(2003)
15296:(2001)
15278:(1997)
15261:(1982)
15217:(1974)
15160:(1993)
15142:(1985)
15125:(1976)
15076:EB Haas
15019:(1976)
14912:(2012)
14781:(2013)
14768:(2002)
14759:, and
14755:(2002)
14733:(1985)
14709:(1963)
14688:, and
14684:(2011)
14671:(1967)
14659:(1967)
14581:(1991)
14532:UKSC 67
14512:C-99/00
14510:(2002)
14497:(1982)
14445:(2011)
14433:(1966)
14405:(1984)
14250:AG Lenz
14182:(1986)
14121:C-91/92
14119:(1994)
14111:AG Lenz
14093:Opinion
14087:(1993)
14027:(1963)
14018:, ch 7.
13988:(1986)
13947:(2008)
13880:(2008)
13707:art 177
13625:art 267
13556:art 253
13479:253–254
13400:art 294
13233:(1986)
13027:art 250
13005:282–287
12918:: 357.
12858:Madeira
12785:art 294
12665:, ch 2.
12502:joined
12333:(1976)
12272:(1963)
12168:12 July
11820:Twitter
11812:YouTube
11685:art 11.
11598:cookies
11549:Romania
11545:Denmark
11489:privacy
11421:UKSC 28
11397:Annex I
11216:⁄
11126:Renault
10800:Austria
10765:hectare
10092:art 194
9807:(2012)
9750:C-62/14
9748:(2015)
9480:art 35.
9466:art 12.
9405:Process
9199:finance
9059:of the
9055:Third,
9034:(2009)
9017:(2009)
9000:(2006)
8985:(2004)
8972:C-49/92
8970:(1999)
8943:(1975)
8928:(1972)
8913:(1966)
8900:art 101
8834:Windows
8809:Android
8776:Android
8772:billion
8734:First,
8701:(2009)
8686:(2004)
8645:(2022)
8620:C-62/86
8618:(1991)
8603:(1978)
8590:art 102
8544:cartels
8540:mergers
8512:to its
8216:Centros
7625:in the
6801:workers
6699:in the
6561:capital
6382:Capital
6337:futures
5436:Bolzano
5384:Bolzano
5349:Bhagwan
5323:workers
5272:(2008)
5221:(2007)
5206:(2004)
5189:(1995)
5174:(2000)
5157:(1995)
5142:(2004)
5127:(1988)
5110:(1986)
5040:Workers
4884:on the
4807:Belgian
4535:persons
4519:workers
4503:endgame
4493:, then
4479:capital
4443:billion
4351:Charter
4307:Charter
4305:in the
4189:(2008)
4174:(2013)
4159:(2012)
4142:(2011)
4112:(2005)
4099:C-13/94
4097:(1996)
4084:C-36/02
4082:(2004)
4069:C-60/00
4067:(2002)
4052:(1989)
3650:in the
3599:hovrätt
3506:for a "
3384:art 267
3252:varnish
2982:art 288
2748:on the
2591:primacy
2318:), and
2111:of the
2074:Council
1981:Council
1724:Council
1401:freedom
1311:Andorra
1290:Romania
1282:Hungary
1264:Denmark
1250:opt-out
948:Council
900:Council
824:" and "
634:Euratom
475:finance
404:at the
339:William
173:History
122:), the
50:freedom
25477:Arrêté
25470:Décret
25390:Treaty
25252:Portal
24557:Budget
24454:Acquis
24415:bodies
24392:bodies
24041:Bodies
23516:Police
23487:Agency
23369:Lawyer
23114:Sharia
23005:Treaty
23000:Repeal
22946:Decree
22857:Custom
22753:Estate
22703:Labour
22467:Equity
22285:Metock
22270:Kolpak
22220:Bosman
21561:Acquis
21337:
21318:
21295:
21272:
21257:796898
21255:
21247:
21216:
21197:
21176:
21154:
20879:art 25
20847:art 19
20790:(2019)
20719:data'.
20597:/1535
20378:art 7.
20063:/2002
20043:/2001
19908:
19736:art 39
19686:art 37
19560:art 4.
19520:
19512:
19500:: 27.
19494:Nature
19485:
19442:
19133:art 37
19028:(2017)
18772:s 43A.
