186:, respectively. In Greece, gymnastic excellence was regarded as a noble and godly pursuit and was included in a complete education. Gymnasiums became the center of the community, being associated with the arts, the study of logic, and a source of entertainment. Skilled athletes attained an elevated status and devoted their lives to becoming proficient in exercise. Both men and women participated in various gymnastic exercises. The series of activities included swimming, throwing, wrestling, jumping and weightlifting. After the Romans conquered Greece, they developed the activities into a more formal sport and used their gymnasiums to prepare their legions for warfare. However, with the decline of the Roman Empire, people lost their interest in gymnastics, and it is now only known as a form of entertainment.
34:
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exercise scientist Nick Tiller stated "Be cautious of interventions that claim to confer numerous benefits—no product can treat everything. Note that any meaningful outcome takes time to achieve, many months or years, so be skeptical of anything that offers rapid results. And watch out for popular buzzwords: anti-inflammatory, detox, immune boosting, natural, organic, etc. These terms aren’t scientific, are usually misappropriated, and are an attempt by the vendor to blind you with science." Maintaining a balanced approach to fitness is crucial for overall well-being.
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issued a call to the nation urging
Americans to prioritize their physical fitness across the country. Fitness was clearly described as a "matter of achieving an optimum state of well-being" that required exercise from both young and old. This focus on fitness also opened the doors for female athletes
539:
People who regularly attend fitness institutions tend to make friends at these locations. They want to feel part of a group, which can be referred to community feeling, as the behaviour of group membership is transmitted from member to member within a group. However, this kind of friendship usually
511:
Exercising and dieting are often seen as the best way to achieve such ideal body image. Fashion magazines promote slimness and thinness as the ideal female image. High fashion models are usually slim and thin. In addition, the shape of models has changed dramatically towards a “more tubular female
136:
is a popular activity. An international survey found that more than 27% of the world's total adult population attends fitness centres, and that 61% of regular exercisers are currently doing "gym-type" activities. Getting and maintaining physical fitness has been shown to benefit individuals' inner
601:
have become the fastest-growing segments in the apparel market. The athleisure trend frames it not only for sport activities but also as daywear or weekend wear. While classic sport brands continue to expand their market share in the industry, high fashion brands have also joined the competition.
593:
Fitness fashion is a product created by commercialization of fitness culture. As mentioned above, personal trainers also act as agents to sell different goods and services. An example is the case of Body
Training System (BTS). BTS instructors are suggested to change their costume according to the
547:
Another important aspect of fitness culture is the gender differentiation in exercises performed. One study showed that women prefer to do cardiovascular exercise over weight training because it allows them to gain strength without transgressing norms for feminine physical appearance, whereas men
540:
remains restricted within the fitness institution. Besides, the atmosphere in fitness institutions created by people with the same goal becomes a force of motivation. When people go to fitness institutions or start a new activity, they can be encouraged by others and give support to each other.
473:
Fitness culture refers to the societal norms, values, and behaviors related to physical fitness and exercise. It encompasses a wide range of activities, beliefs, and practices that revolve around maintaining a healthy and active lifestyle. Fitness culture has evolved over the years and can vary
477:
Fitness culture can be a positive force in promoting physical health; nonetheless, it can also have negative aspects, such as the potential for body shaming, unhealthy obsession, excessive competition, and commercialization of products and services not supported by good evidence. For example,
406:, and going to gyms means doing exercises in fitness institutions such as fitness centres, health clubs or gym clubs where people have to pay for membership in order to use fitness equipment and participate in group fitness activities with instructors, such as aerobics and yoga classes.
508:, often promoting slimness or even thinness for females and slenderness or muscularity for males. Commercial advertisements have also created an influential and powerful force in promoting a stereotype of ideal body image which is not limited to fashion advertisements.
481:
In recent years, there has been a growing focus on body positivity and inclusivity within fitness culture, emphasizing that fitness and health come in various forms and that everyone should feel welcome to participate regardless of their body type or fitness level.
543:
In addition, fitness institutions can function as dating agencies, creating chances to meet people apart from workplaces. Music, body movement and costumes of people exercising, can easily draw attention and become an occasion to engage with each other.
571:". This means "transferring our own responsibility to other". Keeping healthy and well are people's own responsibility; however, people are hiring personal trainers to be responsible for it. It is also relevant to the perspective of "body work" in the
531:. When women view fitness content, they tend to develop a more negative body image and are quicker to compare their bodies to the ones they are seeing on social media. Men are subject to this as well; however, this phenomenon is less common among men.
562:
Fitness institutions have been developed as a commercial environment since the 1980s. Personal trainers act as intermediaries between customers and the fitness institution, playing a crucial role in the commercialization of fitness culture.
