2035:
2286:(also known as dry planets), with very little water, will have less water vapor in the atmosphere than Earth and so have a reduced greenhouse effect, meaning that a desert planet could maintain oases of water closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. The lack of water also means there is less ice to reflect heat into space, so the outer edge of desert-planet habitable zones is further out. Rocky planets with a thick hydrogen atmosphere could maintain surface water much further out than the Earth–Sun distance. Planets with larger mass have wider habitable zones because gravity reduces the water cloud column depth which reduces the greenhouse effect of water vapor, thus moving the inner edge of the habitable zone closer to the star.
1472:
832:
443:
762:
788:
468:(IAU). For exoplanets orbiting a single star, the IAU designation is formed by taking the designated or proper name of its parent star, and adding a lower case letter. Letters are given in order of each planet's discovery around the parent star, so that the first planet discovered in a system is designated "b" (the parent star is considered "a") and later planets are given subsequent letters. If several planets in the same system are discovered at the same time, the closest one to the star gets the next letter, followed by the other planets in order of orbital size. A provisional IAU-sanctioned standard exists to accommodate the designation of
1133:
2020:
1664:, geometric albedo generally decreases with increasing metallicity or atmospheric temperature unless there are clouds to modify this effect. Increased cloud-column depth increases the albedo at optical wavelengths, but decreases it at some infrared wavelengths. Optical albedo increases with age, because older planets have higher cloud-column depths. Optical albedo decreases with increasing mass, because higher-mass giant planets have higher surface gravities, which produces lower cloud-column depths. Also, elliptical orbits can cause major fluctuations in atmospheric composition, which can have a significant effect.
1262:
1063:
1051:
378:. Objects in this mass range that orbit their stars with wide separations of hundreds or thousands of Astronomical Units (AU) and have large star/object mass ratios likely formed as brown dwarfs; their atmospheres would likely have a composition more similar to their host star than accretion-formed planets, which would contain increased abundances of heavier elements. Most directly imaged planets as of April 2014 are massive and have wide orbits so probably represent the low-mass end of a brown dwarf formation. One study suggests that objects above
13506:
1039:
45:
1595:
1204:
2160:
29:
13951:
13500:
13839:
1957:
1882:
1834:
1195:) in front of its parent star's disk, then the observed brightness of the star drops by a small amount. The amount by which the star dims depends on its size and on the size of the planet, among other factors. Because the transit method requires that the planet's orbit intersect a line-of-sight between the host star and Earth, the probability that an exoplanet in a randomly oriented orbit will be observed to transit the star is somewhat small. The
1480:
13879:
13915:
11856:
1185:
13939:
13851:
13512:
13891:
13927:
558:, found evidence of planets in a distant galaxy, stating, "Some of these exoplanets are as (relatively) small as the moon, while others are as massive as Jupiter. Unlike Earth, most of the exoplanets are not tightly bound to stars, so they're actually wandering through space or loosely orbiting between stars. We can estimate that the number of planets in this galaxy is more than a trillion."
13903:
6946:
Melvyn; Deeg, Hans; Palle, Enric; Cochran, William; Eigmüller, Philipp; Erikson, Anders; Guenther, Eike; Hatzes, Artie; Kiilerich, Amanda; Kudo, Tomoyuki; MacQueen, Philipp; Narita, Norio; Nespral, David; Pätzold, Martin; Prieto-Arranz, Jorge; Rauer, Heike; van Eylen, Vincent (28 April 2017). "EPIC210894022b −A short period super-Earth transiting a metal poor, evolved old star".
12003:
1264:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1269:
1641:) of a planet depends on how far away the observer is, how reflective the planet is (albedo), and how much light the planet receives from its star, which depends on how far the planet is from the star and how bright the star is. So, a planet with a low albedo that is close to its star can appear brighter than a planet with a high albedo that is far from the star.
1266:
3260:
Langlois, M.; Meyer, M. R.; Vigan, A.; D’Orazi, V.; Hagelberg, J.; Le
Coroller, H.; Ligi, R.; Rouan, D.; Samland, M.; Schmidt, T.; Udry, S.; Zurlo, A.; Abe, L.; Carle, M.; Delboulbé, A.; Feautrier, P.; Magnard, Y.; Maurel, D.; Moulin, T.; Pavlov, A.; Perret, D.; Petit, C.; Ramos, J. R.; Rigal, F.; Roux, A.; Weber, L. (2018).
869:. This discovery was confirmed, and is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of exoplanets. Follow-up observations solidified these results, and confirmation of a third planet in 1994 revived the topic in the popular press. These pulsar planets are thought to have formed from the unusual remnants of the
828:, objects intermediate in mass between planets and stars. In 1990, additional observations were published that supported the existence of the planet orbiting Gamma Cephei, but subsequent work in 1992 again raised serious doubts. Finally, in 2003, improved techniques allowed the planet's existence to be confirmed.
354:, which may sometimes produce planets with masses above the deuterium fusion threshold; massive planets of that sort may have already been observed. Brown dwarfs form like stars from the direct gravitational collapse of clouds of gas, and this formation mechanism also produces objects that are below the
6276:
Ballard, S.; Fabrycky, D.; Fressin, F.; Charbonneau, D.; Desert, J. M.; Torres, G.; Marcy, G.; Burke, C. J.; Isaacson, H.; Henze, C.; Steffen, J. H.; Ciardi, D. R.; Howell, S. B.; Cochran, W. D.; Endl, M.; Bryson, S. T.; Rowe, J. F.; Holman, M. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Jenkins, J. M.; Still, M.; Ford, E.
1439:
can only be observed in their current state, but observations of different planetary systems of varying ages allows us to observe planets at different stages of evolution. Available observations range from young proto-planetary disks where planets are still forming to planetary systems of over 10 Gyr
7783:
Kuzuhara, M.; Tamura, M.; Kudo, T.; Janson, M.; Kandori, R.; Brandt, T. D.; Thalmann, C.; Spiegel, D.; Biller, B.; Carson, J.; Hori, Y.; Suzuki, R.; Burrows, Adam; Henning, T.; Turner, E. L.; McElwain, M. W.; Moro-Martín, A.; Suenaga, T.; Takahashi, Y. H.; Kwon, J.; Lucas, P.; Abe, L.; Brandner, W.;
3993:
Brandt, T. D.; McElwain, M. W.; Turner, E. L.; Mede, K.; Spiegel, D. S.; Kuzuhara, M.; Schlieder, J. E.; Wisniewski, J. P.; Abe, L.; Biller, B.; Brandner, W.; Carson, J.; Currie, T.; Egner, S.; Feldt, M.; Golota, T.; Goto, M.; Grady, C. A.; Guyon, O.; Hashimoto, J.; Hayano, Y.; Hayashi, M.; Hayashi,
3924:
Bouchy, François; Hébrard, Guillaume; Udry, Stéphane; Delfosse, Xavier; Boisse, Isabelle; Desort, Morgan; Bonfils, Xavier; Eggenberger, Anne; Ehrenreich, David; Forveille, Thierry; Le
Coroller, Hervé; Lagrange, Anne-Marie; Lovis, Christophe; Moutou, Claire; Pepe, Francesco; Perrier, Christian; Pont,
2357:
The outer edge of the habitable zone is where planets are completely frozen, but planets well inside the habitable zone can periodically become frozen. If orbital fluctuations or other causes produce cooling, then this creates more ice, but ice reflects sunlight causing even more cooling, creating a
1712:
results from its flowing liquid metallic core, but on massive super-Earths with high pressure, different compounds may form which do not match those created under terrestrial conditions. Compounds may form with greater viscosities and high melting temperatures, which could prevent the interiors from
995:
On 6 September 2018, NASA discovered an exoplanet about 145 light years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. This exoplanet, Wolf 503b, is twice the size of Earth and was discovered orbiting a type of star known as an "Orange Dwarf". Wolf 503b completes one orbit in as few as six days because
811:
As of 24 July 2024, a total of 5,759 confirmed exoplanets are listed in the NASA Exoplanet
Archive, including a few that were confirmations of controversial claims from the late 1980s. The first published discovery to receive subsequent confirmation was made in 1988 by the Canadian astronomers Bruce
3259:
Maire, A.; Rodet, L.; Lazzoni, C.; Boccaletti, A.; Brandner, W.; Galicher, R.; Cantalloube, F.; Mesa, D.; Klahr, H.; Beust, H.; Chauvin, G.; Desidera, S.; Janson, M.; Keppler, M.; Olofsson, J.; Augereau, J.; Daemgen, S.; Henning, T.; Thébault, P.; Bonnefoy, M.; Feldt, M.; Gratton, R.; Lagrange, A.;
2387:
orbits over time, so there could be planets in the habitable zone with circular orbits that have no water because they used to have eccentric orbits. Eccentric planets further out than the habitable zone would still have frozen surfaces, but the tidal heating could create a subsurface ocean similar
1656:
that reflects less than 1% of the light from its star, making it less reflective than coal or black acrylic paint. Hot
Jupiters are expected to be quite dark due to sodium and potassium in their atmospheres, but it is not known why TrES-2b is so dark—it could be due to an unknown chemical compound.
1308:
Astrometry consists of precisely measuring a star's position in the sky and observing the changes in that position over time. The motion of a star due to the gravitational influence of a planet may be observable. Because the motion is so small, however, this method was not very productive until the
1143:
Planets are extremely faint compared to their parent stars. For example, a Sun-like star is about a billion times brighter than the reflected light from any exoplanet orbiting it. It is difficult to detect such a faint light source, and furthermore, the parent star causes a glare that tends to wash
2976:
Cassan, A.; Kubas, D.; Beaulieu, J. -P.; Dominik, M.; Horne, K.; Greenhill, J.; Wambsganss, J.; Menzies, J.; Williams, A.; Jørgensen, U. G.; Udalski, A.; Bennett, D. P.; Albrow, M. D.; Batista, V.; Brillant, S.; Caldwell, J. A. R.; Cole, A.; Coutures, C.; Cook, K. H.; Dieters, S.; Prester, D. D.;
2370:
are less likely to enter snowball states and can retain liquid water further from their star. Large fluctuations of axial tilt can have even more of a warming effect than a fixed large tilt. Paradoxically, planets orbiting cooler stars, such as red dwarfs, are less likely to enter snowball states
2282:
depending on the size and age of the star, so that the habitable zone can be at different distances for different stars. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet:
2281:
The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature is just right to allow liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies
9096:
Mamajek, E. E.; Quillen, A. C.; Pecaut, M. J.; Moolekamp, F.; Scott, E. L.; Kenworthy, M. A.; Cameron, A. C.; Parley, N. R. (2012). "Planetary
Construction Zones in Occultation: Discovery of an Extrasolar Ring System Transiting a Young Sun-Like Star and Future Prospects for Detecting Eclipses by
6507:
Silvotti, R.; Schuh, S.; Janulis, R.; Solheim, J. -E.; Bernabei, S.; Østensen, R.; Oswalt, T. D.; Bruni, I.; Gualandi, R.; Bonanno, A.; Vauclair, G.; Reed, M.; Chen, C. -W.; Leibowitz, E.; Paparo, M.; Baran, A.; Charpinet, S.; Dolez, N.; Kawaler, S.; Kurtz, D.; Moskalik, P.; Riddle, R.; Zola, S.
1938:
The rings of the Solar System's gas giants are aligned with their planet's equator. However, for exoplanets that orbit close to their star, tidal forces from the star would lead to the outermost rings of a planet being aligned with the planet's orbital plane around the star. A planet's innermost
7543:
Bonfils, Xavier; Forveille, Thierry; Delfosse, Xavier; Udry, Stéphane; Mayor, Michel; Perrier, Christian; Bouchy, François; Pepe, Francesco; Queloz, Didier; Bertaux, Jean-Loup (2005). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets VI: A Neptune-mass planet around the nearby M dwarf Gl 581".
6945:
Fridlund, Malcolm; Gaidos, Eric; Barragán, Oscar; Persson, Carina; Gandolfi, Davide; Cabrera, Juan; Hirano, Teruyuki; Kuzuhara, Masayuki; Csizmadia, Sz; Nowak, Grzegorz; Endl, Michael; Grziwa, Sascha; Korth, Judith; Pfaff, Jeremias; Bitsch, Bertram; Johansen, Anders; Mustill, Alexander; Davies,
5548:
Doyle, L. R.; Carter, J. A.; Fabrycky, D. C.; Slawson, R. W.; Howell, S. B.; Winn, J. N.; Orosz, J. A.; Prša, A.; Welsh, W. F.; Quinn, S. N.; Latham, D.; Torres, G.; Buchhave, L. A.; Marcy, G. W.; Fortney, J. J.; Shporer, A.; Ford, E. B.; Lissauer, J. J.; Ragozzine, D.; Rucker, M.; Batalha, N.;
1291:
Microlensing occurs when the gravitational field of a star acts like a lens, magnifying the light of a distant background star. Planets orbiting the lensing star can cause detectable anomalies in magnification as it varies over time. Unlike most other methods which have a detection bias towards
2322:
Habitable zones have usually been defined in terms of surface temperature, however over half of Earth's biomass is from subsurface microbes, and the temperature increases with depth, so the subsurface can be conducive for microbial life when the surface is frozen and if this is considered, the
8019:
Barclay, T.; Huber, D.; Rowe, J. F.; Fortney, J. J.; Morley, C. V.; Quintana, E. V.; Fabrycky, D. C.; Barentsen, G.; Bloemen, S.; Christiansen, J. L.; Demory, B. O.; Fulton, B. J.; Jenkins, J. M.; Mullally, F.; Ragozzine, D.; Seader, S. E.; Shporer, A.; Tenenbaum, P.; Thompson, S. E. (2012).
1674:
Temperatures of gas giants reduce over time and with distance from their stars. Lowering the temperature increases optical albedo even without clouds. At a sufficiently low temperature, water clouds form, which further increase optical albedo. At even lower temperatures, ammonia clouds form,
9264:
Bennett, D. P.; Batista, V.; Bond, I. A.; Bennett, C. S.; Suzuki, D.; Beaulieu, J. -P.; Udalski, A.; Donatowicz, J.; Bozza, V.; Abe, F.; Botzler, C. S.; Freeman, M.; Fukunaga, D.; Fukui, A.; Itow, Y.; Koshimoto, N.; Ling, C. H.; Masuda, K.; Matsubara, Y.; Muraki, Y.; Namba, S.; Ohnishi, K.;
2311:(a.k.a. "eyeball" planets) can be habitable closer to their star than previously thought due to the effect of clouds: at high stellar flux, strong convection produces thick water clouds near the substellar point that greatly increase the planetary albedo and reduce surface temperatures.
1739:) causing it to expand. The more magnetically active a star is, the greater the stellar wind and the larger the electric current leading to more heating and expansion of the planet. This theory matches the observation that stellar activity is correlated with inflated planetary radii.
1241:
When multiple planets are present, each one slightly perturbs the others' orbits. Small variations in the times of transit for one planet can thus indicate the presence of another planet, which itself may or may not transit. For example, variations in the transits of the planet
315:
Objects with true masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (currently calculated to be 13 Jupiter masses for objects of solar metallicity) that orbit stars, brown dwarfs or stellar remnants and that have a mass ratio with the central object below the
1452:
envelopes. These envelopes cool and contract over time and, depending on the mass of the planet, some or all of the hydrogen/helium is eventually lost to space. This means that even terrestrial planets may start off with large radii if they form early enough. An example is
1358:
When a planet orbits very close to a star, it catches a considerable amount of starlight. As the planet orbits the star, the amount of light changes due to planets having phases from Earth's viewpoint or planets glowing more from one side than the other due to temperature
1702:, although they have yet to be found. The radio emissions could measure the rotation rate of the interior of an exoplanet, and may yield a more accurate way to measure exoplanet rotation than by examining the motion of clouds. However, the most sensitive radio search for
2064:
exoplanet atmospheres have been observed, resulting in detection of molecular spectral features; observation of day–night temperature gradients; and constraints on vertical atmospheric structure. Also, an atmosphere has been detected on the non-transiting hot
Jupiter
2457:
In
November 2013, it was estimated that 22±8% of Sun-like stars in the Milky Way galaxy may have an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone. Assuming 200 billion stars in the Milky Way, that would be 11 billion potentially habitable Earths, rising to 40 billion if
5745:
Fulton, Benjamin J.; Petigura, Erik A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Isaacson, Howard; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Cargile, Phillip A.; Hebb, Leslie; Weiss, Lauren M.; Johnson, John Asher; Morton, Timothy D.; Sinukoff, Evan; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Hirsch, Lea A. (1 September 2017).
2151:. Mid-infrared spectroscopy of exoplanets may detect rocky surfaces, and near-infrared may identify magma oceans or high-temperature lavas, hydrated silicate surfaces and water ice, giving an unambiguous method to distinguish between rocky and gaseous exoplanets.
2222:
can only be detected if it is developed at a planetary scale and strongly modified the planetary environment, in such a way that the modifications cannot be explained by classical physico-chemical processes (out of equilibrium processes). For example, molecular
1219:
As a planet orbits a star, the star also moves in its own small orbit around the system's center of mass. Variations in the star's radial velocity—that is, the speed with which it moves towards or away from Earth—can be detected from displacements in the star's
824:. Partly because the observations were at the very limits of instrumental capabilities at the time, astronomers remained skeptical for several years about this and other similar observations. It was thought some of the apparent planets might instead have been
76:. The first possible evidence of an exoplanet was noted in 1917 but was not then recognized as such. The first confirmation of the detection occurred in 1992. A different planet, first detected in 1988, was confirmed in 2003. According to statistics from the
9265:
Rattenbury, N. J.; Saito, T.; Sullivan, D. J.; Sumi, T.; Sweatman, W. L.; Tristram, P. J.; Tsurumi, N.; Wada, K.; et al. (2014). "MOA-2011-BLG-262Lb: A sub-Earth-mass moon orbiting a gas giant or a high-velocity planetary system in the galactic bulge".
392:
Also, the 13-Jupiter-mass cutoff does not have a precise physical significance. Deuterium fusion can occur in some objects with a mass below that cutoff. The amount of deuterium fused depends to some extent on the composition of the object. As of 2011, the
2103:. The dust could be ash erupting from volcanos and escaping due to the small planet's low surface-gravity, or it could be from metals that are vaporized by the high temperatures of being so close to the star with the metal vapor then condensing into dust.
1395:
With the polarimetry method, a polarized light reflected off the planet is separated from unpolarized light emitted from the star. No new planets have been discovered with this method, although a few already discovered planets have been detected with this
1278:
When a planet orbits multiple stars or if the planet has moons, its transit time can significantly vary per transit. Although no new planets or moons have been discovered with this method, it is used to successfully confirm many transiting circumbinary
2482:
In
February 2013, researchers speculated that up to 6% of small red dwarfs may have Earth-size planets. This suggests that the closest one to the Solar System could be 13 light-years away. The estimated distance increases to 21 light-years when a 95%
2125:
would have their star always shining directly overhead on one spot, which would be hot with the opposite hemisphere receiving no light and being freezing cold. Such a planet could resemble an eyeball, with the hotspot being the pupil. Planets with an
7730:; Barstow, J. K.; Désert, J. M.; Gibson, N.; Heng, K.; Knutson, H. A.; Lecavelier Des Etangs, A. (2013). "The Deep Blue Color of HD189733b: Albedo Measurements with Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph at Visible Wavelengths".
6698:
Schmid, H. M.; Beuzit, J. -L.; Feldt, M.; Gisler, D.; Gratton, R.; Henning, T.; Joos, F.; Kasper, M.; Lenzen, R.; Mouillet, D.; Moutou, C.; Quirrenbach, A.; Stam, D. M.; Thalmann, C.; Tinbergen, J.; Verinaud, C.; Waters, R.; Wolstencroft, R. (2006).
981:. These exoplanets were checked using a statistical technique called "verification by multiplicity". Before these results, most confirmed planets were gas giants comparable in size to Jupiter or larger because they were more easily detected, but the
484:
For centuries scientists, philosophers, and science fiction writers suspected that extrasolar planets existed, but there was no way of knowing whether they were real in fact, how common they were, or how similar they might be to the planets of the
2396:
system, the eccentricity of orbits is maintained or even periodically varied by perturbations from other planets in the system. Tidal heating can cause outgassing from the mantle, contributing to the formation and replenishment of an atmosphere.
2520:
Exoplanets are often members of planetary systems of multiple planets around a star. The planets interact with each other gravitationally and sometimes form resonant systems where the orbital periods of the planets are in integer ratios. The
2318:
are more habitable for complex life on land than high metallicity stars because the stellar spectrum of high metallicity stars is less likely to cause the formation of ozone thus enabling more ultraviolet rays to reach the planet's surface.
2179:
may introduce unknown complications. A few planets have had their temperature measured by observing the variation in infrared radiation as the planet moves around in its orbit and is eclipsed by its parent star. For example, the planet
3524:
Beichman, C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Dodson-Robinson, Sally; Marley, Mark S.; Morley, Caroline V.; Wright, E. L. (2014). "WISE Y Dwarfs As Probes of the Brown Dwarf-Exoplanet
Connection".
3994:
S.; Henning, T.; Hodapp, K. W.; Inutsuka, S.; Ishii, M.; Iye, M.; Janson, M.; Kandori, R.; et al. (2014). "A Statistical
Analysis of Seeds and Other High-Contrast Exoplanet Surveys: Massive Planets or Low-Mass Brown Dwarfs?".
1265:
1777:
system. The failure to detect "star-planet interactions" in the well-studied HD 189733 system calls other related claims of the effect into question. A later search for radio emissions from eight exoplanets that orbit within 0.1
421:
includes objects with a mass (or minimum mass) equal to or less than 30 Jupiter masses. Another criterion for separating planets and brown dwarfs, rather than deuterium fusion, formation process or location, is whether the core
2305:, it is likely to have had a higher rotation rate in the past. Alternatively, Venus never had an ocean because water vapor was lost to space during its formation and could have had its slow rotation throughout its history.
8474:"Settling Arguments About Hydrogen With 168 Giant Lasers – Scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory said they were "converging on the truth" in an experiment to understand hydrogen in its liquid metallic state"
1687:
was inferred from the way hydrogen was evaporating from the planet. It is the first (indirect) detection of a magnetic field on an exoplanet. The magnetic field is estimated to be about one-tenth as strong as Jupiter's.
962:
had indicated that giant planets should only form at large distances from stars. But eventually more planets of other sorts were found, and it is now clear that hot Jupiters make up the minority of exoplanets. In 1999,
1345:
Like pulsars, there are some other types of stars which exhibit periodic activity. Deviations from periodicity can sometimes be caused by a planet orbiting it. As of 2013, a few planets have been discovered with this
412:
includes objects up to 24 Jupiter masses with the advisory: "The 13 Jupiter-mass distinction by the IAU Working Group is physically unmotivated for planets with rocky cores, and observationally problematic due to the
2977:
Donatowicz, J.; Fouqué, P.; Hill, K.; Kains, N.; Kane, S.; Marquette, J. -B.; Martin, R.; Pollard, K. R.; Sahu, K. C. (11 January 2012). "One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations".
291:) that orbit stars or stellar remnants are "planets" (no matter how they formed). The minimum mass/size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in the Solar System.
2730:
would have about 50 billion Sun-like (GK) stars, of which about 1 in 5 (22%) or 11 billion would have Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone. Including red dwarfs would increase this to 40 billion.
3316:
Bodenheimer, Peter; D'Angelo, Gennaro; Lissauer, Jack J.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Saumon, Didier (2013). "Deuterium Burning in Massive Giant Planets and Low-mass Brown Dwarfs Formed by Core-nucleated Accretion".
2626:. ANDES was formally known as HIRES, which itself was created after a merger of the consortia behind the earlier CODEX (optical high-resolution) and SIMPLE (near-infrared high-resolution) spectrograph concepts.
10401:
Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar; Ramirez, Ramses M.; Schottelkotte, James; Kasting, James F.; Domagal-Goldman, Shawn; Eymet, Vincent (2014). "Habitable Zones around Main-sequence Stars: Dependence on Planetary Mass".
881:
that somehow survived the supernova and then decayed into their current orbits. As pulsars are aggressive stars, it was considered unlikely at the time that a planet may be able to be formed in their orbit.
301:
Free-floating objects in young star clusters with masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are not "planets", but are "sub-brown dwarfs" (or whatever name is most appropriate).
624:. Making a comparison to the Sun's planets, he wrote "And if the fixed stars are the centres of similar systems, they will all be constructed according to a similar design and subject to the dominion of
4672:"James Webb Telescope finds its first exoplanet – The planet is almost the same size as Earth, according to a research team led by astronomers at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory"
5549:
Jenkins, J. M.; Borucki, W. J.; Koch, D.; Middour, C. K.; Hall, J. R.; McCauliff, S.; Fanelli, M. N.; Quintana, E. V.; Holman, M. J.; et al. (2011). "Kepler-16: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet".
12996:
12991:
2301:
more and so can be habitable much closer to their star. Earth with its current atmosphere would be habitable in Venus's orbit, if it had Venus's slow rotation. If Venus lost its water ocean due to a
2130:
could be locked in other resonances. 3:2 and 5:2 resonances would result in a double-eyeball pattern with hotspots in both eastern and western hemispheres. Planets with both an eccentric orbit and a
1144:
it out. It is necessary to block the light from the parent star to reduce the glare while leaving the light from the planet detectable; doing so is a major technical challenge which requires extreme
3500:
512:, but it is now thought that such a spectrum could be caused by the residue of a nearby exoplanet that had been pulverized by the gravity of the star, the resulting dust then falling onto the star.
