22:
221:
3089:
2321:
109:
271:
42:
185:, are often challenged as not having land rights as many do not have formal title deeds, despite having inhabited the forests for centuries. The justice system can also be used against the indigenous where for example, people have been arrested for remaining on their land after it was granted to extractive companies by the government.
425:. Nepalese law was changed to give forest rangers the power to investigate wildlife-related crimes, make arrests without a warrant, and retain immunity in cases where an officer had "no alternative" but to shoot the offender while the park's chief warden has the power to hand out 15-year prison terms by themselves.
345:, heavily armed park rangers come into deadly conflict with the pygmy inhabitants who often cut the trees down to sell charcoal. The conservation efforts of national parks in the country are often financed by international organizations such as the WWF and often involve removing native inhabitants off the land.
286:
Up to 250,000 people worldwide have been forcibly evicted from their homes to make way for conservation projects since 1990, according to the UN special rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. Another estimate put the total number of people displaced between 10.8 million and 173 million.
247:
Others, such as indigenous rights activits, have argued that the most efficient conservation methods involve transferring rights over land from public domain to its indigenous inhabitants, who have had a stake for millennia in preserving the forests that they depend on. This includes the protection
125:
has been at the forefront of militarization with training from South
African, French and Israeli military personnel. Veterans from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have been recruited to teach forest rangers counterinsurgency techniques and ex–special forces operatives promote their services at
164:
that can be sold to companies who would need to pollute. While there are national programs for this, it can be part of a voluntary market as well such as on the international market. Indigenous groups who live in such forests, such as in Peru, have alleged that it leads to abuses against them.
309:
from their land to reservations. To make them relocate, they were denied access to water on their land and faced arrest if they hunted, which was their primary source of food. The government claims the relocation is to preserve the wildlife and ecosystem, even though the San people have lived
261:
is smallholder agriculture and charcoal production, areas with community concessions have significantly less deforestation as communities are incentivized to manage the land sustainably, even reducing poverty. Additionally, evicting inhabitants from protected areas often under the fortress
256:
in modern times, has been argued to have increased forest cover. Granting title of the land has shown to have less clearing than state run parks, notably in the
Brazilian Amazon. Even while the largest cause of deforestation in the world's second largest rainforest in the
2863:
249:
2954:
116:
Poaching is a billion dollar industry that is by organized criminal gangs that prey on the endangered species and, in 2018, 50 park rangers were killed globally. In response, conservation charities, the biggest of which is the
1063:
1277:
1400:
698:
380:
ruled that the Kenyan government must compensate the Okiek for decades of material and moral damages, recognize their indigeneity and help get them official titles to their ancestral lands. Those of the
310:
sustainably on the land for millennia. Additionally, their lands lie in the middle of the world's richest diamond field. On the reservations they struggle to find employment, and alcoholism is rampant.
1038:
1132:
1456:
421:
to be evicted. The World
Wildlife Fund has been accused of providing high-tech enforcement equipment, cash, and weapons to rangers involved torturing Tharu living near national parks such as
445:
and the
Cordillera Escalera Regional Conservation Area. They claim the ban on hunting has caused hunger and carbon credits for preserving the forest do not come to them. Those of mostly the
1005:
1199:
100:
is a conservation model based on the belief that biodiversity protection is best achieved by creating protected areas where ecosystems can function in isolation from human disturbance.
240:
argued that there is no such thing as indigenous people and argued for the removal of what he referred to as “settlers” from protected areas. Steven
Sanderson, who was president of the
843:
1067:
2499:
1097:
1315:
2790:
634:
1392:
1636:
2780:
690:
465:
Forest rangers, known as ecoguards, dressed in paramilitary uniforms and heavily armed with funding from the WWF, are accused of torture, rape and murder of
2942:
2489:
1251:
665:
2890:
1030:
244:, argued that the entire global conservation agenda had been “hijacked” by advocates for indigenous peoples, placing wildlife and biodiversity at peril.
2848:
2357:
1422:
1340:
1122:
152:, has as its motto "a business approach to conservation" and had at its outset that tourism is its key in making their parks financially sustainable.
1496:
566:
1448:
1744:
2926:
2519:
1739:
997:
262:
conservation model often leads to more exploitation of the land as the native inhabitants then turn to work for extractive companies to survive.
