History of Ireland (795–1169)

55: 1927:("High kings with opposition") was used from the 12th century. According to Byrne, "it could be argued that the 'high kings with opposition' met with opposition precisely because they tried to become kings of Ireland in a real sense. They were not less successful than their predecessors, but only seemed so in the light of the teaching of the schools". Following a similar line of reasoning, Byrne suggests that the focus from historians on the decline of the Uí Néill in the 11th century may be a "tribute to the success of their own propaganda". After Brian, the previous Uí Néill monopoly of high kingship as described in poems and chronicles was anyway broken for good. The Cenél nEógain suffered from internal factions, and this allowed the Ulaid, under Niall mac Eochada, to expand their influence. Niall and Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó became allies, and effectively controlled the whole east coast of Ireland. This alliance helped to make it possible for Diarmait to take direct control of Dublin in 1052. Unlike Máel Sechnaill in 980 or Brian in 999, he wasn't content with just looting the city and expelling the Hiberno-Norse ruler ( 2174: 1313:, and the compilation of elaborate law tracts. Patronage for scholars and scholarship came largely from Irish kings who regarded the presence of court scholars as part and parcel of the trappings of kingship, but also as a means of bolstering their own image through praise poetry that such scholars composed and performed. With the advent of the Vikings, patronage ties have been argued to have been loosened, thereby affecting directly the livelihood of Irish scholars. In addition, some kings would have turned their attention to more pressing (but also more profitable) pursuits, such as engaging in warfare or alliances with Vikings or other Irish kings, as well as tapping the economic benefits that Viking trade would have brought. While this was happening in Ireland, we observe a more pronounced presence of Irish scholars in Frankish Europe, and especially in circles associated with the 1217:, in the north west of England. "The Three Fragments" refers to a distinct group of settlers living among these Vikings as "Irishmen": "Then the King, who was on the point of death, and the Queen sent messengers to the Irishmen who were among the pagans, for there were many Irish among the pagans, to say to the Irishmen, life and health to you from the King of the Saxons, who is in disease, and from his Queen, who has all authority over the Saxons, and they are certain that you are true and trusty friends to them. Therefore, you should take their side; for they did not bestow any greater honour to a Saxon warrior or cleric than to each warrior and cleric who came to them from Ireland, because this inimical race of pagans is equally hostile to you also." Further evidence of an Irish presence in Wirral comes from the name of the village of 1186:Áed Findliath was king of Ailech and the leading king within the Northern Uí Néill. After the death of Máel Sechnaill he is counted in the regal lists as high king, following the established scheme where this alternated between Cenél nEógain in the north and Clann Cholmáin of Mide. His kingship was disputed though, and he did not come close to being an actual king over Ireland. He could count some successes against the Norse, however, most notably burning all the Norse longports in the north in 866. Áed seems to have used the opportunity while Olaf was involved in warfare in 588: 2091: 5937: 242: 7081: 465: 7071: 1566:). Norse influence shows in the Norse-derived names of many contemporary Irish kings (e.g. Magnus, Lochlann or Sitric), and in DNA evidence in some residents of these coastal cities to this day. A genetics paper in 2006 by Dr Brian McEvoy found that most men with Irish-Viking surnames carried typically Irish genes. This suggests that Viking settlements may have had a Scandinavian elite but with most of the inhabitants being indigenous Irish. 6102: 1239: 978:—"great royal meeting") between Niall and Feidlimid was held. This meeting did not result in any lasting peace though; in 840 Feidlimid led an army into Mide and encamped at Tara, thereby challenging the Uí Néill also in the north. In 841, however, Feidlimid was routed in battle by Niall in Leinster. His successors in the south would not be able to challenge the north again to this extent until some 150 years later. 54: 7091: 1944: 375: 1779:(emperor of the Irish). According to Bart Jaski, "This can be regarded as a claim that he ruled both the Irish and the Norse in Ireland, and may even imply suzerainty over the Gaels of Scotland". In his obituary in the Annals of Ulster he is styled as "over-king of the Irish of Ireland, and of the foreigners and of the Britons, the Augustus of the whole of north-west Europe". 1300:

their domestic rivals. The Vikings were able to defeat the centralized Kingdoms of Europe, since the small ruling class was easily removed. However, Ireland was composed of more than 150 different Kingdoms ruling over small territories. This decentralized system of governance made it almost impossible to gain control of a territory, since defeated Kings were easily replaced.

1035: 1332:

of the Vikings on Ireland, which may have driven such people to seek employment elsewhere. If one accepts this version of events, then the Vikings can be said to have inadvertently been one of the principal catalysts for the spread of Irish culture abroad and the subsequent foundation of Irish centres on the Continent which remained influential for centuries to come.

1908:, a regnal poem on the Christian (Uí Néill) kings of Tara some time between 1014 and 1022. When he wrote in 1056 he evidently did not know any high king of Ireland, and instead lists a number of kings of the day: (Duncan) Conchobar, Áed, Garbith, Diarmait, Donnchad (Duncan) and two Nialls. According to Byrne, these are Conchobar Ua Maíl Schechnaill of Mide, 622:(Meath), although some accounts discount Mide and split Mumu in two. This is not an accurate description of the political landscape c. 800, but when discussing the political subdivisions of Ireland at this time, it is still useful to refer to this system; if Laigin and Mide are combined as Leinster, it roughly corresponds with the modern 1688: 872:. (Duncan) This followed the classic Uí Néill political arrangement, where over-kingship alternated regularly between Cenél nEógain and Clann Cholmáin of the Southern Uí Néill. During his reign he campaigned in Mide, Leinster and Ulaid to assert his authority, though unlike Donnchad (Duncan) he did not campaign in Munster. 2138:

refused him safe conduct through England unless he pledged himself to do nothing in Ireland that would injure England's interests there. This was not acceptable for Paparo, who returned to Rome. It seems likely that this was an attempt by Stephen to prevent Paparo from bringing papal confirmation for

2011:

Toirdelbach appears to have responded favourably to this, and convened a synod in Dublin in 1080 – the outcome of this synod is not known. Toirdelbach may have seen cooperation with Canterbury as a way to reduce the influence from Armagh, traditionally dominated by Cenél nEógain, within the church in

1766:

In 1000, Brian turned against Máel Sechnaill, and by 1002 he had forced Máel Sechnaill to submit to him, and now claimed kingship over the whole of Ireland. In the following decade, there were several campaigns in the north to force the Ulaid and the Northern Uí Néill into submission as well. Even if

1582:

assumed control of Dublin. Gofraid was active as a Viking raider and slaver, but there were signs during his reign that the Norse were not just mere Vikings any more. During a raid at Armagh in 921 Gofraid "...spared the prayerhouses... ...and the sick from destruction", considerations never taken by

1331:

became among the most prominent and influential in ninth-century continental Europe, studying and teaching a range of subjects, from theology to political philosophy. It is tempting to link their presence on the Continent as well as the presence of scores of other Irish learned people with the impact

1308:

Historians debate the consequences that the initial phases of Viking settlement had on scholarship and literary output. Scholarly activity, for which the Irish are famous in the early Medieval period, consisted of the writing of poetry, the production of Christian devotional texts, the development of

1299:

The Vikings were able to exploit internal divisions in order to invade England and France. As Ireland was one of the most politically fractured countries at the time, it was a prime target for Viking conquest. Furthermore, Irish Kings often made alliances with foreign invaders in an attempt to weaken

1173:

Máel Sechnaill had more success as high king than his predecessors Niall Caille and Conchobar Donnchada (Duncan) in dealing with the south, and forced Munster into submission in 858 and as noted above, Osraige in 859. He also asserted control over Ulaid, Leinster and Connacht, and was in his obituary

902:, a royal site in the possession of Armagh. Byrne states that "...the foundation marked the resolution of any remaining rivalry between the Columban and Patrician churches...". That the community of Columba in 817 tried to have Áed excommunicated may show that not all rivalry was resolved after all. 750:

from which they would later rise to dominance, but were not yet a significant power in Munster. The Eóganachta rivalled the Uí Néill in power and influence, and claimed suzerainty over the southern part of Ireland. This claim was in part anchored within the legendary ancient division of the island in

2110:

for the two incumbent archbishops at Cashel and Armagh during his trip to the Continent in 1139/40. This first bid was unsuccessful, but Malachy was told to reapply after he had gained the agreement of all Ireland. Before undertaking his second trip to the Continent in 1148, Malachy convened a synod

2055:

and attended by fifty bishops, three hundred priests and over three thousand laymen, marked the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan and parish-based church. It established two provinces, with archbishoprics at Armagh and Cashel, and prominence given to Armagh, making Cellach

1819:

The battle of Clontarf was not a struggle between the Irish and the Norse for the sovereignty of Ireland; neither was it a great national victory which broke the power of the Norse forever (long before Clontarf the Norse had become a minor political force in Irish affairs). In fact Clontarf was part

1750:

Máel Sechnaill obviously perceived Brian as a threat, and as early as 982 raided Munster and the territory of the Dal gCais. The next two decades saw more or less constant warfare between them, mostly with Leinster as their battleground. Even if Brian never defeated Máel Sechnaill in battle, Brian's

1202:. Ivar died in 873. In his obituary, the Annals of Ulster call Ivar "king of the Norsemen of all Ireland and Britain". With their disappearance, there were frequent changes of leadership among the Norse in Ireland and a great deal of internecine conflict is reported for the following decades. In 902 1161:

had become king of Osraige in 842. Cerball had defeated Viking raiders in 846 and 847, but from 858 he is allied with Olaf and Ivar against Máel Sechnaill, campaigning in Leinster and Munster, and in 859 also raiding Máel Sechnaill's heartlands in Mide, though Cerball had to submit to Máel Sechnaill

477:

A large body of contemporary and near-contemporary material on early medieval Ireland has survived. From the titles of works mentioned in these sources, it is clear that a great deal of additional material has now been lost. The surviving materials usually exist in the form of much later copies, and

1897:

lists Flaitbertach Ua Néill as high king, but he proved unable even to control the north of Ireland. Neither was anyone else able to make a recognised claim for kingship over all of Ireland: according to Byrne, "what distinguished the great interregnum of 1022–72 from other periods in Irish history

1086:

is uncertain as he was recorded in books written over 200 years after his death in a period of strong anti-Viking sentiment. He was often depicted as a villain and his wife was said to be a witch that would perform pagan rituals on altars. It is highly likely that this was war propaganda as we have

820:

These early raids interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and marked the beginning of two hundred years of intermittent warfare, with waves of Viking raiders plundering monasteries and towns throughout Ireland. Most of the early raiders came from the fjords of western Norway. They are

2421:

Grandsons or great grandsons of Ivar, no other patronym was given for these, which makes it difficult trace their lineage. Modern scholarly literature also refer to later descendants as "of the Uí Ímair". However, "a collective term for all the descendants of Ívarr is lacking in the medieval Irish

1964:

There were major reforms in the Irish church during the 12th century. These reforms have been generally interpreted as a reaction to previous secularisation, but could also be seen as a continuous development. The reforms had consequences for, and were influenced by, relations within the church as

2035:

The first of the four main synods associated with the church reforms of the 12th century took place in Cashel in 1101, at the instigation of Muirchertach Ua Briain. How many who actually attended this synod is not known, but some of its decrees have been preserved. There is a decree on simony, on

1594:

from Clann Cholmáin who is titled "high king" after Niall however, and Muirchertach did not succeed his father as king of Ailech either until 938. Apart from his victories over the Norse, Muirchertach led campaigns forcing other provincial kingdoms into submission, most notably taking the king of

1030:

on the Liffey, carrying 1,500 men, and another one of a similar size sailing up the river Boyne, making their way into the inland territories and launching attacks on the lands of Brega in the south of County Meath. In general, from 837 onward larger Viking forces hit larger targets – such as the

455:

came to opposite conclusions analyzing the same period. Orpen saw an anarchic country still in 'a tribal state'; he could see no nation, no wider community in Ireland than the tribe. MacNeill stressed the reality of the high-kingship of Ireland and the existence of many of those institutions of

1182:

notes: "Máel Sechnaill's unprecedented success in achieving the high-kingship of all Ireland was marred by the chronic complaint of Irish politics: having united the Ulaid, Munster, Osraige, Connacht and Leinster, he was attacked at the end of his reign by a combination of Uí Néill kings."