274:
and thus does not apply to exoplanets. The IAU Working Group on Extrasolar Planets issued a position statement containing a working definition of "planet" in 2001 and which was modified in 2003. An
12986:
4326:
Wright, J. T.; Fakhouri, O.; Marcy, G. W.; Han, E.; Feng, Y.; Johnson, John Asher; Howard, A. W.; Fischer, D. A.; Valenti, J. A.; Anderson, J.; Piskunov, N. (2010). "The Exoplanet Orbit Database".
9150:
Kalas, P.; Graham, J. R.; Chiang, E.; Fitzgerald, M. P.; Clampin, M.; Kite, E. S.; Stapelfeldt, K.; Marois, C.; Krist, J. (2008). "Optical Images of an Exosolar Planet 25 Light-Years from Earth".
5221:
Hatzes, A. P.; Cochran, William D.; Endl, Michael; McArthur, Barbara; Paulson, Diane B.; Walker, Gordon A. H.; Campbell, Bruce; Yang, Stephenson (2003). "A Planetary Companion to Gamma Cephei A".
951:
influence on the motion of their host stars. More extrasolar planets were later detected by observing the variation in a star's apparent luminosity as an orbiting planet transited in front of it.
2335:
would have allowed any rocky planets that existed to have liquid water on their surface regardless of their distance from a star. Jupiter-like planets might not be habitable, but they could have
1820:
with all land completely submerged. However, if there is less water than this limit, then the deep water cycle will move enough water between the oceans and mantle to allow continents to exist.
1383:
Massive planets close to their host stars can slightly deform the shape of the star. This causes the brightness of the star to slightly deviate depending on how it is rotated relative to Earth.
6204:
Pepe, F.; Lovis, C.; Ségransan, D.; Benz, W.; Bouchy, F.; Dumusque, X.; Mayor, M.; Queloz, D.; Santos, N. C.; Udry, S. (2011). "The HARPS search for Earth-like planets in the habitable zone".
12981:
408:
in the observed mass spectrum reinforces the choice to forget this mass limit". As of 2016, this limit was increased to 60 Jupiter masses based on a study of mass–density relationships. The
10946:
Linsenmeier, Manuel; Pascale, Salvatore; Lucarini, Valerio (2014). "Habitability of Earth-like planets with high obliquity and eccentric orbits: Results from a general circulation model".
7844:
Carson; Thalmann; Janson; Kozakis; Bonnefoy; Biller; Schlieder; Currie; McElwain (15 November 2012). "Direct Imaging Discovery of a 'Super-Jupiter' Around the late B-Type Star Kappa And".
10275:
1457:
which has only about twice the mass of Earth but is almost the size of Saturn, which is a hundred times the mass of Earth. Kepler-51b is quite young at a few hundred million years old.
13305:
2572:– To search for new exoplanets; rotating so by the end of its two-year mission it will have observed stars from all over the sky. It is expected to find at least 3,000 new exoplanets.
2171:
is estimated to have a surface temperature of roughly −220 °C (50 K). However, such estimates may be substantially in error because they depend on the planet's usually unknown
6277:
B.; Christiansen, J. L.; Middour, C. K.; Haas, M. R.; Li, J.; Hall, J. R.; McCauliff, S.; Batalha, N. M.; Koch, D. G.; et al. (2011). "The Kepler-19 System: A Transiting 2.2 R
2110:
was evaporating, resulting in a giant cloud around the planet and, due to radiation from the host star, a long trailing tail 14 million km (9 million mi) long.
11759:
8507:"Under pressure, hydrogen offers a reflection of giant planet interiors – Hydrogen is the most-abundant element in the universe and the simplest, but that simplicity is deceptive"
2892:"JWST Heralds a New Dawn for Exoplanet Science – The James Webb Space Telescope is opening an exciting new chapter in the study of exoplanets and the search for life beyond Earth"
2431:
away, respectively. Of these, Kepler-186f is in similar size to Earth with its 1.2-Earth-radius measure, and it is located towards the outer edge of the habitable zone around its
1408:
Disks of space dust surround many stars, thought to originate from collisions among asteroids and comets. The dust can be detected because it absorbs starlight and re-emits it as
119:
have found the most, but these methods suffer from a clear observational bias favoring the detection of planets near the star; thus, 85% of the exoplanets detected are inside the
1371:
Relativistic beaming measures the observed flux from the star due to its motion. The brightness of the star changes as the planet moves closer or further away from its host star.
190:(for those closest to their star) to thousands of years. Some exoplanets are so far away from the star that it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to it.
1813:
with one team saying that plate tectonics would be episodic or stagnant and the other team saying that plate tectonics is very likely on super-Earths even if the planet is dry.
901:
had been measured, giving an estimate of the mass of the third object that was too small for it to be a star. The conclusion that the third object was a planet was announced by
9636:
Brogi, M.; Snellen, I. A. G.; De Kok, R. J.; Albrecht, S.; Birkby, J.; De Mooij, E. J. W. (2012). "The signature of orbital motion from the dayside of the planet τ Boötis b".
8125:
Kislyakova, K. G.; Holmstrom, M.; Lammer, H.; Odert, P.; Khodachenko, M. L. (2014). "Magnetic moment and plasma environment of HD 209458b as determined from Ly observations".
1025:
missions had identified 4374 planetary candidates yet to be confirmed, several of them being nearly Earth-sized and located in the habitable zone, some around Sun-like stars.
8669:
Cauley, P. Wilson; Shkolnik, Evgenya L.; Llama, Joe; Lanza, Antonino F. (December 2019). "Magnetic field strengths of hot Jupiters from signals of star-planet interactions".
6259:
2383:
can provide another source of energy besides stellar radiation. This means that eccentric planets in the radiative habitable zone can be too hot for liquid water. Tides also
1931:
could be due to starlight reflecting off a circumplanetary ring system with a radius between 20 and 40 times that of Jupiter's radius, about the size of the orbits of the
4616:
3371:
13588:
12976:
9698:
8359:
3666:
estimates 700 objects >10 solar masses (roughly the mass of Mars) per main-sequence star between 0.08 and 1 Solar mass, of which there are billions in the Milky Way.
3584:
13444:
11584:
Moutou, Claire; Deleuil, Magali; Guillot, Tristan; Baglin, Annie; Bordé, Pascal; Bouchy, Francois; Cabrera, Juan; Csizmadia, Szilárd; Deeg, Hans J. (1 November 2013).
8982:
6056:
13707:
13138:
13003:
7108:
D'Angelo, G.; Weidenschilling, S. J.; Lissauer, J. J.; Bodenheimer, P. (2014). "Growth of Jupiter: Enhancement of core accretion by a voluminous low-mass envelope".
6456:"The GAPS Programme at TNG. XLVII. A conundrum resolved: HIP 66074b/Gaia-3b characterised as a massive giant planet on a quasi-face-on and extremely elongated orbit"
1351:
143:, it can be hypothesized that there are 11 billion potentially habitable Earth-sized planets in the Milky Way, rising to 40 billion if planets orbiting the numerous
7921:
3162:
7053:
D'Angelo, G.; Bodenheimer, P. (2013). "Three-Dimensional Radiation-Hydrodynamics Calculations of the Envelopes of Young Planets Embedded in Protoplanetary Disks".
5830:
5924:
3871:
Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; Barman, T. (2008). "Structure and evolution of super-Earth to super-Jupiter exoplanets. I. Heavy element enrichment in the interior".
3189:
Konopacky, Quinn M.; Rameau, Julien; Duchêne, Gaspard; Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Giorla Godfrey, Paige A.; Marois, Christian; Nielsen, Eric L. (20 September 2016).
1329:) emits radio waves extremely regularly as it rotates. If planets orbit the pulsar, they will cause slight anomalies in the timing of its observed radio pulses.
1000:. The gap, sometimes called the Fulton gap, is the observation that it is unusual to find exoplanets with sizes between 1.5 and 2 times the radius of the Earth.
7326:
Masuda, K. (2014). "Very Low Density Planets Around Kepler-51 Revealed with Transit Timing Variations and an Anomaly Similar to a Planet-Planet Eclipse Event".
2251:
on exoplanets, although small amounts of oxygen could also be produced by non-biological means. Furthermore, a potentially habitable planet must orbit a stable
1667:
There is more thermal emission than reflection at some near-infrared wavelengths for massive and/or young gas giants. So, although optical brightness is fully
9870:
5614:
2714:
For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "habitable zone" means the region with 0.25 to 4 times Earth's stellar flux (corresponding to 0.5–2 AU for the Sun).
13541:
13464:
6892:; D'Alessio, Paola; Hartmann, Lee; Wilner, David; Walsh, Andrew; Sitko, Michael (2001). "Evidence for a developing gap in a 10 Myr old protoplanetary disk".
5982:
3509:
1284:
1255:
639:
wrote that there is no compelling reason that planets could not be much closer to their parent star than is the case in the Solar System, and proposed that
13414:
1309:
2020s. It has produced only a few confirmed discoveries, though it has been successfully used to investigate the properties of planets found in other ways.
1762:
and related exoplanets, since such planets are thought to contain a lot of liquid metallic hydrogen, which may be responsible for their observed powerful
13474:
13229:
13030:
1333:
was made using this method. But as of 2011, it has not been very productive; five planets have been detected in this way, around three different pulsars.
11093:
4835:(1896). "Researches on the orbit of 70 Ophiuchi, and on a periodic perturbation in the motion of the system arising from the action of an unseen body".
1376:
10599:
Yang, Jun; Cowan, Nicolas B.; Abbot, Dorian S. (2013). "Stabilizing Cloud Feedback Dramatically Expands the Habitable Zone of Tidally Locked Planets".
6740:
Berdyugina, S. V.; Berdyugin, A. V.; Fluri, D. M.; Piirola, V. (2008). "First Detection of Polarized Scattered Light from an Exoplanetary Atmosphere".
2726:
About 1/4 of stars are GK Sun-like stars. The number of stars in the galaxy is not accurately known, but assuming 200 billion stars in total, the
11439:
Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar (March 2013). "A revised estimate of the occurrence rate of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones around Kepler M-dwarfs".
9071:
8188:"Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling at Jupiter-like exoplanets with internal plasma sources: Implications for detectability of auroral radio emissions"
1364:
1338:
306:
This working definition was amended by the IAU's Commission F2: Exoplanets and the Solar System in August 2018. The official working definition of an
13981:
12815:
12810:
10507:
8473:
4795:
3620:
1401:
1721:
could be a liquid metal at the pressures and temperatures found in super-Earths and could generate a magnetic field in the mantles of super-Earths.
12971:
12434:
2410:
7413:
3066:
2636:
843:
10921:
10178:
Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar (2013). "A revised estimate of the occurrence rate of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones around kepler m-dwarfs".
4167:
Schneider, J.; Dedieu, C.; Le Sidaner, P.; Savalle, R.; Zolotukhin, I. (2011). "Defining and cataloging exoplanets: The exoplanet.eu database".
12738:
10653:
9211:
Schlichting, Hilke E.; Chang, Philip (2011). "Warm Saturns: On the Nature of Rings around Extrasolar Planets That Reside inside the Ice Line".
6566:
Jenkins, J. M.; Doyle, Laurance R. (20 September 2003). "Detecting reflected light from close-in giant planets using space-based photometers".
2622:– The ArmazoNes High Dispersion Echelle Spectrograph, a planet finding and planet characterisation spectrograph, is expected to be fitted onto
820:. Although they were cautious about claiming a planetary detection, their radial-velocity observations suggested that a planet orbits the star
10283:
6007:
4617:"More Than a Trillion Planets Could Exist Beyond Our Galaxy – A new study gives the first evidence that exoplanets exist beyond the Milky Way"
3372:"More Than a Trillion Planets Could Exist Beyond Our Galaxy – A new study gives the first evidence that exoplanets exist beyond the Milky Way"
3042:
954:
Initially, the most known exoplanets were massive planets that orbited very close to their parent stars. Astronomers were surprised by these "
13315:
5151:
2575:
1388:
2167:
Measuring the intensity of the light it receives from its parent star can estimate the temperature of an exoplanet. For example, the planet
1301:
1292:
planets with small (or for resolved imaging, large) orbits, the microlensing method is most sensitive to detecting planets around 1–10
620:
13722:
13439:
12709:
12292:
11122:; Meadows, V. S.; Joshi, M. M.; Robinson, T. D. (2014). "Spectrum-Driven Planetary Deglaciation Due to Increases in Stellar Luminosity".
1868:
have been attributed to possible volcanic activity releasing large clouds of dust which blanket the planet and block thermal emissions.
13854:
10152:
1164:
6619:
Loeb, A.; Gaudi, B. S. (2003). "Periodic Flux Variability of Stars due to the Reflex Doppler Effect Induced by Planetary Companions".
5879:
336:
The minimum mass/size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in our Solar System.
13399:
13387:
13025:
12569:
11977:
2487:
is used. In March 2013, a revised estimate gave an occurrence rate of 50% for Earth-size planets in the habitable zone of red dwarfs.
1573:
1167:
will image dozens of gas giants, but the vast majority of known extrasolar planets have only been detected through indirect methods.
1099:
12745:
7161:
Lammer, H.; Stokl, A.; Erkaev, N. V.; Dorfi, E. A.; Odert, P.; Gudel, M.; Kulikov, Y. N.; Kislyakova, K. G.; Leitzinger, M. (2014).
5720:
2184:
has been estimated to have an average temperature of 1,205 K (932 °C) on its dayside and 973 K (700 °C) on its nightside.
2088:. The technology used to determine this may be useful in studying the atmospheres of distant worlds, including those of exoplanets.
13449:
13419:
13280:
13008:
12845:
12574:
7597:
Wang, J.; Fischer, D. A. (2014). "Revealing a Universal Planet–Metallicity Correlation for Planets of Different Solar-Type Stars".
6673:
6256:
2406:
842:
showing a companion (bottom left), which is either a brown dwarf or a massive planet. The data were obtained on 16 March 2003 with
2918:
Ballesteros, F. J.; Fernandez-Soto, A.; Martinez, V. J. (2019). "Title: Diving into Exoplanets: Are Water Seas the Most Common?".
1412:
radiation. Features on the disks may suggest the presence of planets, though this is not considered a definitive detection method.
13222:
11517:
8849:
Valencia, Diana; O'Connell, Richard J.; Sasselov, Dimitar D (November 2007). "Inevitability of Plate Tectonics on Super-Earths".
7897:
1212:
287:
below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (currently calculated to be 13 Jupiter masses for objects of solar
163:
151:
12692:
7273:
Zendejas, J.; Segura, A.; Raga, A.C. (2010). "Atmospheric mass loss by stellar wind from planets around main sequence M stars".
1233:
464:
The convention for naming exoplanets is an extension of the system used for designating multiple-star systems as adopted by the
13178:
12721:
11494:
9842:
9707:
5910:
5696:
4626:
3381:
1589:
187:
8902:
1545:. Stars with higher metallicity are more likely to have planets, especially giant planets, than stars with lower metallicity.
13625:
13352:
13153:
13105:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13085:
13080:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13035:
12726:
11829:
11787:
11770:
11751:
11731:
11715:
11698:
11690:
11671:
11663:
11396:
9506:
8371:
7163:"Origin and loss of nebula-captured hydrogen envelopes from 'sub'- to 'super-Earths' in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars"
6865:
6159:
5323:
4968:
4746:
4721:
4671:
4542:
4249:
3592:
2569:
1022:
8271:
7785:
7490:(2008). "The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets".
5928:
4114:
Spiegel, D. S.; Burrows, Adam; Milsom, J. A. (2011). "The Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets".
2891:
2371:
because the infrared radiation emitted by cooler stars is mostly at wavelengths that are absorbed by ice which heats it up.
12835:
12825:
8990:
8309:"ROME. IV. An Arecibo Search for Substellar Magnetospheric Radio Emissions in Purported Exoplanet-hosting Systems at 5 GHz"
8245:
4879:
1622:
suggest that it is deep dark blue. Later that same year, the colors of several other exoplanets were determined, including
12559:
11000:
7918:
5372:
2537:
2099:
is a small rocky planet, very close to its star, that is evaporating and leaving a trailing tail of cloud and dust like a
1713:
separating into different layers and so result in undifferentiated coreless mantles. Forms of magnesium oxide such as MgSi
678:
reported that orbital anomalies made it "highly probable" that there was a "planetary body" in this system. In the 1890s,
13717:
13712:
12871:
12805:
11919:
11543:
5086:
3404:
238:
are those that do not orbit any star. Such objects are considered a separate category of planets, especially if they are
12238:
11794:
van Dishoeck, Ewine F.; Bergin, Edwin A.; Lis, Dariusz C.; Lunine, Jonathan I. (2014). "Water: From Clouds to Planets".
10455:
Hamano, K.; Abe, Y.; Genda, H. (2013). "Emergence of two types of terrestrial planet on solidification of magma ocean".
2863:
13843:
13357:
13215:
13163:
13013:
12820:
12697:
10121:"Planetary Environments and Origins of Life: How to reinvent the study of Origins of Life on the Earth and Life in the"
6034:
Di Stafano, R.; et al. (18 September 2020). "M51-ULS-1b: The First Candidate for a Planet in an External Galaxy".
5277:
2336:
2147:
Surface features can be distinguished from atmospheric features by comparing emission and reflection spectroscopy with
947:, led to the rapid detection of many new exoplanets: astronomers could detect exoplanets indirectly by measuring their
516:
473:
346:
The IAU's working definition is not always used. One alternate suggestion is that planets should be distinguished from
10581:
5951:
13688:
13295:
13238:
13196:
12830:
11441:
2619:
505:
3135:
690:
stated that the orbital anomalies proved the existence of a dark body in the 70 Ophiuchi system with a 36-year
13285:
12891:
12881:
12369:
9878:
9815:
8928:
Cowan, N. B.; Abbot, D. S. (2014). "Water Cycling Between Ocean and Mantle: Super-Earths Need Not Be Waterworlds".
5991:
5624:
465:
394:
267:
6336:"Periastron Precession Measurements in Transiting Extrasolar Planetary Systems at the Level of General Relativity"
3927:"The SOPHIE northern extrasolar planets. I. A companion close to the planet/brown-dwarf transition around HD16760"
13812:
13802:
13727:
13479:
13310:
12966:
12917:
12840:
12679:
11982:
8644:
2656:
2358:
feedback loop until the planet is completely or nearly completely frozen. When the surface is frozen, this stops
1122:
687:
108:
2479:, the nearest known star to the solar system with an estimated minimum mass of 1.27 times the mass of the Earth.
1924:. However, the mass of the object is not known; it could be a brown dwarf or low-mass star instead of a planet.
519:
of an exoplanet occurred in 1988. Shortly afterwards, the first confirmation of detection came in 1992 from the
13991:
13409:
13362:
13270:
12922:
8765:
Van Heck, H.J.; Tackley, P.J. (2011). "Plate tectonics on super-Earths: Equally or more likely than on Earth".
5647:
4648:
3834:
Mordasini, C.; Alibert, Yann; Benz, Willy; Naef, Dominique (2008). "Giant Planet Formation by Core Accretion".
3752:
1435:
Planets may form within a few to tens (or more) of millions of years of their star forming. The planets of the
936:
817:
124:
85:
13454:
9970:
Hu, Renyu; Ehlmann, Bethany L.; Seager, Sara (2012). "Theoretical Spectra of Terrestrial Exoplanet Surfaces".
8730:
Valencia, Diana; O'Connell, Richard J. (2009). "Convection scaling and subduction on Earth and super-Earths".
4273:
Hatzes Heike Rauer, Artie P. (2015). "A Definition for Giant Planets Based on the Mass-Density Relationship".
2540:
to their stars' rotation. One proposed explanation is that hot Jupiters tend to form in dense clusters, where
1727:
have been observed to have a larger radius than expected. This could be caused by the interaction between the
996:
it is very close to the star. Wolf 503b is the only exoplanet that large that can be found near the so-called
831:
442:
13469:
13424:
13337:
13148:
12795:
12750:
12629:
12619:
12614:
12599:
12594:
5184:
2641:
1769:
Although scientists previously announced that the magnetic fields of close-in exoplanets may cause increased
659:
Claims of exoplanet detections have been made since the nineteenth century. Some of the earliest involve the
13133:
12479:
9471:
Madhusudhan, Nikku; Knutson, Heather; Fortney, Jonathan; Barman, Travis (2014). "Exoplanetary Atmospheres".
8078:
Burrows, Adam (2014). "Scientific Return of Coronagraphic Exoplanet Imaging and Spectroscopy Using WFIRST".
959:
13777:
12785:
12564:
10774:
9736:
8482:
5831:"[VIDEO] TOI 700d : une planète de la taille de la Terre découverte dans une "zone habitable""
4832:
2495:
2302:
2197:
974:
On 26 February 2014, NASA announced the discovery of 715 newly verified exoplanets around 305 stars by the
698:
published a paper proving that a three-body system with those orbital parameters would be highly unstable.
679:
431:
12439:
10556:
7784:
Egner, S.; Feldt, M.; Fujiwara, H.; Goto, M.; Grady, C. A.; Guyon, O.; Hashimoto, J.; et al. (2013).
800:
with a companion about 5–10 times the mass of Jupiter. It is not clear whether this companion object is a
232:
also considers a wide range of other factors in determining the suitability of a planet for hosting life.
92:(JWST) is expected to discover more exoplanets, and to give more insight into their traits, such as their
13128:
12927:
9583:
Rodler, F.; Lopez-Morales, M.; Ribas, I. (July 2012). "Weighing the Non-transiting Hot Jupiter τ Boo b".
7938:
6460:
4621:
4379:
4169:
3376:
2332:
2034:
1699:
607:), put forward the view that fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets.
459:
93:
12586:
11871:
11570:
8535:"The Rise of ROME. I. A Multiwavelength Analysis of the Star-Planet Interaction in the HD 189733 System"
8100:
6393:
Curiel, Salvador; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Mioduszewski, Amy J.; Sanchez-Bermudez, Joel (September 2022).
2442:
is about 4.2 light-years away. Its equilibrium temperature is estimated to be −39 °C (234 K).
13869:
13822:
13651:
12961:
12956:
12946:
12704:
12364:
2427:
as the best candidates for being potentially habitable. These are at a distance of 1200, 490 and 1,120
2210:
continues to grow into a deeper study of extrasolar worlds, and will ultimately tackle the prospect of
1913:
1095:
1084:
573:
294:
Substellar objects with true masses above the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are "
198:
89:
11585:
5339:
3188:
2604:– A rocky planet-finding, and stable spectroscopic observing, spectrograph mounted on ESO's 4 by 8.2m
2362:, resulting in a build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from volcanic emissions. This creates a
13807:
13782:
13191:
12941:
12609:
12394:
12278:
11025:
Armstrong, J. C.; Barnes, R.; Domagal-Goldman, S.; Breiner, J.; Quinn, T. R.; Meadows, V. S. (2014).
10297:
Abe, Y.; Abe-Ouchi, A.; Sleep, N. H.; Zahnle, K. J. (2011). "Habitable Zone Limits for Dry Planets".
7055:
4572:
Wolszczan, A.; Frail, D. A. (1992). "A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12".
4049:"Evidence of an Upper Bound on the Masses of Planets and its Implications for Giant Planet Formation"
3527:
2623:
2148:
1943:, then the different alignments between the inner and outer rings would create a warped ring system.
1709:
776:
745:
551:
509:
10889:
10362:
8394:
5856:
2835:
2019:
585:
This space we declare to be infinite... In it are an infinity of worlds of the same kind as our own.
397:
included objects up to 25 Jupiter masses, saying, "The fact that there is no special feature around
13986:
13569:
12951:
12896:
12757:
12649:
12544:
12304:
11947:
11679:
7701:
6830:
D'Angelo, G.; Lissauer, J. J. (2018). "Formation of Giant Planets". In Deeg H., Belmonte J. (ed.).
6399:
5178:
Walker, G. A. H; Bohlender, D. A.; Walker, A. R.; Irwin, A. W.; Yang, S. L. S.; Larson, A. (1992).
2541:
1805:
In 2007, two independent teams of researchers came to opposing conclusions about the likelihood of
1422:
751:
736:
variations. The claim briefly received intense attention, but Lyne and his team soon retracted it.
501:
351:
53:
12664:
9732:"Terrestrial glint seen from deep space: oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point"
2684:. Data for Sun-like stars was not available so this statistic is an extrapolation from data about
1228:. Extremely small radial-velocity variations can be observed, of 1 m/s or even somewhat less.
13971:
13737:
13275:
13173:
12876:
12800:
12374:
11912:
11413:
10045:
8506:
6085:"A terrestrial-mass rogue planet candidate detected in the shortest-timescale microlensing event"
3778:
3262:"VLT/SPHERE astrometric confirmation and orbital analysis of the brown dwarf companion HR 2562 B"
1599:
997:
939:, ushered in the modern era of exoplanetary discovery, and was recognized by a share of the 2019
409:
10048:; Fortney, J. J.; Agol, E.; Cowan, N. B.; Showman, A. P.; Cooper, C. S.; Megeath, S. T. (2007).
7107:
4713:
4703:
534:
star was made in 1995, when a giant planet was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby star
224:(sometimes called "goldilocks zone"), where it is possible for liquid water, a prerequisite for
13771:
13579:
13546:
12886:
12767:
12379:
12329:
10884:
10357:
8419:
Buzasi, D. (2013). "Stellar Magnetic Fields As a Heating Source for Extrasolar Giant Planets".