566:
The popularity of personal trainers can be explained by the human tendency toward rule-governed behavior. The role of personal trainers has also revealed a phenomenon which can be explained from the sociological perspective of
222:, a physician, even advocated for males and females exercising together in the gym. In 1896 Men's gymnastics was on the schedule of the first modern Olympics. The Olympic gymnastic competition for women began in 1928.
214:
on Ling's system, that by improving one's overall fitness, an athlete became superior to those who merely focused on a subset of muscles or actions. In the mid-19th century, the world saw the rise of
470:
Exercises have been commercialized as branded exercises by fitness institutions. Branded exercises are group workouts developed by fitness institutions for people with different goals of fitness.
258:, where children and adolescents participated in physical activities to develop both their physical and mental fitness. Nazi sports imagery served the purpose of promoting the idea of "
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There is a decrease in popularity of "pure aerobics" exercises. The attention is moving from aerobics, bodybuilding, and traditional technique of exercises to activities such as
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programmes in order to show the differences in character. The aim is to inspire the trainees to purchase the same costume offered by the programmes.
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has become a new phenomenon, where people use technological devices to support their workouts. It is characterized by the use of gadgets such as
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but to stimulate and exploit the desire of people to keep fit, have fun and improve themselves. It can also be observed in today's gyms where
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In fact, the popularity of the Royal
Canadian Air Force's calisthenics program in the late 1950s helped launch the modern fitness movement.
313:. In response, leaders of the military, civilian government, and private sector began crafting a "cult and ritual of toughness". President
210:, and he sought to reform and improve the gymnastics of the ancient Greeks. In 1850, the Supreme Medical Board of Russia reported to their
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After World War II, a new form of non-organized, individualistic, health-oriented physical and recreational activities such as
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developed in
Western countries that was meant to enhance the body in order to sustain public morals and mold better citizens.
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174:(plural: palaestrae) for Romans existed in cities. Fitness was regarded as a concept shaped by two cultural codes:
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in 1979. These publications by Orban and Cooper helped to launch modern fitness culture. The
Olympics inspired a
137:
and outer health. Fitness culture has been highly promoted through modern technology and social media platforms.
1062:"'Father of Aerobics' Kenneth Cooper, MD, MPH to receive Healthy Cup Award from Harvard School of Public Health"
262:" racial superiority, and in 1933, an "Aryans only" policy was instituted in all German athletic organizations.
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From
Fashion to Fitness? A Sociocultural Analysis of the Representation of Thinness within the Mass Media
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Advances in technology in the twenty-first century have changed the way of doing fitness activities. The
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575:: people are outsourcing their own bodies to paid workers in order to keep healthy and prevent illness.
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dominance came from superior sports and fitness programs. His remarks reflected the growing
American
218:, a movement that emphasized the importance of physical exercise for men, women, and children alike.
1827:
Felstead, Alan; Fuller, Alison; Jewson, Nick; Kakavelakis, Konstantinos; Unwin, Lorna (June 2007).
1317:
Finn, Adharanand; Ramaswamy, Chitra; Jonze, Tim; Benedictus, Leo; Khaleeli, Homa (30 August 2016).
1243:
1798:"What Is 'Body Work'? A Review of the Literature: What Is 'Body Work'? A Review of the Literature"
71:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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and other equipment. Growth in bodybuilding as a fitness phenomenon followed the movie and book
1829:"Grooving to the same tunes?: Learning, training and productive systems in the aerobics studio"
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33:
1991:
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1508:"'Exercise to be Fit, Not Skinny': The Effect of Fitspiration Imagery on Women's Body Image"
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and prepare the population for highly productive work and the defense of "the motherland".
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1319:"'We still come if the rain's sideways' – how Britain fell in love with outdoor fitness"
1144:"The Fitness Revolution. Historical Transformations in a Global Gym and Fitness Culture"
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1657:"Fit and Flexible: The Fitness Industry, Personal Trainers and Emotional Service Labor"
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government financed the construction of sports and wellness facilities. In 1922, the
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Fitness began to be commercialised. Gyms were set up with the goals not to improve
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prefer other exercises like bodybuilding or boxing in order to be more muscular.
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in 1961, sold 23 million copies to the public. United States Air Force
Colonel
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are trying to reach their aesthetic ideas, through muscle development, using
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1347:"Rise in outdoor gyms signals a muscling-up of the outdoor fitness industry"
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Let's Get
Physical: How Women Discovered Exercise and Reshaped the World
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1244:"The Commercialization of Discipline: Keep-Fit Culture and Its Values"
1087:"Dr. Kenneth Cooper and How He Became Known as the Father of Aerobics"
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Fitness Culture: Gyms and the Commercialisation of Discipline and Fun
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and smartphone apps to quantify or monitor the exerciser's efforts.