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in terms of society, culture and language. People lived in rural communities, and the only larger settlements were monastic towns of varying sizes. The monasteries played an important part in society, not just with regards to religious and cultural life, but also to economy and politics.

2372:. According to Hudson, "Any agreement made there has not survived, although the report of the meeting from a Munster chronicle with a bias towards the southern prince claims that Niall submitted to Feidlimid, while a contemporary northern chronicle has no report of the proceedings." 1730:

Brian quickly established himself as the most powerful ruler in Munster, defeating the Norse of Limerick in 977 and the Eóganachta the following year. Having gained control over Munster, he tried to extend his authority by raiding Osraige in 982 and 983, and also, according to the

955:(Duncan) succeeded Áed Oirdnide as Uí Néill overking in 819, and soon found himself challenged by Feidlimid, both by Feidlimid launching raids into Mide and Connacht and by him interfering (as would be the Uí Néill view) in the affairs of Armagh. Conchobar and Feidlimid met at 2056:

the primate of the church in Ireland. Each province consisted of twelve territorial dioceses. The see of Dublin was not included, as this was under primacy from Canterbury, but a place was left open for it, in the sense that only eleven dioceses were declared under Cashel.

1194:

observes: "Ironically, success may have held back the economic development of the north and ultimately prevented the growth of port towns like those on the east and south coasts, on which the Leinster and Munster kings subsequently depended for much of their wealth."

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and Munster's influence was growing at the expense of Máel Sechnaill and the Southern Uí Néill. In 997 Máel Sechnaill was forced to acknowledge Brian's authority over the south of Ireland, and they formally divided Ireland according to the traditional scheme of

1553:. Significant excavations in Dublin and Waterford in the 20th century have unearthed much of the Viking heritage of those cities. A large amount of Viking burial stones, called the Rathdown Slabs, have been found in multiple locations across South Dublin. 1577:

and inflicted on him a decisive defeat, with Niall and numerous other Irish leaders among the casualties. Dublin was secured for the Norse, and in 920 Sitric left for York and following Ragnall's death succeeded him as ruler there in 921. Their kinsman

1583:

the raiders of the previous century. Another was the intense campaigns led by Dublin in eastern Ulster from 921 to 927, which appear to have aimed at conquest in order to create a Scandinavian kingdom like the one on the eastern side of the Irish sea.

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in 1014, the political situation became more complex with rivalry for high kingship from several clans and dynasties. Brian's descendants failed to maintain a unified throne, and regional squabbling over territory led indirectly to the invasion of the

2476:, p. 288. After quoting Ó Corráin, Duffy states that:"...Few now, beyond the ranks of the purveyors of popular fiction, perpetuate the portrayal of Brian, eliminator of the viking scourge" – which may be an overly optimistic assertion from Duffy. 1026:). They were also moving further inland to attack, often using rivers such as the Shannon, and then retreating to their coastal bases. The raiding parties also increased in size, becoming regular armies—in 837 the annals report a fleet of sixty 434:

In trying to interpret the history of early Ireland, one of the most frequently asked questions addressed by historians is how early it is possible to speak of an Irish nation encompassing the whole island of Ireland. Early poet-historians like

412:

The first part of the period from 795 to 1014 is well-studied; the "Viking age" has attracted the interest of historians for quite some time. The period between 1014 and 1169 has received less attention. In the words of Sean Duffy, this period

950:

in 820, beginning a 130-year domination by this branch of Eóganachta. Combining military campaigns with manipulation of ecclesiastical affairs, he embarked on a policy of aggressive expansion to counter the growth in power of the Uí Néill.

1838:, and Dúngal Ua Donnchada of Eóganachta also claimed the kingship of the province. Though Donnchad (Duncan) eventually was victorious, the descendants of Brian would not be able to make a real claim to kingship over Ireland again until 1606:, and returned to Dublin half a year later. The Vikings of Limerick had taken Dublin in his absence. Gofraid retook the city, but the struggle between Limerick continued well after Gofraid's death in 934. He was succeeded by his son, 417:

has – historiographically speaking – fallen between two stools. Historians of early medieval Ireland, seeking to conclude their narratives on a high note, have traditionally done so after recounting the death of the famous high-king

2310:, "The 150 years before 1200 have been lost, between the assumptions that life was a continuation of the fifth through eighth-century world and that the incursion of English lords marked a fundamental change throughout Ireland." 2514:

The see of Waterford however, where the incumbent bishop Máel Ísu Ua hAinmire also had been consecrated in, and taken vows of obedience to, Canterbury, was moved to Lismore, and Máel Ísu chosen as the first archbishop of

1031:

greater monastic towns of Armagh, Glendalough, Kildare, Slane, Clonard, Clonmacnoise, and Lismore – while smaller targets such as local churches with less material to be plundered may have escaped the Vikings' attention.

2040:(heads of ecclesiastical establishments) and finally a decree that defines what relationships are considered to be incestuous. None of these decrees are radical, but they are generally interpreted to be in line with the 1767:

faced with multiple rebellions, both in the north and in Leinster, by 1011 he had received submission from every major regional king in Ireland, and thus earned the recognition by historians as the first real

1802:

participated on the Dublin/ Leinster side, and this may, in conjunction with the propagandistic account of the battle given in the Cogad, have created the still popular myth that what took place at Clontarf

878:

credits Áed for "the absence of any major Viking attacks on Ireland during his reign after 798". The annals give no reference, however, to Áed at any time being involved with warfare against Viking raiders.

2463:, Hudson also notes that "As a descendant of the kings of Dál Riata, being the great-grandson of the Scottish king Cináed mac Alpin, he may have considered that he had hereditary interests in the region." 2501:

Gilla received a letter from Anselm congratulating him on his elevation to the see of Limerick, and there was no suggestion that Anselm felt Canterbury had been slighted or ought to have been involved.

1590:, the son of Niall Glúndub. According to Benjamin Hudson, "Muirchertach was one of the most successful generals of his day and was described as the 'Hector of the Irish'". In the annals, it is (Duncan) 1820:

of the internal struggle for sovereignty and was essentially the revolt of the Leinstermen against the dominance of Brian, a revolt in which their Norse allies played an important but secondary role.

1640:, succeeded (Duncan) Donnchad Donn as Uí Néill overking in 944 (Muirchertag, who otherwise might have been the obvious successor, had been killed in 943). Congalach was king of Brega and a member of 529:

are late, and include some material of doubtful origin. While the annals provide a considerable amount of information, they are generally terse, and most focus their attention on the doings of the

2451:"The second and more intensive period of settlement was characterised by the establishment of a series of towns. Waterford (914), Cork (c.915), Dublin (917), Wexford (c.921) and Limerick (922)." 2119:, presently the most powerful king in Ireland, was eager to increase Connacht influence on the church. The solution reached was to extend the number of metropolitan sees from two to four, with 2083:

observance. Malachy used these as agencies of monastic reform within the Irish church. Malachy resigned as archbishop of Armagh in 1136, but was appointed native papal legate to Ireland by

547:

were composed. Even though the historical accuracy of these accounts is dubious, the Cogad especially has had a great impact on the interpretation of Irish medieval history until recently.

334:), and attempts were made by various factions to gain political control over the whole of the island. For the first two centuries of this period, this was mainly a rivalry between putative 2412:

reads: "Indarba n-gennti a h-Ere, .í. longport Atha Cliath o Mael Findia m. Flandacain co feraibh Bregh & o Cerball m. Muiricain co Laignibh...", that is "longport", not "fortress".

1997: 1660:. This alliance did not last long after Ruaidrí's death in 950, however, and Congalach was killed in 956 in a battle against an alliance of Dublin and Leinster. He was succeeded by 1755:. In the years that followed, the two of them acted as allies in accordance with this agreement. In 999 Brian quelled a revolt against him by the men of Leinster and Dublin at the 1556:

The Vikings founded many other coastal towns, and after several generations of coexistence and intermarriage a group of mixed Irish and Norse ethnic background arose (often called

1178:, king of all Ireland. In the last years of his reign he had however experienced serious opposition from his Uí Néill kinsmen of Ailech and Brega, allied with the Norse of Dublin. 1203: 2020:

were also consecrated in Canterbury, and so was the first bishop of Waterford, Máel Ísu Ua hAinmire in 1096. The written request for Máel Ísu's consecration, as preserved in

1830:

Following Brian's death, Máel Sechnaill resumed as High King, supported by Flaithbertach ua Néill. In Munster, internal strife almost immediately began between Brian's sons

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an arrangement in Ireland that would finally extinguish Canterbury's claims in Ireland. In 1151 he returned and this time reached Ireland, his journey being facilitated by

5904: 2028:, is subscribed by bishops from Munster, Mide, Dublin and Leinster. Gilla Espaic, the first bishop of Limerick, was however not consecrated in Canterbury, but probably by 1976:

structure. The circumstances surrounding the foundation of the diocese of Dublin early in the century are obscure, but at some point during the reign of Sithric Silkbeard

1367: 2123:

and Dublin included alongside Cashel and Armagh. Malachy died on his way to meet the pope, but the message was transmitted by other means and papal approval was granted.

959:

in 827 to discuss peace terms, and the very fact that "the king of Munster could force the high-king to a peace conference is indicative of Feidlimid's growing power".

6420: 6398: 4330:, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this period (section 4: pp. 144–86 ) 4755: 1506:

had followed Flann Sinna as Uí Néill overking in 916, and he marched into Munster against Ragnall, but no decisive engagement followed. The men of Leinster under

6425: 5852: 4775: 2017: 6534: 5973: 4872: 4141:

Historical Studies XI: Nationality and the pursuit of national independence, papers read before the Conference held at Trinity College, Dublin, 26–31 May 1975

6900: 1522:. With Sithric in Dublin and Ragnall in York, a Dublin-York axis developed which would have influence on both England and Ireland for the next half-century. 1190:, presumably bringing a large contingent of the Norse forces in Ireland with him. The Vikings never managed to establish permanent settlements in the north. 2147:

was convened in 1152, with Paparo presiding as papal legate. The decrees from the synod are no longer extant, but some information is preserved through the

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which was probably being compiled in the midlands of Ireland by around 800. All include material derived from other sources, or added at a later date. The

641:", was the leading dynasty in Ireland. The Northern Uí Néill controlled the north-western part of Ireland, and was divided into two leading branches, the 7036: 1893:(Duncan) Donnchad mac Brian styled himself as 'King of Ireland' after the death of Máel Sechnaill, but failed to gain recognition as such. A glossing of 992:

The Viking raids on Ireland resumed in 821, and intensified during the following decades. The Vikings were beginning to establish fortified encampments,

966:

in 833. With Niall, we for the first time see a reference in the annals of a Uí Néill leading an army against the Vikings; he defeated Viking raiders in

653:. Cenél nEógain had become the more powerful of the two in 789, and had expanded east and southwards, gaining control over the important monastic centre 598:

identified the "oldest certain fact in the political history of Ireland" as the existence in late prehistory of a pentarchy, probably consisting of the

5857: 1260: 868:

of the Cenél nEógain branch of the Northern Uí Néill became King of Tara in 797, after the death of his predecessor, father-in-law and political rival

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ruler to be named by the annals as king of Cashel (i.e. king of Munster) in historical times. He was killed in 976, and succeeded by his brother

743: 17: 676:

The central region of Mide had been dominated by what became known as the "southern Uí Néill" since the 7th century. Until the 8th century, the

385:

Due to the rich amount of written sources, the study of Irish history 795–1169 has, to a large extent, focused on gathering, interpretation and

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of the Northern Uí Néill, while Olaf and Ivar had allied themselves with Áed. In 870, however, Cerball and Áed appeared as allies in Leinster.

841:. The early raids on Ireland seem to have been aristocratic free enterprise, and named leaders appear in the Irish annals: Saxolb (Soxulfr) in 4934: 1652:. When Amlaíb Cuaran returned to Ireland the next year, he became ruler of Dublin and acted as an ally of Congalach in the struggle against 6626: 5886: 2336:

they :"paraded illustrious ancestors and their claim to precedence was expressed in an elaborate mythography that passed for history."