18711:(2011)
18653:
18610:(2011)
18580:art 14
18548:art 26
18390:(2009)
17520:C-6/90
17429:UKHL 2
17380:art 11
16935:art 38
16881:(1970)
16772:R Hale
16734:(1988)
15961:
15338:Leppik
15090:(1961)
14863:(1953)
14583:C-6/90
14479:Ch 401
14418:Also,
14279:Barber
14196:Obiter
14043:art 12
14004:art 47
13932:art 47
13805:UKSC 3
13506:
13452:art 48
12932:
12879:, and
12868:. The
12860:, the
12842:
12773:art 17
12762:(1867)
12699:
12525:(1919)
12488:V Hugo
12462:I Kant
12452:(1756)
12434:(1713)
12418:(1995)
12289:art 50
12068:, the
11985:, the
11959:, and
11855:EU law
11835:Brexit
11521:copper
11291:, and
11151:Euro 6
11084:. The
11038:UKSC 3
11013:art 19
10712:, and
10426:Ørsted
10350:, the
10324:RWE AG
10316:Huaraz
10253:, and
10069:art 37
9949:, the
9652:, and
9589:Sweden
9391:, the
9351:art 14
9324:art 26
9221:, and
9203:energy
9112:, and
9019:C-8/08
8987:C-2/01
8747:banana
8456:. The
8324:EU law
8166:" (or
8135:, and
8110:EU law
7673:, the
7660:, the
7543:While
7537:, and
7504:EU law
7187:, the
7122:strict
7036:EU law
6926:art 38
6813:public
6727:public
6518:EU law
6394:, and
6339:(with
6278:EU law
5978:, and
5960:EU law
5644:EU law
5426:Dublin
5422:Gaelic
5298:EU law
4816:Scotch
4763:EU law
4483:prices
4475:labour
4423:, and
4266:, the
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3446:UKSC 3
3321:". In
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3123:EU law
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2554:EU law
2545:(2021)
2521:(1970)
2509:UKSC 3
2495:(1990)
2469:(1978)
2457:(1964)
2445:(1963)
2242:EU law
2198:art 19
1958:EU law
1746:, and
1587:EU law
1525:art 17
1479:, and
1451:, the
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1321:, and
1315:Monaco
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1294:Sweden
1292:, and
1286:Poland
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1246:ERM II
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1233:
1201:EU law
969:. The
946:, the
934:. The
880:, and
770:Labour
703:Berlin
654:Norway
560:Stalin
388:, and
359:Quaker
253:London
249:Boston
227:, the
185:, and
60:, the
18:EU Law
25185:Lists
24298:Other
23591:Index
23457:Court
23401:Trial
23307:Judge
23148:Yassa
22951:Edict
22497:Civil
22450:Crime
22334:Fraud
22195:Cases
21857:REACH
21253:JSTOR
20599:art 1
20518:art 8
20473:art 5
20430:Wired
20157:Annex
20128:art 6
20107:/631
19995:e.g.
19906:S2CID
19886:(PDF)
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18355:e.g.
18322:e.g.
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17257:e.g.
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12877:Åland
12840:S2CID
12783:TFEU
12697:S2CID
12674:e.g.
12220:peace
12186:art 2
12145:Notes
11843:Trump
11602:Gmail
11365:art 1
10386:solar
9703:art 7
9593:Spain
9576:Paris
8848:Intel
8762:Losec
8419:or ("
8343:Swiss
7774:. In
7564:" in
7277:CFREU
6924:CFREU
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2768:. In
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2034:or a
571:tanks
495:court
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345:from
255:, to
201:peace
24778:list
24582:Euro
23943:2020
23938:2012
23933:1985
23928:1984
23923:1962
23905:2013
23900:2007
23895:2004
23890:1995
23885:1990
23880:1986
23875:1981
23870:1973
23865:1954
23841:2012
23832:2012
23339:Jury
23287:Fiqh
23143:Xeer
22541:Tort
22457:Deed
22235:Chen
21553:Acts
21335:ISBN
21316:ISBN
21293:ISBN
21270:ISBN
21245:ISSN
21214:ISBN
21195:ISBN
21174:ISBN
21152:ISBN
21117:2007
21094:2007
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19510:PMID
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14539:law.
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14219:U.S.
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13925:ECHR
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13814:See
13746:2016
13705:TEEC
13692:TFEU
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13650:TFEU
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13635:TFEU
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13583:and
13566:TFEU
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13504:ISBN
13475:TFEU
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13469:TEU
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13001:TFEU
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12515:See
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12045:and
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11983:NATO
11977:and
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10850:and
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10413:TFEU
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10320:Peru
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9977:The
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9817:See
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9275:and
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7730:and
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7502:See
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6438:TFEU
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778:Euro
728:The
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