228:, the supposed first bishop, played a large role. Trier was also the old Roman northern capital, still with abundant Roman ruins. However the authenticity of the Mainz privileges has recently been questioned, with some scholars now arguing that they were forgeries produced not long after Egbert's lifetime, so the question may have been more open. The appearance, not recorded before Egbert's episcopy, of an actual staff alleged to be that Saint Peter gave to Eucharius, certainly deserves to be treated with great suspicion as a "brazen" fabrication. Though apparently smoothed over, Egbert's initial support for Henry the Quarrelsome as successor to Otto II (who Willigis of Mainz had supported throughout) may have put paid to any chances he had of succeeding in his ambitions for primacy.
248:
237:
38:
356:
462:
426:
in northern Italy since 1229. A number of other manuscripts survive. The miniatures in Egbert's manuscripts repeat many of the themes promoting the claims of the see of Trier that are found in the metalwork; in the psalter miniatures show the scribe (named as
Ruodpreht) presenting the book to Egbert,
330:
wrote: "Each seems to have been made in a totally different workshop, using different sources, techniques, and principles of composition, and if the evidence for
Archbishop Egbert as the donor for all three pieces were not so overwhelming, no one would have dared to attribute them all to one centre."
219:
that amounted to a primacy which later developments would confirm and formalize. There were also earlier privileges from 969 and 973. But as archbishop Egbert seems to have still been fighting a rearguard action, building on developments by his predecessor of the story of the origins of the see, in
293:
The workshop Egbert is presumed to have established at Trier is the only
Ottonian workshop producing enamels that can be clearly located. There are three main survivals of metalwork pieces certainly commissioned by Egbert, though contemporary literary references make it clear there was originally a
269:. The manuscripts were both inscribed and illuminated by monks with specialized skills, some of whose names are preserved, but there is no evidence as to the artists who worked in metal, enamel and ivory, who are usually assumed to have been laymen, though there were some monastic goldsmiths in the
346:
to promote the claims of the see of Trier, with sets of enamel plaques with portraits of the
Apostles paired with those of the earliest bishops of Trier, and other sets matching popes with later bishops. There is evidence that "Egbert put the reliquary to frequent use" to relieve droughts and the
394:
manuscript painting, and whose miniatures are notable for "their delicate sensibility to tonal grades and harmonies, their fine sense of compositional rhythms, their feelings for the relationship of figures in space, and above all their special touch of reticence and poise". Egbert was also the
331:
Elements such as enamel plaques were probably produced at Trier for patrons in other centres, as some surviving correspondence as well actual pieces suggest. It has been suggested that, as there is little evidence of the Trier workshop after Egbert's death,
371:
Egbert's major commissions of manuscripts seem to date from about 980 onwards, and it is unclear where they were produced; monastic scribes and illuminators may have been rather mobile between the major centres. Egbert commissioned the compilation of the
264:
Egbert was one of the most important
Ottonian clerical patrons, and though he also built churches and monasteries, and no doubt commissioned wall-paintings and works in other media, the surviving pieces are in the form of metalwork with enamel and
195:
would bring important political advantages, and increasing the prestige of his see through cultural means was probably an important element in Egbert's presumed role in establishing or encouraging artists and craftsmen to settle there. When
294:
large production, and both the three clear survivals and a larger group of objects often related to Trier both show "astonishingly little unity" in style and workmanship, which makes the confident attribution of other pieces such as the
406:
style, which was probably produced at the up-and-coming centre of
Reichenau, though the manuscripts associated with Egbert and with Reichenau at this period show something of the same confusing diversity of style as the metalwork.
148:, still probably in his twenties. He accompanied Otto II on visits to Italy in 980 and 983, and may have made other trips there. After Otto II's death in 983, he joined the party supporting the succession of
829:
431:(for a living person) given to Egbert in both the portraits illustrated here are one of the elements showing Italian influence on Trier miniatures. A well-known miniature in the
183:
world. These were the three most important episcopal sees in
Germany, who at this period disputed the primacy of the emerging German (East Frankish) kingdom between them.
326:. This last had possibly been given to Theophanu and Otto III to mark Egbert's reconciliation with them in 985. Of these three pieces clearly attributable to Trier,
163:
Egbert was a significant patron of science and the arts, who established one or more workshops of goldsmiths and enamellers at Trier, which produced works for other
435:
of
Gregory writing probably represents Egbert also, and the pairing of portraits of popes and bishops of Trier found on the Limburg staff also appears.
382:, and produced a magnificently illuminated copy. The finest painter of this manuscript worked on a number of other books, probably at Trier and later
797:
207:
In the traditional account, the battle for the primacy was in fact effectively lost in 975, two years before Egbert acceded to Trier, when
775:
428:
780:
689:
347:
like, and very likely to also to "brandish" it to increase his authority in synods and other important meetings.