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In addition to the annals, a large number of genealogies survive, along with geographical and legal texts, poetry, sagas and hagiography.

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since 728. The Uí Cheinnselaig now controlled a territory in the south-eastern part of Leinster, and had close links to the monastery of

143: 6408: 5966: 5900: 4821: 4699: 2159:. The main result of the synod was the official papal sanctioning of the episcopal structure as created in 1111 and refined in 1148. 1518:(917). This victory allowed Sithric to re-establish Norse control over Dublin. Ragnall left Ireland again in 918, and became king of 890:. His rivals for supremacy within Uí Néill, the Clann Cholmáin and the Cenél Conaill, had on the other hand supported the familia of 430:. Eleventh- and early twelfth-century Ireland has, therefore, often assumed the character of a snappy epilogue or a lengthy prologue. 1157:

A significant new trait from the middle of the 9th century was that the Norse now also entered alliances with various Irish rulers.

5719: 4355: 1739:, with the intention of attacking Dublin. There was such an attack, but Brian does not seem to have been involved – instead it was 5891: 4915: 4704: 2220:

landed a much bigger force in Waterford to at least ensure his continuing control over the Norman force. In the process he took

439:

constructed a history of a monarchy of all Ireland going back to and beyond St Patrick. Only a hundred years after Mainistrech,

6470: 6326: 5065: 4949: 4609: 2319:Ó Cróinín also points out the irony of "at no time in the historical period did the political division represented by the word 1087:

very little evidence of his existence from his own period, and it is unlikely those close to him would record this themselves.

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of Leinster joined forces against Dublin, and "The heathens were driven from Ireland, i.e. from the fortress of Áth Cliath ".

770:

had emerged in Connacht, and since the first half of the 8th century been the dominant dynasty. Uí Briúin also influenced the

7145: 7120: 6504: 5959: 5867: 4898: 4311: 4290: 4250: 3791: 3691: 3604: 3528: 1664:, and in the following decades alliances shifted constantly between the different branches of Uí Néill, Leinster and Dublin. 974:

as king of Leinster, and also invaded Mide. This brought him into conflict with Feidlimid, however, and in 838 a conference (

6169: 970:

the same year. He sought to further expand Uí Néill influence in the south; in 835 he led an army to Leinster and installed

409:, great advances have been made in the understanding of the physical character of the towns established during this period. 7115: 6362: 6218: 5769: 5152: 5038: 2990: 1075: 6960: 6935: 6875: 6345: 5107: 5020: 4977: 2004:. There is no evidence of Canterbury claiming primacy over the church in Ireland prior to this, and neither Lanfranc nor 1458:

After having been forced to leave Dublin in 902, the descendants of Ivar, now described generically in the annals as the

6373: 2406: 1533:

A new and more intensive period of Viking settlement in Ireland began in 914. Between 914 and 922 the Norse established

788: 7051: 6432: 6357: 6308: 6110: 5872: 5636: 5539: 5033: 4944: 4719: 4522: 4482: 4470: 4465: 4453: 4381: 2168: 2120: 1795: 1610:, who inflicted a decisive defeat on Limerick in 937. The same year Amlaíb went to Northumbria and allied himself with 1222: 540: 161: 104: 99: 94: 89: 2106:

No formal attempts on getting papal approval for the structure chosen at Rathbreasail are known before Malachy sought

7094: 7056: 6586: 6437: 6303: 6254: 4729: 4448: 4229: 4184: 4057: 4011: 3769: 3749: 3646: 3564: 3546: 1622:(937), but after Athelstan's death in 939 Amlaíb became king of York. He was joined by a kinsman with the same name, 1286: 218: 1268: 1213:

A group of Vikings led by Hingamund who were forced out of Ireland were given permission by the Saxons to settle in

833:, and then over to Ireland. During these early raids the Vikings also travelled to the west coast of Ireland to the 7140: 7135: 7130: 6315: 6298: 6264: 6259: 6183: 5895: 4919: 4551: 4494: 4434: 4260: 263: 79: 6158: 1607: 574:

had begun in the 5th century, and by the early 9th century the island was almost entirely Christian. However, the

7125: 6554: 6242: 6237: 5532: 5159: 4605: 4066:

McEvoy, Brian, Claire Brady, Laoise T Moore and Daniel G Bradley; Brady, C; Moore, L. T.; Bradley, D. G. (2006).

1807:

1014 was a decisive battle where the Irish defeated Viking invaders and were liberated from oppression. (Duncan)

722:, was considered part of Munster until the late ninth century, when it received an independent status under king 426:

in 1014. On the other hand, historians of later medieval Ireland generally choose to begin proceedings with the

6920: 6860: 6832: 6591: 6276: 6232: 5164: 5060: 4734: 4714: 4669: 4367: 1264: 213: 1668: 7006: 6837: 6382: 6286: 6281: 6041: 5999: 5142: 4851: 4765: 1913: 1137:

of Scotland. Olaf assumed leadership of the Vikings in Ireland, probably in some way shared with his kinsman

228: 4238: 6350: 6202: 6009: 5990: 5982: 5799: 5117: 5043: 4893: 4826: 4750: 4624: 4581: 4348: 1787: 183: 1633: 7016: 6249: 6060: 5137: 4510: 4281:

Wallace, Patrick F. (2005), "The archaeology of ireland's Viking-age towns", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

4020: 3555:

Byrne, Francis John (2005), "Ireland and her neighbours, c. 1014 – c. 1072", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

1675:. Following this victory Máel Sechnaill forced Dublin into submission, and his half-brother, Amlaíbs son 756: 389:

of these. Only recently have other sources of historical knowledge received more attention, particularly

256: 223: 165: 34: 7011: 7001: 6965: 6807: 6709: 6293: 6227: 6072: 5842: 5481: 5147: 4841: 4124: 3901: 3878: 3855: 3832: 3809: 3505: 2241: 2182: 2148: 2116: 1850:

dominance in the region. Despite the defeat at Clontarf, Sigtrygg remained ruler of Dublin until 1036.

1611: 1391: 1055: 560: 525: 514: 447:

as utterly primitive and savage. At the beginning of modern scholarly interpretation of Irish history,

427: 296: 2435:

The identity between the Ragnall of Waterford and Ragnall (Rögnvald) of York has been questioned, see

2332:

They may not have been as dominant in earlier history as medieval sources tend to claim, according to

1794:, where Brian was killed, even if his army was victorious over Máel Mórda, Sigtrygg and their allies. 1712: 1602:

When Sihtric died in 927 Gofraid left for York, trying to assume kingship there. He was driven out by

1141:, first mentioned in the Irish Annals in 857. Olaf and Ivar remained active in Ireland and around the 544: 6734: 6497: 5549: 5405: 5125: 4939: 4861: 4846: 4831: 4679: 4614: 4576: 4566: 4556: 4416: 4157: 3740:

Flanagan, Marie Therese (2005), "High-kings with opposition, 1072–1166", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

2252: 1708: 1653: 1377: 1095: 700: 109: 5567: 4138:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1978), "Nationality and Kingship in Pre-Norman Ireland", in T.W. Moody (ed.), 2821: 1783: 1587: 6985: 6271: 5794: 4924: 4538: 2144: 1993: 1959: 1808: 1672: 1645: 1433: 1249: 1191: 731: 193: 6124: 1641: 1207: 1158: 723: 677: 478:

it is only from comparison of the various texts that the original documents can be reconstructed.

6689: 6659: 6413: 6197: 6193: 5862: 5811: 5527: 5279: 5028: 4888: 4694: 4639: 4629: 4596: 4429: 4341: 3519:

Byrne, Francis John (2005), "Church and politics, c. 750 – c. 1100", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

2099: 1977: 1928: 1253: 952: 939: 576: 203: 74: 1649: 7046: 6802: 6576: 6188: 5882: 5759: 5385: 4905: 4760: 4649: 4600: 3614: 2112: 1570: 1427: 1409: 875: 638: 634: 503: 198: 4201: 1110:

the same year. These victories form the background of an embassy sent to the Frankish emperor

299:. The first two centuries of this period are characterised by Viking raids and the subsequent 6865: 6757: 6714: 5544: 5515: 5048: 4306:, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol. 2, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 4101: 2680: 2282: 2267: 2048: 1955: 1916:

of Leinster, Donnchad (Duncan) Mac Briain of Munster, Niall mac Máel Sechnaill of Ailech and

1839: 1732: 1615: 1324: 971: 704: 497: 444: 335: 4245:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 182–234, 3744:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 899–933, 2492:(p. 864): "..since 970 the Northern and Southern Uí Néill were... ...irreconcilable foes..." 2488:: "Flaithbertach ua Néill went into Mide to assist Mael Sechnaill." This seem to contradict 1909: 1586:

Dublin's ambitions in Ulster were halted by a series of defeats inflicted upon the Norse by

1099: 7084: 7026: 6822: 6729: 6699: 6684: 6490: 6455: 6335: 6134: 6129: 5914: 5681: 5452: 5429: 5214: 5100: 4954: 4929: 4798: 4619: 4591: 4285:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 814–41, 4068:"The scale and nature of Viking settlement in Ireland from Y-chromosome admixture analysis" 4006:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 635–79, 3559:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 862–98, 3541:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 609–34, 3523:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 654–79, 2277: 2064: 2005: 1619: 1603: 1162:

later the same year. These alliances were by no means permanent. In 860 Cerball was allied

623: 486: 456:

government which Orpen found wanting, and claimed that Irish law had a national character.

208: 1486:, and soon the Uí Ímair followed, again taking control over Viking activities in Ireland. 943: 691:

was the dominant dynasty c. 800. They were closely associated with the large monastery of

680:(also known as the kingdom of Brega) was pre-eminent, but from 728 the western dynasty of 342:. The one who came closest to being de facto king over the whole of Ireland, however, was 8: 6970: 6950: 6930: 6895: 6827: 6739: 6606: 6153: 6119: 6088: 6078: 6026: 6021: 6014: 5789: 5691: 5587: 5475: 5320: 5010: 5000: 4910: 4586: 4443: 4424: 4378: 3615:""Hiberno-Norwegians" and "Anglo-Danes": Anachronistic Ethnicities in Viking Age England" 2225: 2217: 2140: 2013: 2000:

urging reforms, in particular regarding the consecration of bishops and the abolition of

1831: 1756: 1507: 1421: 1403: 956: 509: 132: 69: 5616: 4220:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2001), "The Vikings in Ireland", in Larsen, Anne-Christine (ed.), 4002:

Hughes, Kathleen (2005), "The Irish Church, 800 – c. 1050", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

3655:

Duffy, Seán (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdom of Dublin and Man 1052-1171".

1661: 1599:

captive in 941. The same year he led a fleet to the Hebrides, collecting tribute there.

1596: 1579: 1487: 1303: 7074: 6910: 6885: 6787: 6664: 6616: 6611: 6601: 6539: 6460: 6139: 6067: 6036: 6004: 5816: 5749: 5744: 5671: 5654: 5572: 5259: 5254: 5187: 4816: 4684: 4634: 4571: 4546: 4542: 4460: 4404: 3666: 3444: 3427: 3093: 2684:

where these early raiders can be identified as originating on the west-coast of Norway.

2262: 2202: 2190: 2135: 2029: 1791: 1760: 1623: 1445: 1439: 1179: 1115: 1102:

of Leinster. For the first time the leader of the Vikings is described as royalty from

771: 711: 646: 519: 423: 350: 288: 137: 43: 3410: 1847: 1763:

as ruler of Dublin after he had formally submitted to Brian by handing over hostages.