2914:
2539:
1189:
252:
in India, where concessions to land continue to go mostly to powerful companies. The transferring of such rights in China, perhaps the largest
193:
787:
377:
1366:
2524:
2514:
2141:
1973:
1089:
197:
2191:
897:
3037:
2309:
1302:
2770:
2415:
2243:
2550:
2171:
126:
wildlife conferences. This has often involved recruiting paramilitary groups who are then supplied with military grade weaponry.
3064:
624:
520:
lived on as national parks and they claim that many have been evicted from their homes. In particular, these areas, such as the
405:, who relied on hunting in that area for centuries, are given a salary as compensation and some have been arrested for hunting.
2760:
2350:
1278:"Fifty years of tiger reserves in India bring the tiger population to over 3,000, but displaces over a hundred thousand people"
919:
2645:
2544:
1489:
3146:
2936:
2459:
2420:
1167:
401:
The Tengis
Shishged national reserve was established with a ban on hunting and is enforced by park rangers. Members of the
753:
Institutional
Arrangements for Conservation, Development and Tourism in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Dynamic Perspective
353:
The Indian government’s
National Tiger Conservation Authority state that 56,247 families have been evicted since 1972 for
62:
3141:
872:
728:
296:
2920:
2608:
2425:
2226:
1963:
189:
2750:
590:
21:
2343:
2238:
1616:
954:
761:
84:
3052:
2800:
2509:
2454:
2437:
2395:
2390:
2206:
1732:
1482:
338:
318:
3074:
2620:
2281:
2073:
2012:
1566:
173:
has bought ownership over an area equivalent to the United
Kingdom to be preserved in return for carbon credits.
51:
2984:
2707:
2494:
1990:
1672:
1556:
1516:
661:
521:
3047:
2815:
2324:
2063:
1898:
1722:
1702:
442:
241:
2864:
Intergovernmental
Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
342:
3131:
2999:
2974:
2286:
2029:
1824:
1819:
1697:
490:
2795:
2655:
2529:
2304:
2211:
2196:
1995:
1880:
1809:
1712:
1606:
469:
in the proposed Messok Dja protected area as part of an effort to remove the Baka pygmies from the area.
450:
980:
3126:
3092:
2146:
1754:
1546:
161:
844:"The new 'scramble for Africa': how a UAE sheikh quietly made carbon deals for forests bigger than UK"
508:. Previous attempts to forcefully evict the Maasai have alleged to have included burning their homes.
2484:
2186:
2166:
2151:
2121:
2017:
816:
373:
322:
3151:
3098:
2825:
2314:
2231:
2201:
2181:
1789:
1707:
1692:
1682:
1657:
1652:
3136:
3019:
2805:
2156:
2058:
2005:
1764:
1687:
1303:"Indigenous Ogiek win 'landmark' reparations ruling from African Court", by Joseph Lee, Grist.com
1229:
505:
3004:
2955:
Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)
2603:
2534:
2400:
2335:
2221:
2216:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2116:
2098:
2083:
1937:
1596:
920:"Clash of cultures: The conflict between conservation and indigenous people in wild landscapes"
537:
372:
and have been subject to evictions by successive governments, are contesting land taken by the
55:
3009:
2432:
2176:
2161:
1982:
1903:
1875:
1829:
1799:
1794:
1759:
1677:
1621:
1561:
1551:
422:
414:
258:
205:
166:
751:
2979:
2690:
2579:
2442:
2271:
2261:
2068:
1865:
1814:
1804:
1769:
1667:
1662:
1626:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1526:
1505:
1341:"'We have nothing but our reindeer': conservation threatens ruination for Mongolia's Dukha"
390:
144:
has been a motivating factor driving indigenous inhabitants off the land. The organization
788:"'Nowhere else to go': forest communities of Alto Mayo, Peru, at centre of offsetting row"
66:
8:
3121:
2685:
2584:
2405:
2078:
2053:
2046:
1968:
1890:
1611:
1601:
1571:
497:
454:
326:
306:
275:
118:
1536:
1252:"As India's tiger count grows, Indigenous groups protest evictions from ancestral lands"
393:
under the pretense of conservation during a European Union funded conservation project.