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2011:
1981:
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in 1931, which was a fitness program that was designed to improve
16:
Sociocultural phenomenon surrounding exercise and physical fitness
2016:
2006:
1986:
1172:"The Fitness Movement and the Fitness Center Industry, 1960-2000"
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444:
335:
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2001:
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678:"Les Mills Study Finds that Fitness is World's Biggest Sport"
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1316:
733:"A History of Gymnastics, From Ancient Greece to Tokyo 2020"
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68:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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College Football and American Culture in the Cold War Era
425:
329:
145:
409:
1117:"Running on Empty: An American Sports Tradition Fades"
162:, a public place devoted to athletes training, called
1767:(1st U.S. ed.). New York: Metropolitan Books.
372:became a popular form of group gymnastic activity.
150:The word gymnastics is derived from the Greek word
128:, as doing physical exercises in locations such as
1764:The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times
914:
474:greatly from one region or community to another.
293:, a focus on physical fitness emerged in both the
238:regimes used gymnastics as a way to promote their
1505:
519:Fitness-related content on social media, such as
354:was released in 1968 and the mass-market version
2246:
1563:"In the Gym: Motives, Meaning and Moral Careers"
1481:"Former Vogue editor: The truth about size zero"
921:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 19–20.
1506:Tiggemann, Marika; Zaccardo, Mia (2015-09-01).
1412:"Body-Image Pressure Increasingly Affects Boys"
968:
675:
154:which literally means "to exercise naked". In
1943:
504:shapes fitness culture by conveying an ideal
1655:Maguire, Jennifer Smith (December 1, 2001).
998:"Going Back to the Basics with Calisthenics"
1876:"Why Fitness Is Having a Moment in Fashion"
1950:
1936:
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1612:
1386:"Why Do Athletes Keep Falling for Quacks?"
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1035:"Five basic exercises for fitness in 1961"
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908:
904:(3rd ed.). The Gale Group, Inc. 2010.
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322:to become more prominent as contenders in
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801:"Fit Bodies. Fitness Culture and the Gym"
97:Learn how and when to remove this message
1902:
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975:. Oxford University Press. p. 123.
637:History of physical training and fitness
275:Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR
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878:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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724:
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516:culture, often sparking controversies.
340:Royal Canadian Air Force Exercise Plans
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1619:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire:
944:"We May Be Sitting Ourselves to Death"
676:Zabonick-Chonko, Rachel (2014-03-18).
242:. Physical fitness was at the core of
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1179:Business and Economic History On-line
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1115:Stracher, Cameron (3 November 2012).
854:. London Jewish Cultural Centre. 2011
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647:Social influences on fitness behavior
492:Social influences on fitness behavior
330:Mass participation, commercialization
189:
146:Gymnastics of ancient Greece and Rome
1874:Klein, Alyssa Vingan (May 1, 2014).
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1049:The program became famous worldwide.
848:"How did the Nazis control leisure?"
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612:20th century women's fitness culture
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410:Technology, specialization, branding
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820:Lewis, Diocletian (1 August 1862).
13:
1923:from the original on 8 April 2022.
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1761:Hochschild, Arlie Russell (2012).
1645:
1601:
1430:
1290:"The rise of the adult playground"
1230:
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402:is often associated with the term
168:(plural: gymnasia) for Greeks and
14:
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1909:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
1796:Gimlin, Debra (August 22, 2007).
1561:Crossley, Nick (September 2006).
1248:Journal of Modern Italian Studies
942:Neu, Frank R. (1 November 1961).
781:
751:
703:"The rise of the fitness culture"
534:
202:was a pioneer in the teaching of
2231:
2230:
2035:High-intensity interval training
1814:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00015.x
1479:Clements, Kirstie (2013-07-05).
1410:Cruz, Jamie Santa (2014-03-10).
761:Cheever, David W. (1 May 1859).
124:. It is usually associated with
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32:
23:
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1704:Baum, William M. (April 1995).
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1066:Harvard School of Public Health
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989:
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874:"The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936"
731:Solly, Meilan (July 26, 2021).
284:
271:Leninist Young Communist League
225:
972:Sports: An Illustrated History
892:
866:
840:
813:
694:
669:
140:
1:
1706:"Rules, Culture, and Fitness"
1345:Dean, Sam (15 January 2017).
1260:10.1080/1354571X.2000.9728261
1204:Digital Culture & Society
996:Krucoff, Carol (1998-06-22).
901:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
662:
496:
485:
1957:
1833:Work, Employment and Society
1613:Sassatelli, Roberta (2010).
1524:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.06.003
1242:Sassatelli, Roberta (2000).
1093:. 2008-09-01. Archived from
950:. The Atlantic Monthly Group
828:. The Atlantic Monthly Group
799:Sassatelli, Roberta (2006).