757:
733:
706:
675:
133:
814:
307:
241:
319:
295:
257:
577:
Lasko, 95–99, 96 quoted; Head deals with the first two objects; Beckwith, 133–135 for the book cover;
247:
332:
298:
very difficult. The three clear survivals are the so-called "Egbert shrine", a reliquary casket and
149:
125:
236:
694:
786:
396:
360:
266:
47:
215:, Egbert's predecessor as chancellor, where Egbert worked under him, obtained privileges from
834:
473:
819:
8:
824:
423:
212:
118:
77:
374:
192:
753:
729:
702:
685:
671:
379:
311:
216:
285:
at this period was mainly for the church, and may have been centred in monasteries.
315:
278:
252:
55:
578:
419:
415:
383:
153:
67:
791:
745:
411:
403:
299:
270:
43:
808:
770:
559:
An area where evidence is generally thin across Europe, see Cherry, Chapter 1
468:
282:
391:
303:
164:
129:
37:
721:
617:
Dodwell, 134–144 and see index, gives extended coverage; Beckwith, 96–104
343:
327:
274:
221:
51:
137:
712:
323:
225:
54:(in a facing portrait) in a characteristic statement of the indirect
208:
204:
in 961, all three archbishops had performed the ceremony together.
180:
157:
355:
144:
in 976. The following year he was appointed to the archdiocese of
197:
176:
141:
830:
11th-century Roman
Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
201:
336:
172:
168:
145:
167:
centres and the
Imperial court. Beginning with his tenure,
132:, founded and controlled by his family, and at the court of
541:
Dodwell, 134–144, especially 134; Beckwith, 96–104, 133–134
422:, travelling as far as Russia and Hungary, and has been in
186:
728:, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 1972 (nb, 1st edn.),
277:
and lay assistants employed by monasteries. While secular
322:
some fifty years later, having been donated by Empress
668:
Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque
251:
Detail of the Trier enamels and gold reliefs on the
738:Metz, Peter (trans. Ilse Schrier and Peter Gorge),
418:, was used a number of times after his death as a
281:supplied a steady stream of work for goldsmiths,
806:
684:, The British Museum Press, 2011 (2nd edn.),
427:who in turn presents it to Saint Peter. The
390:, whose work looked back in some respects to
798:Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
414:, which he commissioned for his own use in
466:
310:, the staff-reliquary of St Peter, now in
160:, but returned to supporting Otto in 985.
36:
750:Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056
742:, 1957, Frederick A. Praeger, LOC 57-5327
670:, Thames & Hudson, 1964 (rev. 1969),
699:The Pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200
354:
342:The staff-reliquary now in Limburg uses
246:
235:
187:Efforts to secure the primacy of Germany
776:Egbert in the Portal of Rhenish History
807:
713:"Art and Artifice in Ottonian Trier."
231:
771:Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia
477:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
718:, Vol. 36, No. 1. (1997), pp 65–82.
314:Treasury, and the metalwork on the
13:
781:Egbert in the Saarland Biographies
117:(c. 950 – 9 December 993) was the
14:
846:
764:
626:Beckwith, 97–98; Dodwell, 134–139
467:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
240:So-called "Egbert shrine" in the
740:The Golden Gospels of Echternach
460:
647:
638:
629:
620:
611:
602:
593:
584:
571:
562:
553:
544:
306:and other relics, still in the
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
454:
445:
350:
179:as the artistic centre of the
134:Bruno I, Archbishop of Cologne
1:
660:
469:"Egbert, Archbishop of Trier"
608:Dodwell, 141–142, 141 quoted
288:
7:
752:. New York: Longman, 1991,
579:Image of the foot reliquary
402:, showing an early form of
308:Treasury of Trier Cathedral
242:Treasury of Trier Cathedral
10:
851:
320:Codex Aureus of Echternach
296:Cross of Otto and Mathilde
258:Codex Aureus of Echternach
121:from 977 until his death.
378:from the letters of Pope
333:Mathilde, Abbess of Essen
191:To be established as the
128:. After being trained in
126:Dirk II, Count of Holland
104:
96:
91:
83:
73:
63:
35:
30:
23:
496:Lasko, 95; Dodwell, 134;
438:
367:, with Egbert's portrait
50:he presents the book to
267:illuminated manuscripts
220:which a staff given by
599:Head, 71–73, 72 quoted
590:Metz, 45–46; Lasko, 95
523:Head, 71–73, 72 quoted
397:illuminated manuscript
386:, and is known as the
368:
361:presentation miniature
261:
244:
48:presentation miniature
635:Dodwell, 135, 139–144
474:Catholic Encyclopedia
358:
250:
239:
150:Henry the Quarrelsome
815:Archbishops of Trier
124:Egbert was a son of
58:of the See of Trier.