3069:
3059:
2660:
2625:
2569:
2410:
2034:
1908:
1839:
1631:
1452:
1423:"Uganda's Batwa tribe, considered conservation refugees, see little government support"
964:
873:"Kenya's forest communities face eviction from ancestral lands – even during pandemic"
485:
with moves to turn their lands into nature reserves for luxury safari tourism and for
2895:
2504:
2367:
2291:
2000:
1958:
1844:
1727:
950:
757:
446:
434:
2740:
3024:
2994:
2989:
2948:
2870:
2697:
2385:
2022:
1717:
1541:
525:
998:"India should follow China to find a way out of the woods on saving forest people"
2932:
2371:
1749:
1159:
3042:
3014:
2855:
2702:
2670:
2635:
2596:
1779:
724:
567:
World Wide Fund for Nature § Alleged human rights abuses by paramilitaries
561:
486:
386:
382:
237:
209:
26:
1221:
720:
232:
The practice of evicting inhabitants to protect nature was referred to as the
3115:
2665:
2449:
2276:
2266:
2039:
1930:
1918:
1913:
629:
478:
354:
145:
122:
30:
750:
van der Duim, René; Lamers, Machiel; van Wijk, Jakomijn (16 November 2014).
691:"Maasai herders driven off land to make way for luxury safaris, report says"
220:
2479:
1953:
1194:
1127:
586:
418:
365:
182:
149:
2675:
1474:
1393:"Tanzania's Maasai appeal to west to stop eviction for conservation plans"
2574:
1316:"Sengwer 'hiding in the forest' amid pressure on Kenya to halt evictions"
1123:"'Large-scale human rights violations' taint Congo national park project"
817:"Disney spent millions saving a rainforest. Why are people there so mad?"
279:
253:
225:
3029:
2712:
466:
369:
282:
conflicts that push indigenous people off their land in national parks.
141:
135:
108:
270:
112:
Ecotourism money is argued to drive the eviction of indigenous people.
2680:
2650:
2591:
2093:
1925:
1190:"Gorillas, charcoal and the fight for survival in Congo's rainforest"
541:
228:
to indigenous inhabitants is argued to efficiently conserve forests.
2640:
1849:
1576:
898:"In battle over land rights, indigenous groups are fighting uphill"
662:"Conservation Protected Areas are a disaster for Indigenous People"
501:
482:
302:
201:
453:, which is preserved for carbon offsets for companies such as the
2613:
2500:
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
721:"Who is ordering continuous attacks against Batwa people in DRC?"
2365:
2791:
Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic
1834:
549:
494:
121:, have increasingly militarized the campaign against poaching.
1367:"In Peru, Kichwa tribe wants compensation for carbon credits"
545:
517:
402:
2927:
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
438:
749:
170:
516:
In 1991, Uganda classified the land that the indigenous
1449:"Yosemite Finally Reckons with Its Discriminatory Past"
625:"WWF Funds Guards Who Have Tortured And Killed People"
248:
of such rights entitled in existing laws, such as the
1058:
1056:
2490:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
938:
417:
in the 1970s led to tens of thousands of indigenous
2915:
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)
332:
1053:
841:
2943:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)
685:
683:
325:have alleged abuse by park rangers funded by the
3113:
1745:Other effective area-based conservation measures
1160:"Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us"
204:initiative to designate 30% of Earth's land and
2849:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
2520:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
1740:Integrated Conservation and Development Project
1117:
1115:
1090:"The bold plan to save Africa's largest forest"
811:
809:
2540:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
782:
780:
680:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
305:, many of the indigenous San people have been
194:Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
2351:
1490:
2525:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
2515:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
1182:
1112:
992:
990:
806:
1504:
777:
743:
622:
605:
531:
198:2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference
2358:
2344:
1497:
1483:
866:
864:
623:Warren, Tom; Baker, Katie (4 March 2019).
378:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
65:. Please do not remove this message until
2781:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
1025:
1023:
987:
368:communities, who lived mostly around the
236:. Famed paleontogist and conservationist
85:Learn how and when to remove this message
2771:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples
1066:. rightsandresources.org. Archived from
664:. Foreign Policy Magazine. 1 July 2022.
656:
654:
652:
460:
269:
219:
107:
61:Relevant discussion may be found on the
20:
2891:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
1154:
1152:
1150:
861:
842:Patrick Greenfield (30 November 2023).
