German entry into World War I

464:

were able to agree with our ally's estimate of the situation, and assure him that any action considered necessary to end the movement in Servia directed against the conservation of the monarchy would meet with our approval. We were perfectly aware that a possible warlike attitude of Austria-Hungary against Servia might bring Russia upon the field, and that it might therefore involve us in a war, in accordance with our duty as allies. We could not, however, in these vital interests of Austria-Hungary, which were at stake, advise our ally to take a yielding attitude not compatible with his dignity, nor deny him our assistance in these trying days. We could do this all the less as our own interests were menaced through the continued Serb agitation. If the Serbs continued with the aid of Russia and France to menace the existence of Austria-Hungary, the gradual collapse of Austria and the subjection of all the Slavs under one Russian sceptre would be the consequence, thus making untenable the position of the Teutonic race in Central Europe.

503:, Germany viewed the act as provocative. The Russian government promised Germany that its general mobilization did not mean preparation for war with Germany but was a reaction to the events between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. The German government regarded the Russian promise of no war with Germany to be nonsense in light of its general mobilization, and Germany, in turn, mobilized for war. On 1 August, Germany sent an ultimatum to Russia stating that since both Germany and Russia were in a state of military mobilization, an effective state of war existed between the two countries. Later that day, France, an ally of Russia, declared a state of general mobilization. The German government justified military action against Russia as necessary because of Russian aggression as demonstrated by the mobilization of the Russian army that had resulted in Germany mobilizing in response. 629:

economic or military plans have been uncovered to suggest otherwise....The fact remains that on 5 July 1914 Berlin gave Vienna unconditional support (‘blank cheque’) for a war in the Balkans....Civilian as well as military planners in Berlin, like their counterparts in Vienna, were dominated by a 'strike-now-better-than-later' mentality. They were aware that Russia’s 'Big Programme' of rearmament...would be completed around 1916–17....No one doubted that war was in the offing. The diplomatic and political record...contains countless dire prognostications of the inevitability of a 'final reckoning' between Slavs and Teutons. Leaders in Berlin also saw war as the only solution to 'encirclement'....In short, war was viewed as both apocalyptic fear and apocalyptic hope.

334:

mobilization of German active duty and reserve forces to invade France through Belgium. Once France was knocked out, the German troops would be sent to the East to defeat Russia with the assistance of the Austrian army. Once Russia mobilized, on July 31, Austria and Germany mobilized. The Germans had a very sophisticated plan for rapid mobilization. It worked well while everyone else was days or weeks behind. The general staff convinced the Kaiser to activate their war plan, and Bethmann Hollweg could only follow along. Most historians treat the Kaiser as a man far out of his depth who was under the spell of the Army General staff.

511:, which involved German armed forces needing to move through Belgium and swing south into France and towards the French capital of Paris. This plan aimed to gain a quick victory against the French and allow German forces to concentrate on the Eastern Front. Belgium was a neutral country and would not accept German forces crossing its territory. Germany disregarded Belgian neutrality and invaded the country to launch an offensive towards Paris. This caused Great Britain to declare war against the German Empire, as the action violated the 321:

implication was that time was against them, and a war happening sooner would be more advantageous for Germany than a war happening later. For the French, there was a growing fear that Russia would become significantly more powerful than France, and become more independent of France, possibly even returning to its old military alliance with Germany. The implication was that a war sooner could count on the Russian alliance, but the longer it waited the greater the likelihood of a Russian alliance with Germany that would doom France.

325:

war in which Austria would politically destroy Serbia. The hope was to "localize" that war by keeping the other powers out of it. Russia had no treaty obligations to Serbia, but was trying to fashion itself as the leader of the Slavic peoples in opposition to their German and Austrian oppressors. If Russia intervened to defend Serbia, Germany would have to intervene to defend Austria, and very likely France would honor its treaty obligation and join with Russia. Bethmann Hollweg assumed Britain had no interest in the