726:Ars Sacra, 800–1200
682:Medieval Goldsmiths
487:Head, 76; Lasko, 95
424:Cividale del Friuli
213:Archbishop of Mainz
119:Archbishop of Trier
78:Electorate of Trier
31:Archbishop of Trier
16:Archbishop of Trier
433:Registrum Gregorii
375:Registrum Gregorii
369:
262:
245:
232:Patron of the arts
193:Primate of Germany
701:, 1993, Yale UP,
666:Beckwith, John.
395:recipient of the
380:Gregory the Great
335:recruited it for
312:Limburg Cathedral
273:period, and some
217:Pope Benedict VII
112:
111:
56:Petrine authority
842:
801:
654:
651:
645:
642:
636:
633:
627:
624:
618:
615:
609:
606:
600:
597:
591:
588:
582:
575:
569:
566:
560:
557:
551:
548:
542:
539:
533:
530:
524:
521:
515:
512:
506:
503:
497:
494:
488:
485:
479:
478:
464:
463:
458:
452:
449:
316:treasure binding
302:for a sandal of
253:treasure binding
136:, he became the
92:Personal details
40:
21:
20:
850:
849:
845:
844:
843:
841:
840:
839:
805:
804:
785:
767:
746:Reuter, Timothy
663:
658:
657:
652:
648:
643:
639:
634:
630:
625:
621:
616:
612:
607:
603:
598:
594:
589:
585:
576:
572:
567:
563:
558:
554:
549:
545:
540:
536:
531:
527:
522:
518:
513:
509:
504:
500:
495:
491:
486:
482:
461:
459:
455:
450:
446:
441:
420:diplomatic gift
416:Trier Cathedral
353:
318:reused for the
291:
234:
200:was crowned in
189:
154:Duke of Bavaria
68:Catholic Church
59:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
848:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
803:
802:
792:Germania Sacra
783:
778:
773:
766:
765:External links
763:
762:
761:
743:
736:
719:
711:Head, Thomas.
709:
692:
680:Cherry, John,
678:
662:
659:
656:
655:
646:
637:
628:
619:
610:
601:
592:
583:
570:
561:
552:
543:
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
489:
480:
453:
443:
442:
440:
437:
412:Egbert Psalter
388:Gregory Master
352:
349:
300:portable altar
290:
287:
271:Early Medieval
233:
230:
188:
185:
171:came to rival
156:, rather than
110:
109:
108:9 December 993
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
41:
33:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
847:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
810:
799:
796:(in German).
795:
793:
788:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
717:
714:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:Dodwell, C.R.
693:
691:
690:9780714128238
687:
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
650:
641:
632:
623:
614:
605:
596:
587:
580:
574:
565:
556:
547:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
493:
484:
476:
475:
470:
457:
448:
444:
436:
434:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
405:
401:
400:Codex Egberti
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:
366:
365:Codex Egberti
362:
357:
348:
345:
340:
338:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
286:
284:
283:ivory carving
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
259:
254:
249:
243:
238:
229:
227:
223:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
194:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:Egbert, from
39:
34:
29:
22:
19:
835:Ottonian art
794:people index
790:
749:
739:
725:
722:Lasko, Peter
715:
698:
681:
667:
653:Dodwell, 135
649:
644:Beckwith, 98
640:
631:
622:
613:
604:
595:
586:
573:
564:
555:
546:
537:
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
472:
456:
447:
432:
429:square halos
409:
399:
392:Late Antique
387:
373:
370:
364:
341:
304:Saint Andrew
292:
275:lay brothers
263:
256:
206:
190:
162:
130:Egmond Abbey
123:
114:
113:
18:
820:950s births
550:Metz, 47–49
514:Head, 65–68
351:Manuscripts
344:iconography
328:Peter Lasko
222:Saint Peter
52:Saint Peter
44:his psalter
825:993 deaths
809:Categories
758:0582081564
734:014056036X
707:0300064934
676:050020019X
661:References
404:Romanesque
211:, the new
138:chancellor
46:. In this
384:Reichenau
324:Theophanu
289:Metalwork
279:jewellery
226:Eucharius
84:In office
787:"Egbert"
568:Head, 76
532:Head, 76
505:Head, 65
451:Head, 73
255:for the
209:Willigis
181:Ottonian
165:Ottonian
158:Otto III
363:of the
198:Otto II
177:Cologne
142:Otto II
87:977–993
74:Diocese
756:
732:
705:
688:
674:
465:
202:Aachen
115:Egbert
100:c. 950
64:Church
25:Egbert
716:Gesta
439:Notes
337:Essen
173:Mainz
169:Trier
146:Trier
754:ISBN
730:ISBN
703:ISBN
686:ISBN
672:ISBN
410:The
359:The
175:and
105:Died
97:Born
224:to
140:of
811::
789:.
748:.
724:,
697:;
471:.
339:.
152:,
800:.
760:.
581:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