3114:
2761:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
1313:
1307:
1100:from the original on 16 September 2021
1020:
870:
2646:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
2545:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
2339:
1478:
1232:from the original on 12 December 2021
1202:from the original on 1 September 2019
1031:"How Conservation Became Colonialism"
944:
649:
1147:
1008:from the original on 14 October 2016
449:community have been evicted for the
35:
587:"Critique of fortress conservation"
297:Ancestral land conflict in Botswana
103:
29:surrounding a conservation area in
13:
2921:Convention on Biological Diversity
1170:from the original on 25 March 2016
668:from the original on 2 August 2023
524:, are also home to the endangered
190:Convention on Biological Diversity
14:
3163:
2949:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)
1617:Conservation biology of parasites
1314:Mwanza, Kevin (24 January 2018).
1041:from the original on 30 July 2018
637:from the original on 4 March 2019
155:
3088:
3087:
2801:Government of the Sakha Republic
2510:Indigenous Environmental Network
2391:Free, prior and informed consent
2320:
2319:
1733:Tropical rainforest conservation
1637:Vulnerability and susceptibility
1459:from the original on 7 July 2022
1403:from the original on 7 June 2022
1135:from the original on 27 May 2022
945:Dowie, Mark (25 February 2011).
731:from the original on 26 May 2022
701:from the original on 7 June 2022
593:from the original on 24 May 2022
339:Democratic Republic of the Congo
333:Democratic Republic of the Congo
265:
176:
40:
3075:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
2937:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing
2621:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
2282:NatureServe conservation status
1567:Conservation-induced extinction
1441:
1415:
1385:
1359:
1333:
1296:
1270:
1244:
1222:"Congo: The tribe under threat"
1214:
1082:
1064:"China's forest tenure reforms"
912:
890:
441:claim they are affected by the
181:Indigenous groups, such as the
2985:2009 Peruvian political crisis
2495:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
1673:Conservation management system
1557:Conservation-dependent species
1517:Index of conservation articles
949:. The MIT Press. p. xxv.
835:
713:
579:
522:Mgahinga Gorilla National Park
1:
2816:Council of Indigenous Peoples
1899:Assisted natural regeneration
1703:Ecoregion conservation status
871:Bhalla, Nita (23 July 2020).
572:
443:Cordillera Azul National Park
242:Wildlife Conservation Society
160:Forests can be preserved for
129:
3000:Expulsion of the Chagossians
2287:Special Area of Conservation
1825:Landscape-scale conservation
1820:High conservation value area
1698:Community-based conservation
900:. mondabay.com. 31 July 2018
491:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
278:has been accused of funding
7:
3147:Environmental controversies
2796:Government of Bashkortostan
2661:American Indian reservation
2530:Native American Rights Fund
2305:List of conservation issues
1713:Evidence-based conservation
1607:Mutualisms and conservation
555:
544:meant the expulsion of the
472:
451:Alto Mayo Protection Forest
396:
313:
290:
67:conditions to do so are met
10:
3168:
3142:World Wide Fund for Nature
2751:Fundação Nacional do Índio
1755:Roadless area conservation
1547:Compassionate conservation
389:have been attacked by the
357:across 50 tiger reserves.
343:Kahuzi-Biéga National Park
294:
162:carbon offsets and credits
133:
3083:
2967:
2904:
2879:
2836:
2728:
2721:
2562:
2485:Assembly of First Nations
2470:
2378:
2300:
2254:
2109:
1946:
1889:
1858:
1778:
1645:
1525:
1512:
511:
374:Mount Elgon National Park
337:In national parks in the
215:
2975:Chechen–Russian conflict
2826:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2142:Central African Republic
1790:Conservation designation
1708:Environmental protection
1693:Conspicuous conservation
1683:Conservation photography
1658:Conservation development
1653:Conservation agriculture
532:United States of America
408:
360:
348:
3020:Little Danes experiment
2806:Government of Tatarstan
2473:political organizations
1881:Human–wildlife conflict
1765:Site-based conservation
1688:Conservation psychology
1506:Conservation of species
756:. Springer. p. 7.