6183:
6151:
6057:"A Rogue Earth-Mass Planet Has Been Discovered Freely Floating in the Milky Way Without a Star"
4222:
Schneider, Jean (2016). "III.8 Exoplanets versus brown dwarfs: The CoRoT view and the future".
3726:
2840:
2563:
2201:
1706:
emissions, thus far, from nine exoplanets with Arecibo also did not result in any discoveries.
1534:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1273:
Animation showing difference between planet transit timing of one-planet and two-planet systems
940:
813:
418:
229:
167:
77:
37:
12354:
11386:
4790:
4762:
Struve, Otto (1952). "Proposal for a project of high-precision stellar radial velocity work".
4699:
542:
by telescopes, but the vast majority have been detected through indirect methods, such as the
12855:
12624:
12499:
12399:
12233:
10686:
9935:
Dobrovolskis, Anthony R. (2013). "Insolation on exoplanets with eccentricity and obliquity".
5223:
2545:
2384:
2256:
1145:
897:. Within a few years, the gravitational effects of the planet on the orbit of the pulsar and
683:
667:
217:
193:
Almost all planets detected so far are within the Milky Way. However, there is evidence that
101:
12424:
11821:
10969:
9706:
9553:
9498:
8778:
8743:
8481:
7567:
6509:
6473:
6227:
6175:
6143:
5990:
4405:
4192:
3942:
3894:
3508:
3287:
13596:
13327:
13168:
13143:
13123:
12733:
12404:
12319:
12015:
11942:
11809:
11650:
11607:
11460:
11326:
11261:
11198:
11175:
Barnes, R.; Mullins, K.; Goldblatt, C.; Meadows, V. S.; Kasting, J. F.; Heller, R. (2013).
11141:
11048:
10965:
10876:
10823:
10748:
10695:
10618:
10532:
10464:
10421:
10349:
10306:
10197:
10074:
9989:
9944:
9909:
9790:
9745:
9655:
9602:
9549:
9486:
9437:
9341:
9284:
9230:
9169:
9116:
9035:
8947:
8868:
8813:
8774:
8739:
8688:
8615:
8556:
8438:
8330:
8209:
8144:
8039:
7983:
7863:
7810:
7749:
7616:
7563:
7509:
7432:
7345:
7292:
7239:
7184:
7127:
7074:
7017:
6911:
6845:
6812:
6759:
6712:
6638:
6585:
6524:
6469:
6418:
6357:
6300:
6223:
6106:
5887:
5769:
5568:
5512:
5463:
5416:
5283:
5242:
5193:
5160:
5121:
5044:
4997:
4933:
4924:
4888:
4844:
4804:
4771:
4581:
4473:
4442:
4430:
4345:
4292:
4188:
4133:
4070:
4013:
3975:
3938:
3925:
Frédéric; Queloz, Didier; Santos, Nuno C.; Ségransan, Damien; Vidal-Madjar, Alfred (2009).
3890:
3853:
3800:
3639:
3546:
3454:
3336:
3283:
3215:
3085:
2996:
2774:
2605:
2591:
2260:
2127:
2122:
2077:
2043:
2014:
1192:
1156:
1076:
917:
855:
847:
640:
547:
350:
on the basis of their formation. It is widely thought that giant planets form through core
260:
194:
116:
112:
5670:
1773:
and starspots on their host stars, in 2019 this claim was demonstrated to be false in the
8:
13976:
13943:
13817:
13759:
13290:
12936:
12484:
12464:
12419:
12389:
12198:
12193:
11992:
11305:"Tidal heating of terrestrial extrasolar planets and implications for their habitability"
2896:
2807:
2646:
2587:
2484:
2359:
2240:
2168:
2085:
1553:
1541:
of a star and the probability that the star hosts a giant planet, similar to the size of
1466:
1441:
1430:
1196:
1016:
975:
600:
520:
497:
469:
317:
97:
11861:
11813:
11654:
11611:
11464:
11330:
11265:
11202:
11145:
11052:
10880:
10827:
10752:
10716:
10699:
10681:
10622:
10536:
10468:
10425:
10353:
10310:
10201:
10078:
10049:
9993:
9948:
9913:
9749:
9659:
9606:
9561:
9490:
9441:
9418:
Charbonneau, David; et al. (2002). "Detection of an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere".
9345:
9288:
9234:
9173:
9120:
9039:
8951:
8872:
8817:
8692:
8619:
8560:
8442:
8334:
8213:
8148:
8043:
8020:"Photometrically derived masses and radii of the planet and star in the TrES-2 system".
7987:
7867:
7814:
7753:
7620:
7513:
7436:
7349:
7296:
7243:
7188:
7131:
7078:
7021:
6915:
6849:
6816:
6763:
6716:
6642:
6589:
6528:
6422:
6361:
6304:
6110:
5805:
5773:
5572:
5516:
5467:
5420:
5246:
5197:
5164:
5125:
5048:
5001:
4937:
4892:
4848:
4808:
4775:
4585:
4477:
4434:
4349:
4296:
4137:
4074:
4017:
3979:
3857:
3804:
3643:
3550:
3458:
3340:
3219:
3089:
3000:
2778:
1970:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1895:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1847:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1471:
489:. Various detection claims made in the nineteenth century were rejected by astronomers.
56:
to Jupiter (on left) using approximate models of planetary radius as a function of mass.
13931:
13919:
13732:
13671:
12532:
12449:
12409:
12324:
12024:
11905:
11835:
11799:
11597:
11476:
11450:
11344:
11316:
11285:
11251:
11219:
11188:
11176:
11157:
11131:
11069:
11038:
11026:
10981:
10955:
10902:
10866:
10839:
10813:
10739:
Amend, J. P.; Teske, A. (2005). "Expanding frontiers in deep subsurface microbiology".
10634:
10608:
10548:
10522:
10488:
10437:
10411:
10383:
10213:
10187:
10098:
10064:
10005:
9979:
9847:
9771:
9679:
9645:
9618:
9592:
9565:
9539:
9512:
9476:
9453:
9427:
9370:
9331:
9319:
9300:
9274:
9246:
9220:
9193:
9159:
9132:
9106:
9053:
9025:
8963:
8937:
8884:
8858:
8831:
8712:
8678:
8605:
8574:
8546:
8454:
8428:
8320:
8227:
8199:
8168:
8134:
8079:
8055:
8029:
8001:
7973:
7879:
7853:
7826:
7800:
7765:
7739:
7632:
7606:
7579:
7553:
7525:
7499:
7455:
7422:
7408:
7361:
7335:
7308:
7282:
7255:
7251:
7229:
7202:
7174:
7143:
7117:
7090:
7064:
7035:
7007:
6973:
6955:
6927:
6901:
6871:
6835:
6802:
6775:
6749:
6654:
6628:
6601:
6575:
6548:
6436:
6408:
6375:
6347:
6316:
6290:
6239:
6213:
6124:
6096:
6035:
5952:"NASA's Kepler Space Telescope Finds Hundreds of New Exoplanets, Boosts Total to 4,034"
5759:
5748:"The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets*"
5592:
5558:
5530:
5432:
5258:
5232:
5062:
5013:
4904:
4597:
4446:
4420:
4361:
4335:
4308:
4282:
4255:
4227:
4204:
4178:
4149:
4123:
4096:
4060:
4029:
4003:
3906:
3880:
3843:
3816:
3790:
3676:
3657:
3629:
3562:
3536:
3478:
3444:
3352:
3326:
3273:
3241:
3205:
3108:
3075:
3061:
3020:
2986:
2955:
2764:
2752:
2439:
2393:
2027:
Atmospheres have been detected around several exoplanets. The first to be observed was
1692:
1638:
1627:
1426:
1103:
964:
890:
706:
695:
675:
671:
158:(also known as PSR B1257+12 A or PSR B1257+12 b), which is about twice the mass of the
10835:
10630:
10508:"Strong Dependence of the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone on Planetary Rotation Rate"
10433:
9614:
9296:
9242:
8450:
7875:
7761:
6312:
5081:
4516:
4304:
4025:
3348:
2076:, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be
1522:. Despite this, several tens of planets around red dwarfs have been discovered by the
1062:
1050:
761:
13616:
13505:
13392:
12780:
12414:
12162:
12157:
12106:
11956:
11886:
11825:
11783:
11766:
11747:
11727:
11711:
11694:
11686:
11667:
11659:
11623:
11480:
11472:
11392:
11339:
11304:
11277:
11224:
11161:
11153:
11074:
10985:
10721:
10544:
10480:
10441:
10387:
10375:
10322:
10256:
10237:
10217:
10209:
10090:
9775:
9671:
9622:
9569:
9516:
9502:
9375:
9357:
9304:
9185:
9128:
8959:
8716:
8704:
8578:
8458:
8222:
8187:
8172:
8160:
8051:
8005:
7996:
7961:
7883:
7822:
7650:
7636:
7628:
7460:
7365:
7357:
7312:
7206:
7162:
7147:
7094:
7086:
7039:
7030:
6995:
6875:
6861:
6834:. Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature. pp. 2319–2343.
6540:
6440:
6370:
6335:
6155:
6144:
6128:
5787:
5596:
5584:
5534:
5481:
5319:
4964:
4908:
4742:
4717:
4491:
4450:
4312:
4259:
4245:
4153:
4145:
4088:
4033:
3820:
3661:
3652:
3615:
3566:
3558:
3470:
3356:
3228:
3140:
3113:
3012:
2947:
2651:
2526:
2363:
2176:
1998:
1921:
1783:
1779:
1747:
1293:
971:
contains the first discovered planet that orbits a binary main-sequence star system.
710:
702:
178:. However, according to some definitions of a planet (based on the nuclear fusion of
20:
11839:
11348:
10843:
10801:
10638:
10552:
10009:
10001:
9457:
9250:
9197:
9136:
9057:
8967:
8835:
8231:
8059:
7830:
7786:"Direct Imaging of a Cold Jovian Exoplanet in Orbit around the Sun-like Star GJ 504"
7769:
7583:
7529:
7259:
6977:
6779:
6658:
6605:
6379:
6320:
6243:
5262:
5066:
4464:
Liebert, James (2003). "Nomenclature: Brown Dwarfs, Gas Giant Planets, and ?".
4365:
4208:
4100:
3966:
Kumar, Shiv S. (2003). "Nomenclature: Brown Dwarfs, Gas Giant Planets, and ?".
3910:
3245:
2959:
787:
13895:
13533:
13158:
12906:
12669:
12659:
12519:
12469:
12359:
12349:
12273:
12203:
12188:
11987:
11817:
11615:
11468:
11334:
11289:
11269:
11214:
11206:
11149:
11064:
11056:
10973:
10906:
10894:
10831:
10756:
10711:
10703:
10626:
10540:
10492:
10472:
10429:
10367:
10314:
10246:
10205:
10132:
10102:
10082:
9997:
9952:
9917:
9761:
9753:
9683:
9663:
9610:
9557:
9494:
9445:
9365:
9349:
9292:
9238:
9177:
9124:
9043:
9012:
Demory, Brice-Olivier; Gillon, Michael; Madhusudhan, Nikku; Queloz, Didier (2015).
8955:
8888:
8876:
8821:
8782:
8747:
8696:
8623:
8564:
8446:
8338:
8217:
8152:
8047:
7991:
7871:
7818:
7757:
7624:
7571:
7517:
7450:
7440:
7353:
7300:
7247:
7192:
7135:
7082:
7025:
6965:
6931:
6919:
6853:
6794:
6767:
6720:
6646:
6593:
6552:
6532:
6487:
6477:
6426:
6365:
6308:
6231:
6114:
5777:
5648:"Population of Known Alien Planets Nearly Doubles as NASA Discovers 715 New Worlds"
5576:
5520:
5471:
5436:
5424:
5380:
5250:
5201:
5129:
5052:
5017:
5005:
4941:
4896:
4852:
4812:
4601:
4589:
4438:
4353:
4300:
4241:
4237:
4196:
4141:
4078:
4021:
3946:
3898:
3808:
3647:
3554:
3482:
3462:
3344:
3291:
3233:
3223:
3103:
3093:
3024:
3004:
2937:
2929:
2782:
2515:
2476:
2327:
could have liquid water at sufficient depths underground. In an earlier era of the
1939:
rings would still be aligned with the planet's equator so that if the planet has a
1645:
1614:
In 2013, the color of an exoplanet was determined for the first time. The best-fit
1594:
1088:
902:
874:
873:
that produced the pulsar, in a second round of planet formation, or else to be the
615:
210:
81:
10654:"Scientists Think They've Narrowed Down The Star Systems Most Likely to Host Life"
10137:
10120:
9393:
7675:
7575:
7379:
6969:
6857:
6482:
6455:
6235:
4200:
3951:
3926:
3296:
3261:
2297:
and hence the pattern of clouds: slowly rotating planets create thick clouds that
1148:. All exoplanets that have been directly imaged are both large (more massive than
709:
made another prominent series of detection claims, this time for planets orbiting
389:
formed through gravitational instability and should not be thought of as planets.
12604:
12444:
12344:
12268:
12258:
12037:
11707:
Strange New Worlds: The Search for Alien Planets and Life beyond Our Solar System
11619:
10760:
10251:
10232:
10023:
9956:
9921:
8282:
7925:
7727:
7304:
7139:
6263:
3902:
3699:
2579:
1816:
If super-Earths have more than 80 times as much water as Earth, then they become
1806:
1668:
1556:
have been discovered which orbit both members of a binary star. A few planets in
1137:
801:
427:
243:
155:
44:
9900:
Dobrovolskis, Anthony R. (2015). "Insolation patterns on eccentric exoplanets".
3812:
2066:
1675:
resulting in the highest albedos at most optical and near-infrared wavelengths.
1203:
1038:
713:. Astronomers now generally regard all early reports of detection as erroneous.
40:
over the course of seven years. Motion is interpolated from annual observations.
13955:
13883:
13404:
13377:
13332:
13249:
12509:
12504:
12309:
12218:
10707:
10682:"Metal-rich stars are less suitable for the evolution of life on their planets"
8786:
8751:
8645:"Magnetic Fields of 'Hot Jupiter' Exoplanets Are Much Stronger Than We Thought"
8628:
8593:
8569:
8534:
8343:
8308:
7483:
7479:
6431:
6394:
6119:
6084:
6061:
5978:
5782:
5747:
5407:
Mayor, M.; Queloz, D. (1995). "A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star".
4900:
4083:
4048:
3496:
2613:
2352:
2276:
2244:
2207:
2118:
2096:
2061:
2057:
2001:
was announced. On 3 October 2018, evidence suggesting a large exomoon orbiting
1763:
1527:
1492:
1225:
1176:
772:
721:
691:
644:
596:
543:
539:
221:
136:
11547:
10977:
10898:
8700:
6725:
6700:
6395:"3D Orbital Architecture of a Dwarf Binary System and Its Planetary Companion"
5385:
3432:
561:
On 21 March 2022, the 5000th exoplanet beyond the Solar System was confirmed.
246:. The rogue planets in the Milky Way possibly number in the billions or more.
13965:
13489:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12314:
12253:
12208:
12147:
12142:
12117:
12052:
12042:
12032:
11627:
9361:
8708:
8511:
7487:
6012:
5791:
4817:
4092:
3433:"A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri"
2609:
2389:
2380:
2308:
2283:
1932:
1770:
1736:
1732:
1631:
1503:
1330:
1314:
1221:
925:
913:
894:
886:
866:
793:
733:
725:
648:
604:
531:
527:
235:
120:
13207:
11892:
11094:"A warmer planetary haven around cool stars, as ice warms rather than cools"
10371:
9181:
9048:
9013:
8156:
7445:
6392:
5580:
5288:
3431:
Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Amado, Pedro J.; Barnes, John; et al. (2016).
3191:"Discovery of a Substellar Companion to the Nearby Debris Disk Host HR 2562"
3098:
2702:
For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, Earth-sized means 1–2 Earth radii.
1075:
In September 2020, astronomers reported evidence, for the first time, of an
13907:
13484:
13434:
12790:
12775:
12654:
12551:
12474:
12243:
12223:
12213:
12111:
12047:
11281:
11228:
11119:
11078:
11027:"Effects of Extreme Obliquity Variations on the Habitability of Exoplanets"
10725:
10658:
10484:
10379:
10326:
10260:
10094:
9675:
9379:
9353:
9189:
8164:
7464:
7197:
6889:
6544:
6510:"A giant planet orbiting the 'extreme horizontal branch' star V 391 Pegasi"
5588:
5485:
3474:
3117:
3016:
2951:
2920:
2583:
2566:– Mission to look for large numbers of exoplanets using the transit method.
2451:
2324:
2264:
2247:
by living plants and many kinds of microorganisms, so it can be used as an
2215:
2211:
2193:
2081:
2039:
2002:
1994:
1817:
1794:
1728:
1488:
1436:
1246:
suggest the existence of a second planet in the system, the non-transiting
1106:
944:
909:
821:
611:
569:
555:
493:
486:
359:
295:
271:
128:
73:
11363:
11273:
11210:
11060:
10802:"The Steppenwolf: A Proposal for a Habitable Planet in Interstellar Space"
10318:
5149:
Lawton, A. T.; Wright, P. (1989). "A planetary system for Gamma Cephei?".
4922:
van de Kamp, P. (1969). "Alternate dynamical analysis of Barnard's star".
2933:
992:, a near-Earth-size planet orbiting the habitable zone of a G2-type star.
13499:
12716:
12494:
12489:
12459:
12429:
12384:
12339:
12334:
12263:
12248:
12183:
12127:
12122:
12088:
12073:
12068:
12062:
9757:
9432:
9072:"Scientists Discover a Saturn-like Ring System Eclipsing a Sun-like Star"
8826:
8801:
7558:
6906:
6792:
6633:
6580:
5237:
4988:; Shemar, S. L. (1991). "A planet orbiting the neutron star PSR1829–10".
4985:
4425:
3580:
3190:
2685:
2681:
2533:
2491:
2465:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2315:
2163:
Artist's illustration of temperature inversion in exoplanet's atmosphere.
2028:
1928:
1917:
1865:
1810:
1790:
1724:
1684:
1653:
1557:
1549:
1538:
989:
955:
929:
921:
898:
839:
835:
825:
797:
729:
717:
663:
660:
636:
632:
347:
288:
183:
80:, As of 19 September 2024, there are 5,759 confirmed exoplanets in 4,300
10476:
10086:
9667:
6536:
3614:
Strigari, L. E.; Barnabè, M.; Marshall, P. J.; Blandford, R. D. (2012).
3466:
3237:
3008:
2942:
1691:
The magnetic fields of exoplanets are thought to be detectable by their
1518:
M) are less likely to have planets massive enough to be detected by the
12687:
12454:
12228:
12152:
12078:
12057:
10024:"NASA, ESA, and K. Haynes and A. Mandell (Goddard Space Flight Center)"
9766:
9730:
Marshak, Alexander; Várnai, Tamás; Kostinski, Alexander (15 May 2017).
8903:"Super Earths Likely To Have Both Oceans and Continents – Astrobiology"
6492:
5344:
3501:"As Ranks of Goldilocks Planets Grow, Astronomers Consider What's Next"
2522:
2416:
2367:
2181:
2131:
2049:
1940:
1619:
1603:
1454:
1247:
1243:
1160:
1080:
1007:, the first Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone detected by TESS.
859:
447:
216:
The discovery of exoplanets has intensified interest in the search for
202:
13950:
3315:
1786:
also failed to find signs of these magnetic star-planet interactions.
985:
planets are mostly between the size of Neptune and the size of Earth.
523:, with the discovery of several terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the
13642:
13459:
13429:
12137:
12132:
12098:
12083:
11388:
The Mystery of the Seven Spheres: How Homo sapiens will Conquer Space
11024:
10050:"A map of the day–night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b"
8594:"ROME. III. The Arecibo Search for Star–Planet Interactions at 5 GHz"
8272:"Radio Detection of Extrasolar Planets: Present and Future Prospects"
5428:
5057:
5032:
5009:
4593:
3704:
2727:
2469:
2459:
2432:
2248:
1774:
1751:
1743:
1661:
1511:
1326:
1110:
1004:
968:
932:
893:), determined that a third object was needed to explain the observed
878:
870:
565:
535:
451:
284:
239:
179:
171:
144:
140:
10400:
9731:
6281:
Planet and a Second Planet Detected Via Transit Timing Variations".
5476:
5451:
3405:"Scientists Find Evidence of Thousands of Planets in Distant Galaxy"
3043:"Astronomers answer key question: How common are habitable planets?"
2751:
Seager, S.; Kuchner, M.; Hier-Majumder, C. A.; Militzer, B. (2007).
1479:
967:
became the first main-sequence star known to have multiple planets.
496:, was noted in 1917, but was not recognized as such. The astronomer
13878:
13382:
13300:
12527:
11177:"Tidal Venuses: Triggering a Climate Catastrophe via Tidal Heating"
9449:
9336:
9030:
8880:
8683:
8610:
8551:
8325:
7521:
7012:
6960:
6923:
6840:
6771:
6650:
6597:
6413:
6101:
6040:
5764:
5254:
5206:
5179:
5134:
5109:
4945:
4856:
4676:
4357:
4287:
4232:
4065:
3795:
3449:
3278:
3210:
2786:
2601:
2502:
2328:
2107:
1742:
In August 2018, scientists announced the transformation of gaseous
1623:
1607:
1445:
1409:
423:
49:
11804:
11602:
11455:
11321:
11256:
11193:
11136:
11043:
10960:
10871:
10818:
10613:
10527:
10416:
10192:
10069:
9984:
9650:
9597:
9544:
9481:
9279:
9225:
9164:
9111:
8942:
8863:
8433:
8204:
8139:
8084:
8034:
7978:
7858:
7805:
7744:
7611:
7504:
7427:
7340:
7287:
7234:
7179:
7122:
7069:
6807:
6754:
6701:"Search and investigation of extra-solar planets with polarimetry"
6352:
6295:
6218:
5615:"NASA's Kepler Mission Announces a Planet Bonanza, 715 New Worlds"
5563:
5525:
5500:
4871:
4736:
4340:
4183:
4128:
4008:
3885:
3848:
3634:
3541:
3331:
3080:
2991:
2769:
2750:
1735:
creating an electric current through the planet that heats it up (
28:
13372:
13367:
13320:
12539:
10153:"Oxygen Is Not Definitive Evidence of Life on Extrasolar Planets"
9699:"Spotting Mysterious Twinkles on Earth From a Million Miles Away"
6888:
6275:
5983:"Earth-Size Planets Among Final Tally of NASA's Kepler Telescope"
3430:
3409:
3167:
2917:
2348:
1988:
1755:
1649:
1542:
1188:
When the star is behind a planet, its brightness will seem to dim
1184:
1149:
948:
610:
In the eighteenth century, the same possibility was mentioned by
175:
33:
11761:
Infinite Worlds: An Illustrated Voyage to Planets Beyond Our Sun
11432:
9871:"Forget "Earth-Like"—We'll First Find Aliens on Eyeball Planets"
8983:"Astronomers May Have Found Volcanoes 40 Light-Years From Earth"
4166:
3613:
3523:
1698:
emissions with sensitive low-frequency radio telescopes such as
1602:
compares the colors of planets in the Solar System to exoplanet
1325:(the small, ultradense remnant of a star that has exploded as a
1132:
13742:
13633:
13511:
13342:
12850:
12178:
12002:
11937:
11495:"NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Bigger, Older Cousin to Earth"
9470:
6739:
6008:"Astronomers may have found the first planet in another galaxy"
5697:"NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Bigger, Older Cousin to Earth"
4791:"On Certain Anomalies presented by the Binary Star 70 Ophiuchi"
3727:"Working Group on Extrasolar Planets: Definition of a "Planet""
3677:"IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes"
2812:
2560:– Space telescope that found the first transiting rocky planet.
2499:
2298:
2224:
2172:
1759:
1703:
1615:
1487:
There is at least one planet on average per star. About 1 in 5
1449:
1322:
863:
768:
524:
206:
69:
10857:
Loeb, A. (2014). "The habitable epoch of the early Universe".
10043:
8124:
7919:
The Apparent Brightness and Size of Exoplanets and their Stars
2438:
When looking at the nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates,
1671:-dependent, this is not always the case in the near infrared.
564:
On 11 January 2023, NASA scientists reported the detection of
228:
as we know it, to exist on the surface. However, the study of
220:. There is special interest in planets that orbit in a star's
13680:
13563:
13555:
13347:
11897:
11882:
11174:
10506:
Yang, J.; Boué, G. L.; Fabrycky, D. C.; Abbot, D. S. (2014).
9095:
9011:
8848:
7220:
Johnson, R. E. (2010). "Thermally-Diven Atmospheric Escape".
6944:
6801:. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. pp. 319–346.
5721:"Discovery alert! Oddball planet could surrender its secrets"
4224:
Exoplanets versus brown dwarfs: the CoRoT view and the future
3776:
2595:
2557:
2100:
2073:
1695:
132:
10922:"Home, sweet exomoon: The new frontier in the search for ET"
7542:
6989:
6987:
6674:"Using the Theory of Relativity and BEER to Find Exoplanets"
5859:. NASA Exoplanet Archive, California Institute of Technology
5744:
13765:
11242:
Heller, R.; Armstrong, J. (2014). "Superhabitable Worlds".