696: 7070: 6812: 6782: 6772: 6762: 6679: 6669: 6654: 6521: 6207: 6146: 6083: 6031: 5847: 5777: 5497: 5359: 5224: 5130: 5080: 4995: 4856: 4770: 4307: 4286: 4246: 4225: 4180: 4089: 4053: 4032: 4007: 3787: 3765: 3745: 3687: 3642: 3600: 3560: 3542: 3524: 2224:

and had accepted the fealty of the Irish kings and bishops by 1172, so creating the "

2210: 2128: 1917: 1901: 1885: 1843: 1842:. In Leinster, the defeat at Clontarf and death of Máel Mórda seriously weakened the 1744: 1483: 1415: 1138: 1133:; it is now considered more plausible that it refers to a Scandinavian colony in the 688: 587: 436: 386: 5353: 5090: 3657: 3202:, "ardrí Gaidhel Erenn & Gall & Bretan, August iartair tuaiscirt Eorpa uile" 1894: 1569:

Niall Glúndub marched on Dublin in September 919, but Sihtric met his forces at the

681: 7031: 6980: 6975: 6915: 6880: 6792: 6749: 6719: 6641: 6559: 6529: 6403: 6048: 5706: 5686: 5507: 5462: 4836: 4517: 4499: 4386: 4172: 4079: 3975: 3933: 3779: 3713: 3679: 2152: 2084: 2041: 1981: 1511: 1397: 1328: 1218: 1214: 1111: 947: 571: 491: 470: 156: 3994: 3952: 3732: 2008:

ever made direct primatial claims for Canterbury in relation to the Irish church.

1985: 1811:

was one of the first to publicly debunk this national myth, in his groundbreaking

1657: 1503: 1491: 1167: 981: 894:. During Áed's reign the Columban familia, following several Viking raids against 642: 7041: 6955: 6925: 6649: 6566: 5806: 5734: 5729: 5559: 5437: 5364: 5005: 4689: 4664: 4047: 3915: 3759: 2410: 2124: 1835: 834: 715: 619: 581: 440: 363: 2063:, drove the reform process onwards. Malachy, in close cooperation with (Duncan) 865: 419: 6945: 6890: 6844: 6797: 6777: 6621: 6544: 5951: 5941: 5837: 5676: 5664: 5442: 4505: 4489: 4439: 3979: 3937: 3846:

Holland, Martin (2005). "Church reform, Twelfth century". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

3479: 2994: 2357: 2229: 2198: 2131:

as papal legate, and sent him to Ireland with pallia for the four archbishops.

2115:. The main challenge must have been to reach an accommodation with Dublin, and 2090: 2059:

Gilla, Cellach and Cellach's successor Máel Máedóc Ua Morgair, better known as

1772: 1318: 1122: 1091: 899: 854: 850: 842: 810: 798: 767: 556: 246: 151: 127: 4139: 3962: 3920: 3717: 2185:

was a two-stage process, which began on 1 May 1169 when a force of individual

1687: 998:, along the Irish coast and overwintering in Ireland instead of retreating to 882:Áed was connected to the monastic community at Armagh, and a supporter of the 666: 662: 7109: 6704: 6465: 6393: 6388: 6178: 5492: 5325: 5199: 4674: 4659: 3702: 2257: 1771:. During his visit to Armagh in 1005, he had his secretary add a note to the 1740: 1671:

succeeded Domnall, and the same year he defeated the forces of Dublin at the

1591: 1459: 1146: 1079: 1003: 869: 806: 630: 595: 530: 464: 448: 378: 339: 4084: 4067: 3869:

Holland, Martin (2005). "Gille (Gilbert) of Limerick". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

3578: 3461: 1716: 727: 6870: 6767: 6571: 6340: 6053: 5646: 5582: 5577: 5487: 5470: 5295: 5234: 4724: 4709: 4093: 3823:

Holland, Martin (2005). "Cashel, synod of II (1172)". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

3684:

A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c. 500 – c. 1100

2076: 2052: 1198:

The last report of Olaf is when he and Ivar returned to Dublin in 871 from

1067: 1019: 963: 838: 747: 719: 482: 3800:

Holland, Martin (2005). "Cashel, synod of I (1101)". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

3537:

Byrne, Francis John (2005), "The Viking Age", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

1996:, and on that occasion Lanfranc sent letters to Toirdelbach Ua Briain and 1676: 817:

in 807. These early Viking raids were generally small in scale and quick.

739: 658: 7021: 6724: 6631: 6513: 5783: 5696: 5395: 5339: 5300: 4561: 4176: 2382: 2068: 2060: 1947: 1931:); in an unprecedented move he assumed the kingship "of the foreigners" ( 1804: 1799: 1790:

of Leinster and Sigtrygg of Dublin did too. The latter led to the famous

1752: 1558: 1538: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1345: 1341: 1314: 1225:

which is known to have been founded by "Christian Vikings from Ireland".

999: 887: 752: 390: 316: 188: 4266: 3670: 3097: 1682: 6596: 6482: 5877: 5400: 5310: 5274: 5264: 5070: 4299: 3784:

A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100

2961:

Imhar, rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie, uitam finiuit.

2134:

Cardinal Paparo's first attempt to reach Ireland was stalled when king

1984:, thus establishing the first proper diocese in Ireland. His successor 1720: 1696: 1071: 1011: 760: 670: 507:

survive only in an eccentric 17th-century English translation, and the

452: 343: 5521: 3597:

Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014

3015: 1529:

Map showing the major Norse settlements in Ireland in the 10th Century

988:

Early Scandinavian Dublin § The first Norse settlements in Dublin

6905: 6674: 6101: 5909: 5630: 5414: 5269: 5244: 5219: 4644: 3496:

Breatnach, Caoimhín (2005). "Historical tales". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

2396:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century" 2080: 2072: 1736: 1704: 1692: 1534: 1463: 1304:

Impact on cultural activity and formation of Irish scholarly diaspora

1149:, would be an important political factor for the next two centuries. 1142: 994: 846: 607: 501:

cover most of this period, but have a gap between 1132 and 1155. The

402: 312: 5595: 5315: 1238: 346:, the first high king in this period not belonging to the Uí Néill. 331: 6940: 6817: 6694: 5821: 5754: 5419: 5305: 5249: 4654: 2381:

The first report of Vikings spending the winter in Ireland is from

2094:

Maps of dioceses in Ireland as defined by the synod of Kells. From

1989: 1969: 1550: 1467: 1310: 1187: 1134: 1103: 1083: 1059: 1047: 1027: 830: 822: 814: 406: 320: 300: 3761:

The Irish in Early Medieval Europe: Identity, Culture and Religion

2678:

Woolf "constructs a plausible narrative" based on an entry in the

1950:

was an influential 12th-century reformist ecclesiastic in Ireland.

1125:, identified as a "son of the king of Lochlann", came to Ireland. 6581: 5739: 5724: 5623: 5410: 5390: 4364: 4333: 2186: 2107: 1973: 1546: 1525: 1499: 891: 692: 615: 398: 381:, one of the pioneers in modern studies of Irish medieval history 355: 324: 308: 3892:

Holland, Martin (2005). "Kells, synod of". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

1648:

in the early 8th century. In 944 he sacked Dublin, now ruled by

829:. The Vikings would have then sailed down the Atlantic coast of 374: 5609: 5602: 5447: 5380: 5239: 3960:

Hudson, Benjamin T. (2004). "Muirchertach mac Néill (d. 943)".

2221: 2194: 2021: 2001: 1972:, with bishops residing at monasteries and without a permanent 1542: 1130: 1023: 982:

Intensified raiding and the first Viking settlements in Ireland

826: 802: 794: 654: 650: 611: 394: 304: 292: 1943: 1898:

is that it was recognised as such by contemporary observers".

1034: 303:

settlements along the coast. Viking ports were established at

5659: 5229: 3478:

Bracken, Damian (2004), "Feidlimid mac Crimthainn (d. 847)",

2272: 1039: 967: 603: 566: 1853: 1152: 1519: 1199: 1063: 895: 735: 4158:"The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century" 4115:

McNeill, T.E. (2005). "Archaeology". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

3086:

The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland

1747:, and they were defeated by Glúniairn and Máel Sechnaill. 1106:. Máel Sechnaill, now High King, defeated another army at 5347: 2394:

For a longer discussion on the location on Lochlann, see

2067:, king of Fernmag/Airgialla, established the first Irish 1644:, and the first of this dynasty called "High King" since 565:

At the end of the 8th century, Ireland was homogeneously

3573:

Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2004), "Áed Oirdnide mac Néill (

3084:

hÉailidhe, P. Ó (1 January 1957). "The Rathdown Slabs".

2356:, a name that could mean either modern Lambay Island or 1221:

in Wirral, which means "farmstead of the Irishmen", and

669:, was now more or less confined to the area east of the 580:(written sometime in the 8th or 9th century) hints that 330:

Ireland consisted of many semi-independent territories (

4776:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

4241:(2005), "Ireland 400–800", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.), 2817: 2815: 1145:

for the next two decades. The descendants of Ivar, the

2596:, chapter 4, especially pp. 135–37.; Charles-Edwards, 3778:

Hadley, Dawn (2009), "Viking Raids and Conquest", in

3678:

Duffy, Sean (2009), "Ireland, c. 1000 – c. 1100", in

1683:

Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and Brian Boru (980–1022)

4506:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

4328:

Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.

4224:, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, pp. 17–29, 4025:

Early Christian Ireland. Introduction to the sources

3974:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3932:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3151: 3149: 2812: 1510:

attacked Sithric but suffered a heavy defeat in the

2706:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland..." 1656:, a rival Uí Néill claimant for High Kingship from 789:

Early Scandinavian Dublin § Early Viking raids

4262:The archaeology of the early viking age in Ireland 3961: 3919: 3701: 2449:The archaeology of the early viking age in Ireland 1968:Before the 11th century the church in Ireland was 905: 774:on the southern borders of the Northern Uí Néill. 746:in 744 and taken control over the area in present 695:. Their main rival for dominance in Leinster, the 4869:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 3757: 3146: 3056: 3026: 2753: 2751: 2728:Byrne, Francis John (2005), "Church and politics" 2652: 2650: 742:(not yet known under this name) had defeated the 714:, occupying roughly the same area as the present 661:. The traditional kingdom of Ulaid, dominated by 523:supplying only part of the missing material. The 229:History of the Irish language 7107: 5981: 2385:840–41, the first overwintered in Dublin 841–42. 2213:who sought their help in regaining his kingdom. 1094:a Norse army was defeated at Sciath Nechtain by 459: 397:started in 1961, followed by similar efforts in 5715:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 4049:Literacy and Identity in Early Medieval Ireland 3184: 3182: 3044:Literacy and Identity in Early Medieval Ireland 1786:revolted against Brian, and the following year 1129:has been understood as (a district of) present 925:To take the hostages of Connacht without battle 338:from the northern and southern branches of the 3786:, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 195–211, 3686:, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 285–302, 2748: 2740:T. M. Charles-Edwards, 'Áed Oirdnide mac Néill 2717:T. M. Charles-Edwards, 'Áed Oirdnide mac Néill 2647: 1335: 809:. This was followed by a raid on the coast of 6498: 5967: 4349: 1938: 1912:of Connacht, Garbíth Ua Cathassaig of Brega, 1361: 777: 550: 264: 4106:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3712:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3210: 3208: 3179: 3167: 3165: 3163: 2437:Downham, Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland 4478:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 2976:, pp. 17–23, 137–45, 238–41, 246, 258–59.; 2667: 2665: 2352:The annals name the site of this attack as 1267:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6505: 6491: 5974: 5960: 5901:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 4356: 4342: 4129:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4037:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3906:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3883:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3860:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3837:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3814:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3758:Flechner, Roy; Meeder, Sven, eds. (2016), 3510:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2051:. This synod, presided by Gilla Espaic as 1873:Donnchad, two Nialls without swift sorrow, 1375: 1368: 1354: 1046:One of the first named Viking leaders was 539:In the 12th century, propaganda text like 271: 257: 4083: 3896:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 247–49. 3873:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 198–99. 3703:"Brian Bóruma (Brian Boru) (c. 941–1014)" 3641:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3500:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 221–22. 3205: 3160: 3156:Hudson, "Muirchertach mac Néill (d. 943)" 3083: 2642:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhi (2005) Ireland, 400–800 2461:Hudson, "Muirchertach mac Néill (d. 943)" 1854:High kings with opposition (1022 onwards) 1735:, entering an alliance with the Norse of 1490:arrived with a fleet in Waterford, while 1287:Learn how and when to remove this message 1153:Shifting alliances and struggle for power 1006:bases. The first known longports were at 633:, divided in two main branches known as " 591:Peoples and subdivisions of early Ireland 485:are ultimately derived from the now-lost 6512: 5720:Association football in Northern Ireland 4119:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 24–26. 3850:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 83–86. 3827:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 66–67. 3804:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 65–66. 3466:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003 3449:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003 3432:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2002 3415:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2000 2662: 2565:Ó Corráin, "Nationality and Kingship..." 2172: 2089: 2075:in 1142, and also facilitated the first 1942: 1686: 1524: 1482:. In 914 a new Viking fleet appeared in 1033: 586: 463: 373: 323:, which became the first large towns in 4916:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 4027:, London and Ithaca NY, pp. 99–159 3971:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3964:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3929:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3922:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3709:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3636: 3580:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3481:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3290:Hughes, The Irish Church, 800 – c. 1050 2288: 1618:. Athelstan defeated this coalition at 1070:in 844. He was captured and drowned in 14: 7108: 2758:Bracken, "Feidlimid mac Crimthainn..." 2657:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings & Ireland" 2334:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings & Ireland" 1466:; reports tell of their activities in 6486: 5955: 5185: 4975: 4796: 4402: 4337: 3822: 3799: 3612: 3336: 2581:, is a general survey of the subject. 2235: 1875:are evidently the kings of this era.) 1349: 1174:in the Annals of Ulster described as 1166:Máel Sechnaill in a campaign against 797:raid in Irish history occurred in AD 782: 699:had not been able to claim the title 3918:(2004). "Niall mac Áeda (d. 846)". 3914: 3845: 3739: 3370: 3358: 3348:Holland, Gille (Gilbert) of Limerick 3324: 3313: 3301: 2503: 2369: 2012:Ireland. Gilla Pátraic's successors 1265:adding citations to reliable sources 1232: 7090: 6535:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 6421:Post-war period (political history) 3891: 3868: 3381: 3347: 3141:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland" 3072:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland" 2807:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland" 2791:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland" 2474:Duffy, "Ireland, c. 1000 – c. 1100" 443:described the Irish society in his 24: 6627:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 4945:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 4720:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 4518:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 4363: 4072:European Journal of Human Genetics 4001: 3518: 3495: 3337:Holland, Cashel, synod of I (1101) 3289: 3059:The Irish in Early Medieval Europe 3029:The Irish in Early Medieval Europe 2936:Ó Corráin, "Vikings & Ireland" 2877:Ó Corráin, "Vikings & Ireland" 2727: 2617: 2162: 1869:(Smooth-haired Conchobar, welcome! 1796:Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney 1228: 813:in 798, and raids on the coast of 393:. Since the modern excavations of 25: 7157: 7057:Historiography in the Middle Ages 4730:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 4321: 4117:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 4052:, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 4045: 3894:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3871:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3848:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3825:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3802:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3583:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 3572: 3498:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3484:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 3266:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours 3254:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours 3242:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours 3230:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours 3188: 3041: 2901:Hadley, Viking Raids and Conquest 2891:, "Amhlaim m. righ Laithlinde..." 2739: 2716: 2553:Duffy, Ireland, c. 1000 – c. 1100 2323:... ...have a tangible existence" 2036:prohibition for laymen to become 1864:Donnchad, dá Níall cen snim snéid 1703:In Munster, the influence of the 898:, established a new monastery at 821:believed to have sailed first to 584:had not yet been fully uprooted. 517:'s abbreviated copy known as the 369: 7089: 7080: 7079: 7069: 6426:Post-war period (social history) 6100: 5935: 4899:Tallest buildings and structures 4199: 3959: 3554: 3536: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3214: 3155: 2935: 2912: 2876: 2693: 2656: 2489: 2460: 2409:Note that the untranslated text 2345: 2333: 1743:of Leinster who was allied with 1237: 240: 53: 6555:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6550:Decline of Hellenistic religion 4304:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 4280: 4237: 4137: 3387: 3375: 3364: 3352: 3341: 3330: 3318: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3193: 3134: 3115: 3104: 3077: 3065: 3050: 3035: 3020: 3009: 2991:"Irish Migration to Merseyside" 2983: 2964: 2952: 2941: 2929: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2859: 2848: 2837: 2826: 2796: 2784: 2773: 2762: 2733: 2721: 2710: 2699: 2687: 2641: 2601: 2564: 2540: 2508: 2495: 2479: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2429: 2415: 2400: 2388: 2375: 2363: 2339: 2326: 2313: 1862:Áed, Gairbith, Diarmait durgen, 1846:, and opened the way for a new 1223:St Bridget's Church, West Kirby 1076:Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid 923:For whom a single day's work is 906:Rivalry between north and south 860: 726:. Munster was dominated by the 649:, also known as the kingdom of 349:Following Brian's death at the 18:Early Medieval Ireland 800-1166 6833:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 4735:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 3764:, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 3699: 3594: 3477: 3171: 3016:St Bridget's Church West Kirby 2970: 2757: 2635: 2622: 2611: 2584: 2569: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2436: 2423: 2300: 2169:History of Ireland (1169–1536) 738:as ecclesiastical centre. The 513:for this period are lost with 13: 1: 7007:Disability in the Middle Ages 6680:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 6612:Rise of the Venetian Republic 4797: 4283:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 4243:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 4219: 4171:, Belgium: Brepols: 296–339, 4156:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998), 4019: 4004:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 3777: 3742:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 3557:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 3539:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 3521:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 3140: 3071: 2900: 2806: 2790: 2618:Breatnach, "Historical tales" 2590: 2575: 2522: 2201:. This was at the request of 1871:Áed, Garbith, hardy Diarmait, 1462:, remained active around the 657:and the large sub-kingdom of 541:Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil 460:Nature of the written sources 428:English invasion of the 1160s 7146:History of Ireland by period 7121:Early Middle Ages by country 5983:History of the British Isles 5800:Northern Ireland flags issue 4976: 4751:List of conflicts in Ireland 4495:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 4298: 4114: 3995:UK public library membership 3953:UK public library membership 3733:UK public library membership 3677: 3654: 3446:Annals of Ulster AD 431–1201 3278:Duffy, Irishmen and Islesmen 3277: 3125: 3111:McEvoy&al., EJHG article 3057:Flechner and Meeder (2016), 3027:Flechner and Meeder (2016), 2977: 2671: 2602:Ó Cróinín, "Ireland 400–800" 2552: 2473: 2307: 2228:", which formed part of his 1906:Ríg Themra tóebaige iar tain 1860:Conchobur clannmin, fo-chen! 1058:connect him with attacks on 801:when Vikings, possibly from 7: 7116:Medieval history of Ireland 5186: 4771:Gaelic clothing and fashion 4403: 4155: 2705: 2632:, Dublin, 1920, pp. 98–132. 2541:Wallace, The archaeology... 2395: 2246: 1669:Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill 1336:Second Viking age (914–980) 1082:. However the existence of 1038:Modern replica of a Viking 962:Conchobar was succeeded by 766:During the 7th century the 285:history of Ireland 795–1169 10: 7162: 6808:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 4144:, Belfast: Appletree Press 3429:Annals of the Four Masters 3217:Ireland and her neighbours 2694:Byrne, F.J. The Viking age 2424:Downham, "Viking Kings..." 