5009: 349:, to defeat the Russians. The plan was not shared with the Navy, the Foreign Office, the Chancellor, the main ally in Vienna, or the separate Army commands in Bavaria and the other states. No one could point out problems or plan to coordinate with it. The generals who did know about it counted on it giving a quick victory within weeks—if that did not happen there was no "Plan B." No German leaders had a long-term plan when the war began. There were no long-term goals—the first ones—the proposed “ 560: 266:

to demonstrate for peace and large numbers turned out in orderly demonstrations. The SPD was not revolutionary and many members were nationalistic. When the war began, some conservatives wanted to use force to suppress the SPD, but Bethmann Hollweg wisely refused. The SPD members of parliament voted 96–14 on 3 August to support the war. There remained an antiwar element, especially in Berlin. They were expelled from the SPD in 1916 and formed the

438:

23, and its actual invasion until August 13. That allowed time for the Russian-French opposition to organize. It also allowed an investigation to turn up many details but no evidence pointing directly to the government of Serbia. The main reason for the delay was the fact that practically the entire Austrian army was tied down at home in harvest work, providing a food supply that would be essential for any war once the reserves were called to duty.

4820: 250:". The agrarian interest was led by large landowners who were especially interested in exports and was politically well organized. Major corporations in the steel and coal industries were effective lobbyists. All of these economic groups promoted an aggressive foreign policy. Bankers and financiers were not as pacifistic as their counterparts in London, but they did not play a large role in shaping foreign policy. 369:, confrontations in Central and Eastern Europe, highly-charged political rhetoric and domestic pressure groups. Germany's reliance time and again on sheer power, while Britain increasingly appealed to moral sensibilities, played a role, especially in seeing the invasion of Belgium as a profound moral and diplomatic crime. Kennedy argues that by far the main reason was London's fear that a repeat of 1870 — when 19: 93:

inadvertent, caused by a series of complex accidents that overburdened the long-standing alliance system with its lock-step mobilization system that no one could control. A third approach, especially important in recent years, is that Germany saw itself surrounded by increasingly powerful enemies – Russia, France and Britain – who would eventually crush it unless Germany acted defensively with a

303:

suspicious of a supposed conspiracy of its enemies: that year-by-year in the early 20th century it was systematically encircled by enemies. There was a growing fear that the supposed enemy coalition of Russia, France and Britain was getting stronger militarily every year, especially Russia. The longer Berlin waited the less likely it would prevail in a war. According to American historian

316:

the heart of Europe so powerful and yet so restless that her neighbors on each side had no choice but either to become her vassals or to stand together for protection....They used their central position to create fear in all sides, in order to gain their diplomatic ends. And then they complained that on all sides they had been encircled.

237:, the Chief of the German General Staff, was in charge of all planning and operations for the German army. He kept his plans quiet. He had the Kaiser's approval but did not share any details with the Navy, the Chancellor, or his allies. Increasingly as a crisis grew, Moltke became the most powerful man in Germany. 315:

The encirclement, such as it was, was of Germany's own making. She had encircled herself by alienating France over Alsace-Lorraine, Russia by her support of Austria-Hungary's anti--Slav policy in the Balkans, England by building her rival fleet. She had created with Austria-Hungary a military bloc in

273:

Newspaper editorials indicated that the nationalist right wing was openly in favor of war, even a preventive one, while moderate editors would only support a defensive war. Both the conservative press and the liberal press increasingly used the rhetoric of German honor and popular sacrifice and often

324:

France, a third smaller than Germany, needed Russia's vast potential, and the fear was that together the two would in a few years clearly surpass Germany's military capability. This argued for war sooner rather than later. Bethmann Hollweg knew he was undertaking a calculated risk by backing a local

495:

along the same lines. However, Bethmann Hollweg and the Kaiser did not know that the German military had its own line of communication to the Austrian military, and insisted on rapid mobilization against Russia. German Chief of Staff Moltke sent an emotional telegram to the Austrian Chief of Staff

490:

Austria depended entirely on Germany for support – it had no other ally it could trust– but the Kaiser lost control of the German government. Bethmann Hollweg had repeatedly rejected pleas from Britain and Russia to put pressure on Austria to compromise. German elite and popular public opinion also