9149:
7843:
7052:
6996:"In Situ and Ex Situ Formation Models of Kepler 11 Planets"
6993:
6829:
6506:
6454:
Sozzetti, A.; Pinamonti, M.; et al. (September 2023).
5956:
5701:
5619:
4547:
4380:"Exoplanet Criteria for Inclusion in the Exoplanet Archive"
3258:
2868:
2680:
For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "Sun-like" means
2252:
2219:
2159:
1797:
compared to Jupiter's surface magnetic field of 4.3 gauss.
1561:
889:, who were studying what they thought was a binary pulsar (
225:
159:
13902:
11583:
10945:
9635:
8101:"Unlocking the Secrets of an Alien World's Magnetic Field"
7966:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
7409:"Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars"
5547:
5278:"Scientists Uncover Evidence of New Planets Orbiting Star"
5177:
4712:
by Giordano Bruno (1584). Boston, MA: Birkhäuser. p.
4705:
To Infinity and Beyond: A Cultural History of the Infinite
3777:
Lecavelier des Etangs, A.; Lissauer, Jack J. (June 2022).
3062:"Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars"
2975:
1789:
In 2019, the strength of the surface magnetic fields of 4
943:. Technological advances, most notably in high-resolution
850:, using a 1.4 arcsec occulting mask on top of AB Pictoris.
13139:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
10775:"Further away planets 'can support life' say researchers"
9263:
7046:
6984:
5220:
3923:
3424:
2106:
In June 2015, scientists reported that the atmosphere of
1499:
1498:
Most known exoplanets orbit stars roughly similar to the
11571:"Trading spaces: How swapping stars create hot Jupiters"
9582:
9530:
Seager, S.; Deming, D. (2010). "Exoplanet Atmospheres".
8668:
7782:
5110:"A search for substellar companions to solar-type stars"
3992:
3833:
2323:
habitable zone extends much further from the star, even
1630:, which if seen up close would appear reddish in color.
11117:
10296:
8018:
7492:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
6697:
5613:
Johnson, Michele; Harrington, J.D. (26 February 2014).
5073:
4737:
Newton, Isaac; I. Bernard Cohen; Anne Whitman (1999) .
4543:"Overlooked Treasure: The First Evidence of Exoplanets"
4328:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
2468:, a 1.2-Earth-radius planet in the habitable zone of a
1003:
In January 2020, scientists announced the discovery of
775:. The light from the central star was blanked out by a
298:", no matter how they formed or where they are located.
197:, exoplanets located in other galaxies, may exist. The
11302:
10037:
9729:
8395:"Super-Earths Get Magnetic 'Shield' from Liquid Metal"
7890:
7477:
7160:
6793:
D'Angelo, G.; Durisen, R. H.; Lissauer, J. J. (2011).
6203:
5725:
Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
5180:"Gamma Cephei – Rotation or planetary companion?"
4872:"A Career of Controversy: The Anomaly of T. J. J. See"
4325:
2494:
is the first discovered near-Earth-size planet in the
2475:
Proxima Centauri b, a planet in the habitable zone of
1155:
Specially designed direct-imaging instruments such as
812:
Campbell, G. A. H. Walker, and Stephenson Yang of the
13867:
10505:
10177:
8729:
7898:"Helium-Shrouded Planets May Be Common in Our Galaxy"
7407:
Petigura, E. A.; Howard, A. W.; Marcy, G. W. (2013).
7380:"Artist's impression of exoplanet orbiting two stars"
6197:
5911:"NASA Kepler Results Usher in a New Era of Astronomy"
3870:
3060:
Petigura, E. A.; Howard, A. W.; Marcy, G. W. (2013).
1610:
droplets, which scatter blue light in its atmosphere.
1331:
The first confirmed discovery of an extrasolar planet
492:
The first evidence of a possible exoplanet, orbiting
9320:"Evidence for a large exomoon orbiting Kepler-1625b"
7725:
4113:
1483:
Artist's impression of exoplanet orbiting two stars.
862:
announced the discovery of two planets orbiting the
554:, combined with a planet detection technique called
530:. The first confirmation of an exoplanet orbiting a
11647:
The Crowded Universe: The Search for Living Planets
10582:"Real-life Sci-Fi World #2: the Hot Eyeball planet"
9394:"Cloudy versus clear atmospheres on two exoplanets"
9318:Teachey, Alex; Kipping, David M. (1 October 2018).
8799:
7962:"Detection of visible light from the darkest world"
7406:
6705:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
5492:
4961:
The Crowded Universe: The Search for Living Planets
3136:"Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets"
3129:
3127:
3059:
2366:which thaws the planet again. Planets with a large
603:
theory that Earth and other planets orbit the Sun (
434:with the dividing line at around 5 Jupiter masses.
182:), it is too massive to be a planet and might be a
11414:"Closest 'Alien Earth' May Be 13 Light-Years Away"
11364:"A Review of the Best Habitable Planet Candidates"
7928:, Abel Mendez, updated 30 June 2012, 12:10 pm
7402:
7400:
7272:
5917:
5909:Harrington, J. D.; Johnson, M. (4 November 2013).
5107:
4649:"Cosmic Milestone: NASA Confirms 5,000 Exoplanets"
4406:"Planetesimals To Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet?"
4272:
3311:
3309:
3307:
2864:"Cosmic Milestone: NASA Confirms 5,000 Exoplanets"
2023:Clear versus cloudy atmospheres on two exoplanets.
1750:form. This may help researchers better understand
1567:
1560:systems are known and one in the quadruple system
885:In the early 1990s, a group of astronomers led by
595:In the sixteenth century, the Italian philosopher
12816:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
12811:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
11411:
11362:Gilster, Paul; LePage, Andrew (30 January 2015).
11309:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
10741:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
9523:
9018:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
8592:Route, Matthew; Wolszczan, Alex (1 August 2023).
8192:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
7167:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
6453:
6340:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
5908:
5695:Johnson, Michelle; Chou, Felicia (23 July 2015).
5612:
5309:
5108:Campbell, B.; Walker, G. A. H.; Yang, S. (1988).
4796:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3621:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2971:
2969:
2134:would have more complicated insolation patterns.
1606:. The exoplanet's deep blue color is produced by
13963:
12435:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
11001:"Astronomers: 'Tilt-a-worlds' could harbor life"
10679:
10119:Ollivier, Marc; Maurel, Marie-Christine (2014).
10114:
10112:
9210:
8073:
8071:
8069:
6083:Mroz, Przemek; et al. (29 September 2020).
4983:
3124:
2753:"Mass–radius relationships for solid exoplanets"
2411:List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates
2400:
1634:are expected to be white or grey in appearance.
1152:) and widely separated from their parent stars.
1109:unbounded by any star, and free floating in the
11355:
11303:Jackson, B.; Barnes, R.; Greenberg, R. (2008).
11241:
11235:
10680:Shapiro, Anna V.; et al. (18 April 2023).
10171:
9969:
8802:"Geological consequences of super-sized Earths"
8764:
8098:
7837:
7414:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7397:
6135:
4921:
4869:
4741:. University of California Press. p. 940.
3489:
3304:
3067:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2889:
2637:Detecting Earth from distant star-based systems
2342:
1916:was occulted by an object that is circled by a
1207:Exoplanet detections per year as of August 2023
186:. Known orbital times for exoplanets vary from
127:have been observed around a star. About 1 in 5
10598:
10454:
10118:
9843:"A Planet with a Tail Nine Million Miles Long"
9723:
9317:
8591:
7959:
7939:"Coal-Black Alien Planet Is Darkest Ever Seen"
6033:
5312:La presencia humana más allá del sistema solar
5024:
4571:
4397:
2966:
2392:'s. In some planetary systems, such as in the
724:and S. L. Shemar claimed to have discovered a
139:. Assuming there are 200 billion stars in the
13237:
13223:
11913:
11536:
11361:
10340:Seager, S. (2013). "Exoplanet Habitability".
10224:
10109:
9834:
9690:
8498:
8465:
8246:"Radio Telescopes Could Help Find Exoplanets"
8066:
7960:Kipping, David M.; Spiegel, David S. (2011).
7931:
7776:
6447:
6082:
5688:
5608:
5606:
5152:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
4952:
4534:
3753:"Official Working Definition of an Exoplanet"
2548:of planets by neighboring stars is possible.
2314:Planets in the habitable zones of stars with
2206:As more planets are discovered, the field of
1793:were estimated and ranged between 20 and 120
631:In 1952, more than 40 years before the first
333:)) are "planets" (no matter how they formed).
11709:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11405:
10799:
10673:
10645:
10233:"Exoplanets – Introduction to Special Issue"
9934:
9899:
9529:
9097:Circumsecondary and Circumplanetary Disks".
7101:
6565:
6027:
5971:
5671:"Kepler telescope bags huge haul of planets"
5148:
4788:
4663:
4567:
4565:
4457:
3779:"The IAU working definition of an exoplanet"
3396:
2855:
2800:
2722:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2294:
2293:is one of the major factors determining the
2290:
1993:In December 2013 a candidate exomoon of the
920:announced the first definitive detection of
572:– and the first exoplanet discovered by the
9576:
9532:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
9417:
8279:NRL, NASA/GSFC, NRAO, Observatoìre de Paris
7726:Evans, T. M.; Pont, F. D. R.; Sing, D. K.;
7596:
6076:
6048:
5999:
5943:
5694:
5406:
5373:"Lessons from scorching hot weirdo-planets"
3697:
3363:
3155:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2608:telescope, sited on the levelled summit of
2525:system contains four planets in an 8:6:4:3
1537:, a correlation has been found between the
450:is the first discovered planet around star
13230:
13216:
11920:
11906:
11781:. New Earth Labs (Education and Outreach).
10738:
10276:"Alien Life More Likely on 'Dune' Planets"
10230:
9143:
8927:
7536:
7471:
7319:
6386:
6257:Planet Hunting: Finding Earth-like Planets
5871:
5714:
5712:
5603:
5030:
4977:
4739:The Principia: A New Translation and Guide
4492:"ESO's SPHERE Unveils its First Exoplanet"
4403:
4046:
3402:
3053:
3036:
3034:
2883:
1416:
1339:Variable star timing (pulsation frequency)
1094:Also in September 2020, astronomers using
550:. In February 2018, researchers using the
508:. He interpreted the spectrum to be of an
11978:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
11803:
11601:
11586:"CoRoT: Harvest of the exoplanet program"
11454:
11438:
11338:
11320:
11255:
11218:
11192:
11135:
11068:
11042:
10959:
10888:
10870:
10817:
10715:
10612:
10526:
10415:
10361:
10250:
10191:
10145:
10136:
10068:
9983:
9816:"New-found exoplanet is evaporating away"
9765:
9696:
9649:
9596:
9543:
9480:
9431:
9369:
9335:
9278:
9224:
9163:
9110:
9047:
9029:
9014:"Variability in the super-Earth 55 Cnc e"
8941:
8862:
8825:
8682:
8627:
8609:
8568:
8550:
8432:
8342:
8324:
8221:
8203:
8138:
8083:
8033:
7995:
7977:
7857:
7804:
7743:
7610:
7557:
7503:
7454:
7444:
7426:
7339:
7286:
7233:
7196:
7178:
7121:
7068:
7029:
7011:
6959:
6905:
6839:
6806:
6753:
6724:
6632:
6618:
6579:
6491:
6481:
6430:
6412:
6369:
6351:
6333:
6294:
6217:
6118:
6100:
6039:
5781:
5763:
5639:
5562:
5524:
5475:
5384:
5310:Rodriguez Baquero, Oscar Augusto (2017).
5236:
5205:
5133:
5082:"Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog"
5056:
4816:
4562:
4424:
4339:
4286:
4231:
4221:
4182:
4127:
4082:
4064:
4007:
3959:
3950:
3884:
3847:
3794:
3651:
3633:
3585:"A Guide to Lonely Planets in the Galaxy"
3540:
3448:
3330:
3295:
3277:
3227:
3209:
3107:
3097:
3079:
2990:
2941:
2768:
2717:
2705:
2379:If a planet has an eccentric orbit, then
1574:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
1475:The Morgan-Keenan spectral classification
13982:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
12846:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
8980:
6786:
6671:
6141:
5498:
5101:
4697:
4517:"International Astronomical Union | IAU"
4404:Basri, Gibor; Brown, Michael E. (2006).
4047:Schlaufman, Kevin C. (22 January 2018).
2890:O'Callaghan, Jonthan (23 January 2023).
2691:
2669:
2407:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
2158:
2033:
2018:
1864:Large surface temperature variations on
1626:which visually has a magenta color, and
1593:
1478:
1470:
1260:
1202:
1183:
1131:
1010:
830:
739:
504:, produced a spectrum of the star using
441:
43:
27:
19:For the album by The Contortionist, see
11822:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch036
11758:Villard, Ray; Cook, Lynette R. (2005).
11384:
10919:
9868:
9499:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch032
8360:"Forbidden plants, forbidden chemistry"
8185:
8077:
7219:
6823:
5977:
5709:
5662:
5366:
5364:
5362:
4463:
3495:
3403:Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (5 February 2018).
3182:
3040:
3031:
2861:
2415:A review in 2015 identified exoplanets
1583:
1460:
479:
278:was defined by the following criteria:
52:, an exoplanet in the constellation of
13964:
11568:
11544:"NAM2010 at the University of Glasgow"
11515:
11366:. Centauri Dreams, Tau Zero Foundation
11091:
10998:
10339:
9840:
9788:
8418:
7702:"NASA Hubble Finds a True Blue Planet"
7699:
7325:
6994:D'Angelo, G.; Bodenheimer, P. (2016).
6150:. Cambridge University Press. p.
5501:"Three planets for Upsilon Andromedae"
5450:Gibney, Elizabeth (18 December 2013).
5449:
5316:Human presence beyond the solar system
5171:
4761:
4614:
4540:
4443:10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125058
3369:
2154:
2142:
1782:of their host stars, conducted by the
472:. A limited number of exoplanets have
13211:
13154:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
11901:
11412:Howell, Elizabeth (6 February 2013).
10859:International Journal of Astrobiology
10800:Abbot, D. S.; Switzer, E. R. (2011).
10651:
10274:Choi, Charles Q. (1 September 2011).
10159:. Astrobiology Web. 10 September 2015
9791:"Evaporating exoplanet stirs up dust"
8642:
8532:
8504:
8471:
8393:Choi, Charles Q. (22 November 2012).
8351:
8306:
6054:
6005:
5949:
5902:
5877:
5541:
5400:
5332:
5318:] (in Spanish). RBA. p. 29.
5275:
5079:
4541:Landau, Elizabeth (1 November 2017).
3965:
3579:
2744:
2445:
2113:
2056:As of February 2014, more than fifty
1644:The darkest known planet in terms of
854:On 9 January 1992, radio astronomers
654:
579:
13850:
12836:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
12826:Habitability of neutron star systems
11883:The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
10856:
10273:
10231:Cruz, Maria; Coontz, Robert (2013).
8392:
8357:
8099:Charles Q. Choi (20 November 2014).
6266:. Scientific Computing. 19 July 2010
6250:
5925:"NASA's Exoplanet Archive KOI table"
5857:"Exoplanet and Candidate Statistics"
5668:
5645:
5443:
5370:
5359:
4958:
4880:Journal for the History of Astronomy
4669:
3133:
2836:"Exoplanet and Candidate Statistics"
1950:
1927:The brightness of optical images of
1875:
1827:
1491:have an "Earth-sized" planet in the
1440:old. When planets form in a gaseous
1116:
767:The three known planets of the star
517:first suspected scientific detection
13179:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
12806:Habitability of binary star systems
11569:Sutter, Paul M. (9 December 2022).
9697:St. Fleur, Nicholas (19 May 2017).
9562:10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130837
8981:Lemonick, Michael D. (6 May 2015).
8767:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
8732:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
8533:Route, Matthew (10 February 2019).
5669:Amos, Jonathan (26 February 2014).
5087:The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia
4831:
4319:
3700:"Why Planets Will Never Be Defined"
2509:
2091:
1590:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
1578:
1548:Some planets orbit one member of a
1170:
500:, who later became director of the
48:Comparison of the probable size of
13:
13164:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
12821:Habitability of natural satellites
11779:Exoplanets and Alien Solar Systems
11638:
11524:. International Business Times Inc
9869:Raymond, Sean (20 February 2015).
9841:Bhanoo, Sindya N. (25 June 2015).
8800:O'Neill, C.; Lenardic, A. (2007).
7478:Cumming, Andrew; Butler, R. Paul;
4615:Zachos, Elaina (5 February 2018).
3370:Zachos, Elaine (5 February 2018).
2828:
2551:
2175:, and because factors such as the
2072:In May 2017, glints of light from
1800:
694:around one of the stars. However,
14:
14003:
13689:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
12831:Habitability of red dwarf systems
11847:
11764:. University of California Press.
11442:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
10652:Starr, Michelle (19 April 2023).
10180:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
10044:Knutson, H. A.; Charbonneau, D.;
9585:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
8472:Chang, Kenneth (16 August 2018).
6621:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
6180:exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu
6006:Crane, Leah (23 September 2020).
4384:exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu
3198:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
2270:
1683:In 2014, a magnetic field around
1678:
1213:Radial velocity or Doppler method
1127:
1083:, detected by eclipsing a bright
1031:Exoplanet populations – June 2017
13949:
13937:
13925:
13913:
13901:
13889:
13877:
13849:
13838:
13837:
13510:
13504:
13498:
12928:Stars with proto-planetary discs
12892:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
12882:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
12370:Extraterrestrial sample curation
12001:
11854:
11577:
11562:
11509:
11487:
11378:
11340:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13868.x
11296:
11168:
11111:
11085:
11018:
10992:
10939:
10913:
10850:
10793:
10767:
10732:
10592:
10574:
10499:
10448:
10394:
10333:
10290:
10267:
10016:
9963:
9928:
9893:
9862:
9808:
9782:
9629:
9464:
9411:
9386:
9311:
9257:
9204:
9089:
9064:
9005:
8974:
8921:
8895:
8842:
8793:
8758:
8723:
8662:
8636:
8585:
8526:
8412:
8386:
8300:
8264:
8238:
8223:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18528.x
8179:
8118:
8092:
8012:
7997:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01127.x
7953:
7912:
7719:
7693:
7668:
7643:
7590:
7372:
7266:
7213:
7154:
6938:
6882:
6733:
6691:
6665:
6612:
6559:
6500:
6371:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13512.x
5878:Colen, Jerry (4 November 2013).
5718:
5340:"Oldest Known Planet Identified"
5033:"No planet orbiting PS R1829–10"
5031:Lyne, A. G.; Bailes, M. (1992).
4670:Chow, Denise (11 January 2023).
3653:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21009.x
2374:
1955:
1880:
1832:
1256:Transit duration variation (TDV)
1061:
1049:
1037:
988:On 23 July 2015, NASA announced
786:
760:
506:Mount Wilson's 60-inch telescope
466:International Astronomical Union
395:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
268:International Astronomical Union
13813:Habitable zone for complex life
13728:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
12841:Habitable zone for complex life
12279:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
11983:Methods of detecting exoplanets
10999:Kelley, Peter (15 April 2014).
8643:Rabie, Passant (29 July 2019).
7700:Garner, Rob (31 October 2016).
6672:Atkinson, Nancy (13 May 2013).
6327:
6269:
6176:"Pre-generated Exoplanet Plots"
6168:
5849:
5823:
5798:
5738:
5646:Wall, Mike (26 February 2014).
5303:
5276:Holtz, Robert (22 April 1994).
5269:
5214:
5142:
4963:. Basic Books. pp. 31–32.
4915:
4863:
4825:
4782:
4755:
4730:
4710:De l'infinito universo et mondi
4700:"Chapter 24: The New Cosmology"
4691:
4641:
4608:
4509:
4484:
4372:
4266:
4215:
4160:
4107:
4040:
3986:
3917:
3864:
3827:
3770:
3745:
3719:
3691:
3669:
3607:
3573:
3517:
3252:
3134:Khan, Amina (4 November 2013).
3041:Sanders, R. (4 November 2013).
2657:Habitable zone for complex life
2187:
1568:Orbital and physical parameters
1352:Reflection/emission modulations
1123:Methods of detecting exoplanets
1056:Small planets come in two sizes
905:and his collaborators in 1993.
688:United States Naval Observatory
437:
341:
213:, the closest star to the Sun.
109:methods of detecting exoplanets
16:Planet outside the Solar System
13022:Discovered exoplanets by year
11927:
11745:. University of Arizona Press.
11726:. Cambridge University Press.
11518:"Kepler Finds Bizarre Systems"
11516:Emspak, Jesse (2 March 2011).
11092:Kelley, Peter (18 July 2013).
10920:Ridgway, Andy (29 July 2015).
6055:Gough, Evan (1 October 2020).
5371:Wenz, John (10 October 2019).
4242:10.1051/978-2-7598-1876-1.c038
2911:
2862:Brennan, Pat (21 March 2022).
2008:
1510:F, G, or K. Lower-mass stars (
937:Observatoire de Haute-Provence
935:. This discovery, made at the
818:University of British Columbia
476:. Other naming systems exist.
1:
13149:Extrasolar planets in fiction
12796:Extraterrestrial liquid water
11385:Bignami, Giovanni F. (2015).
8851:Astrophysical Journal Letters
8307:Route, Matthew (1 May 2024).
6858:10.1007/978-3-319-55333-7_140
5950:Lewin, Sarah (19 June 2017).
5185:Astrophysical Journal Letters
4413:Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.
2737:
2642:Extrasolar planets in fiction
2490:At 1.63 times Earth's radius
2472:, was reported in April 2014.
2401:Potentially habitable planets
2295:circulation of the atmosphere
1068:Kepler habitable zone planets
249:
174:, about 30 times the mass of
13778:Space Interferometry Mission
13169:Planets in globular clusters
12786:Circumstellar habitable zone
11620:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.03.022
11522:International Business Times
10761:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.10.018
10252:10.1126/science.340.6132.565
9957:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.06.026
9922:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.12.017
9737:Geophysical Research Letters
8806:Geophysical Research Letters
7305:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.07.013
7252:10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/1573
7140:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.06.029
6948:Astronomy & Astrophysics
6461:Astronomy & Astrophysics
6334:Pál, A.; Kocsis, B. (2008).
6206:Astronomy & Astrophysics
5452:"In search of sister earths"
4170:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3266:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2343:Ice ages and snowball states
2198:Circumstellar habitable zone
1823:
1102:, for the first time, of an
701:During the 1950s and 1960s,
599:, an early supporter of the
538:. Some exoplanets have been
432:electron degeneracy pressure
7:
13129:Exoplanet naming convention
12239:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
10948:Planetary and Space Science
10836:10.1088/2041-8205/735/2/L27
10631:10.1088/2041-8205/771/2/L45
10434:10.1088/2041-8205/787/2/L29
10138:10.1051/bioconf/20140200001
9615:10.1088/2041-8205/753/1/L25
9297:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/155
9243:10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/117
8451:10.1088/2041-8205/765/2/L25
7941:. Space.com. 11 August 2011
7876:10.1088/2041-8205/763/2/L32
7762:10.1088/2041-8205/772/2/L16
7576:10.1051/0004-6361:200500193
6970:10.1051/0004-6361/201730822
6483:10.1051/0004-6361/202347329
6313:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/200
6236:10.1051/0004-6361/201117055
4622:National Geographic Society
4305:10.1088/2041-8205/810/2/L25
4201:10.1051/0004-6361/201116713
4026:10.1088/0004-637X/794/2/159
3952:10.1051/0004-6361/200912427
3813:10.1016/j.newar.2022.101641
3377:National Geographic Society
3349:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/120
3297:10.1051/0004-6361/201732476
2630:
2333:cosmic microwave background
2255:at a distance within which
1530:to detect smaller planets.
1015:As of January 2020, NASA's
474:IAU-sanctioned proper names
460:Exoplanet naming convention
367:limit and can be as low as
86:having more than one planet
10:
14008:
13652:James Webb Space Telescope
12365:Extraterrestrial materials
11999:
11741:Seager, Sara, ed. (2011).
11722:Perryman, Michael (2011).
11705:Jayawardhana, Ray (2011).
11473:10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L8
11154:10.1088/2041-8205/785/1/L9
10708:10.1038/s41467-023-37195-4
10545:10.1088/2041-8205/787/1/L2
10210:10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L8
9129:10.1088/0004-6256/143/3/72
8960:10.1088/0004-637X/781/1/27
8787:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.029
8752:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.015
8052:10.1088/0004-637X/761/1/53
7900:. SpaceDaily. 16 June 2015
7823:10.1088/0004-637X/774/1/11
7629:10.1088/0004-6256/149/1/14
7546:Astronomy and Astrophysics
7358:10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/53
7087:10.1088/0004-637X/778/1/77
7031:10.3847/0004-637X/828/1/33
6142:Perryman, Michael (2011).
4901:10.1177/002182869903000102
4146:10.1088/0004-637X/727/1/57
3931:Astronomy and Astrophysics
3903:10.1051/0004-6361:20079321
3873:Astronomy and Astrophysics
3559:10.1088/0004-637X/783/2/68
3229:10.3847/2041-8205/829/1/L4
2808:"Open Exoplanet Catalogue"
2513:
2449:
2404:
2346:
2274:
2191:
2137:
2048:help understand exoplanet
2012:
1986:
1914:1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6
1587:
1571:
1464:
1420:
1285:Gravitational microlensing
1120:
749:
743:
574:James Webb Space Telescope
457:
90:James Webb Space Telescope
18:
13833:
13808:Discoveries of exoplanets
13795:
13783:Terrestrial Planet Finder
13751:
13700:
13663:
13608:
13526:
13519:
13496:
13263:
13245:
13239:Exoplanet search projects
13192:Discoveries of exoplanets
13187:
13116:
12905:
12864:
12766:
12678:
12585:
12518:
12395:Interplanetary dust cloud
12291:
12171:
12097:
12023:
12010:
11965:
11933:
11796:Protostars and Planets VI
11391:. Springer. p. 110.