2242:Slavery in medieval Europe 2239: 2183:Norman invasion of Ireland 2166: 2149:Annals of the Four Masters 2117:Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair 1965:well as secular politics. 1953: 1939:Reform of the Irish Church 1813:Ireland before the Normans 1775:where he is proclaimed as 1753:Leath Cuinn and Leath Moga 1723:, later famously known as 1679:, became ruler in Dublin. 1612:Constantine II of Scotland 1339: 1204:Máel Finnia mac Flannacain 1056:Annals of the Four Masters 985: 786: 778:First Viking age (795–902) 753:Leath Cuinn and Leath Moga 561:Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland 554: 551:Political landscape c. 800 526:Annals of the Four Masters 515:Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh 7065: 6994: 6853: 6748: 6735:Mongol invasion of Europe 6640: 6520: 6447: 6372: 6325: 6217: 6168: 6109: 6098: 5989: 5931: 5830: 5768: 5705: 5645: 5558: 5506: 5461: 5428: 5373: 5338: 5288: 5207: 5198: 5194: 5181: 5116: 5019: 4988: 4984: 4971: 4881: 4809: 4805: 4792: 4743: 4531: 4415: 4411: 4398: 4374: 4065: 3110: 2978:Woolf, "Pictland to Alba" 2348:The Vikings & Ireland 2253:Early Scandinavian Dublin 2216:Then on 18 October 1171, 2047:The second synod was the 1634:Congalach mac Máel Mithig 1626:son of Sihtric, known as 1387: 1323:, Irish scholars such as 1317:court. Commonly known as 916:eitrige Connacht cen cath 837:located off the coast of 624:four provinces of Ireland 287:covers the period in the 146:Great Britain and Ireland 110:Timeline of Irish history 4259:Viking Network Ireland, 4258: 3426: 3393: 2832: 2448: 2293: 2145:Synod of Kells-Mellifont 1994:Archbishop of Canterbury 1960:Synod of Kells-Mellifont 1914:Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó 1866:rig na ré sea co roreid. 7141:12th century in Ireland 7136:11th century in Ireland 7131:10th century in Ireland 6690:Investiture Controversy 6660:Second Bulgarian Empire 6255:Early medieval Scotland 5892:Prostitution (Republic) 4085:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201709 4046:Johnston, Elva (2013), 3637:Downham, Clare (2017), 3613:Downham, Clare (2009). 3595:Downham, Clare (2007), 3460: 3443: 3409: 3382:Holland, Synod of Kells 3314:Holland, Church reforms 3199: 3121: 2958: 2947: 2924: 2913:Byrne, "The Viking Age" 2888: 2865: 2854: 2843: 2802: 2779: 2768: 2743: 2630:Phases of Irish History 2598:Early Christian Ireland 2593:Early Christian Ireland 2578:Early Christian Ireland 2485: 1929:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill 1798:as well as forces from 953:Conchobar mac Donnchada 940:Fedelmid mac Crimthainn 933:Annals of Ulster, 840.4 932: 912:Is he Feidhlimidh in ri 577:Martyrology of Tallaght 545:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib 7126:9th century in Ireland 7047:Post-classical history 6803:Fall of Constantinople 6710:Capet–Plantagenet feud 6577:First Bulgarian Empire 6299:Early medieval Ireland 6265:Late medieval Scotland 6260:High medieval Scotland 6233:Early medieval England 4761:List of Irish kingdoms 4222:The Vikings in Ireland 4200:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh, 3980:10.1093/ref:odnb/19502 3938:10.1093/ref:odnb/20076 3599:, Edinburgh: Dunedin, 3371:Holland, Church reform 2308:McNeill, "Archaeology" 2178: 2103: 1951: 1891: 1882:Rédig dam, a Dé do nim 1828: 1784:Flaithbertach Ua Néill 1700: 1588:Muirchertach mac Néill 1571:battle of Islandbridge 1530: 1379:Viking wars in Ireland 1043: 937: 921:(Feidlimid is the king 914:dianid opair oenlaithi 876:Thomas Charles-Edwards 759:'s half" (north) and " 592: 504:Annals of Clonmacnoise 474: 432: 382: 6346:Early modern Scotland 6309:Late medieval Ireland 6304:High medieval Ireland 6243:Late medieval England 6238:High medieval England 6194:Protohistoric Ireland 5868:Mass media (Republic) 5812:National coat of arms 4700:IRA Northern Campaign 4203:Vikings & Ireland 3718:10.1093/ref:odnb/3377 3622:Mediaeval Scandinavia 3412:Annals of Innisfallen 3128:From Pictland to Alba 3062:, pp. 179–94, 231–41. 2681:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2674:From Pictland to Alba 2283:MacDunleavy (dynasty) 2268:Scandinavian Scotland 2240:Further information: 2207:Diarmait Mac Murchada 2176: 2167:Further information: 2157:Foras Feasa ar Éirinn 2093: 2049:Synod of Rathbreasail 1956:Synod of Rathbreasail 1946: 1925:rí Érenn co fressarba 1857: 1840:Toirdelbach Ua Briain 1817: 1733:annals of Innisfallen 1690: 1616:Owen I of Strathclyde 1528: 1325:John Scottus Eriugena 1208:Cerball mac Muirecáin 1159:Cerball mac Dúnlainge 1037: 1022:, at or near present 918:ocus Midhe do manrath 909: 805:looted the island of 724:Cerball mac Dúnlainge 590: 555:Further information: 498:Annals of Innisfallen 467: 445:Topographia Hibernica 415: 377: 336:High Kings of Ireland 224:Economic history 219:British monarchs 7027:Medieval reenactment 6823:Renaissance Humanism 6730:Medieval Warm Period 6700:Republic of Florence 6514:European Middle Ages 6456:House of Plantagenet 6358:Early modern Ireland 6341:Early modern England 6336:Early modern Britain 6277:Early medieval Wales 6135:Prehistoric Shetland 6130:Prehistoric Scotland 5790:County coats of arms 5682:List of Irish people 4756:List of Irish tribes 4606:Cromwellian conquest 4592:Plantation of Ulster 4523:Ireland (since 1922) 4177:10.1484/J.Peri.3.334 3700:Duffy, Seán (2004). 2370:Hudson, Niall Caille 2289:Notes and references 2065:Donnchad Ua Cerbaill 1759:, and only restored 1709:Cennétig mac Lorcáin 1654:Ruaidrí ua Canannáin 1650:Blácaire mac Gofrith 1261:improve this section 1096:Ólchobar mac Cináeda 487:Chronicle of Ireland 209:Gaelic monarchs 122:Peoples and polities 6740:Kingdom of Portugal 6607:Old Church Slavonic 6592:Anglo-Saxon England 6433:Late modern Ireland 6327:Early modern period 6287:Late medieval Wales 6282:High medieval Wales 6154:Prehistoric Ireland 6125:Prehistoric England 6120:Prehistoric Britain 5905:in Northern Ireland 5896:in Northern Ireland 5637:Legendary creatures 5550:Traditional singing 5386:Saint Patrick's Day 5021:Republic of Ireland 4950:Tourist attractions 4935:ROI–UK border 4920:of Northern Ireland 4873:in Northern Ireland 4705:IRA Border Campaign 4680:War of Independence 4650:Second Great Famine 4635:Act of Union (1800) 4587:Flight of the Earls 4444:Lordship of Ireland 4379:Republic of Ireland 3916:Hudson, Benjamin T. 2997:on 19 November 2022 2226:Lordship of Ireland 2141:David I of Scotland 2127:appointed cardinal 2113:St Patrick's Island 2100:William R. Shepherd 2014:Donngus Ua hAingliu 1988:was consecrated by 1825:Donnchadh Ó Corráin 1809:Donnchadh Ó Corráin 1777:Imperator Scottorum 1757:battle of Glen Mama 1646:Cináed mac Írgalaig 1508:Augaire mac Ailella 948:kingship of Munster 927:And to spoil Mide.) 853:, Agonn (Hákon) in 793:The first recorded 602:or "fifths" of the 510:Annals of Tigernach 162:Republic of Ireland 133:Lordship of Ireland 6921:In popular culture 6886:Crusading movement 6758:Hundred Years' War 6617:Civitas Schinesghe 6602:Carolingian Empire 6587:Kingdom of Croatia 6540:Barbarian kingdoms 6461:House of Lancaster 6414:World Wars (Wales) 6374:Late modern period 6351:Early modern Wales 6140:Prehistoric Orkney 6111:Prehistoric period 5942:Ireland portal 5260:Skirts and kidneys 4766:List of High Kings 4685:Anglo-Irish Treaty 4625:First Great Famine 4610:Settlement of 1652 4582:Tyrone's Rebellion 4572:Desmond Rebellions 4461:Kingdom of Ireland 4269:on 28 January 2010 3463:Chronicon Scotorum 3292:, p. 655, note 70. 2263:History of Ireland 2236:Slavery in Ireland 2203:Dermot MacMurrough 2191:Raymond Fitzgerald 2179: 2104: 2018:Samuel Ua hÁingliu 1952: 1792:battle of Clontarf 1761:Sigtrygg Silkbeard 1715:was the first non- 1701: 1531: 1116:Annales Bertiniani 1114:, reported in the 1100:Lorcán mac Cellaig 1066:and the church at 1044: 783:Early Viking raids 772:kingdom of Breifne 763:'s half" (south). 712:kingdom of Osraige 614:(Leinster), Mumu ( 593: 533:and of churchmen. 520:Chronicon Scotorum 475: 468:Folio 53 from the 424:battle of Clontarf 383: 351:Battle of Clontarf 289:history of Ireland 247:Ireland portal 138:Kingdom of Ireland 7103: 7102: 7012:Basic topics list 6813:Swiss mercenaries 6763:Wars of the Roses 6670:Kingdom of Poland 6655:Holy Roman Empire 6522:Early Middle Ages 6480: 6479: 6363:Early modern Mann 6250:Medieval Scotland 6208:Sub-Roman Britain 6203:End of Roman rule 6147:Prehistoric Wales 5949: 5948: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5334: 5333: 5225:Bacon and cabbage 5177: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5044:Foreign relations 4967: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4894:Notable buildings 4788: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4313:978-0-7486-1234-5 4292:978-0-19-922665-8 4252:978-0-19-922665-8 4239:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí 4125:cite encyclopedia 3993:(Subscription or 3951:(Subscription or 3902:cite encyclopedia 3879:cite encyclopedia 3856:cite encyclopedia 3833:cite encyclopedia 3810:cite encyclopedia 3793:978-1-4051-0628-3 3780:Stafford, Pauline 3731:(Subscription or 3693:978-1-4051-0628-3 3680:Stafford, Pauline 3606:978-1-903765-89-0 3530:978-0-19-922665-8 3506:cite encyclopedia 3189:Jaski, Brian Boru 3042:Johnston (2013), 2504:Flanagan, p. 915. 2278:O'Donnell dynasty 2079:community of the 1918:Niall mac Eochada 1910:Áed Ua Conchobair 1902:Flann Mainistrech 1886:Flann Mainistrech 1745:Ivar of Waterford 1484:Waterford Harbour 1455: 1454: 1297: 1296: 1289: 944:Eóganacht Chaisil 730:, centred around 639:Southern Uí Néill 635:Northern Uí Néill 437:Flann Mainistrech 387:textual criticism 281: 280: 144:United Kingdom of 16:(Redirected from 7153: 7093: 7092: 7083: 7082: 7073: 7032:Medieval studies 6876:Church and State 6750:Late Middle Ages 6642:High Middle Ages 6560:Christianization 6530:Migration Period 6507: 6500: 6493: 6484: 6483: 6438:Late modern Mann 6409:Second World War 6394:Edwardian period 6389:Victorian period 6294:Medieval Ireland 6228:Medieval England 6170:Classical period 6159:Prehistoric Mann 6104: 6061:Northern Ireland 5976: 5969: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5617:Tuatha Dé Danann 5205: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5183: 5182: 5118:Northern Ireland 5096: 5086: 5076: 4986: 4985: 4973: 4972: 4807: 4806: 4794: 4793: 4670:Home Rule crisis 4500:Northern Ireland 4413: 4412: 4400: 4399: 4387:Northern Ireland 4358: 4351: 4344: 4335: 4334: 4316: 4295: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4265:, archived from 4255: 4234: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4208: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4162: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4134: 4128: 4120: 4111: 4105: 4097: 4087: 4062: 4042: 4036: 4028: 4021:Hughes, Kathleen 4016: 3998: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3967: 3956: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3925: 3911: 3905: 3897: 3888: 3882: 3874: 3865: 3859: 3851: 3842: 3836: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3805: 3796: 3774: 3754: 3736: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3705: 3696: 3674: 3651: 3639:Medieval Ireland 3633: 3631: 3629: 3619: 3609: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3569: 3551: 3533: 3515: 3509: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3396: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3186: 3177: 3169: 3158: 3153: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3119: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3054: 3048: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2993:. Archived from 2987: 2981: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2863: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2822:worldhistory.org 2819: 2810: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2777: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2714: 2708: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2669: 2660: 2654: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2626: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2588: 2582: 2573: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2499: 2493: 2483: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2433: 2427: 2419: 2413: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2317: 2311: 2304: 2211:King of Leinster 2153:Geoffrey Keating 2096:Historical Atlas 2042:Gregorian reform 2026:Historia Novorum 1982:Bishop of Dublin 1889: 1826: 1707:had grown under 1662:Domnall ua Néill 1642:Síl nÁedo Sláine 1597:Cellachán Caisil 1512:Battle of Confey 1382: 1380: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1347: 1346: 1329:Sedulius Scottus 1292: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1241: 1233: 1112:Charles the Bald 972:Bran mac Fáeláin 935: 825:, then south to 701:king of Leinster 678:Síl nÁedo Sláine 645:in the west and 610:(Connacht), the 572:Christianization 492:Annals of Ulster 471:Book of Leinster 360:Richard de Clare 273: 266: 259: 245: 244: 243: 166:Northern Ireland 157:Irish Free State 57: 47: 29: 28: 21: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7061: 7042:Neo-medievalism 6990: 6926:Itinerant court 6849: 6744: 6665:Georgian Empire 6650:Norman Conquest 6636: 6582:Frankish Empire 6516: 6511: 6481: 6476: 6475: 6443: 6442: 6404:Interwar period 6399:First World War 6368: 6367: 6321: 6320: 6219:Medieval period 6213: 6212: 6164: 6163: 6105: 6096: 6095: 6079:Channel Islands 6015:Isles of Scilly 5985: 5980: 5950: 5945: 5936: 5934: 5919: 5887:outside Ireland 5858:Historic houses 5826: 5807:Irish Wolfhound 5778:Brighid's Cross 5764: 5735:Gaelic handball 5730:Gaelic football 5701: 5672:Hiberno-Normans 5641: 5554: 5502: 5457: 5438:Hiberno-English 5424: 5369: 5330: 5284: 5190: 5169: 5112: 5094: 5084: 5074: 5015: 5006:Ulster loyalism 4980: 4959: 4877: 4801: 4780: 4739: 4665:Dublin lock-out 4601:Confederate War 4552:Norman invasion 4539:Battles of Tara 4527: 4483:1801–1923 4471:1691–1800 4466:1536–1691 4454:1169–1536 4407: 4394: 4370: 4362: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4293: 4272: 4270: 4253: 4232: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4160: 4147: 4145: 4122: 4121: 4099: 4098: 4078:(12): 1288–94. 