265:

and became alarmed. Some looked to a foreign war as a solution to Germany's internal problems; others considered ways to suppress the Socialists. SPD policy limited antimilitarism to aggressive wars—Germans saw 1914 as a defensive war. On 25 July 1914, the SPD leadership appealed to its membership

245:

Public opinion and pressure groups played a major role in influencing German politics. The Army and Navy each had their nationwide network of supporters, with a million members in the German Navy League, founded in 1898, and 20,000 in the German Army League, founded in 1912. The most articulate and

192:

system whereby the reserves could be called up quickly and sent to key points by rail. Every year the plans were updated and increased in complexity. Each country stockpiled arms and supplies for an army that ran into the millions. Germany in 1874 had a regular professional army of 420,000, with an

591:

There was a long-standing conflict between Britain and Germany over the Baghdad Railway through the Ottoman Empire, which would have projected German power toward Britain's sphere of influence in India and southern Persia. This was resolved in June 1914 when Berlin agreed not to construct the line

437:

Berlin repeatedly and urgently called on Vienna to act quickly in response to the assassination at Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, so that a counter alliance would not have time to organize, and Austria could blame its intense anger at the atrocious act. Vienna delayed its critical ultimatum until July

463:

it was clear to Austria that it was not compatible with the dignity and the spirit of self-preservation of the monarchy to view idly any longer this agitation across the border. The Imperial and Royal Government appraised Germany of this conception and asked for our opinion. With all our heart we

408:

The German Navy, under Tirpitz, had ambitions to rival the Royal Navy and dramatically expanded its fleet in the early 20th century to protect the colonies, German commerce, the homeland, and to exert power worldwide. In 1890, to protect its new fleet, Germany traded possessions. It obtained the

92:

in the 1960s, argues that Germany had long desired to dominate Europe politically and economically, and seized the opportunity that unexpectedly opened in July 1914, making Germany guilty of starting the war. At the opposite end of the moral spectrum, many historians have argued that the war was

628:

claimed, but rather first to secure and thereafter to enhance the borders of 1871. Secondly, the decision for war was made in July 1914 and not, as some scholars have claimed, at a nebulous ‘war council’ on 8 December 1912. Thirdly, no one in Berlin had planned for war before 1914; no long-term

337:

In 1913, the Army Act raised Germany's peace strength to 870,000 men, and raising the eventual war strength from 4.5 million to 5.4 million. France responded by expanding the training period for all draftees from two years to three. Russia likewise raised its army size to a wartime basis of 5.4

320:

Bethmann Hollweg was mesmerized by the steady growth of Russian power, which was in large part due to French financial and technical assistance. For the Germans, this deepened the worry often expressed by the Kaiser that Germany was being surrounded by enemies who were growing in strength. One

302:

Historians have stressed that insecurity about the future deeply troubled German policy makers and motivated them toward preemptive war before it was too late. The nation was surrounded by enemies who were getting stronger; the bid to rival British naval supremacy had failed. Berlin was deeply

599:

under Russian and French auspices. When the war broke out, the Ottoman Empire was officially neutral at first, but leaned toward the Central Powers. Promises of war loans, military coordination and recovery of lost territories appealed to Turkish nationalists, especially the Young Turks under

583:

was hired to reorganize the army, and to command the Ottoman forces at Constantinople. Russia and France vigorously objected, and forced a reduction in his role. Russia had the long-term goal of sponsoring the newly liberated Slavic states in the Balkan region, and had designs on control of

298:

However, Schroeder argues, all that was not the main cause of the war in 1914—indeed, the search for a single main cause is not a helpful approach to history. Instead, there are multiple causes any one or two of which could have launched the war. He argues, "The fact that so many plausible

333:

would become meaningless. The calculated risk failed when Russia mobilized. The German general staff, which was always hawkish and eager for war, now took control of German policy. Its war plan called for immediate action before Russia could mobilize much force, and instead use very rapid

453:

Finally, as far as concerns Serbia, His Majesty, of course, cannot interfere in the dispute now going on between Austria-Hungary and that country, as it is a matter not within his competence. The Emperor Francis Joseph may, however, rest assured that His Majesty will faithfully stand by