11124:The Astrophysical Journal
10978:10.1016/j.pss.2014.11.003
10899:10.1017/S1473550414000196
10806:The Astrophysical Journal
10601:The Astrophysical Journal
10515:The Astrophysical Journal
10404:The Astrophysical Journal
10002:10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/7
9972:The Astrophysical Journal
9473:Protostars and Planets VI
9420:The Astrophysical Journal
9267:The Astrophysical Journal
9213:The Astrophysical Journal
8930:The Astrophysical Journal
8701:10.1038/s41550-019-0840-x
8598:The Astrophysical Journal
8539:The Astrophysical Journal
8421:The Astrophysical Journal
8313:The Astrophysical Journal
8022:The Astrophysical Journal
7846:The Astrophysical Journal
7793:The Astrophysical Journal
7732:The Astrophysical Journal
7328:The Astrophysical Journal
7222:The Astrophysical Journal
7056:The Astrophysical Journal
7000:The Astrophysical Journal
6894:The Astrophysical Journal
6742:The Astrophysical Journal
6726:10.1017/S1743921306009252
6283:The Astrophysical Journal
6089:The Astrophysical Journal
5386:10.1146/knowable-101019-2
5114:The Astrophysical Journal
4275:The Astrophysical Journal
4116:The Astrophysical Journal
4053:The Astrophysical Journal
3996:The Astrophysical Journal
3528:The Astrophysical Journal
3319:The Astrophysical Journal
2757:The Astrophysical Journal
2624:ESO's ELT 39.3m telescope
2536:orbit their stars in the
2360:carbon dioxide weathering
2303:runaway greenhouse effect
2149:transmission spectroscopy
1964:This section needs to be
1889:This section needs to be
1841:This section needs to be
1637:The apparent brightness (
1296:away from Sun-like stars.
777:vector vortex coronagraph
746:Discoveries of exoplanets
552:Chandra X-ray Observatory
510:F-type main-sequence star
414:
12897:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
12872:Nearby Habitable Systems
12758:Transit-timing variation
11678:Dorminey, Bruce (2001).
10125:BIO Web of Conferences 2
9099:The Astronomical Journal
8629:10.3847/1538-4357/acd9ad
8570:10.3847/1538-4357/aafc25
8505:Staff (16 August 2018).
8344:10.3847/1538-4357/ad30ff
7599:The Astronomical Journal
6795:"Giant Planet Formation"
6432:10.3847/1538-3881/ac7c66
6400:The Astronomical Journal
6120:10.3847/2041-8213/abbfad
5783:10.3847/1538-3881/aa80eb
5752:The Astronomical Journal
5499:Lissauer, J. J. (1999).
4870:Sherrill, T. J. (1999).
4837:The Astronomical Journal
4415:(Submitted manuscript).
4084:10.3847/1538-4357/aa961c
2662:
1946:
1871:
1423:Accretion (astrophysics)
1234:Transit timing variation
1191:If a planet crosses (or
752:List of exoplanet firsts
502:Mount Wilson Observatory
123:zone. In several cases,
98:environmental conditions
13174:Small planet radius gap
12877:Exoplanet Data Explorer
12801:Galactic habitable zone
12375:Giant-impact hypothesis
10970:2015P&SS..105...43L
10372:10.1126/science.1232226
9554:2010ARA&A..48..631S
9182:10.1126/science.1166609
8779:2011E&PSL.310..252V
8744:2009E&PSL.286..492V
8186:Nichols, J. D. (2011).
8157:10.1126/science.1257829
7568:2005A&A...443L..15B
7446:10.1073/pnas.1319909110
6797:. In S. Seager. (ed.).
6474:2023A&A...677L..15S
6228:2011A&A...534A..58P
5810:sites.astro.caltech.edu
5581:10.1126/science.1210923
4193:2011A&A...532A..79S
3943:2009A&A...505..853B
3895:2008A&A...482..315B
3288:2018A&A...615A.177M
3099:10.1073/pnas.1319909110
3047:newscenter.berkeley.edu
2331:the temperature of the
2218:. At cosmic distances,
2132:tilted axis of rotation
1784:Arecibo radio telescope
1417:Formation and evolution
1136:Directly imaged planet
1096:microlensing techniques
998:small planet radius gap
958:", because theories of
410:Exoplanet Data Explorer
261:definition of the term
209:) from Earth and orbit
152:least massive exoplanet
32:Four exoplanets of the
13134:Exoplanet phase curves
12972:Terrestrial candidates
12923:Multiplanetary systems
12887:NASA Exoplanet Archive
12570:Mean-motion resonances
12380:Gravitational collapse
12330:Circumstellar envelope
11893:NASA Exoplanet Archive
11777:Yaqoob, Tahir (2011).
11724:The Exoplanet Handbook
9398:www.spacetelescope.org
9354:10.1126/sciadv.aav1784
8370:(2): 5. Archived from
7924:12 August 2014 at the
7384:www.spacetelescope.org
7006:(1): id. 33 (32 pp.).
6832:Handbook of Exoplanets
6184:NASA Exoplanet Archive
6146:The Exoplanet Handbook
5927:. NASA. Archived from
5886:. NASA. Archived from
5282:Los Angeles Times via
4818:10.1093/mnras/15.9.228
3757:IAU position statement
3731:IAU position statement
3616:"Nomads of the Galaxy"
2841:NASA Exoplanet Archive
2309:Tidally locked planets
2257:planetary-mass objects
2202:Planetary habitability
2164:
2053:
2024:
1941:tilted rotational axis
1710:Earth's magnetic field
1611:
1524:Kepler space telescope
1520:radial-velocity method
1484:
1476:
1377:Ellipsoidal variations
1274:
1208:
1189:
1140:
941:Nobel Prize in Physics
851:
814:University of Victoria
593:
548:radial-velocity method
455:
419:NASA Exoplanet Archive
339:
304:
270:(IAU) only covers the
254:
230:planetary habitability
168:NASA Exoplanet Archive
164:most massive exoplanet
135:-sized" planet in the
78:NASA Exoplanet Archive
57:
41:
38:W. M. Keck Observatory
13992:Concepts in astronomy
13009:Potentially habitable
12914:Exoplanetary systems
12856:Superhabitable planet
12615:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
12500:Sample-return mission
12400:Interplanetary medium
11274:10.1089/ast.2013.1088
11211:10.1089/ast.2012.0851
11061:10.1089/ast.2013.1129
10687:Nature Communications
10319:10.1089/ast.2010.0545
10280:Astrobiology Magazine
9049:10.1093/mnras/stv2239
6568:Astrophysical Journal
5224:Astrophysical Journal
4789:Jacob, W. S. (1855).
4651:. NASA. 21 March 2022
3836:Extreme Solar Systems
3783:New Astronomy Reviews
2934:10.1089/ast.2017.1720
2546:gravitational capture
2162:
2037:
2022:
1597:
1482:
1474:
1272:
1206:
1187:
1146:optothermal stability
1135:
1044:Exoplanet populations
1011:Candidate discoveries
875:remaining rocky cores
834:
740:Confirmed discoveries
684:University of Chicago
668:William Stephen Jacob
618:" that concludes his
590:Giordano Bruno (1584)
583:
445:
312:
280:
218:extraterrestrial life
195:extragalactic planets
47:
36:system imaged by the
31:
13144:Extragalactic planet
13124:Carl Sagan Institute
12405:Interplanetary space
12320:Circumplanetary disk
11993:Planet-hosting stars
9789:University, Leiden.
9758:10.1002/2017GL073248
8827:10.1029/2007GL030598
7486:; Wright, Jason T.;
7198:10.1093/mnras/stu085
4925:Astronomical Journal
3698:Brit, R. R. (2006).
2592:La Silla Observatory
2588:ESO's 3.6m telescope
2544:are more common and
2261:atmospheric pressure
2123:spin-orbit resonance
2015:Exoplanet atmosphere
1584:Color and brightness
1554:circumbinary planets
1552:system, and several
1461:Planet-hosting stars
1365:Relativistic beaming
1157:Gemini Planet Imager
1077:extragalactic planet
918:University of Geneva
856:Aleksander Wolszczan
641:Doppler spectroscopy
570:Earth-like exoplanet
480:History of detection
470:circumbinary planets
117:Doppler spectroscopy
13818:Lists of exoplanets
13589:detected exoplanets
12485:Protoplanetary disk
12465:Planetary migration
12420:Interstellar medium
12199:Circumtriple planet
12194:Circumbinary planet
11814:2014prpl.conf..835V
11655:2009cusl.book.....B
11645:Boss, Alan (2009).
11612:2013Icar..226.1625M
11465:2013ApJ...767L...8K
11331:2008MNRAS.391..237J
11266:2014AsBio..14...50H
11203:2013AsBio..13..225B
11146:2014ApJ...785L...9S
11053:2014AsBio..14..277A
10881:2014IJAsB..13..337L
10828:2011ApJ...735L..27A
10753:2005PPP...219..131A
10700:2023NatCo..14.1893S
10623:2013ApJ...771L..45Y
10537:2014ApJ...787L...2Y
10477:10.1038/nature12163
10469:2013Natur.497..607H
10426:2014ApJ...787L..29K
10354:2013Sci...340..577S
10311:2011AsBio..11..443A
10286:on 2 December 2013.
10202:2013ApJ...767L...8K
10087:10.1038/nature05782
10079:2007Natur.447..183K
9994:2012ApJ...752....7H
9949:2013Icar..226..760D
9914:2015Icar..250..395D
9750:2017GeoRL..44.5197M
9668:10.1038/nature11161
9660:2012Natur.486..502B
9607:2012ApJ...753L..25R
9491:2014prpl.conf..739M
9442:2002ApJ...568..377C
9346:2018SciA....4.1784T
9289:2014ApJ...785..155B
9235:2011ApJ...734..117S
9174:2008Sci...322.1345K
9158:(5906): 1345–1348.
9121:2012AJ....143...72M
9040:2016MNRAS.455.2018D
8987:National Geographic
8952:2014ApJ...781...27C
8873:2007ApJ...670L..45V
8818:2007GeoRL..3419204O
8693:2019NatAs...3.1128C
8620:2023ApJ...952..118R
8561:2019ApJ...872...79R
8443:2013ApJ...765L..25B
8335:2024ApJ...966...55R
8214:2011MNRAS.414.2125N
8149:2014Sci...346..981K
8044:2012ApJ...761...53B
7988:2011MNRAS.417L..88K
7868:2013ApJ...763L..32C
7815:2013ApJ...774...11K
7754:2013ApJ...772L..16E
7621:2015AJ....149...14W
7514:2008PASP..120..531C
7437:2013PNAS..11019273P
7421:(48): 19273–19278.
7350:2014ApJ...783...53M
7297:2010Icar..210..539Z
7244:2010ApJ...716.1573J
7189:2014MNRAS.439.3225L
7132:2014Icar..241..298D
7079:2013ApJ...778...77D
7022:2016ApJ...828...33D
6916:2002ApJ...568.1008C
6850:2018haex.bookE.140D
6817:2010exop.book..319D
6764:2008ApJ...673L..83B
6717:2006dies.conf..165S
6643:2003ApJ...588L.117L
6590:2003ApJ...595..429J
6537:10.1038/nature06143
6529:2007Natur.449..189S
6423:2022AJ....164...93C
6362:2008MNRAS.389..191P
6305:2011ApJ...743..200B
6111:2020ApJ...903L..11M
5931:on 26 February 2014
5774:2017AJ....154..109F
5627:on 26 February 2014
5573:2011Sci...333.1602D
5557:(6049): 1602–1606.
5517:1999Natur.398..659L
5468:2013Natur.504..357.
5421:1995Natur.378..355M
5247:2003ApJ...599.1383H
5198:1992ApJ...396L..91W
5165:1989JBIS...42..335L
5126:1988ApJ...331..902C
5049:1992Natur.355..213L
5002:1991Natur.352..311B
4959:Boss, Alan (2009).
4938:1969AJ.....74..757V
4893:1999JHA....30...25S
4849:1896AJ.....16...17S
4809:1855MNRAS..15..228J
4776:1952Obs....72..199S
4586:1992Natur.355..145W
4478:2003IAUS..211..529B
4435:2006AREPS..34..193B
4350:2011PASP..123..412W
4297:2015ApJ...810L..25H
4138:2011ApJ...727...57S
4075:2018ApJ...853...37S
4018:2014ApJ...794..159B
3980:2003IAUS..211..529B
3858:2008ASPC..398..235M
3805:2022NewAR..9401641L
3644:2012MNRAS.423.1856S
3589:National Geographic
3551:2014ApJ...783...68B
3467:10.1038/nature19106
3459:2016Natur.536..437A
3341:2013ApJ...770..120B
3220:2016ApJ...829L...4K
3090:2013PNAS..11019273P
3074:(48): 19273–19278.
3009:10.1038/nature10684
3001:2012Natur.481..167C
2897:Scientific American
2779:2007ApJ...669.1279S
2647:Lists of exoplanets
2485:confidence interval
2267:at their surfaces.
2241:atmosphere of Earth
2169:OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb
2155:Surface temperature
2143:Surface composition
2052:(artist's concept).
1600:color–color diagram
1508:spectral categories
1504:main-sequence stars
1467:Planet-hosting star
1442:protoplanetary disk
1431:Planetary migration
1402:Circumstellar disks
960:planetary formation
908:On 6 October 1995,
771:, as imaged by the
521:Arecibo Observatory
498:Walter Sydney Adams
310:is now as follows:
242:, often counted as
84:, with 963 systems
13733:New Worlds Mission
12450:Nebular hypothesis
12425:Interstellar space
12410:Interstellar cloud
12390:Internal structure
12325:Circumstellar disc
11684:. Springer-Verlag.
11420:. TechMediaNetwork
9848:The New York Times
9703:The New York Times
9076:www.spacedaily.com
8478:The New York Times
8358:Kean, Sam (2016).
8288:on 30 October 2008
7480:Marcy, Geoffrey W.
7063:(1): 77 (29 pp.).
6262:2010-07-28 at the
5995:on 1 January 2022.
5987:The New York Times
5890:on 5 November 2013
5379:. Annual Reviews.
3733:. 28 February 2003
3513:on 1 January 2022.
3505:The New York Times
3499:(6 January 2015).
2816:. 14 November 2015
2616:of northern Chile.
2538:opposite direction
2446:Earth-size planets
2440:Proxima Centauri b
2394:Upsilon Andromedae
2249:indication of life
2165:
2114:Insolation pattern
2054:
2038:Sunset studies on
2025:
1780:astronomical units
1639:apparent magnitude
1628:Kappa Andromedae b
1612:
1485:
1477:
1427:Nebular hypothesis
1275:
1209:
1190:
1141:
965:Upsilon Andromedae
852:
707:Swarthmore College
696:Forest Ray Moulton
676:Madras Observatory
672:East India Company
655:Discredited claims
580:Early speculations
456:
199:nearest exoplanets
113:Transit photometry
102:potential for life
58:
42:
13865:
13864:
13803:Detection methods
13791:
13790:
13205:
13204:
12781:Astrooceanography
12415:Interstellar dust
12287:
12286:
12163:Ultra-hot Neptune
12158:Ultra-hot Jupiter
12107:Eccentric Jupiter
11957:Planetary science
11887:Paris Observatory
11831:978-0-8165-3124-0
11788:978-0-9741689-2-0
11771:978-0-520-23710-0
11752:978-0-8165-2945-2
11733:978-0-521-76559-6
11716:978-0-691-14254-8
11699:978-1-4419-2872-6
11691:978-0-387-95074-7
11681:Distant Wanderers
11672:978-0-465-02039-3
11664:978-0-465-00936-7
11573:. Universe Today.
11398:978-3-319-17004-6
10588:. 7 October 2014.
10463:(7451): 607–610.
10348:(6132): 577–581.
10063:(7141): 183–186.
9744:(10): 5197–5202.
9711:on 1 January 2022
9644:(7404): 502–504.
9508:978-0-8165-3124-0
8677:(12): 1128–1134.
8486:on 1 January 2022
8133:(6212): 981–984.
7488:Fischer, Debra A.
6867:978-3-319-55332-0
6523:(7159): 189–191.
6161:978-0-521-76559-6
5462:(7480): 357–365.
5415:(6555): 355–359.
5377:Knowable Magazine
5325:978-84-473-9090-8
4996:(6333): 311–313.
4970:978-0-465-00936-7
4748:978-0-520-08816-0
4723:978-1-4612-5396-9
4698:Eli Maor (1987).
4580:(6356): 145–147.
4251:978-2-7598-1876-1
3583:(13 March 2014).
3443:(7617): 437–440.
3141:Los Angeles Times
2985:(7380): 167–169.
2652:Planetary capture
2586:installed on the
2578:– High-precision
2527:orbital resonance
2505:star (July 2015).
2364:greenhouse effect
2177:greenhouse effect
2121:planets in a 1:1
1999:MOA-2011-BLG-262L
1985:
1984:
1920:much larger than
1910:
1909:
1862:
1861:
1752:giant gas planets
1748:metallic hydrogen
1731:and the planet's
1526:, which uses the
1516:spectral category
1270:
1199:used this method.
1117:Detection methods
703:Peter van de Kamp
651:in short orbits.
318:L4/L5 instability
188:less than an hour
82:planetary systems
66:extrasolar planet
21:Exoplanet (album)
13999:
13954:
13953:
13942:
13941:
13940:
13930:
13929:
13928:
13918:
13917:
13916:
13906:
13905:
13894:
13893:
13892:
13882:
13881:
13873:
13853:
13852:
13841:
13840:
13693:
13685:
13677:
13656:
13648:
13638:
13630:
13622:
13601:
13591:
13584:
13576:
13573:
13560:
13552:
13549:
13538:
13524:
13523:
13514:
13508:
13502:
13306:FINDS Exo-Earths
13232:
13225:
13218:
13209:
13208:
13159:Neptunian desert
12545:Tidally detached
12480:Planet formation
12470:Planetary system
12360:Exozodiacal dust
12350:Disrupted planet
12274:Ultra-cool dwarf
12204:Disrupted planet
12189:Chthonian planet
12021:
12020:
12005:
11988:Planetary system
11922:
11915:
11908:
11899:
11898:
11858:
11857:
11843:
11807:
11782:
11765:
11746:
11737:
11710:
11685:
11658:
11632:
11631:
11605:
11596:(2): 1625–1634.
11581:
11575:
11574:
11566:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11555:
11546:. Archived from
11540:
11534:
11533:
11531:
11529:
11513:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11502:
11491:
11485:
11484:
11458:
11436:
11430:
11429:
11427:
11425:
11409:
11403:
11402:
11382:
11376:
11375:
11373:
11371:
11359:
11353:
11352:
11342:
11324:
11300:
11294:
11293:
11259:
11239:
11233:
11232:
11222:
11196:
11172:
11166:
11165:
11139:
11118:Shields, A. L.;
11115:
11109:
11108:
11106:
11104:
11089:
11083:
11082:
11072:
11046:
11022:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11011:
10996:
10990:
10989:
10963:
10943:
10937:
10936:
10934:
10932:
10917:
10911:
10910:
10892:
10874:
10854:
10848:
10847:
10821:
10797:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10781:. 7 January 2014
10771:
10765:
10764:
10747:(1–2): 131–155.
10736:
10730:
10729:
10719:
10677:
10671:
10670:
10668:
10666:
10649:
10643:
10642:
10616:
10596:
10590:
10589:
10578:
10572:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10562:on 12 April 2016
10561:
10555:. Archived from
10530:
10512:
10503:
10497:
10496:
10452:
10446:
10445:
10419:
10398:
10392:
10391:
10365:
10337:
10331:
10330:
10294:
10288:
10287:
10282:. Archived from
10271:
10265:
10264:
10254:
10228:
10222:
10221:
10195:
10175:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10149:
10143:
10142:
10140:
10116:
10107:
10106:
10072:
10054:
10041:
10035:
10034:
10032:
10030:
10020:
10014:
10013:
9987:
9967:
9961:
9960:
9932:
9926:
9925:
9897:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9877:. Archived from
9866:
9860:
9859:
9857:
9855:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9812:
9806:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9786:
9780:
9779:
9769:
9727:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9710:
9705:. Archived from
9694:
9688:
9687:
9653:
9633:
9627:
9626:
9600:
9580:
9574:
9573:
9547:
9527:
9521:
9520:
9484:
9468:
9462:
9461:
9435:
9433:astro-ph/0111544
9415:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9404:
9390:
9384:
9383:
9373:
9339:
9330:(10): eaav1784.
9324:Science Advances
9315:
9309:
9308:
9282:
9261:
9255:
9254:
9228:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9167:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9114:
9093:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9082:
9068:
9062:
9061:
9051:
9033:
9024:(2): 2018–2027.
9009:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8989:. Archived from
8978:
8972:
8971:
8945:
8925:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8909:. 7 January 2014
8907:astrobiology.com
8899:
8893:
8892:
8866:
8846:
8840:
8839:
8829:
8797:
8791:
8790:
8773:(3–4): 252–261.
8762:
8756:
8755:
8738:(3–4): 492–502.
8727:
8721:
8720:
8686:
8671:Nature Astronomy
8666:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8640:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8613:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8572:
8554:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8485:
8480:. Archived from
8469:
8463:
8462:
8436:
8416:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8374:on 23 March 2018
8355:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8328:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8287:
8281:. Archived from
8276:
8268:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8257:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8225:
8207:
8198:(3): 2125–2138.
8183:
8177:
8176:
8142:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8096:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8075:
8064:
8063:
8037:
8016:
8010:
8009:
7999:
7981:
7957:
7951:
7950:
7948:
7946:
7935:
7929:
7916:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7894:
7888:
7887:
7861:
7841:
7835:
7834:
7808:
7790:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7747:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7697:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7680:www.univie.ac.at
7672:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7655:www.univie.ac.at
7647:
7641:
7640:
7614:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7561:
7559:astro-ph/0509211
7540:
7534:
7533:
7507:
7498:(867): 531–554.
7475:
7469:
7468:
7458:
7448:
7430:
7404:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7343:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7290:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7237:
7228:(2): 1573–1578.
7217:
7211:
7210:
7200:
7182:
7173:(4): 3225–3238.
7158:
7152:
7151:
7125:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7072:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7033:
7015:
6991:
6982:
6981:
6963:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6909:
6907:astro-ph/0201425
6900:(2): 1008–1016.
6886:
6880:
6879:
6843:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6810:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6757:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6636:
6634:astro-ph/0303212
6616:
6610:
6609:
6583:
6581:astro-ph/0305473
6574:(595): 429–445.
6563:
6557:
6556:
6514:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6485:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6434:
6416:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6373:
6355:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6298:
6273:
6267:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6221:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6149:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6122:
6104:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5989:. Archived from
5981:(19 June 2017).
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5785:
5767:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5716:
5707:
5706:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5623:. Archived from
5610:
5601:
5600:
5566:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5429:10.1038/378355a0
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5388:
5368:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5287:. Archived from
5273:
5267:
5266:
5240:
5238:astro-ph/0305110
5231:(2): 1383–1394.
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5058:10.1038/355213b0
5028:
5022:
5021:
5010:10.1038/352311a0
4981:
4975:
4974:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4876:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4708:. Originally in
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4629:on 28 April 2021
4625:. Archived from
4612:
4606:
4605:
4594:10.1038/355145a0
4569:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4428:
4426:astro-ph/0608417
4410:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4343:
4334:(902): 412–422.
4323:
4317:
4316:
4290:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4235:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4186:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4131:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4086:
4068:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4011:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3888:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3798:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3655:
3637:
3628:(2): 1856–1865.
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3591:. Archived from
3577:
3571:
3570:
3544:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3507:. Archived from
3493:
3487:
3486:
3452:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3384:on 28 April 2021
3380:. Archived from
3367:
3361:
3360:
3334:
3313:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3281:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3231:
3213:
3195:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3083:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3038:
3029:
3028:
2994:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2945:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2772:
2763:(2): 1279–1297.
2748:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2712:
2703:
2700:
2689:
2678:
2516:Planetary system
2510:Planetary system
2496:"habitable zone"
2477:Proxima Centauri
2259:with sufficient
2238:
2237:
2236:
2092:Comet-like tails
1980:
1977:
1971:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1646:geometric albedo
1618:measurements of
1579:General features
1533:Using data from
1271:
1197:Kepler telescope
1171:Indirect methods
1111:Milky Way galaxy
1089:Whirlpool Galaxy
1065:
1053:
1041:
903:Stephen Thorsett
790:
764:
728:in orbit around
680:Thomas J. J. See
635:was discovered,
616:General Scholium
591:
428:Coulomb pressure
426:is dominated by
400:
381:
370:
357:
332:
331:
330:
244:sub-brown dwarfs
211:Proxima Centauri
201:are located 4.2
125:multiple planets
14007:
14006:
14002:
14001:
14000:
13998:
13997:
13996:
13987:Types of planet
13962:
13961:
13960:
13948:
13938:
13936:
13926:
13924:
13914:
13912:
13900:
13890:
13888:
13876:
13868:
13866:
13861:
13829:
13787:
13747:
13696:
13691:
13683:
13675:
13659:
13654:
13646:
13636:
13628:
13620:
13604:
13599:
13587:
13582:
13574:
13566:
13558:
13550:
13544:
13536:
13515:
13509:
13503:
13494:
13259:
13241:
13236:
13206:
13201:
13197:Search projects
13183:
13112:
12901:
12860:
12762:
12734:Radial velocity
12674:
12630:K/Orange dwarfs
12620:G/Yellow dwarfs
12581:
12575:Titius–Bode law
12514:
12445:Molecular cloud
12345:Detached object
12296:
12294:
12283:
12269:Toroidal planet
12259:Sub-brown dwarf
12167:
12093:
12065:(Super-Mercury)
12038:Coreless planet
12014:
12012:
12006:
11997:
11961:
11929:
11926:
11879:
11878:
11877:
11859:
11855:
11850:
11832:
11798:. p. 835.