506:Serengeti National Park
428:
3005:High Arctic relocation
2907:Declarations of Rights
2604:Cultural appropriation
2535:Survival International
1938:Species reintroduction
1597:Latent extinction risk
540:under the advocacy of
538:Yosemite National Park
283:
229:
113:
33:
3010:Human rights in Tibet
2737:Aotearoa-New Zealand
2631:Fortress conservation
2433:Traditional knowledge
2396:Intellectual property
2310:List of organisations
1964:Hawaiian honeycreeper
1904:Ecosystem restoration
1876:Habitat fragmentation
1871:Fortress conservation
1830:Marine protected area
1800:Conservation easement
1795:Conservation district
1760:Roadside conservation
1678:Conservation movement
1622:Species translocation
1562:Conservation genetics
1552:Conservation behavior
947:Conservation Refugees
461:Republic of the Congo
423:Bardiya National Park
415:Chitwan National Park
273:
223:
165:Notably, the company
148:, whose President is
140:Money generated from
111:
98:Fortress conservation
24:
3034:Residential schools
2980:Sri Lankan Civil War
2722:Legal representation
2691:Urban Indian reserve
2580:Internal colonialism
2471:Non-governmental and
2426:in the United States
2272:Planetary boundaries
2262:Conservation officer
1866:Conservation refugee
1815:Habitat conservation
1805:Conservation reserve
1770:Wetland conservation
1668:Conservation grazing
1663:Conservation finance
1627:Conservation welfare
1592:In-situ conservation
1587:Extinction threshold
1582:Ex-situ conservation
1131:. 26 November 2020.
1070:on 23 September 2016
536:The preservation of
391:Kenya Forest Service
323:Lobéké National Park
196:, an outcome of the
3132:Nature conservation
2585:Settler colonialism
1612:Nature conservation
1602:Marine conservation
1572:Conservation status
498:World Heritage Site
455:Walt Disney Company
327:World Wildlife Fund
276:World Wildlife Fund
119:World Wildlife Fund
54:of this article is
3070:Stolen Generations
2871:BBNJ ABS Committee
2626:Discovery doctrine
2570:Civilizing mission
2411:Self-determination
1909:Island restoration
1840:Open space reserve
1632:Threatened species
1455:. 23 August 2018.
1373:. 22 December 2022
1166:. 7 January 2014.
1096:. 7 January 2021.
973:|access-date=
552:Native Americans.
477:More than 150,000
355:tiger conservation
307:forcibly relocated
284:
230:
200:, arguing for the
114:
34:
16:Conservation model
3127:Indigenous rights
3109:
3108:
3094:Indigenous rights
2963:
2962:
2896:Indigenous Caucus
2837:Intergovernmental
2686:Russian republics
2656:Autonomous okrugs
2505:Cultural Survival
2333:
2332:
2292:Soil conservation
1845:Wildlife corridor
1728:Forest protection
1723:Forest management
1429:. 21 October 2021
1399:. 22 April 2022.
794:. 18 January 2023
481:face eviction in
250:Forest Rights Act
192:has promoted the
95:
94:
87:
3159:
3091:
3090:
3025:Mapuche conflict
2995:Chiapas conflict
2990:Alta controversy
2968:Historical cases
2726:
2725:
2708:Rainbow Warriors
2698:Manifest destiny
2386:Ancestral domain
2360:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2323:
2322:
2207:Papua New Guinea
2099:Cryopreservation
2064:Gray nurse shark
1718:Flagship species
1542:Captive breeding
1499:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1371:Associated Press
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1347:. 28 August 2016
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1311:
1305:
1300:
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1293:
1291:
1289:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1226:Unreported World
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1198:. 22 July 2019.
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1156:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1037:. 16 July 2018.
1027:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1004:. 22 July 2016.
994:
985:
984:
978:
974:
970:
968:
960:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
868:
859:
858:
856:
854:
839:
833:
832:
830:
828:
813:
804:
803:
801:
799:
784:
775:
774:
772:
770:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
727:. 9 April 2022.