4060: 4030: 4029: 4014: 3992: 3984: 3982: 3950: 3942: 3940: 3899: 3898: 3876: 3875: 3853: 3852: 3830: 3829: 3807: 3806: 3794: 3772: 3752: 3730: 3722: 3720: 3694: 3649: 3627: 3625: 3617: 3607: 3586: 3584: 3567: 3549: 3531: 3503: 3502: 3487: 3485: 3469: 3467: 3452: 3450: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3416: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3170: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3124:, commented by 3120: 3116: 3109: 3105: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3055: 3051: 3040: 3036: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2780:AU 835.1, 835.3 2778: 2774: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2670: 2663: 2655: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628:Eoin MacNeill, 2627: 2623: 2616: 2612: 2589: 2585: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2500: 2496: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2416: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2249: 2244: 2238: 2189:knights led by 2177:Ireland in 1482 2171: 2165: 2163:Norman invasion 2125:Pope Eugene III 1962: 1941: 1890: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1848:Uí Cheinnselaig 1827: 1824: 1769:king of Ireland 1685: 1502:) in Leinster. 1498:(possibly near 1456: 1451: 1392:Strangford Loch 1383: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1344: 1338: 1309:the science of 1306: 1293: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1258: 1242: 1231: 1229:Failed Conquest 1176:ri h-Erenn uile 1155: 1098:of Munster and 990: 984: 946:acceded to the 936: 931: 926: 924: 922: 919: 917: 915: 913: 908: 863: 835:Skellig Islands 791: 785: 780: 716:County Kilkenny 697:Uí Cheinnselaig 563: 553: 462: 441:Gerald of Wales 372: 297:Norman invasion 291:from the first 277: 241: 239: 234: 233: 179: 171: 170: 148: 145: 123: 115: 114: 65: 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7159: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7087: 7077: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7037:Misconceptions 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6845:Little Ice Age 6842: 6841: 6840: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6798:Western Schism 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6552: 6547: 6545:Late antiquity 6542: 6537: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6510: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6383:United Kingdom 6379: 6378: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6272:Medieval Wales 6269: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6191: 6186: 6184:Roman Scotland 6181: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6127: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6076: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6042:Outer Hebrides 6039: 6037:Inner Hebrides 6034: 6029: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6000:United Kingdom 5996: 5995: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5979: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5956: 5947: 5946: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5898: 5889: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5853:Heritage Sites 5850: 5845: 5840: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5677:Irish diaspora 5674: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5665:Gaelic Ireland 5657: 5651: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5564: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5408: 5406:Rose of Tralee 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5215:List of dishes 5211: 5209: 5202: 5192: 5191: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5131:D'Hondt method 5122: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5092:Seanad Éireann 5088: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4981: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4832:Extreme points 4829: 4824: 4822:Climate change 4819: 4813: 4811: 4803: 4802: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4640:1803 Rebellion 4637: 4632: 4630:1798 Rebellion 4627: 4622: 4617: 4615:Williamite War 4612: 4603: 4597:1641 Rebellion 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4577:Spanish Armada 4574: 4569: 4567:Tudor conquest 4564: 4559: 4557:Bruce campaign 4554: 4549: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4503: 4502:(1921–present) 4497: 4492: 4490:Irish Republic 4487: 4486: 4485: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4449:800–1169 4440:Gaelic Ireland 4437: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4409: 4408: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4384: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4361: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4322:External links 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4296: 4291: 4278: 4256: 4251: 4235: 4230: 4217: 4197: 4185: 4153: 4135: 4112: 4063: 4058: 4043: 4017: 4012: 3999: 3957: 3912: 3889: 3866: 3843: 3820: 3797: 3792: 3775: 3770: 3755: 3750: 3737: 3697: 3692: 3675: 3665:(43): 93–133. 3652: 3647: 3634: 3610: 3605: 3592: 3570: 3565: 3552: 3547: 3534: 3529: 3516: 3493: 3475: 3458: 3441: 3424: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3386: 3374: 3363: 3351: 3340: 3329: 3317: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3204: 3192: 3178: 3159: 3145: 3133: 3114: 3103: 3076: 3064: 3049: 3034: 3019: 3008: 2982: 2963: 2951: 2940: 2928: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2858: 2847: 2836: 2825: 2811: 2795: 2783: 2772: 2761: 2747: 2732: 2720: 2709: 2698: 2686: 2661: 2646: 2634: 2621: 2610: 2583: 2568: 2557: 2545: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2507: 2494: 2478: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2428: 2414: 2399: 2387: 2374: 2362: 2338: 2325: 2312: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2245: 2237: 2234: 2230:Angevin Empire 2209:), the ousted 2199:County Wexford 2164: 2161: 1940: 1937: 1895:Baile In Scáil 1877: 1855: 1852: 1822: 1773:Book of Armagh 1711:, and his son 1684: 1681: 1673:battle of Tara 1453: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1373: 1372: 1365: 1358: 1350: 1337: 1334: 1305: 1302: 1295: 1294: 1245: 1243: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1154: 1151: 1008:Linn Dúachaill 983: 980: 929: 907: 904: 862: 859: 849:(Þurgestr) in 784: 781: 779: 776: 684:was dominant. 682:Clann Cholmáin 606:(Ulster), the 557:Gaelic Ireland 552: 549: 461: 458: 422:(Boru) at the 371: 370:Historiography 368: 279: 278: 276: 275: 268: 261: 253: 250: 249: 236: 235: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 159: 154: 152:Irish Republic 149: 142: 140: 135: 130: 128:Gaelic Ireland 124: 121: 120: 117: 116: 113: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 66: 63: 62: 59: 58: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7158: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7096: 7088: 7086: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6705:Scholasticism 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6567:Rise of Islam 6565: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6466:House of York 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385:(since 1707) 6384: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6316:Medieval Mann 6314: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6198:Roman Ireland 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6179:Roman Britain 6177: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6010:Isle of Wight 6008: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5970: 5965: 5963: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5944: 5943: 5930: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5910:Public houses 5908: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5166: 5165:Peace process 5163: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5095:(upper house) 5093: 5089: 5087: 5085:(lower house) 5083: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 5001:Republicanism 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715:Peace process 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4695:The Emergency 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4675:Easter Rising 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4660:Fenian Rising 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4435:Early history 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4231:0-19-922665-2 4227: 4223: 4218: 4205: 4204: 4198: 4188: 4186:2-503-50624-0 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4143: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4061: 4059:9781843838555 4055: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4013:0-19-922665-2 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3958: 3954: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3803: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3771:9781137430595 3767: 3763: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3751:0-19-922665-2 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3648:9781107651654 3644: 3640: 3635: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3566:0-19-922665-2 3562: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3548:0-19-922665-2 3544: 3540: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3499: 3494: 3483: 3482: 3476: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3372: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3268:, pp. 879–80. 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3220:, pp. 866–67. 3219: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3176: 3175: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3045: 3038: 3032:, pp. 231–41. 3031: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3012: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2980:, pp. 106–16. 2979: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2867: 2862: 2856: 2851: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2713: 2707: 2702: 2696:, pp. 609–10. 2695: 2690: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2668: 2666: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2543:, pp. 814–15. 