769:. The Atlantic Monthly Group
7:
1903:Friedman, Danielle (2022).
915:Kurt Edward Kemper (2009).
605:
10:
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1661:Sociology of Sport Journal
1198:Dyer, James (March 2016).
617:Aerobic exercise § History
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368:exercise videos in 1982,
360:running boom in the 1970s
318:in both the U.S. and the
230:Leading up to and during
1845:10.1177/0950017007076626
1579:10.1177/1357034X06067154
969:David G. McComb (1998).
2183:Neurobiological effects
852:The Holocaust Explained
682:Club Solutions Magazine
362:. After the release of
132:, wellness centres and
116:phenomenon surrounding
42:A man and a woman in a
1440:Brown, Kirsty (1997).
1216:10.14361/dcs-2016-0112
391:in 1977 and the movie
338:began to prevail. The
77:by rewriting it in an
1448:University of Toronto
657:Sociology of the body
583:Further information:
490:Further information:
311:paranoia of communism
1710:The Behavior Analyst
1673:10.1123/ssj.18.4.379
1170:Stern, Marc (2008).
822:"The New Gymnastics"
738:Smithsonian Magazine
597:Fitness fashion and
365:Jane Fonda's Workout
305:gravely warned that
2210:Outline of exercise
2178:Exercise physiology
2065:Suspension training
2055:Bodyweight exercise
1200:"Quantified Bodies"
182:; authenticity and
2173:Exercise equipment
2168:Exercise and music
2118:Muscle hypertrophy
2027:Anaerobic exercise
1997:Endurance training
1722:10.1007/BF03392688
1621:Palgrave Macmillan
1567:Body & Society
1121:The New York Times
701:Robertson, Lacey.
652:Sociology of sport
622:Exercise § History
430:heart rate monitor
342:, developed by Dr
204:physical education
194:From around 1800,
190:Nineteenth century
79:encyclopedic style
66:is written like a
2255:Physical exercise
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2146:
2145:
2113:Interval training
2088:Athletic training
2060:Flywheel training
2045:Strength training
1802:Sociology Compass
1774:978-0-8050-8889-2
1630:978-0-230-29208-6
1003:Los Angeles Times
982:978-0-19-510097-6
928:978-0-252-03466-4
599:athletic footwear
573:sociology of body
552:Personal trainers
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1992:Distance running
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254:established the
220:Diocletian Lewis
216:physical culture
200:Pehr Henrik Ling
122:physical fitness
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1486:The Guardian
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1417:The Atlantic
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1324:The Guardian
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1298:. 7 May 2012
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1148:ResearchGate
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1095:the original
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1068:. 2008-04-16
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389:Pumping Iron
381:bodybuilders
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324:the Olympics
299:Soviet Union
288:
285:The Cold War
273:created the
267:Soviet Union
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256:Hitler Youth
236:totalitarian
232:World War II
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226:World War II
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134:health clubs
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2265:Subcultures
2200:Fitness app
2163:Epigenetics
1880:Fashionista
1716:(1): 1–21.
632:Health club
453:aquacycling
289:During the
141:Development
126:gym culture
44:health club
2260:Lifestyles
2249:Categories
2133:Stretching
1885:2022-12-12
1783:1083036482
1512:Body Image
1492:2022-12-13
1446:(Thesis).
1423:2022-12-13
1210:(1): 161.
1184:2018-10-07
1153:2018-10-07
1126:2018-10-11
1101:2018-10-08
1072:2018-10-08
1044:2018-10-08
1017:2018-10-08
806:2022-12-12
744:2022-12-13
712:2021-12-04
687:2022-12-12
663:References
589:Athleisure
585:Sportswear
506:body image
502:Mass media
497:Mass media
486:Influences
461:kickboxing
344:Bill Orban
301:. Senator
252:Nazi Party
246:, and the
240:ideologies
196:gymnastics
180:asceticism
2040:Sprinting
1861:154830921
1853:0950-0170
1730:0738-6729
1691:0741-1235
1682:2381/1437
1639:696332358
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307:communist
171:palaestra
165:gymnasion
152:gymnazein
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2103:Climbing
2012:Swimming
1982:Aerobics
1959:Exercise
1921:Archived
1748:22478201
1548:22081797
1540:26176993
1295:BBC News
954:19 March
884:19 March
858:19 March
832:19 March
773:19 March
606:See also
521:Facebook
449:spinning
370:aerobics
352:Aerobics
297:and the
291:Cold War
184:hedonism
118:exercise
2158:History
2151:Related
2017:Walking
2007:Jogging
1987:Cycling
1739:2733667
457:tai chi
445:pilates
404:fitness
385:weights
336:jogging
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1911:ISBN
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