717:
711:
710:
708:
706:
687:
678:
677:
675:
673:
658:
647:
646:
644:
642:
620:
603:
602:
600:
598:
583:
526:Mountain gorilla
413:The creation of
104:Economic aspects
90:
83:
79:
76:
70:
44:
43:
36:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3152:Protected areas
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:Minority rights
3079:
3065:San controversy
2959:
2933:Nagoya Protocol
2906:
2900:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2838:
2832:
2730:
2717:
2558:
2472:
2466:
2374:
2372:minority rights
2364:
2334:
2329:
2296:
2250:
2105:
2023:Indian elephant
1942:
1885:
1854:
1850:30 by 30 target
1781:
1774:
1750:Riparian buffer
1641:
1528:
1521:
1508:
1503:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1284:. 12 April 2023
1276:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1228:. 2 June 2019.
1220:
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1188:
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1183:
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869:
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836:
826:
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815:
814:
807:
797:
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785:
778:
768:
766:
764:
748:
744:
734:
732:
719:
718:
714:
704:
702:
697:. 10 May 2018.
689:
688:
681:
671:
669:
660:
659:
650:
640:
638:
621:
606:
596:
594:
585:
584:
580:
575:
558:
534:
514:
475:
463:
431:
411:
399:
376:. In 2022, the
363:
351:
335:
316:
299:
293:
268:
218:
210:protected areas
179:
158:
138:
132:
106:
91:
80:
74:
71:
60:
45:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Neocolonialism
3134:
3129:
3124:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3015:Indian removal
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
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2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2880:Indigenous-led
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2856:Arctic Council
2853:
2852:
2851:
2845:African Union
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2809:
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2803:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:Te Puni KĹŤkiri
2734:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2703:Plastic shaman
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:Indian reserve
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2636:Green grabbing
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2609:Sports mascots
2601:
2600:
2599:
2597:Bioprospecting
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
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2556:
2547:
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2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2460:in New Zealand
2457:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
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2380:
2376:
2375:
2366:International
2363:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2315:List of people
2312:
2307:
2301:
2298:
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2284:
2279:
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2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
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2227:United Kingdom
2224:
2219:
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2204:
2199:
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2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
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2119:
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2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:Painted turtle
2071:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1991:American bison
1985:
1980:
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1966:
1956:
1950:
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1670:
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1544:
1539:
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1523:
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1520:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1501:
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1487:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1440:
1414:
1384:
1358:
1332:
1306:
1295:
1269:
1258:. 9 April 2023
1243:
1213:
1181:
1146:
1111:
1081:
1052:
1035:Foreign Policy
1019:
986:
955:
937:
911:
889:
860:
834:
805:
776:
762:
742:
725:Deutsche Welle
712:
679:
648:
604:
577:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
564:
562:Green grabbing
557:
554:
533:
530:
513:
510:
487:trophy hunting
474:
471:
462:
459:
430:
427:
410:
407:
398:
395:
387:Embobut Forest
385:living in the
383:Sengwer people
362:
359:
350:
347:
334:
331:
321:in Cameroon's
315:
312:
292:
289:
267:
264:
238:Richard Leakey
234:Yosemite model
217:
214:
178:
175:
157:
156:Carbon credits
154:
134:Main article:
131:
128:
105:
102:
93:
92:
48:
46:
39:
27:electric fence
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3164:
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3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
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3130:
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3125:
3123:
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3119:
3117:
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3086:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
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3054:
3053:United States
3051:
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3039:
3036:
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3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
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3016:
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3008:
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2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
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2897:
2894:
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2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:international
2878:
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2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
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2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Indian colony
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