2542: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2475: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2349: 2342: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2258:Great Ireland 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986:Gilla Pátraic 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1867: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1741:Domnall Claen 1738: 1734: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1691:18th-century 1689: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658:Cenél Conaill 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1628:Amlaíb Cuarán 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1592:Donnchad Donn 1589: 1584: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1564:Hiberno-Norse 1561: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:Niall Glúndub 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1301: 1291: 1288: 1280: 1277:February 2023 1270: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1246:This section 1244: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1206:of Brega and 1205: 1201: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1168:Áed Findliath 1165: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:Western Isles 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 996: 989: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 949: 945: 941: 934: 928: 920: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 880: 877: 873: 871: 870:Donnchad Midi 867: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 818: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 790: 775: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 749: 745: 744:Corcu Modruad 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 647:Cenél nEógain 644: 643:Cenél Conaill 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 596:Eoin MacNeill 589: 585: 583: 579: 578: 573: 568: 562: 558: 548: 546: 542: 537: 534: 532: 528: 527: 522: 521: 516: 512: 511: 506: 505: 500: 499: 494: 493: 488: 484: 479: 473: 472: 466: 457: 454: 450: 449:Eoin MacNeill 446: 442: 438: 431: 429: 425: 421: 414: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 380: 379:Eoin MacNeill 376: 367: 365: 361: 357: 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 274: 269: 267: 262: 260: 255: 254: 252: 251: 248: 238: 237: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 175: 174: 167: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 147: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 119: 118: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 42: 41: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 6866:Architecture 6838:Great Famine 6828:Universities 6768:Hussite Wars 6685:Great Schism 6572:Papal States 5933: 5903: / 5894: / 5885: / 5863:Homelessness 5782: 5750:Road bowling 5745:Martial arts 5692:Ulster Scots 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5573:Mythological 5520: 5480: 5453:Ulster Scots 5413: / 5352: 5280:Three-in-One 5091: 5082:Dáil Éireann 5081: 5071: 5029:Constitution 4918: / 4889:Architecture 4871: / 4744:Other topics 4725:Celtic Tiger 4710:The Troubles 4608: / 4599: / 4545: / 4541: / 4442: / 4430:Protohistory 4303: 4282: 4271:, retrieved 4267:the original 4261: 4242: 4221: 4210:, retrieved 4202: 4190:, retrieved 4168: 4164: 4146:, retrieved 4140: 4116: 4102:cite journal 4075: 4071: 4048: 4024: 4003: 3983:. Retrieved 3969: 3963: 3941:. Retrieved 3927: 3921: 3893: 3870: 3847: 3824: 3801: 3783: 3760: 3741: 3721:. Retrieved 3707: 3683: 3662: 3656: 3638: 3626:. Retrieved 3621: 3596: 3585:, retrieved 3579: 3574: 3556: 3538: 3520: 3497: 3486:, retrieved 3480: 3468:, retrieved 3462: 3451:, retrieved 3445: 3434:, retrieved 3428: 3417:, retrieved 3411: 3403:Bibliography 3389: 3377: 3366: 3354: 3343: 3332: 3327:, pp. 911–12 3320: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3216: 3195: 3174:Brian Bóruma 3173: 3143:, pp. 22–23. 3136: 3127: 3117: 3106: 3092:(1): 75–88. 3089: 3085: 3079: 3067: 3058: 3052: 3047:, pp. 27–58. 3043: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3011: 2999:. Retrieved 2995:the original 2985: 2973:Viking Kings 2972: 2966: 2954: 2943: 2931: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2861: 2850: 2839: 2828: 2798: 2786: 2775: 2764: 2735: 2723: 2712: 2701: 2689: 2679: 2673: 2672:Woolf, Alex 2637: 2629: 2624: 2613: 2605: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2577: 2571: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2510: 2497: 2481: 2472:Quoted from 2468: 2456: 2444: 2431: 2417: 2402: 2390: 2377: 2365: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2328: 2320: 2315: 2302: 2215: 2206: 2193:landed near 2180: 2156: 2133: 2105: 2095: 2058: 2053:papal legate 2046: 2037: 2034: 2025: 2010: 1967: 1963: 1932: 1924: 1922: 1905: 1904:had written 1900: 1892: 1881: 1859: 1858: 1844:Uí Dúnlainge 1829: 1818: 1812: 1781: 1776: 1768: 1765: 1749: 1729: 1724: 1702: 1666: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1601: 1585: 1574: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1532: 1515: 1495: 1457: 1428:Cathair Cuan 1319: 1307: 1298: 1283: 1274: 1259:Please help 1247: 1212: 1197: 1185: 1175: 1172: 1163: 1156: 1126: 1120: 1107: 1089: 1080:King of Mide 1068:Clonmacnoise 1051: 1045: 1020:River Liffey 1015: 1007: 993: 991: 975: 964:Niall Caille 961: 938: 911: 910: 883: 881: 874: 866:Áed Oirdnide 864: 861:Áed Oirdnide 839:County Kerry 819: 792: 765: 748:County Clare 720:County Laois 718:and western 709: 689:Uí Dúnlainge 686: 675: 628: 599: 594: 575: 564: 538: 535: 524: 518: 508: 502: 496: 490: 483:Irish annals 480: 476: 469: 433: 420:Brian Bórama 416: 411: 384: 348: 329: 295:raid to the 284: 282: 84: 75:Protohistory 26: 7095:WikiProject 7022:Medievalism 6861:Agriculture 6725:Manorialism 6720:Communalism 6715:Monasticism 6632:Reconquista 6622:Kievan Rus' 6189:Roman Wales 6073:Isle of Man 5883:Place names 5760:Rugby union 5655:Anglo-Irish 5540:Instruments 5396:The Twelfth 5360:Set dancing 5160:LGBT rights 5066:LGBT rights 4996:Nationalism 4562:Black Death 4300:Woolf, Alex 3723:24 February 2644:pp. 187–88. 2600:, p. xix.; 2422:chronicles" 2383:Lough Neagh 2346:Ó Corráin, 2129:John Paparo 2085:Innocent II 2081:Arrouaisian 2077:Augustinian 2061:St. Malachy 2032:of Armagh. 1948:St. Malachy 1935:) himself. 1815:from 1972: 1805:Good Friday 1636:, known as 1559:Norse-Gaels 1476:Northumbria 1472:Strathclyde 1342:Norse-Gaels 1315:Carolingian 1000:Scandinavia 687:In Laigin, 667:Dál nAraidi 663:Dál Fiatach 391:archaeology 44:History of 7110:Categories 7017:Land terms 6971:Technology 6951:Philosophy 6931:Literature 6896:Demography 6597:Viking Age 5784:Cláirseach 5687:Travellers 5545:Rock music 5528:Folk music 5463:Literature 5265:Soda bread 5148:Government 5075:parliament 5072:Oireachtas 5049:Government 4989:Ideologies 4620:Penal Laws 4511:since 1922 4425:Prehistory 3997:required.) 3985:25 October 3955:required.) 3943:25 October 3735:required.) 3488:25 October 3394:AFM 1152.4 2833:AFM 843.13 2523:References 2069:Cistercian 2038:airchinnig 1954:See also: 1920:of Ulaid. 1884:, poem by 1788:Máel Mórda 1725:Brian Boru 1717:Eóganachta 1713:Mathgamain 1697:Brian Boru 1620:Brunanburh 1575:Áth Cliath 1516:Cenn Fuait 1496:Cenn Fuait 1494:landed at 1410:Áth Cliath 1398:Cenn Fuait 1340:See also: 1072:Lough Owel 1050:(in Latin 1012:Annagassan 986:See also: 976:rígdál mór 787:See also: 728:Eóganachta 671:river Bann 453:G.H. Orpen 344:Brian Boru 70:Prehistory 64:Chronology 7002:Dark Ages 6911:Household 6906:Hastilude 6675:Feudalism 5915:Squatting 5631:Fomorians 5560:Mythology 5430:Languages 5415:Halloween 5391:Bealtaine 5374:Festivals 5365:Stepdance 5270:Spice Bag 5255:Irish fry 5245:Colcannon 5220:Barmbrack 5143:Education 5101:President 5039:Education 4955:Transport 4930:Provinces 4852:Mountains 4827:Coastline 4799:Geography 4690:Civil War 4645:Tithe War 3587:6 January 3577:. 819)", 3384:, p. 247. 3361:, p. 923. 3304:, p. 913. 3256:, p. 870. 3244:, p. 869. 3232:, p. 865. 3200:AU 1014.2 3131:, p. 148. 2971:Downham, 2915:, p. 617. 2903:, p. 201. 2730:, p. 663. 2555:, p. 285. 2528:Footnotes 2486:AU 1015.2 2306:See also 2087:in 1139. 2073:Mellifont 2071:house at 1933:ríge Gall 1923:The term 1888:from 1056 1782:In 1012, 1737:Waterford 1705:Dal gCais 1693:engraving 1677:Glúniairn 1604:Athelstan 1535:Waterford 1464:Irish Sea 1404:Mag Femen 1320:peregrini 1248:does not 1192:Ó Corráin 1143:Irish Sea 1052:Turgesius 1028:longships 995:longports 942:from the 768:Uí Briúin 740:Dál gCais 734:and with 659:Airgíalla 608:Connachta 403:Waterford 313:Waterford 184:Conflicts 105:1801–1923 100:1691–1800 95:1536–1691 90:1169–1536 7085:Category 7052:Timeline 6941:Minstrel 6936:Medicine 6818:Chivalry 6773:Burgundy 6695:Crusades 6471:Monarchs 6089:Guernsey 6054:Anglesey 6027:Shetland 6022:Scotland 5991:Overview 5873:Monastic 5838:Calendar 5822:Shamrock 5817:Red Hand 5755:Rounders 5420:Wren Day 5354:Sean-nós 5306:Guinness 5250:Drisheen 5126:Assembly 5108:Taxation 5011:Unionism 4978:Politics 4911:Counties 4655:Land War 4547:Clontarf 4543:Glenmama 4417:Timeline 4302:(2007), 4273:19 March 4212:19 March 4192:19 March 4148:19 March 4094:16957681 4033:citation 4023:(1972), 3671:30007421 3624:: 139–69 3470:19 March 3453:19 March 3436:19 March 3419:19 March 3359:Flanagan 3325:Flanagan 3302:Flanagan 3280:, p. 94. 3122:AU 921.8 3098:25509271 3074:, p. 22. 3001:11 March 2948:AU 871.2 2938:, p. 20. 2925:AU 866.8 2889:AU 853.2 2879:, p. 16. 2866:AU 848.4 2855:AU 848.5 2844:AU 845.8 2809:, p. 19. 2803:AU 873.3 2793:, p. 19. 2769:AU 833.4 2744:AU 817.8 2676:, p. 47. 2591:Hughes, 2576:Hughes, 2439:, p. 94. 2407:AU 902.2 2247:See also 2218:Henry II 1990:Lanfranc 1974:diocesan 1970:monastic 1878:— 1832:Donnchad 1823:— 1595:Munster 1551:Limerick 1468:Pictland 1460:Uí Ímair 1446:Clontarf 1440:Glenmama 1422:Luimnech 1311:computus 1188:Pictland 1147:Uí Ímair 1127:Lochlann 1104:Lochlann 1084:Thorgest 1060:Connacht 1048:Thorgest 1018:(on the 1016:Duiblinn 930:— 831:Scotland 823:Shetland 815:Connacht 631:Uí Néill 582:paganism 531:Uí Néill 495:and the 407:Limerick 340:Uí Néill 321:Limerick 199:Kingdoms 85:795–1169 35:a series 33:Part of 6995:Related 6981:Warfare 6976:Theatre 6966:Slavery 6961:Science 6916:Hunting 6881:Cuisine 6854:Culture 6793:Castile 6788:England 6448:Related 6068:Ireland 6005:England 5843:Castles 5770:Symbols 5740:Hurling 5725:Camogie 5624:Firbolg 5610:Immrama 5603:Echtrai 5533:session 5516:Ballads 5493:Theatre 5482:Gaeilge 5476:Fiction 5411:Samhain 5326:Whiskey 5200:Cuisine 5188:Culture 5138:Economy 5034:Economy 4842:Islands 4817:Climate 4810:Natural 4405:History 4365:Ireland 4165:Peritia 3782:(ed.), 3682:(ed.), 3628:4 April 3215:Byrne, 3172:Duffy, 3126:Woolf, 2659:, p. 2. 2515:Cashel. 2426:, p. 6. 2358:Rathlin 2350:, p. 9. 2136:Stephen 2030:Cellach 1998:Gofraid 1980:became 1667:In 980 1580:Gofraid 1547:Wexford 1500:Leixlip 1488:Ragnall 1416:Sulcoit 1269:removed 1254:sources 1121:In 853 1108:Forrach 1054:). The 1004:British 892:Columba 888:Patrick 884:familia 693:Kildare 637:" and " 616:Munster 600:cóiceda 481:Extant 399:Wexford 356:Normans 325:Ireland 309:Wexford 214:Judaism 194:Cuisine 80:400–795 46:Ireland 7075:Portal 6956:Poetry 6783:France 6084:Jersey 6075:(Mann) 6032:Orkney 5848:Cinema 5647:People 5596:Aos Sí 5583:Ulster 5578:Fenian 5568:Cycles 5498:Triads 5488:Poetry 5471:Annals 5448:Shelta 5401:Lúnasa 5381:Imbolc 5316:Poitín 5296:Coffee 5289:Drinks 5240:Coddle 4906:Cities 4857:Rivers 4847:Loughs 4532:Events 4390:topics 4382:topics 4368:topics 4310: 4289: 4249: 4228: 4183: 4092: 4056: 4010: 3991: 3949: 3790: 3768: 3748: 3729: 3690: 3669: 3645: 3603: 3563: 3545: 3527: 3096: 2606:passim 2354:Rechru 2321:cóiced 2222:Dublin 2195:Bannow 2187:Norman 2143:. The 2108:pallia 2022:Eadmer 2006:Anselm 2002:simony 1638:Cnogba 1624:Amlaíb 1608:Amlaíb 1543:Dublin 1492:Sitric 1448:(1014) 1215:Wirral 1131:Norway 1024:Dublin 1014:) and 847:Turges 827:Orkney 807:Lambay 803:Norway 795:Viking 732:Cashel 655:Armagh 651:Ailech 618:) and 612:Laigin 567:Gaelic 395:Dublin 358:under 332:túatha 305:Dublin 293:Viking 204:States 178:Topics 37:on the 6986:Women 6946:Music 6901:Domes 6891:Dance 6778:Milan 6049:Wales 5878:Names 5831:Other 5795:Flags 5707:Sport 5660:Gaels 5588:Kings 5522:Céilí 5508:Music 5443:Irish 5340:Dance 5301:Cream 5235:Champ 5230:Boxty 5153:local 5054:local 4940:Towns 4925:Ports 4882:Human 4837:Fauna 4207:(PDF) 4161:(PDF) 3667:JSTOR 3618:(PDF) 3094:JSTOR 2959:873.3 2490:Byrne 2294:Notes 2273:Papar 1978:Dúnán 1880:From 1721:Brian 1442:(999) 1436:(980) 1430:(977) 1424:(968) 1418:(968) 1412:(919) 1406:(917) 1400:(915) 1394:(877) 1180:Byrne 1040:Knarr 968:Derry 900:Kells 811:Brega 705:Ferns 604:Ulaid 301:Norse 189:Clans 5697:Yola 5311:Mist 5275:Stew 5208:Food 4862:list 4308:ISBN 4287:ISBN 4275:2010 4247:ISBN 4226:ISBN 4214:2010 4194:2010 4181:ISBN 4150:2010 4131:link 4108:link 4090:PMID 4054:ISBN 4039:link 4008:ISBN 3987:2007 3945:2007 3908:link 3885:link 3862:link 3839:link 3816:link 3788:ISBN 3766:ISBN 3746:ISBN 3725:2010 3688:ISBN 3658:Ériu 3643:ISBN 3630:2010 3601:ISBN 3589:2009 3561:ISBN 3543:ISBN 3525:ISBN 3512:link 3490:2007 3472:2010 3455:2010 3438:2010 3421:2010 3003:2017 2181:The 2151:and 2121:Tuam 2016:and 1958:and 1836:Tadc 1834:and 1614:and 1549:and 1539:Cork 1520:York 1480:Mann 1478:and 1434:Tara 1327:and 1252:any 1250:cite 1219:Irby 1200:Alba 1164:with 1139:Ivar 1123:Olaf 1064:Mide 957:Birr 896:Iona 757:Conn 736:Emly 710:The 665:and 629:The 620:Mide 559:and 543:and 451:and 405:and 364:1169 319:and 317:Cork 283:The 164:and 6871:Art 5348:Jig 5321:Tea 5061:Law 4173:doi 4080:doi 3976:doi 3934:doi 3714:doi 2155:'s 2111:at 2098:by 2024:'s 1800:Man 1695:of 1573:or 1562:or 1514:or 1263:by 1092:848 1090:In 1074:by 1002:or 886:of 855:847 851:845 843:837 799:795 761:Mug 755:, " 362:in 7112:: 6196:, 4179:, 4169:12 4167:, 4163:, 4127:}} 4123:{{ 4104:}} 4100:{{ 4088:. 4076:14 4074:. 4070:. 4035:}} 4031:{{ 3968:. 3926:. 3904:}} 3900:{{ 3881:}} 3877:{{ 3858:}} 3854:{{ 3835:}} 3831:{{ 3812:}} 3808:{{ 3706:. 3663:43 3661:. 3620:. 3508:}} 3504:{{ 3207:^ 3181:^ 3162:^ 3148:^ 3090:87 3088:. 2814:^ 2805:, 2750:^ 2742:, 2664:^ 2649:^ 2604:, 2232:. 2197:, 2044:. 1992:, 1727:. 1630:. 1545:, 1541:, 1537:, 1474:, 1470:, 1118:. 1078:, 1062:, 857:. 845:, 707:. 673:. 626:. 401:, 366:. 327:. 315:, 311:, 307:, 6506:e 6499:t 6492:v 5975:e 5968:t 5961:v 4357:e 4350:t 4343:v 4175:: 4133:) 4110:) 4096:. 4082:: 4041:) 3989:. 3978:: 3947:. 3936:: 3910:) 3887:) 3864:) 3841:) 3818:) 3727:. 3716:: 3673:. 3632:. 3575:d 3514:) 3100:. 3005:. 2608:. 2360:. 2205:( 2102:. 1699:. 1369:e 1362:t 1355:v 1290:) 1284:( 1279:) 1275:( 1271:. 1257:. 1042:. 1010:( 272:e 265:t 258:v 20:)

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Knowledge

History of Ireland (795–1169)

Index