11793:
11776:
11757:
11740:
11734:
11721:
11704:
11677:
11649:. Basic Books.
11644:
11641:
11639:Further reading
11636:
11635:
11582:
11578:
11567:
11563:
11553:
11551:
11550:on 16 July 2011
11542:
11541:
11537:
11527:
11525:
11514:
11510:
11500:
11498:
11493:
11492:
11488:
11437:
11433:
11423:
11421:
11410:
11406:
11399:
11383:
11379:
11369:
11367:
11360:
11356:
11301:
11297:
11240:
11236:
11173:
11169:
11116:
11112:
11102:
11100:
11090:
11086:
11023:
11019:
11009:
11007:
10997:
10993:
10944:
10940:
10930:
10928:
10918:
10914:
10890:10.1.1.748.4820
10855:
10851:
10798:
10794:
10784:
10782:
10773:
10772:
10768:
10737:
10733:
10678:
10674:
10664:
10662:
10650:
10646:
10597:
10593:
10580:
10579:
10575:
10565:
10563:
10559:
10510:
10504:
10500:
10453:
10449:
10399:
10395:
10363:10.1.1.402.2983
10338:
10334:
10295:
10291:
10272:
10268:
10229:
10225:
10176:
10172:
10162:
10160:
10151:
10150:
10146:
10117:
10110:
10052:
10042:
10038:
10028:
10026:
10022:
10021:
10017:
9968:
9964:
9933:
9929:
9898:
9894:
9884:
9882:
9881:on 23 June 2017
9867:
9863:
9853:
9851:
9839:
9835:
9825:
9823:
9814:
9813:
9809:
9799:
9797:
9787:
9783:
9728:
9724:
9714:
9712:
9695:
9691:
9634:
9630:
9581:
9577:
9528:
9524:
9509:
9475:. p. 739.
9469:
9465:
9416:
9412:
9402:
9400:
9392:
9391:
9387:
9316:
9312:
9262:
9258:
9209:
9205:
9148:
9144:
9094:
9090:
9080:
9078:
9070:
9069:
9065:
9010:
9006:
8996:
8994:
8979:
8975:
8926:
8922:
8912:
8910:
8901:
8900:
8896:
8847:
8843:
8798:
8794:
8763:
8759:
8728:
8724:
8667:
8663:
8653:
8651:
8641:
8637:
8590:
8586:
8531:
8527:
8517:
8515:
8503:
8499:
8489:
8487:
8470:
8466:
8417:
8413:
8403:
8401:
8391:
8387:
8377:
8375:
8356:
8352:
8305:
8301:
8291:
8289:
8285:
8274:
8270:
8269:
8265:
8255:
8253:
8252:. 18 April 2011
8244:
8243:
8239:
8184:
8180:
8123:
8119:
8109:
8107:
8097:
8093:
8076:
8067:
8017:
8013:
7958:
7954:
7944:
7942:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7926:Wayback Machine
7917:
7913:
7903:
7901:
7896:
7895:
7891:
7842:
7838:
7788:
7781:
7777:
7724:
7720:
7710:
7708:
7698:
7694:
7684:
7682:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7659:
7657:
7649:
7648:
7644:
7595:
7591:
7541:
7537:
7484:Vogt, Steven S.
7476:
7472:
7405:
7398:
7388:
7386:
7378:
7377:
7373:
7324:
7320:
7271:
7267:
7218:
7214:
7159:
7155:
7106:
7102:
7051:
7047:
6992:
6985:
6943:
6939:
6887:
6883:
6868:
6828:
6824:
6791:
6787:
6738:
6734:
6696:
6692:
6682:
6680:
6670:
6666:
6617:
6613:
6564:
6560:
6512:
6505:
6501:
6452:
6448:
6391:
6387:
6332:
6328:
6280:
6274:
6270:
6264:Wayback Machine
6255:
6251:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6186:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6140:
6136:
6081:
6077:
6067:
6065:
6053:
6049:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6004:
6000:
5979:Overbye, Dennis
5976:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5948:
5944:
5934:
5932:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5876:
5872:
5862:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5814:
5812:
5804:
5803:
5799:
5743:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5717:
5710:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5677:
5667:
5663:
5653:
5651:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5611:
5604:
5546:
5542:
5497:
5493:
5477:10.1038/504357a
5448:
5444:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5369:
5360:
5350:
5348:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5284:The Tech Online
5274:
5270:
5219:
5215:
5176:
5172:
5147:
5143:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5078:
5074:
5029:
5025:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4957:
4953:
4920:
4916:
4874:
4868:
4864:
4830:
4826:
4787:
4783:
4764:The Observatory
4760:
4756:
4749:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4632:
4630:
4613:
4609:
4570:
4563:
4553:
4551:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4462:
4458:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4324:
4320:
4271:
4267:
4252:
4226:. p. 157.
4220:
4216:
4165:
4161:
4112:
4108:
4045:
4041:
3991:
3987:
3964:
3960:
3922:
3918:
3869:
3865:
3832:
3828:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3578:
3574:
3522:
3518:
3497:Overbye, Dennis
3494:
3490:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3368:
3364:
3314:
3305:
3257:
3253:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3132:
3125:
3058:
3054:
3039:
3032:
2974:
2967:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2692:
2679:
2670:
2665:
2633:
2582:planet-finding
2554:
2552:Search projects
2518:
2512:
2454:
2448:
2413:
2403:
2377:
2355:
2345:
2337:habitable moons
2316:low metallicity
2279:
2273:
2243:is a result of
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2212:life on planets
2204:
2190:
2157:
2145:
2140:
2128:eccentric orbit
2116:
2094:
2078:reflected light
2062:directly imaged
2017:
2011:
1991:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1807:plate tectonics
1803:
1801:Plate tectonics
1764:magnetic fields
1720:
1716:
1681:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1469:
1463:
1444:, they accrete
1433:
1419:
1261:
1173:
1138:Beta Pictoris b
1130:
1125:
1119:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1013:
979:Space Telescope
809:
808:
807:
806:
805:
802:sub-brown dwarf
791:
782:
781:
780:
765:
754:
748:
742:
657:
592:
589:
582:
540:imaged directly
482:
462:
440:
415:sin i ambiguity
407:
404:
398:
388:
385:
379:
377:
374:
368:
365:
362:
355:
344:
328:
326:
325:
323:
257:
252:
107:There are many
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14005:
13995:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13974:
13972:Exoplanetology
13959:
13958:
13946:
13934:
13922:
13910:
13898:
13886:
13863:
13862:
13860:
13859:
13847:
13834:
13831:
13830:
13828:
13827:
13826:
13825:
13815:
13810:
13805:
13799:
13797:
13793:
13792:
13789:
13788:
13786:
13785:
13780:
13775:
13768:
13763:
13755:
13753:
13749:
13748:
13746:
13745:
13740:
13735:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13704:
13702:
13698:
13697:
13695:
13694:
13686:
13678:
13667:
13665:
13661:
13660:
13658:
13657:
13655:(2021–present)
13649:
13647:(2021–present)
13639:
13637:(2019–present)
13631:
13629:(2018–present)
13623:
13621:(2013–present)
13612:
13610:
13606:
13605:
13603:
13602:
13594:
13593:
13592:
13577:
13561:
13553:
13539:
13530:
13528:
13521:
13520:Space missions
13517:
13516:
13497:
13495:
13493:
13492:
13487:
13482:
13477:
13472:
13467:
13462:
13457:
13452:
13447:
13442:
13437:
13432:
13427:
13422:
13417:
13412:
13407:
13402:
13397:
13396:
13395:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13325:
13324:
13323:
13318:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13267:
13265:
13261:
13260:
13258:
13257:
13252:
13250:Exoplanetology
13246:
13243:
13242:
13235:
13234:
13227:
13220:
13212:
13203:
13202:
13200:
13199:
13194:
13188:
13185:
13184:
13182:
13181:
13176:
13171:
13166:
13161:
13156:
13151:
13146:
13141:
13136:
13131:
13126:
13120:
13118:
13114:
13113:
13111:
13110:
13109:
13108:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13088:
13083:
13078:
13073:
13068:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13033:
13028:
13019:
13018:
13017:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
13000:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12933:
12932:
12931:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12911:
12909:
12903:
12902:
12900:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12868:
12866:
12862:
12861:
12859:
12858:
12853:
12848:
12843:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12778:
12772:
12770:
12764:
12763:
12761:
12760:
12755:
12754:
12753:
12746:Transit method
12743:
12742:
12741:
12731:
12730:
12729:
12719:
12714:
12713:
12712:
12702:
12701:
12700:
12693:Direct imaging
12690:
12684:
12682:
12676:
12675:
12673:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12591:
12589:
12583:
12582:
12580:
12579:
12578:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12554:
12549:
12548:
12547:
12537:
12536:
12535:
12524:
12522:
12516:
12515:
12513:
12512:
12510:Star formation
12507:
12505:Scattered disc
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12355:Excretion disk
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12310:Accretion disk
12307:
12301:
12299:
12289:
12288:
12285:
12284:
12282:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12219:Eyeball planet
12216:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12175:
12173:
12169:
12168:
12166:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12109:
12103:
12101:
12095:
12094:
12092:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12029:
12027:
12018:
12008:
12007:
12000:
11998:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11969:
11967:
11963:
11962:
11960:
11959:
11954:
11953:
11952:
11951:
11950:
11934:
11931:
11930:
11925:
11924:
11917:
11910:
11902:
11896:
11895:
11890:
11860:
11853:
11852:
11851:
11849:
11848:External links
11846:
11845:
11844:
11830:
11791:
11774:
11755:
11738:
11732:
11719:
11702:
11675:
11640:
11637:
11634:
11633:
11576:
11561:
11535:
11508:
11497:. 23 July 2015
11486:
11431:
11404:
11397:
11377:
11354:
11315:(1): 237–245.
11295:
11234:
11187:(3): 225–250.
11167:
11110:
11084:
11037:(4): 277–291.
11017:
10991:
10938:
10912:
10865:(4): 337–339.
10849:
10792:
10766:
10731:
10694:(1893): 1893.
10672:
10644:
10591:
10573:
10498:
10447:
10393:
10332:
10305:(5): 443–460.
10289:
10266:
10223:
10170:
10144:
10108:
10036:
10015:
9962:
9943:(1): 760–776.
9927:
9892:
9861:
9833:
9807:
9781:
9722:
9689:
9628:
9575:
9522:
9507:
9463:
9450:10.1086/338770
9426:(1): 377–384.
9410:
9385:
9310:
9256:
9203:
9142:
9088:
9063:
9004:
8973:
8920:
8894:
8881:10.1086/524012
8857:(1): L45–L48.
8841:
8812:(19): L19204.
8792:
8757:
8722:
8661:
8635:
8584:
8525:
8497:
8464:
8411:
8385:
8350:
8299:
8263:
8237:
8178:
8117:
8091:
8065:
8011:
7972:(1): L88–L92.
7952:
7930:
7911:
7889:
7836:
7775:
7718:
7692:
7667:
7651:"Science work"
7642:
7589:
7552:(3): L15–L18.
7535:
7522:10.1086/588487
7470:
7396:
7371:
7318:
7281:(2): 539–544.
7265:
7212:
7153:
7100:
7045:
6983:
6937:
6924:10.1086/339061
6881:
6866:
6822:
6785:
6772:10.1086/527320
6732:
6690:
6678:Universe Today
6664:
6651:10.1086/375551
6611:
6598:10.1086/377165
6558:
6499:
6446:
6385:
6346:(1): 191–198.
6326:
6278:
6268:
6249:
6196:
6167:
6160:
6134:
6075:
6062:Universe Today
6047:
6026:
5998:
5970:
5942:
5916:
5901:
5870:
5848:
5822:
5797:
5737:
5708:
5687:
5661:
5638:
5602:
5540:
5491:
5442:
5399:
5358:
5331:
5324:
5302:
5291:on 17 May 2013
5268:
5255:10.1086/379281
5213:
5207:10.1086/186524
5192:(2): L91–L94.
5170:
5141:
5135:10.1086/166608
5100:
5080:Schneider, J.
5072:
5023:
4976:
4969:
4951:
4946:10.1086/110852
4914:
4862:
4857:10.1086/102368
4824:
4803:(9): 228–230.
4781:
4754:
4747:
4729:
4722:
4690:
4662:
4640:
4607:
4561:
4533:
4508:
4483:
4456:
4396:
4371:
4358:10.1086/659427
4318:
4265:
4250:
4214:
4159:
4106:
4039:
3985:
3958:
3937:(2): 853–858.
3916:
3879:(1): 315–332.
3863:
3826:
3769:
3744:
3718:
3690:
3668:
3606:
3595:on 18 May 2021
3572:
3516:
3488:
3423:
3395:
3362:
3303:
3251:
3181:
3154:
3123:
3052:
3030:
2965:
2928:(5): 642–654.
2910:
2882:
2854:
2827:
2799:
2787:10.1086/521346
2742:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2716:
2704:
2690:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2614:Atacama Desert
2599:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2550:
2514:Main article:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2488:
2480:
2473:
2463:
2447:
2444:
2402:
2399:
2376:
2373:
2353:Snowball Earth
2344:
2341:
2284:desert planets
2277:Habitable zone
2275:Main article:
2272:
2271:Habitable zone
2269:
2245:photosynthesis
2233:
2208:exoplanetology
2189:
2186:
2156:
2153:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2119:Tidally locked
2115:
2112:
2097:KIC 12557548 b
2093:
2090:
2013:Main article:
2010:
2007:
2005:was reported.
1987:Main article:
1983:
1982:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1933:Galilean moons
1922:Saturn's rings
1908:
1907:
1888:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1840:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1802:
1799:
1771:stellar flares
1746:into a liquid
1718:
1714:
1680:
1679:Magnetic field
1677:
1632:Helium planets
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1572:Main article:
1569:
1566:
1528:transit method
1493:habitable zone
1489:Sun-like stars
1465:Main article:
1462:
1459:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1226:Doppler effect
1222:spectral lines
1216:
1215:
1201:
1200:
1180:
1179:
1177:Transit method
1172:
1169:
1129:
1128:Direct imaging
1126:
1121:Main article:
1118:
1115:
1087:(XRS), in the
1067:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1012:
1009:
895:Doppler shifts
891:PSR B1620−26 b
792:
785:
784:
783:
773:Hale Telescope
766:
759:
758:
757:
756:
755:
744:Main article:
741:
738:
711:Barnard's Star
656:
653:
649:super-Jupiters
645:transit method
597:Giordano Bruno
587:
581:
578:
544:transit method
481:
478:
458:Main article:
439:
436:
405:
402:
386:
383:
375:
372:
363:
360:
343:
340:
338:
337:
334:
321:
303:
302:
299:
292:
256:
253:
251:
248:
222:habitable zone
166:listed on the
147:are included.
137:habitable zone
129:Sun-like stars
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14004:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13969:
13967:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13945:
13935:
13933:
13923:
13921:
13911:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13897:
13887:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13874:
13871:
13858:
13857:
13848:
13846:
13845:
13836:
13835:
13832:
13824:
13821:
13820:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13800:
13798:
13794:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13773:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13761:
13757:
13756:
13754:
13750:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13705:
13703:
13699:
13690:
13687:
13682:
13679:
13674:
13673:
13669:
13668:
13666:
13662:
13653:
13650:
13645:
13644:
13640:
13635:
13632:
13627:
13624:
13619:
13618:
13614:
13613:
13611:
13607:
13598:
13595:
13590:
13586:
13585:
13581:
13578:
13572:
13571:
13565:
13562:
13557:
13554:
13548:
13543:
13540:
13535:
13532:
13531:
13529:
13525:
13522:
13518:
13513:
13507:
13501:
13491:
13490:ZIMPOL/CHEOPS
13488:
13486:
13483:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13458:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13441:
13438:
13436:
13433:
13431:
13428:
13426:
13423:
13421:
13418:
13416:
13413:
13411:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13401:
13398:
13394:
13391:
13390:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13314:
13313:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13268:
13266:
13262:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13247:
13244:
13240:
13233:
13228:
13226:
13221:
13219:
13214:
13213:
13210:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13189:
13186:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13150:
13147:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13122:
13121:
13119:
13115:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13024:
13023:
13021:
13020:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12979:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12939:
12938:
12935:
12934:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12915:
12913:
12912:
12910:
12908:
12904:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12869:
12867:
12863:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12849:
12847:
12844:
12842:
12839:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12773:
12771:
12769:
12765:
12759:
12756:
12752:
12749:
12748:
12747:
12744:
12740:
12737:
12736:
12735:
12732:
12728:
12725:
12724:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12711:
12708:
12707:
12706:
12703:
12699:
12696:
12695:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12685:
12683:
12681:
12677:
12671:
12670:Yellow giants
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12592:
12590:
12588:
12584:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12557:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12546:
12543:
12542:
12541:
12538:
12534:
12531:
12530:
12529:
12526:
12525:
12523:
12521:
12517:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12440:Merging stars
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12315:Asteroid belt
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12302:
12300:
12298:
12290:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12254:Pulsar planet
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12225:
12222:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12209:Double planet
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12176:
12174:
12170:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12148:Super-Neptune
12146:
12144:
12143:Super-Jupiter
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12118:Helium planet
12116:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12100:
12096:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12053:Hycean planet
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12043:Desert planet
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12033:Carbon planet
12031:
12030:
12028:
12026:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12009:
12004:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11970:
11968:
11964:
11958:
11955:
11949:
11946:
11945:
11944:
11941:
11940:
11939:
11936:
11935:
11932:
11923:
11918:
11916:
11911:
11909:
11904:
11903:
11900:
11894:
11891:
11888:
11884:
11881:
11880:
11875:
11874:
11873:
11867:
11863:
11841:
11837:
11833:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11815:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11797:
11792:
11789:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11772:
11768:
11763:
11762:
11756:
11753:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11735:
11729:
11725:
11720:
11717:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11700:
11696:
11692:
11688:
11683:
11682:
11676:
11673:
11669:
11665:
11661:
11656:
11652:
11648:
11643:
11642:
11629:
11625:
11621:
11617:
11613:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11595:
11591:
11587:
11580:
11572:
11565:
11549:
11545:
11539:
11523:
11519:
11512:
11496:
11490:
11482:
11478:
11474:
11470:
11466:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11448:
11444:
11443:
11435:
11419:
11415:
11408:
11400:
11394:
11390:
11389:
11381:
11365:
11358:
11350:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11332:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11306:
11299:
11291:
11287:
11283:
11279:
11275:
11271:
11267:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11249:
11245:
11238:
11230:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11186:
11182:
11178:
11171:
11163:
11159:
11155:
11151:
11147:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11129:
11125:
11121:
11114:
11099:
11095:
11088:
11080:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11062:
11058:
11054:
11050:
11045:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11028:
11021:
11006:
11002:
10995:
10987:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10942:
10927:
10926:New Scientist
10923:
10916:
10908:
10904:
10900:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10882:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10864:
10860:
10853:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10829:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10811:
10807:
10803:
10796:
10780:
10776:
10770:
10762:
10758:
10754:
10750:
10746:
10742:
10735:
10727:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10688:
10683:
10676:
10661:
10660:
10655:
10648:
10640:
10636:
10632:
10628:
10624:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10606:
10602:
10595:
10587:
10583:
10577:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10538:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10509:
10502:
10494:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10451:
10443:
10439:
10435:
10431:
10427:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10397:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10336:
10328:
10324:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10293:
10285:
10281:
10277:
10270:
10262:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10245:(6132): 565.
10244:
10240:
10239:
10234:
10227:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10174:
10158:
10154:
10148:
10139:
10134:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10115:
10113:
10104:
10100:
10096:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10051:
10047:
10040:
10025:
10019:
10011:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9966:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9931:
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9896:
9880:
9876:
9872:
9865:
9850:
9849:
9844:
9837:
9822:. 18 May 2012
9821:
9817:
9811:
9796:
9792:
9785:
9777:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9759:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9738:
9733:
9726:
9709:
9704:
9700:
9693:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9632:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9590:
9586:
9579:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9526:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9474:
9467:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9425:
9421:
9414:
9399:
9395:
9389:
9381:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9314:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9260:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9207:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9157:
9153:
9146:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9104:
9100:
9092:
9077:
9073:
9067:
9059:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9008:
8993:on 9 May 2015
8992:
8988:
8984:
8977:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8924:
8908:
8904:
8898:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8845:
8837:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8796:
8788:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8761:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8726:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8665:
8650:
8646:
8639:
8630:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8588:
8580:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8529:
8514:
8513:
8512:Science Daily
8508:
8501:
8484:
8479:
8475:
8468:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8415:
8400:
8396:
8389:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8364:Distillations
8361:
8354:
8345:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8303:
8284:
8280:
8273:
8267:
8251:
8247:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8182:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8121:
8106:
8102:
8095:
8086:
8081:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8015:
8007:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7956:
7940:
7934:
7927:
7923:
7920:
7915:
7899:
7893:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7840:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7787:
7779:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7722:
7707:
7703:
7696:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7656:
7652:
7646:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7539:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7403:
7401:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7269:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7216:
7208:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7157:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7104:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7049:
7041:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6990:
6988:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6941:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6890:Calvet, Nuria
6885:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6789:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6736:
6727:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6694:
6679:
6675:
6668:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6562:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6511:
6503:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6450:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6389:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6272:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6253:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6200:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6163:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6147:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6051:
6042:
6037:
6030:
6015:
6014:
6013:New Scientist
6009:
6002:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5946:
5930:
5926:
5920:
5912:
5905:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5858:
5852:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5741:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5713:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5691:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5649:
5642:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5609:
5607:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5526:10.1038/19409
5522:
5518:
5514:
5511:(6729): 659.
5510:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5327:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5279:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5217:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5174:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5145:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5043:(6357): 213.
5042:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4887:(98): 25–50.
4886:
4882:
4881:
4873:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4833:See, T. J. J.
4828:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4694:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4666:
4650:
4644:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4611:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4566:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3678:
3672:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3610:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2858:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2711:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2610:Cerro Paranal
2607:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2542:perturbations
2539:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:are included.
2461:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2381:tidal heating
2375:Tidal heating
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:rogue planets
2320:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:rotation rate
2287:
2285:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1997:or red dwarf
1996:
1990:
1979:
1967:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1904:
1892:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1844:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1818:ocean planets
1814:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1737:Joule heating
1734:
1733:magnetosphere
1730:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:Pulsar timing
1313:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:reported the
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
993:
991:
986:
984:
980:
978:
972:
970:
966:
961:
957:
952:
950:
949:gravitational
946:
942:
938:
934:
931:
928:star, nearby
927:
926:main-sequence
923:
919:
915:
914:Didier Queloz
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:Donald Backer
883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Coronagraphic
833:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
803:
799:
795:
794:2MASS J044144
789:
778:
774:
770:
763:
753:
747:
737:
735:
734:pulsar timing
731:
727:
726:pulsar planet
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
652:
650:
647:could detect
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
622:
617:
613:
608:
606:
605:heliocentrism
602:
598:
586:
577:
575:
571:
567:
562:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:main-sequence
529:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
477:
475:
471:
467:
461:
453:
449:
444:
435:
433:
429:
425:
420:
416:
411:
396:
390:
366:
353:
349:
335:
319:
314:
313:
311:
309:
300:
297:
293:
290:
286:
283:Objects with
282:
281:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:
259:The official
247:
245:
241:
237:
236:Rogue planets
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:tidal locking
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
46:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
13944:Solar System
13855:
13842:
13770:
13758:
13670:
13641:
13615:
13568:
13485:XO Telescope
13435:Project 1640
13264:Ground-based
13254:
13014:Proper names
12791:Earth analog
12776:Astrobiology
12768:Habitability
12705:Microlensing
12665:White dwarfs
12635:M/Red dwarfs
12625:Herbig Ae/Be
12610:Brown dwarfs
12552:Rogue planet
12533:Interstellar
12475:Planetesimal
12244:Planetesimal
12224:Giant planet
12214:Ecumenopolis
12112:Mini-Neptune
12048:Dwarf planet
11972:
11870:
11869:
11868:profile for
11865:
11795:
11790:(Paperback).
11778:
11760:
11742:
11723:
11718:(Hardcover).
11706:
11701:(Paperback).
11693:(Hardback);
11680:
11674:(Paperback).
11666:(Hardback);
11646:
11593:
11589:
11579:
11564:
11552:. Retrieved
11548:the original
11538:
11526:. Retrieved
11521:
11511:
11499:. Retrieved
11489:
11446:
11440:
11434:
11422:. Retrieved
11417:
11407:
11387:
11380:
11368:. Retrieved
11357:
11312:
11308:
11298:
11250:(1): 50–66.