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2627:
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2518:
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2506:
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2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:Treaty rights
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
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2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:IUCN Red List
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2267:De-extinction
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:United States
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
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2188:
2185:
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2178:
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2125:
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2118:
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2108:
2100:
2097:
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2067:
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2056:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:afforestation
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:Reforestation
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
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1299:
1283:
1279:
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1227:
1223:
1217:
1201:
1197:
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1185:
1169:
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1155:
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1151:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1099:
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1069:
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1059:
1057:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
991:
982:
966:
958:
956:9780262516006
952:
948:
941:
926:. 2 June 2009
925:
921:
915:
899:
893:
878:
874:
867:
865:
849:
845:
838:
823:. 9 June 2020
822:
818:
812:
810:
793:
789:
783:
781:
765:
763:9789401795296
759:
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746:
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631:
630:BuzzFeed News
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523:
519:
509:
507:
503:
499:
496:
493:, which is a
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:Maasai people
470:
468:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
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394:
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346:
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328:
324:
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311:
308:
304:
298:
288:
281:
277:
272:
266:Controversies
263:
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251:
245:
243:
239:
235:
227:
224:Transferring
222:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
177:Legal aspects
174:
172:
168:
163:
153:
151:
147:
146:African Parks
143:
137:
127:
124:
123:African Parks
120:
110:
101:
99:
89:
86:
78:
68:
64:
58:
57:
53:
47:
38:
37:
32:
31:West Virginia
28:
23:
19:
3099:
3093:
3048:South Africa
2905:Treaties and
2777:Philippines
2729:Governmental
2630:
2551:
2480:Amazon Watch
2455:in Australia
2416:in Australia
2040:Bengal Tiger
1996:Arabian oryx
1987:Land mammal
1974:Golden eagle
1870:
1810:Gap analysis
1537:Biodiversity
1527:Conservation
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3060:Rubber boom
3043:New Zealand
2575:Colonialism
2401:Land rights
2212:South Sudan
2197:New Zealand
1891:Restoration
1433:6 September
1377:3 September
1351:2 September
1288:1 September
1262:1 September
1236:1 September
1206:1 September
827:3 September
798:3 September
319:Baka people
280:park ranger
254:land reform
226:land rights
167:Blue Carbon
3122:Ecotourism
3116:Categories
3030:Oka Crisis
2713:Two-spirit
2438:ecological
2368:Indigenous
2147:Costa Rica
2110:By country
2030:Slow loris
2006:Polar bear
1859:Key issues
1646:Approaches
1282:The Canary
1012:2 November
977:|url=
769:22 January
589:. SESMAD.
573:References
370:Mau Forest
341:, such as
295:See also:
142:ecotourism
136:Ecotourism
130:Ecotourism
52:neutrality
2681:Rancherie
2676:RancherĂa
2651:Bantustan
2592:Biopiracy
2421:in Canada
2187:Mauritius
2167:Indonesia
2152:Hong Kong
2122:Australia
2094:Seed bank
2084:Sea otter
1954:Arthropod
1926:Rewilding
1780:Protected
975:requires
965:cite book
853:25 August
821:Bloomberg
542:John Muir
504:near the
500:, and in
212:by 2030.
75:July 2024
63:talk page
2641:Homeland
2552:more ...
2406:Language
2325:Category
2232:Scotland
2202:Pakistan
2182:Malaysia
2018:Elephant
1947:By taxon
1577:Endemism
1457:Archived
1401:Archived
1230:Archived
1200:Archived
1168:Archived
1164:BBC News
1133:Archived
1098:Archived
1074:7 August
1039:Archived
1006:Archived
882:20 April
729:Archived
699:Archived
672:1 August
666:Archived
635:Archived
591:Archived
556:See also
502:Loliondo
483:Tanzania
473:Tanzania
397:Mongolia
314:Cameroon
303:Botswana
291:Botswana
208:area as
202:30 by 30
56:disputed
2812:Taiwan
2787:Russia
2767:Mexico
2757:Canada
2747:Brazil
2614:Redface
2443:medical
2255:Related
2244:forests
2192:Namibia
2172:Ireland
2157:Iceland
2069:Manatee
2059:Dolphin
2013:Cheetah
1529:biology
1453:Outside
1320:Reuters
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1045:30 July
877:Reuters
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329:(WWF).
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2884:bodies
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2731:bodies
2563:Issues
2379:Rights
2222:Uganda
2217:Sweden
2137:Canada
2132:Brazil
2127:Belize
2117:Angola
2090:Plant
2079:Salmon
2054:Marine
1969:Raptor
1931:marine
1835:Marxan
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1407:6 June
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735:26 May
705:6 June
641:8 June
597:26 May
550:Paiute
512:Uganda
495:UNESCO
435:Kichwa
216:Debate
2860:WIPO
2177:Italy
2162:India
2035:Tiger
1983:Fungi
1782:areas
546:Miwok
518:Batwa
409:Nepal
403:Dukha
366:Okiek
361:Kenya
349:India
259:Congo
206:ocean
2822:USA
2370:and
2047:Wolf
2001:Bear
1959:Bird
1465:2022
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1290:2024
1264:2024
1238:2019
1208:2019
1176:2016
1141:2022
1106:2021
1076:2016
1047:2018
1014:2016
981:help
951:ISBN
932:2024
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