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short half-lives provide high chronological resolution and the chemical mobility of various elements can date unique geological processes such as igneous fractionation and surface weathering. There are, however, hurdles to overcome when using extinct nuclides. The need for high-precision isotope ratio measurements is paramount as the extinct radionuclides contribute such a small fraction of the daughter isotopes. Compounding this problem is the increasing contribution that high-energy cosmic rays have on already minute amounts of daughter isotopes formed from the extinct nuclides. Distinguishing the source and abundance of these effects is critical to obtaining accurate ages from extinct nuclides. Additionally, more work needs to be done in determining a more precise half-life for some of these isotopes, such as Fe and Sm.
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Despite the fact that the radioactive isotopes mentioned above are now effectively extinct, the record of their existence is found in their decay products and are very useful to geologists who wish to use them as geochronometers. Their usefulness derives from a few factors such as the fact that their
183:
Short-lived isotopes that are not generated or replenished by natural processes are not found in nature, so they are known as extinct radionuclides. Their former existence is inferred from a superabundance of their stable or nearly stable decay products.
214:
and extinct nuclides. Extinct nuclides have decayed away, but primordial nuclides still exist in their original state (undecayed). There are 251 stable primordial nuclides, and remainders of 35 primordial radionuclides that have very long half-lives.
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Rugel, G.; Faestermann, T.; Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; Poutivtsev, M.; Schumann, D.; Kivel, N.; Günther-Leopold, I.; Weinreich, R.; Wohlmuther, M. (2009).
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Plutonium-244 and samarium-146 have half-lives long enough to still be present on Earth, but they have not been confirmed experimentally to be present.
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Dauphas, N.; Chaussidon, M. (2011). "A perspective from extinct radionuclides on a young stellar object: the Sun and its accretion disk".
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145:. Extinct radionuclides were generated by various processes in the early Solar system, and became part of the composition of
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Short-lived radioisotopes that are found in nature are continuously generated or replenished by natural processes, such as
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by cosmic-ray muons and from cosmic ray spallation of stable xenon isotopes in the atmosphere.
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A partial list of radionuclides not found on Earth, but for which decay products are present:
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Radioisotopes with half-lives shorter than one million years are also produced: for example,
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before the formation of the Solar System, about 4.6 billion years ago, but has since
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Notable isotopes with shorter lives still being produced on Earth include:
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Radionuclide formed by nucleosynthesis before formation of the Solar System
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by cosmic ray production in the atmosphere (half-life 5730 years).
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concentrations in meteorites, in the xenon-iodine dating system),
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is produced in uranium ores by neutrons from other radioisotopes.
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List of isotopes found and not found in nature, with half-lives
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which includes a list of radionuclides in order by half-life
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191:(the first to be noted in 1960, inferred from excess
153:. All widely documented extinct radionuclides have
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696:. John Wiley & Sons. 2017. pp. 421–443.
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638:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
210:The Solar System and Earth are formed from
187:Examples of extinct radionuclides include
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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727:"New Measurement of theFe60Half-Life"
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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785:Discussion of extinct radionuclides
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694:Geochronology and Thermochronology
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690:"Extinct radionuclide chronology"
141:and is no longer detectable as a
557:on dust in the upper atmosphere.
157:shorter than 100 million years.
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219:List of extinct radionuclides
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702:10.1002/9781118455876.ch14
203:found in meteorites), and
180:of other radionuclides.
731:Physical Review Letters
58:"Extinct radionuclide"
555:cosmic ray spallation
199:(inferred from extra
585:Use in geochronology
170:background radiation
123:extinct radionuclide
43:improve this article
743:2009PhRvL.103g2502R
660:2011AREPS..39..351D
212:primordial nuclides
178:spontaneous fission
166:cosmogenic nuclides
129:that was formed by
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143:primordial nuclide
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460:Neptunium-237
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388:Molybdenum-97
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
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800:Geochemistry
763:ResearchGate
761:– via
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551:beryllium-10
547:Manganese-53
541:
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515:Magnesium-26
507:Aluminium-26
491:Zirconium-93
404:Ruthenium-98
356:Tungsten-182
340:Thallium-205
293:Zirconium-92
275:(especially
245:Samarium-146
222:
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201:magnesium-26
197:aluminium-26
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151:protoplanets
127:radionuclide
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99:January 2012
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
644:: 351–386.
561:Uranium-236
468:Bismuth-209
444:Caesium-135
348:Hafnium-182
325:Uranium-235
269:Thorium-232
174:decay chain
162:cosmic rays
794:Categories
623:References
567:Iodine-129
531:Barium-137
499:Niobium-93
452:Barium-135
372:Silver-107
317:Curium-247
301:Iodine-129
285:Niobium-92
232:Halflife (
189:iodine-129
155:half-lives
147:meteorites
69:newspapers
651:1105.5172
579:carbon-14
533:(stable)
517:(stable)
501:(stable)
485:(stable)
454:(stable)
438:(stable)
436:Nickel-60
422:(stable)
406:(stable)
390:(stable)
374:(stable)
358:(stable)
342:(stable)
311:(stable)
309:Xenon-129
295:(stable)
255:(stable)
239:Daughter
193:xenon-129
172:, or the
139:abundance
759:19792637
676:37117614
594:See also
332:Lead-205
229:Isotope
739:Bibcode
656:Bibcode
428:Iron-60
205:iron-60
135:decayed
83:scholar
757:
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511:0.717
479:1.798
464:2.144
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672:S2CID
646:arXiv
527:0.06
495:1.53
448:2.33
432:2.62
416:3.01
384:4.21
368:6.53
352:8.91
336:15.3
321:15.6
305:15.7
289:34.7
277:xenon
265:80.8
249:92.0
125:is a
90:JSTOR
76:books
755:PMID
706:ISBN
549:and
400:4.2
149:and
62:news
747:doi
735:103
698:doi
664:doi
234:Myr
176:or
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121:An
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