11247:
11244:Astrobiology
11243:
11237:
11184:
11181:Astrobiology
11180:
11170:
11127:
11123:
11113:
11101:. Retrieved
11097:
11087:
11034:
11031:Astrobiology
11030:
11020:
11008:. Retrieved
11004:
10994:
10951:
10947:
10941:
10929:. Retrieved
10925:
10915:
10862:
10858:
10852:
10809:
10805:
10795:
10783:. Retrieved
10778:
10769:
10744:
10740:
10734:
10691:
10685:
10675:
10663:. Retrieved
10659:ScienceAlert
10657:
10647:
10604:
10600:
10594:
10586:planetplanet
10585:
10576:
10564:. Retrieved
10557:the original
10518:
10514:
10501:
10460:
10456:
10450:
10407:
10403:
10396:
10345:
10341:
10335:
10302:
10299:Astrobiology
10298:
10292:
10284:the original
10279:
10269:
10242:
10236:
10226:
10183:
10179:
10173:
10163:11 September
10161:. Retrieved
10156:
10147:
10128:
10124:
10060:
10056:
10046:Allen, L. E.
10039:
10027:. Retrieved
10018:
9975:
9971:
9965:
9940:
9936:
9930:
9905:
9901:
9895:
9883:. Retrieved
9879:the original
9874:
9864:
9852:. Retrieved
9846:
9836:
9824:. Retrieved
9819:
9810:
9798:. Retrieved
9794:
9784:
9741:
9735:
9725:
9713:. Retrieved
9708:the original
9702:
9692:
9641:
9637:
9631:
9588:
9584:
9578:
9535:
9531:
9525:
9472:
9466:
9423:
9419:
9413:
9401:. Retrieved
9397:
9388:
9327:
9323:
9313:
9270:
9266:
9259:
9216:
9212:
9206:
9155:
9151:
9145:
9102:
9098:
9091:
9079:. Retrieved
9075:
9066:
9021:
9017:
9007:
8995:. Retrieved
8991:the original
8986:
8976:
8933:
8929:
8923:
8911:. Retrieved
8906:
8897:
8854:
8850:
8844:
8809:
8805:
8795:
8770:
8766:
8760:
8735:
8731:
8725:
8674:
8670:
8664:
8652:. Retrieved
8648:
8638:
8601:
8597:
8587:
8542:
8538:
8528:
8516:. Retrieved
8510:
8500:
8488:. Retrieved
8483:the original
8477:
8467:
8424:
8420:
8414:
8402:. Retrieved
8398:
8388:
8376:. Retrieved
8372:the original
8367:
8363:
8353:
8316:
8312:
8302:
8290:. Retrieved
8283:the original
8278:
8266:
8254:. Retrieved
8249:
8240:
8195:
8191:
8181:
8130:
8126:
8120:
8108:. Retrieved
8104:
8094:
8025:
8021:
8014:
7969:
7965:
7955:
7943:. Retrieved
7933:
7914:
7902:. Retrieved
7892:
7849:
7845:
7839:
7796:
7792:
7778:
7735:
7731:
7721:
7709:. Retrieved
7705:
7695:
7683:. Retrieved
7679:
7670:
7658:. Retrieved
7654:
7645:
7602:
7598:
7592:
7549:
7545:
7538:
7495:
7491:
7473:
7418:
7412:
7389:24 September
7387:. Retrieved
7383:
7374:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7225:
7221:
7215:
7170:
7166:
7156:
7113:
7109:
7103:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7003:
6999:
6951:
6947:
6940:
6897:
6893:
6884:
6831:
6825:
6798:
6788:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6708:
6704:
6693:
6681:. Retrieved
6677:
6667:
6624:
6620:
6614:
6571:
6567:
6561:
6520:
6516:
6502:
6465:
6459:
6449:
6404:
6398:
6388:
6343:
6339:
6329:
6286:
6282:
6271:
6252:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6187:. Retrieved
6179:
6170:
6145:
6137:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6066:. Retrieved
6060:
6050:
6029:
6019:25 September
6017:. Retrieved
6011:
6001:
5992:the original
5986:
5973:
5961:. Retrieved
5955:
5945:
5933:. Retrieved
5929:the original
5919:
5904:
5892:. Retrieved
5888:the original
5883:
5873:
5861:. Retrieved
5851:
5839:. Retrieved
5835:midilibre.fr
5834:
5825:
5813:. Retrieved
5809:
5806:"Radius Gap"
5800:
5755:
5751:
5740:
5728:. Retrieved
5724:
5700:
5690:
5678:. Retrieved
5674:
5664:
5652:. Retrieved
5641:
5629:. Retrieved
5625:the original
5618:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5508:
5504:
5494:
5459:
5455:
5445:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5390:. Retrieved
5376:
5349:. Retrieved
5343:
5334:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5293:. Retrieved
5289:the original
5281:
5271:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5189:
5183:
5173:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5091:. Retrieved
5085:
5075:
5040:
5036:
5026:
4993:
4989:
4984:Bailes, M.;
4979:
4960:
4954:
4929:
4923:
4917:
4884:
4878:
4865:
4840:
4836:
4827:
4800:
4794:
4784:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4738:
4732:
4709:
4704:
4693:
4681:. Retrieved
4675:
4665:
4653:. Retrieved
4643:
4631:. Retrieved
4627:the original
4620:
4610:
4577:
4573:
4552:. Retrieved
4546:
4536:
4524:. Retrieved
4520:
4511:
4499:. Retrieved
4495:
4486:
4469:
4466:Brown Dwarfs
4465:
4459:
4416:
4412:
4399:
4387:. Retrieved
4383:
4374:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4223:
4217:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4056:
4052:
4042:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3971:
3968:Brown Dwarfs
3967:
3961:
3934:
3930:
3919:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3756:
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3730:
3721:
3709:. Retrieved
3703:
3693:
3681:. Retrieved
3671:
3625:
3619:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3593:the original
3588:
3581:Drake, Nadia
3575:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3510:the original
3504:
3491:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3408:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3382:the original
3375:
3365:
3322:
3318:
3269:
3265:
3254:
3238:10150/621980
3201:
3197:
3184:
3172:. Retrieved
3166:
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3139:
3071:
3065:
3055:
3046:
2982:
2978:
2943:10261/213115
2925:
2921:Astrobiology
2919:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2895:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2867:
2857:
2847:19 September
2845:. Retrieved
2839:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2811:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2760:
2756:
2746:
2686:K-type stars
2584:spectrograph
2534:hot Jupiters
2531:
2519:
2452:Earth analog
2437:
2414:
2378:
2356:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2288:
2280:
2265:liquid water
2263:can support
2216:Solar System
2205:
2194:Astrobiology
2188:Habitability
2166:
2146:
2117:
2105:
2095:
2082:ice crystals
2071:
2067:Tau Boötis b
2055:
2044:
2026:
2003:Kepler-1625b
1995:rogue planet
1992:
1973:
1965:
1937:
1926:
1911:
1898:
1890:
1863:
1850:
1842:
1815:
1811:super-Earths
1804:
1791:hot Jupiters
1788:
1768:
1741:
1729:stellar wind
1725:Hot Jupiters
1723:
1708:
1690:
1682:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1643:
1636:
1613:
1547:
1532:
1497:
1486:
1437:Solar System
1434:
1359:differences.
1154:
1142:
1107:rogue planet
1093:
1085:X-ray source
1074:
1017:
1014:
1002:
994:
987:
982:
976:
973:
956:hot Jupiters
953:
945:spectroscopy
922:an exoplanet
910:Michel Mayor
907:
884:
853:
826:brown dwarfs
822:Gamma Cephei
810:
804:or a planet.
715:
700:
658:
630:
625:
619:
612:Isaac Newton
609:
594:
584:
563:
560:
556:microlensing
528:PSR B1257+12
514:
494:Van Maanen 2
491:
487:Solar System
483:
463:
438:Nomenclature
391:
348:brown dwarfs
345:
342:Alternatives
307:
305:
296:brown dwarfs
275:
272:Solar System
266:used by the
262:
258:
234:
215:
192:
149:
106:
74:Solar System
72:outside the
65:
61:
59:
25:
13932:Outer space
13920:Spaceflight
13692:(mid-2020s)
13600:(2017–2020)
13583:(2009–2018)
13575:(2008–2013)
13570:Deep Impact
13559:(2006–2013)
13537:(2003–2019)
13026:before 2000
12942:Discoveries
12717:Polarimetry
12605:Binary star
12495:Rubble pile
12490:Ring system
12460:Outer space
12430:Kuiper belt
12385:Hills cloud
12340:Debris disk
12335:Cosmic dust
12264:Sub-Neptune
12249:Protoplanet
12184:Brown dwarf
12172:Other types
12128:Hot Neptune
12123:Hot Jupiter
12114:(Gas dwarf)
12089:Super-Earth
12074:Ocean world
12069:Lava planet
12063:Iron planet
12025:Terrestrial
11966:Main topics
11120:Bitz, C. M.
11103:12 February
11010:12 February
10931:12 February
10785:12 February
9908:: 395–399.
9767:11603/13118
9538:: 631–672.
7728:Aigrain, S.
7676:"STAR-DATA"
7116:: 298–312.
6683:12 February
6627:(2): L117.
6493:2108/347124
5935:28 February
5837:(in French)
5730:28 November
5680:27 February
5654:27 February
5650:. space.com
5631:26 February
5159:: 335–336.
4986:Lyne, A. G.
4932:: 757–759.
4770:: 199–200.
4521:www.iau.org
4496:www.eso.org
4419:: 193–216.
4177:(79): A79.
3762:29 November
3737:23 November
3711:13 February
3174:15 February
3163:"HR 2562 b"
2820:14 November
2792:14 November
2682:G-type star
2492:Kepler-452b
2466:Kepler-186f
2429:light-years
2425:Kepler-442b
2421:Kepler-186f
2385:circularize
2214:beyond the
2050:atmospheres
2029:HD 209458 b
2009:Atmospheres
1976:August 2024
1929:Fomalhaut b
1918:ring system
1901:August 2024
1866:55 Cancri e
1853:August 2024
1685:HD 209458 b
1654:hot Jupiter
1558:triple star
1550:binary star
1539:metallicity
1389:Polarimetry
1224:due to the
990:Kepler-452b
930:G-type star
924:orbiting a
899:white dwarf
867:PSR 1257+12
840:AB Pictoris
798:brown dwarf
730:PSR 1829-10
718:Andrew Lyne
666:. In 1855,
664:70 Ophiuchi
661:binary star
637:Otto Struve
633:hot Jupiter
324:< 2/(25+
289:metallicity
285:true masses
203:light-years
184:brown dwarf
94:composition
13977:Exoplanets
13966:Categories
12937:Exoplanets
12918:Host stars
12865:Catalogues
12688:Astrometry
12650:Subdwarf B
12587:Host stars
12560:Retrograde
12455:Oort cloud
12293:Formation
12229:Mesoplanet
12153:Super-puff
12079:Mega-Earth
12058:Ice planet
11943:Definition
11928:Exoplanets
11743:Exoplanets
11424:7 February
10812:(2): L27.
10607:(2): L45.
10410:(2): L29.
9885:17 January
9826:17 January
9800:17 January
9591:(1): L25.
9337:1810.02362
9273:(2): 155.
9219:(2): 117.
9081:17 January
9031:1505.00269
8997:8 November
8913:17 January
8684:1907.09068
8654:17 January
8611:2202.08899
8604:(2): 118.
8552:1901.02048
8427:(2): L25.
8404:17 January
8326:2403.02226
8292:15 October
8256:17 January
8110:17 January
7852:(2): L32.
7799:(11): 11.
7738:(2): L16.
7711:17 January
7685:17 January
7660:17 January
7013:1606.08088
6961:1704.08284
6841:1806.05649
6799:Exoplanets
6748:(1): L83.
6414:2208.14553
6289:(2): 200.
6102:2009.12377
6095:(1): L11.
6041:2009.08987
5894:4 November
5863:17 January
5765:1703.10375
5758:(3): 109.
5345:HubbleSite
4683:12 January
4554:1 November
4526:29 January
4389:17 January
4288:1506.05097
4281:(2): L25.
4233:1604.00917
4066:1801.06185
4002:(2): 159.
3796:2203.09520
3789:: 101641.
3599:17 January
3450:1609.03449
3416:5 February
3388:5 February
3325:(2): 120.
3279:1804.04584
3211:1608.06660
3147:5 November
2903:23 January
2738:References
2523:Kepler-223
2460:red dwarfs
2450:See also:
2417:Kepler-62f
2405:See also:
2368:axial tilt
2347:See also:
2289:Planetary
2192:See also:
2182:HD 189733b
2086:atmosphere
2058:transiting
1809:on larger
1754:, such as
1662:gas giants
1620:HD 189733b
1604:HD 189733b
1588:See also:
1512:red dwarfs
1455:Kepler-51b
1421:See also:
1302:Astrometry
1248:Kepler-19c
1244:Kepler-19b
1161:VLT-SPHERE
1104:Earth-mass
1081:M51-ULS-1b
879:gas giants
860:Dale Frail
750:See also:
601:Copernican
448:HIP 65426b
446:Exoplanet
250:Definition
240:gas giants
145:red dwarfs
13896:Astronomy
13772:Eddington
13752:Cancelled
13643:Hayabusa2
13470:SuperWASP
13460:SPECULOOS
13430:PlanetPol
13393:Australis
13255:Exoplanet
13031:2000–2009
12997:1501–2000
12992:1001–1500
12680:Detection
12645:Red giant
12305:Accretion
12297:evolution
12138:Ice giant
12133:Gas giant
12084:Sub-Earth
11973:Exoplanet
11872:Exoplanet
11805:1401.8103
11628:0019-1035
11603:1306.0578
11481:119103101
11456:1303.2649
11449:(1): L8.
11418:Space.com
11322:0808.2770
11257:1401.2392
11194:1203.5104
11162:118544889
11137:1403.3695
11130:(1): L9.
11044:1404.3686
10986:119202437
10961:1401.5323
10954:: 43–59.
10885:CiteSeerX
10872:1312.0613
10819:1102.1108
10614:1307.0515
10528:1404.4992
10521:(1): L2.
10442:118588898
10417:1404.5292
10388:206546351
10358:CiteSeerX
10218:119103101
10193:1303.2649
10186:(1): L8.
10131:: 00001.
10070:0705.0993
9985:1204.1544
9776:109930589
9651:1206.6109
9623:119177983
9598:1206.6197
9570:119269678
9545:1005.4037
9517:118337613
9482:1402.1169
9362:2375-2548
9305:118327512
9280:1312.3951
9226:1104.3863
9165:0811.1994
9112:1108.4070
9105:(3): 72.
8943:1401.0720
8936:(1): 27.
8864:0710.0699
8717:198147426
8709:2397-3366
8649:Space.com
8579:119350145
8545:(1): 79.
8518:18 August
8490:18 August
8459:118978422
8434:1302.1466
8399:Space.com
8319:(1): 55.
8205:1102.2737
8173:206560188
8140:1411.6875
8105:Space.com
8085:1412.6097
8035:1210.4592
8028:(1): 53.
8006:119287494
7979:1108.2297
7945:12 August
7884:119253577
7859:1211.3744
7806:1307.2886
7745:1307.3239
7637:118415186
7612:1310.7830
7605:(1): 14.
7505:0803.3357
7428:1311.6806
7366:119106865
7341:1401.2885
7334:(1): 53.
7313:119243879
7288:1006.0021
7235:1001.0917
7207:118620603
7180:1401.2765
7148:118572605
7123:1405.7305
7095:118522228
7070:1310.2211
7040:119203398
6876:116913980
6808:1006.5486
6755:0712.0193
6441:251953478
6407:(3): 93.
6353:0806.0629
6296:1109.1561
6219:1108.3447
6129:221971000
6068:2 October
5792:0004-6256
5597:206536332
5564:1109.3432
5535:204992574
4909:117727302
4843:: 17–23.
4451:119338327
4341:1012.5676
4313:119111221
4260:118434022
4184:1106.0586
4154:118513110
4129:1008.5150
4122:(1): 57.
4093:1538-4357
4059:(1): 37.
4034:119304898
4009:1404.5335
3886:0802.1810
3849:0710.5667
3821:247065421
3705:Space.com
3662:119185094
3635:1201.2687
3567:119302072
3542:1401.1194
3535:(2): 68.
3357:118553341
3332:1305.0980
3204:(1): 10.
3081:1311.6806
2992:1202.0903
2770:0707.2895
2728:Milky Way
2498:around a
2470:red dwarf
2433:red dwarf
2239:) in the
2060:and five
2031:in 2001.
1912:The star
1824:Volcanism
1775:HD 189733
1744:deuterium
1562:Kepler-64
1327:supernova
1100:detection
1005:TOI 700 d
969:Kepler-16
933:51 Pegasi
871:supernova
838:image of
722:M. Bailes
716:In 1991,
621:Principia
566:LHS 475 b
536:51 Pegasi
452:HIP 65426
352:accretion
308:exoplanet
276:exoplanet
180:deuterium
172:HR 2562 b
154:known is
141:Milky Way
131:have an "
62:exoplanet
13844:Category
13701:Proposed
13475:Systemic
13383:MicroFUN
13363:Magellan
13301:ESPRESSO
12987:501–1000
12967:Heaviest
12947:Extremes
12655:Subgiant
12528:Exocomet
11840:55875067
11554:15 April
11349:19930771
11282:24380533
11229:23537135
11079:24611714
10844:73631942
10779:BBC News
10726:37072387
10717:10113254
10665:19 April
10639:14119086
10553:56145598
10485:23719462
10380:23641111
10327:21707386
10261:23641107
10095:17495920
10010:15219541
9978:(1): 7.
9875:Nautilus
9795:phys.org
9676:22739313
9458:14487268
9380:30306135
9251:42698264
9198:10054103
9190:19008414
9137:55818711
9058:53662519
8968:56272100
8836:41617531
8378:22 March
8250:Redorbit
8232:56567587
8165:25414310
8060:18216065
7922:Archived
7904:3 August
7831:53343537
7770:38344760
7584:59569803
7530:10979195
7465:24191033
7260:36285464
6978:39412906
6780:14366978
6659:10066891
6606:17773111
6545:17851517
6508:(2007).
6380:15282437
6321:42698813
6260:Archived
6244:15088852
5884:nasa.gov
5880:"Kepler"
5841:17 April
5675:BBC News
5589:21921192
5486:24352276
5295:20 April
5263:11506537
5067:40526307
4677:NBC News
4366:51769219
4209:55994657
4101:55995400
3911:16746688
3683:25 April
3475:27558064
3272:: A177.
3246:44216698
3118:24191033
3017:22237108
2960:73498809
2952:30789285
2631:See also
2602:ESPRESSO
2503:Sun-like
2329:universe
2108:GJ 436 b
1624:GJ 504 b
1608:silicate
1446:hydrogen
1410:infrared
1279:planets.
1193:transits
1091:(M51a).
816:and the
732:, using
686:and the
643:and the
614:in the "
588:—
546:and the
424:pressure
54:Scorpius
50:WASP-17b
13956:Science
13884:Biology
13870:Portals
13856:Commons
13823:nearest
13796:Related
13664:Planned
13609:Current
13597:ASTERIA
13388:MINERVA
13373:MASCARA
13368:MARVELS
13321:HARPS-N
13286:EAPSNet
13281:CORALIE
12962:Largest
12957:Nearest
12660:T Tauri
12556:Orbits
12540:Exomoon
12520:Systems
12234:Planemo
12099:Gaseous
11862:Scholia
11810:Bibcode
11651:Bibcode
11608:Bibcode
11528:2 March
11501:23 July
11461:Bibcode
11370:24 July
11327:Bibcode
11290:1824897
11262:Bibcode
11220:3612283
11199:Bibcode
11142:Bibcode
11098:UW News
11070:3995117
11049:Bibcode
11005:UW News
10966:Bibcode
10907:2777386
10877:Bibcode
10824:Bibcode
10749:Bibcode
10696:Bibcode
10619:Bibcode
10566:28 July
10533:Bibcode
10493:4416458
10465:Bibcode
10422:Bibcode
10350:Bibcode
10342:Science
10307:Bibcode
10238:Science
10198:Bibcode
10103:4402268
10075:Bibcode
10029:15 June
9990:Bibcode
9945:Bibcode
9910:Bibcode
9854:25 June
9820:TGDaily
9746:Bibcode
9684:4368217
9656:Bibcode
9603:Bibcode
9550:Bibcode
9487:Bibcode
9438:Bibcode
9371:6170104
9342:Bibcode
9285:Bibcode
9231:Bibcode
9170:Bibcode
9152:Science
9117:Bibcode
9036:Bibcode
8948:Bibcode
8889:9432267
8869:Bibcode
8814:Bibcode
8775:Bibcode
8740:Bibcode
8689:Bibcode
8616:Bibcode
8557:Bibcode
8439:Bibcode
8331:Bibcode
8210:Bibcode
8145:Bibcode
8127:Science
8040:Bibcode
7984:Bibcode
7864:Bibcode
7811:Bibcode
7750:Bibcode
7617:Bibcode
7564:Bibcode
7510:Bibcode
7456:3845182
7433:Bibcode
7346:Bibcode
7293:Bibcode
7240:Bibcode
7185:Bibcode
7128:Bibcode
7075:Bibcode
7018:Bibcode
6954:: A16.
6932:8706944
6912:Bibcode
6846:Bibcode
6813:Bibcode
6760:Bibcode
6713:Bibcode
6711:: 165.
6639:Bibcode
6586:Bibcode
6553:4342338
6525:Bibcode
6470:Bibcode
6468:: L15.
6419:Bibcode
6358:Bibcode
6301:Bibcode
6224:Bibcode
6212:: A58.
6189:10 July
6107:Bibcode
5963:19 June
5815:3 April
5770:Bibcode
5569:Bibcode
5551:Science
5513:Bibcode
5464:Bibcode
5437:4339201
5417:Bibcode
5392:4 April
5243:Bibcode
5194:Bibcode
5161:Bibcode
5122:Bibcode
5120:: 902.
5093:24 July
5045:Bibcode
5018:4339517
4998:Bibcode
4934:Bibcode
4889:Bibcode
4845:Bibcode
4805:Bibcode
4772:Bibcode
4655:5 April
4633:31 July
4602:4260368
4582:Bibcode
4474:Bibcode
4472:: 533.
4431:Bibcode
4346:Bibcode
4293:Bibcode
4189:Bibcode
4134:Bibcode
4071:Bibcode
4014:Bibcode
3976:Bibcode
3974:: 532.
3939:Bibcode
3891:Bibcode
3854:Bibcode
3842:: 235.
3801:Bibcode
3640:Bibcode
3547:Bibcode
3483:4451513
3455:Bibcode
3410:Gizmodo
3337:Bibcode
3284:Bibcode
3216:Bibcode
3168:Caltech
3109:3845182
3086:Bibcode
3025:2614136
2997:Bibcode
2875:2 April
2775:Bibcode
2612:in the
2580:echelle
2500:G2-type
2349:Ice age
2299:reflect
2138:Surface
2084:in the
2045:Cassini
1989:Exomoon
1966:updated
1891:updated
1843:updated
1756:Jupiter
1704:auroral
1693:auroral
1650:TrES-2b
1543:Jupiter
1502:, i.e.
1396:method.
1346:method.
1150:Jupiter
916:of the
846:on the
682:of the
670:at the
417:." The
327:√
322:central
207:parsecs
176:Jupiter
34:HR 8799
13760:Darwin
13743:PEGASE
13723:LUVOIR
13708:EXCEDE
13684:(2029)
13676:(2026)
13634:CHEOPS
13580:Kepler
13567:using
13551:(2006)
13545:using
13542:SWEEPS
13465:SPHERE
13455:SOPHIE
13378:MEarth
13343:HiCIAO
13333:HATNet
13311:Geneva
13291:ELODIE
12977:Kepler
12952:Firsts
12851:Tholin
12722:Timing
12640:Pulsar
12565:Trojan
12179:Blanet
11938:Planet
11864:has a
11838:
11828:
11786:
11769:
11750:
11730:
11714:
11697:
11689:
11670:
11662:
11626:
11590:Icarus
11479:
11395:
11347:
11288:
11280:
11227:
11217:
11160:
11077:
11067:
10984:
10905:
10887:
10842:
10724:
10714:
10637:
10551:
10491:
10483:
10457:Nature
10440:
10386:
10378:
10360:
10325:
10259:
10216:
10101:
10093:
10057:Nature
10008:
9937:Icarus
9902:Icarus
9774:
9715:20 May
9682:
9674:
9638:Nature
9625:. L25.
9621:
9568:
9515:
9505:
9456:
9403:6 June
9378:
9368:
9360:
9303:
9249:
9196:
9188:
9135:
9056:
8966:
8887:
8834:
8715:
8707:
8577:
8457:
8230:
8171:
8163:
8058:
8004:
7882:
7829:
7768:
7635:
7582:
7528:
7463:
7453:
7364:
7311:
7275:Icarus
7258:
7205:
7146:
7110:Icarus
7093:
7038:
6976:
6930:
6874:
6864:
6778:
6657:
6604:
6551:
6543:
6517:Nature
6439:
6378:
6319:
6242:
6158:
6127:
5790:
5719:NASA.
5595:
5587:
5533:
5505:Nature
5484:
5456:Nature
5435:
5409:Nature
5322:
5261:
5065:
5037:Nature
5016:
4990:Nature
4967:
4907:
4745:
4720:
4600:
4574:Nature
4501:7 July
4449:
4364:
4311:
4258:
4248:
4207:
4152:
4099:
4091:
4032:
3909:
3819:
3679:. 2006
3660:
3565:
3481:
3473:
3437:Nature
3355:
3244:
3116:
3106:
3023:
3015:
2979:Nature
2958:
2950:
2813:GitHub
2564:Kepler
2435:star.
2390:Europa
2225:oxygen
2200:, and
2173:albedo
1760:Saturn
1616:albedo
1535:Kepler
1450:helium
1429:, and
1323:pulsar
1165:SCExAO
1163:, and
1018:Kepler
983:Kepler
977:Kepler
864:pulsar
769:HR8799
692:period
525:pulsar
401:
382:
371:
358:
263:planet
162:. The
156:Draugr
100:, and
88:. The
70:planet
13908:Stars
13713:HabEx
13681:ARIEL
13672:PLATO
13564:EPOXI
13556:CoRoT
13445:SEEDS
13440:PARAS
13415:NESSI
13348:HIRES
13316:HARPS
13296:EPICS
13117:Other
12982:1–500
12907:Lists
12016:types
12011:Sizes
11866:topic
11836:S2CID
11800:arXiv
11598:arXiv
11477:S2CID
11451:arXiv
11345:S2CID
11317:arXiv
11286:S2CID
11252:arXiv
11189:arXiv
11158:S2CID
11132:arXiv
11039:arXiv
10982:S2CID
10956:arXiv
10903:S2CID
10867:arXiv
10840:S2CID
10814:arXiv
10635:S2CID
10609:arXiv
10560:(PDF)
10549:S2CID
10523:arXiv
10511:(PDF)
10489:S2CID
10438:S2CID
10412:arXiv
10384:S2CID
10214:S2CID
10188:arXiv
10099:S2CID
10065:arXiv
10053:(PDF)
10006:S2CID
9980:arXiv
9772:S2CID
9680:S2CID
9646:arXiv
9619:S2CID
9593:arXiv
9566:S2CID
9540:arXiv
9513:S2CID
9477:arXiv
9454:S2CID
9428:arXiv
9332:arXiv
9301:S2CID
9275:arXiv
9247:S2CID
9221:arXiv
9194:S2CID
9160:arXiv
9133:S2CID
9107:arXiv
9054:S2CID
9026:arXiv
8964:S2CID
8938:arXiv
8885:S2CID
8859:arXiv
8832:S2CID
8713:S2CID
8679:arXiv
8606:arXiv
8575:S2CID
8547:arXiv
8455:S2CID
8429:arXiv
8321:arXiv
8286:(PDF)
8275:(PDF)
8228:S2CID
8200:arXiv
8169:S2CID
8135:arXiv
8080:arXiv
8056:S2CID
8030:arXiv
8002:S2CID
7974:arXiv
7880:S2CID
7854:arXiv
7827:S2CID
7801:arXiv
7789:(PDF)
7766:S2CID
7740:arXiv
7633:S2CID
7607:arXiv
7580:S2CID
7554:arXiv
7526:S2CID
7500:arXiv
7423:arXiv
7362:S2CID
7336:arXiv
7309:S2CID
7283:arXiv
7256:S2CID
7230:arXiv
7203:S2CID
7175:arXiv
7144:S2CID
7118:arXiv
7091:S2CID
7065:arXiv
7036:S2CID
7008:arXiv
6974:S2CID
6956:arXiv
6928:S2CID
6902:arXiv
6872:S2CID
6836:arXiv
6803:arXiv
6776:S2CID
6750:arXiv
6655:S2CID
6629:arXiv
6602:S2CID
6576:arXiv
6549:S2CID
6513:(PDF)
6437:S2CID
6409:arXiv
6376:S2CID
6348:arXiv
6317:S2CID
6291:arXiv
6240:S2CID
6214:arXiv
6125:S2CID
6097:arXiv
6036:arXiv
5760:arXiv
5593:S2CID
5559:arXiv
5531:S2CID
5433:S2CID
5351:7 May
5314:[
5259:S2CID
5233:arXiv
5063:S2CID
5014:S2CID
4905:S2CID
4875:(PDF)
4598:S2CID
4447:S2CID
4421:arXiv
4409:(PDF)
4362:S2CID
4336:arXiv
4309:S2CID
4283:arXiv
4256:S2CID
4228:arXiv
4205:S2CID
4179:arXiv
4150:S2CID
4124:arXiv
4097:S2CID
4061:arXiv
4030:S2CID
4004:arXiv
3907:S2CID
3881:arXiv
3844:arXiv
3817:S2CID
3791:arXiv
3658:S2CID
3630:arXiv
3563:S2CID
3537:arXiv
3479:S2CID
3445:arXiv
3353:S2CID
3327:arXiv
3274:arXiv
3242:S2CID
3206:arXiv
3194:(PDF)
3076:arXiv
3021:S2CID
2987:arXiv
2956:S2CID
2765:arXiv
2663:Notes
2620:ANDES
2596:Chile
2576:HARPS
2558:CoRoT
2532:Some
2101:comet
2080:from
2074:Earth
2040:Titan
1947:Moons
1872:Rings
1795:gauss
1700:LOFAR
1696:radio
1669:phase
1598:This
1514:, of
1236:(TTV)
796:is a
568:, an
205:(1.3
133:Earth
68:is a
13766:EChO
13718:LIFE
13626:TESS
13617:Gaia
13534:MOST
13527:Past
13480:TrES
13450:SETI
13425:OPSP
13420:OGLE
13410:NGTS
13358:LCES
13353:KELT
13271:AAPS
13106:2024
13101:2023
13096:2022
13091:2021
13086:2020
13081:2019
13076:2018
13071:2017
13066:2016
13061:2015
13056:2014
13051:2013
13046:2012
13041:2011
13036:2010
12751:list
12739:list
12727:list
12710:list
12698:list
12295:and
12013:and
11826:ISBN
11784:ISBN
11767:ISBN
11748:ISBN
11728:ISBN
11712:ISBN
11695:ISBN
11687:ISBN
11668:ISBN
11660:ISBN
11624:ISSN
11556:2010
11530:2011
11503:2015
11426:2013
11393:ISBN
11372:2015
11278:PMID
11225:PMID
11105:2023
11075:PMID
11012:2023
10933:2023
10787:2023
10722:PMID
10667:2023
10568:2016
10481:PMID
10376:PMID
10323:PMID
10257:PMID
10165:2015
10157:NAOJ
10091:PMID
10031:2015
9887:2022
9856:2015
9828:2022
9802:2022
9717:2017
9672:PMID
9503:ISBN
9405:2017
9376:PMID
9358:ISSN
9186:PMID
9083:2022
8999:2015
8915:2022
8705:ISSN
8656:2022
8520:2018
8492:2018
8406:2022
8380:2018
8294:2008
8258:2022
8161:PMID
8112:2022
7947:2011
7906:2015
7713:2022
7706:NASA
7687:2022
7662:2022
7461:PMID
7391:2016
6862:ISBN
6685:2023
6541:PMID
6191:2023
6156:ISBN
6070:2020
6021:2020
5965:2017
5957:NASA
5937:2014
5896:2013
5865:2020
5843:2020
5817:2024
5788:ISSN
5732:2018
5702:NASA
5682:2014
5656:2014
5633:2014
5620:NASA
5585:PMID
5482:PMID
5394:2022
5353:2006
5320:ISBN
5297:2012
5095:2024
4965:ISBN
4743:ISBN
4718:ISBN
4685:2023
4657:2022
4635:2022
4556:2017
4548:NASA
4528:2017
4503:2017
4391:2022
4246:ISBN
4089:ISSN
3764:2020
3739:2014
3713:2008
3685:2010
3601:2022
3471:PMID
3418:2018
3390:2018
3176:2018
3149:2013
3114:PMID
3013:PMID
2948:PMID
2905:2023
2877:2022
2869:NASA
2849:2024
2822:2015
2794:2015
2570:TESS
2423:and
2409:and
2351:and
2253:star
2220:life
1660:For
1652:, a
1023:TESS
1021:and
912:and
858:and
844:NACO
515:The
320:(M/M
226:life
160:Moon
150:The
115:and
13738:OST
13547:HST
13405:N2K
13400:MOA
13338:HEK
13328:GPI
13276:APF
11948:IAU
11818:doi
11616:doi
11594:226
11469:doi
11447:767
11335:doi
11313:391
11270:doi
11215:PMC
11207:doi
11150:doi
11128:785
11065:PMC
11057:doi
10974:doi
10952:105
10895:doi
10832:doi
10810:735
10757:doi
10745:219
10712:PMC
10704:doi
10627:doi
10605:771
10541:doi
10519:787
10473:doi
10461:497
10430:doi
10408:787
10368:doi
10346:340
10315:doi
10247:doi
10243:340
10206:doi
10184:767
10133:doi
10083:doi
10061:447
9998:doi
9976:752
9953:doi
9941:226
9918:doi
9906:250
9762:hdl
9754:doi
9664:doi
9642:486
9611:doi
9589:753
9558:doi
9495:doi
9446:doi
9424:568
9366:PMC
9350:doi
9293:doi
9271:785
9239:doi
9217:734
9178:doi
9156:322
9125:doi
9103:143
9044:doi
9022:455
8956:doi
8934:781
8877:doi
8855:670
8822:doi
8783:doi
8771:310
8748:doi
8736:286
8697:doi
8624:doi
8602:952
8565:doi
8543:872
8447:doi
8425:765
8339:doi
8317:966
8218:doi
8196:414
8153:doi
8131:346
8048:doi
8026:761
7992:doi
7970:417
7872:doi
7850:763
7819:doi
7797:774
7758:doi
7736:772
7625:doi
7603:149
7572:doi
7550:443
7518:doi
7496:120
7451:PMC
7441:doi
7419:110
7354:doi
7332:783
7301:doi
7279:210
7248:doi
7226:716
7193:doi
7171:439
7136:doi
7114:241
7083:doi
7061:778
7026:doi
7004:828
6966:doi
6952:604
6920:doi
6898:568
6854:doi
6768:doi
6746:673
6721:doi
6647:doi
6625:588
6594:doi
6533:doi
6521:449
6488:hdl
6478:doi
6466:677
6427:doi
6405:164
6366:doi
6344:389
6309:doi
6287:743
6232:doi
6210:534
6152:149
6115:doi
6093:903
5778:doi
5756:154
5577:doi
5555:333
5521:doi
5509:398
5472:doi
5460:504
5425:doi
5413:378
5381:doi
5251:doi
5229:599
5202:doi
5190:396
5130:doi
5118:331
5053:doi
5041:355
5006:doi
4994:352
4942:doi
4897:doi
4853:doi
4813:doi
4714:198
4590:doi
4578:355
4470:211
4439:doi
4354:doi
4332:123
4301:doi
4279:810
4238:doi
4197:doi
4175:532
4142:doi
4120:727
4079:doi
4057:853
4022:doi
4000:794
3972:211
3947:doi
3935:505
3899:doi
3877:482
3840:398
3809:doi
3648:doi
3626:423
3555:doi
3533:783
3463:doi
3441:536
3345:doi
3323:770
3292:doi
3270:615
3234:hdl
3224:doi
3202:829
3104:PMC
3094:doi
3072:110
3005:doi
2983:481
2938:hdl
2930:doi
2783:doi
2761:669
2606:VLT
2594:in
2590:at
2388:to
2042:by
1648:is
1506:of
1500:Sun
877:of
848:VLT
705:of
674:'s
628:."
626:One
430:or
406:Jup
387:Jup
376:Jup
364:Jup
329:621
255:IAU
170:is
64:or
60:An
13968::
13004:K2
11834:.
11824:.
11816:.
11808:.
11622:.
11614:.
11606:.
11592:.
11588:.
11520:.
11475:.
11467:.
11459:.
11445:.
11416:.
11343:.
11333:.
11325:.
11311:.
11307:.
11284:.
11276:.
11268:.
11260:.
11248:14
11246:.
11223:.
11213:.
11205:.
11197:.
11185:13
11183:.
11179:.
11156:.
11148:.
11140:.
11126:.
11096:.
11073:.
11063:.
11055:.
11047:.
11035:14
11033:.
11029:.
11003:.
10980:.
10972:.
10964:.
10950:.
10924:.
10901:.
10893:.
10883:.
10875:.
10863:13
10861:.
10838:.
10830:.
10822:.
10808:.
10804:.
10777:.
10755:.
10743:.
10720:.
10710:.
10702:.
10692:14
10690:.
10684:.
10656:.
10633:.
10625:.
10617:.
10603:.
10584:.
10547:.
10539:.
10531:.
10517:.
10513:.
10487:.
10479:.
10471:.
10459:.
10436:.
10428:.
10420:.
10406:.
10382:.
10374:.
10366:.
10356:.
10344:.
10321:.
10313:.
10303:11
10301:.
10278:.
10255:.
10241:.
10235:.
10212:.
10204:.
10196:.
10182:.
10155:.
10127:.
10123:.
10111:^
10097:.
10089:.
10081:.
10073:.
10059:.
10055:.
10004:.
9996:.
9988:.
9974:.
9951:.
9939:.
9916:.
9904:.
9873:.
9845:.
9818:.
9793:.
9770:.
9760:.
9752:.
9742:44
9740:.
9734:.
9701:.
9678:.
9670:.
9662:.
9654:.
9640:.
9617:.
9609:.
9601:.
9587:.
9564:.
9556:.
9548:.
9536:48
9534:.
9511:.
9501:.
9493:.
9485:.
9452:.
9444:.
9436:.
9422:.
9396:.
9374:.
9364:.
9356:.
9348:.
9340:.
9326:.
9322:.
9299:.
9291:.
9283:.
9269:.
9245:.
9237:.
9229:.
9215:.
9192:.
9184:.
9176:.
9168:.
9154:.
9131:.
9123:.
9115:.
9101:.
9074:.
9052:.
9042:.
9034:.
9020:.
9016:.
8985:.
8962:.
8954:.
8946:.
8932:.
8905:.
8883:.
8875:.
8867:.
8853:.
8830:.
8820:.
8810:34
8808:.
8804:.
8781:.
8769:.
8746:.
8734:.
8711:.
8703:.
8695:.
8687:.
8673:.
8647:.
8622:.
8614:.
8600:.
8596:.
8573:.
8563:.
8555:.
8541:.
8537:.
8509:.
8476:.
8453:.
8445:.
8437:.
8423:.
8397:.
8366:.
8362:.
8337:.
8329:.
8315:.
8311:.
8277:.
8248:.
8226:.
8216:.
8208:.
8194:.
8190:.
8167:.
8159:.
8151:.
8143:.
8129:.
8103:.
8068:^
8054:.
8046:.
8038:.
8024:.
8000:.
7990:.
7982:.
7968:.
7964:.
7878:.
7870:.
7862:.
7848:.
7825:.
7817:.
7809:.
7795:.
7791:.
7764:.
7756:.
7748:.
7734:.
7704:.
7678:.
7653:.
7631:.
7623:.
7615:.
7601:.
7578:.
7570:.
7562:.
7548:.
7524:.
7516:.
7508:.
7494:.
7482:;
7459:.
7449:.
7439:.
7431:.
7417:.
7411:.
7399:^
7382:.
7360:.
7352:.
7344:.
7330:.
7307:.
7299:.
7291:.
7277:.
7254:.
7246:.
7238:.
7224:.
7201:.
7191:.
7183:.
7169:.
7165:.
7142:.
7134:.
7126:.
7112:.
7089:.
7081:.
7073:.
7059:.
7034:.
7024:.
7016:.
7002:.
6998:.
6986:^
6972:.
6964:.
6950:.
6926:.
6918:.
6910:.
6896:.
6870:.
6860:.
6852:.
6844:.
6811:.
6774:.
6766:.
6758:.
6744:.
6719:.
6707:.
6703:.
6676:.
6653:.
6645:.
6637:.
6623:.
6600:.
6592:.
6584:.
6570:.
6547:.
6539:.
6531:.
6519:.
6515:.
6486:.
6476:.
6464:.
6458:.
6435:.
6425:.
6417:.
6403:.
6397:.
6374:.
6364:.
6356:.
6342:.
6338:.
6315:.
6307:.
6299:.
6285:.
6238:.
6230:.
6222:.
6208:.
6182:.
6178:.
6154:.
6123:.
6113:.
6105:.
6091:.
6087:.
6059:.
6010:.
5985:.
5954:.
5882:.
5833:.
5808:.
5786:.
5776:.
5768:.
5754:.
5750:.
5723:.
5711:^
5699:.
5673:.
5617:.
5605:^
5591:.
5583:.
5575:.
5567:.
5553:.
5529:.
5519:.
5507:.
5503:.
5480:.
5470:.
5458:.
5454:.
5431:.
5423:.
5411:.
5375:.
5361:^
5342:.
5280:.
5257:.
5249:.
5241:.
5227:.
5200:.
5188:.
5182:.
5157:42
5155:.
5128:.
5116:.
5112:.
5084:.
5061:.
5051:.
5039:.
5035:.
5012:.
5004:.
4992:.
4940:.
4930:74
4928:.
4903:.
4895:.
4885:30
4883:.
4877:.
4851:.
4841:16
4839:.
4811:.
4801:15
4799:.
4793:.
4768:72
4766:.
4716:.
4702:.
4674:.
4619:.
4596:.
4588:.
4576:.
4564:^
4545:.
4519:.
4494:.
4468:.
4445:.
4437:.
4429:.
4417:34
4411:.
4382:.
4360:.
4352:.
4344:.
4330:.
4307:.
4299:.
4291:.
4277:.
4254:.
4244:.
4236:.
4203:.
4195:.
4187:.
4173:.
4148:.
4140:.
4132:.
4118:.
4095:.
4087:.
4077:.
4069:.
4055:.
4051:.
4028:.
4020:.
4012:.
3998:.
3970:.
3945:.
3933:.
3929:.
3905:.
3897:.
3889:.
3875:.
3852:.
3838:.
3815:.
3807:.
3799:.
3787:94
3785:.
3781:.
3755:.
3729:.
3702:.
3656:.
3646:.
3638:.
3624:.
3618:.
3587:.
3561:.
3553:.
3545:.
3531:.
3503:.
3477:.
3469:.
3461:.
3453:.
3439:.
3435:.
3407:.
3374:.
3351:.
3343:.
3335:.
3321:.
3306:^
3290:.
3282:.
3268:.
3264:.
3240:.
3232:.
3222:.
3214:.
3200:.
3196:.
3165:.
3138:.
3126:^
3112:.
3102:.
3092:.
3084:.
3070:.
3064:.
3045:.
3033:^
3019:.
3011:.
3003:.
2995:.
2981:.
2968:^
2954:.
2946:.
2936:.
2926:19
2924:.
2894:.
2866:.
2838:.
2810:.
2781:.
2773:.
2759:.
2755:.
2719:^
2707:^
2693:^
2671:^
2529:.
2419:,
2339:.
2196:,
2069:.
1935:.
1766:.
1758:,
1719:12
1564:.
1495:.
1425:,
1321:A
1294:AU
1159:,
1113:.
1079:,
720:,
576:.
399:13
380:10
356:13
111:.
104:.
96:,
13872::
13231:e
13224:t
13217:v
12600:B
12595:A
11921:e
11914:t
11907:v
11889:)
11885:(
11876:.
11842:.
11820::
11812::
11802::
11773:.
11754:.
11736:.
11657:.
11653::
11630:.
11618::
11610::
11600::
11558:.
11532:.
11505:.
11483:.
11471::
11463::
11453::
11428:.
11401:.
11374:.
11351:.
11337::
11329::
11319::
11292:.
11272::
11264::
11254::
11231:.
11209::
11201::
11191::
11164:.
11152::
11144::
11134::
11107:.
11081:.
11059::
11051::
11041::
11014:.
10988:.
10976::
10968::
10958::
10935:.
10909:.
10897::
10879::
10869::
10846:.
10834::
10826::
10816::
10789:.
10763:.
10759::
10751::
10728:.
10706::
10698::
10669:.
10641:.
10629::
10621::
10611::
10570:.
10543::
10535::
10525::
10495:.
10475::
10467::
10444:.
10432::
10424::
10414::
10390:.
10370::
10352::
10329:.
10317::
10309::
10263:.
10249::
10220:.
10208::
10200::
10190::
10167:.
10141:.
10135::
10129:2
10105:.
10085::
10077::
10067::
10033:.
10012:.
10000::
9992::
9982::
9959:.
9955::
9947::
9924:.
9920::
9912::
9889:.
9858:.
9830:.
9804:.
9778:.
9764::
9756::
9748::
9719:.
9686:.
9666::
9658::
9648::
9613::
9605::
9595::
9572:.
9560::
9552::
9542::
9519:.
9497::
9489::
9479::
9460:.
9448::
9440::
9430::
9407:.
9382:.
9352::
9344::
9334::
9328:4
9307:.
9295::
9287::
9277::
9253:.
9241::
9233::
9223::
9200:.
9180::
9172::
9162::
9139:.
9127::
9119::
9109::
9085:.
9060:.
9046::
9038::
9028::
9001:.
8970:.
8958::
8950::
8940::
8917:.
8891:.
8879::
8871::
8861::
8838:.
8824::
8816::
8789:.
8785::
8777::
8754:.
8750::
8742::
8719:.
8699::
8691::
8681::
8675:3
8658:.
8632:.
8626::
8618::
8608::
8581:.
8567::
8559::
8549::
8522:.
8494:.
8461:.
8449::
8441::
8431::
8408:.
8382:.
8368:2
8347:.
8341::
8333::
8323::
8296:.
8260:.
8234:.
8220::
8212::
8202::
8175:.
8155::
8147::
8137::
8114:.
8088:.
8082::
8062:.
8050::
8042::
8032::
8008:.
7994::
7986::
7976::
7949:.
7908:.
7886:.
7874::
7866::
7856::
7833:.
7821::
7813::
7803::
7772:.
7760::
7752::
7742::
7715:.
7689:.
7664:.
7639:.
7627::
7619::
7609::
7586:.
7574::
7566::
7556::
7532:.
7520::
7512::
7502::
7467:.
7443::
7435::
7425::
7393:.
7368:.
7356::
7348::
7338::
7315:.
7303::
7295::
7285::
7262:.
7250::
7242::
7232::
7209:.
7195::
7187::
7177::
7150:.
7138::
7130::
7120::
7097:.
7085::
7077::
7067::
7042:.
7028::
7020::
7010::
6980:.
6968::
6958::
6934:.
6922::
6914::
6904::
6878:.
6856::
6848::
6838::
6819:.
6815::
6805::
6782:.
6770::
6762::
6752::
6729:.
6723::
6715::
6709:1
6687:.
6661:.
6649::
6641::
6631::
6608:.
6596::
6588::
6578::
6572:1
6555:.
6535::
6527::
6496:.
6490::
6480::
6472::
6443:.
6429::
6421::
6411::
6382:.
6368::
6360::
6350::
6323:.
6311::
6303::
6293::
6279:⊕
6246:.
6234::
6226::
6216::
6193:.
6164:.
6131:.
6117::
6109::
6099::
6072:.
6044:.
6038::
6023:.
5967:.
5939:.
5913:.
5898:.
5867:.
5845:.
5819:.
5794:.
5780::
5772::
5762::
5734:.
5705:.
5684:.
5658:.
5635:.
5599:.
5579::
5571::
5561::
5537:.
5523::
5515::
5488:.
5474::
5466::
5439:.
5427::
5419::
5396:.
5383::
5355:.
5328:.
5299:.
5265:.
5253::
5245::
5235::
5210:.
5204::
5196::
5167:.
5163::
5138:.
5132::
5124::
5097:.
5069:.
5055::
5047::
5020:.
5008::
5000::
4973:.
4948:.
4944::
4936::
4911:.
4899::
4891::
4859:.
4855::
4847::
4821:.
4815::
4807::
4778:.
4774::
4751:.
4726:.
4687:.
4659:.
4637:.
4604:.
4592::
4584::
4558:.
4530:.
4505:.
4480:.
4476::
4453:.
4441::
4433::
4423::
4393:.
4368:.
4356::
4348::
4338::
4315:.
4303::
4295::
4285::
4262:.
4240::
4230::
4211:.
4199::
4191::
4181::
4156:.
4144::
4136::
4126::
4103:.
4081::
4073::
4063::
4036:.
4024::
4016::
4006::
3982:.
3978::
3955:.
3949::
3941::
3913:.
3901::
3893::
3883::
3860:.
3856::
3846::
3823:.
3811::
3803::
3793::
3766:.
3741:.
3715:.
3687:.
3664:.
3650::
3642::
3632::
3603:.
3569:.
3557::
3549::
3539::
3485:.
3465::
3457::
3447::
3420:.
3392:.
3359:.
3347::
3339::
3329::
3300:.
3294::
3286::
3276::
3248:.
3236::
3226::
3218::
3208::
3178:.
3151:.
3120:.
3096::
3088::
3078::
3049:.
3027:.
3007::
2999::
2989::
2962:.
2940::
2932::
2907:.
2879:.
2851:.
2824:.
2796:.
2785::
2777::
2767::
2688:.
2598:.
2234:2
2229:O
2227:(
1978:)
1974:(
1968:.
1903:)
1899:(
1893:.
1855:)
1851:(
1845:.
1717:O
1715:3
1448:/
1250:.
779:.
454:.
403:M
384:M
373:M
369:1
361:M
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.