445:" in handling its punishment of Serbia regarding the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne. It meant that Germany would support whatever decision Austria made. Austria decided on war with Serbia, which quickly led to escalation with Russia. Bethmann Hollweg on July 6 told 506:

After Germany declared war on Russia, France with its alliance with Russia prepared a general mobilization in expectation of war. On 3 August 1914, Germany responded to this action by declaring war on France. Germany, facing a two-front war, enacted what was known as the

491:

was demanding mediation. Now in late July he reversed himself, and pleaded, or demanded, that Austria accept mediation, warning that Britain would probably join Russia and France if a larger war started. The Kaiser made a direct appeal to Emperor

307:, it was after the set-back in Morocco in 1905 that the fear of encirclement began to be a potent factor in German politics." Few outside observers agreed with the notion of Germany as a victim of deliberate encirclement. English historian 496:

Conrad on July 30: "Austria-Hungary must be preserved, mobilise at once against Russia. Germany will mobilise." Vienna officials decided that Moltke was really in charge—which was true—and refused mediation and mobilized against Russia.

299:

explanations for the outbreak of the war have been advanced over the years indicates on the one hand that it was massively overdetermined, and on the other that no effort to analyze the causal factors involved can ever fully succeed."

193:

additional 1.3 million reserves. By 1897, the regular German army was 545,000 strong and the reserves 3.4 million. The French in 1897 had 3.4 million reservists, Austria 2.6 million, and Russia 4.0 million. All major countries had a

487:, the German government informed the Austro-Hungarian government that Germany would uphold its alliance with Austria-Hungary and defend it from possible Russian intervention if a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia took place. 391:

The British Royal Navy dominated the globe in the 19th century, but after 1890, Germany attempted to challenge Britain's supremacy. The resulting naval race heightened tensions between the two nations. In 1897, Admiral

400:

from a small, coastal defence force to a fleet that was meant to challenge British naval power. As part of the wider bid to alter the international balance of power decisively in Germany's favour, Tirpitz called for a

458:

Shortly after the war began, the German foreign office issued a statement justifying the Blank Check as necessary for the preservation of Austria, and the Teutonic (German) race in central Europe. The statement said:

537:. In it, they sought to establish justification for their own entry into the war, and cast blame on other actors for the outbreak. The White Book was only the first of such compilations to occur, including the 294:

From 1890 on, Germany did pursue world power. This bid arose from deep roots within Germany's economic, political, and social structures. Once the war broke out, world power became Germany's essential goal.

209:, the chancellor and the foreign ministry, so there was no coordination–and in the end the plan failed. Indeed there was no joint planning with Vienna before the war started—and very little afterwards. 377:— would mean that Germany, with a powerful army and navy, would control the English Channel and northwest France. British policymakers insisted that that would be a catastrophe for British security. 345:, was drawn up by the Army headquarters. It called for a great infantry sweep through Belgium to encircle Paris and defeat France in a matter of weeks. Then the forces would be moved by rail to the 181:

systems whereby young men would serve from one to three years in the army, then spend the next 20 years or so in the reserves with annual summer training. Men of higher social status became

423:

battleship of 1907 was so advanced in terms of speed and firepower that all other warships were immediately made obsolete. Germany copied it but never surged ahead in quality or numbers.

2237:

Seligmann, Matthew S. "'A Barometer of National Confidence': A British Assessment of the Role of Insecurity in the Formulation of German Military Policy before the First World War.”

1006:

Matthew S. Seligmann, "‘A Barometer of National Confidence’: a British Assessment of the Role of Insecurity in the Formulation of German Military Policy before the First World War."

592:

south of Baghdad and to recognize Britain's preponderant interest in the region. The issue was resolved to the satisfaction of both sides and did not play a role in causing the war.

1405:

Official Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the European War: With Photographic Reproductions of Official Editions of the Documents (Blue, White, Yellow, Etc., Books)

4174: 2136: 4189: 4373: 338:

million. Austria in 1913 raised its war strength to 2.0 million. All the rival armies improved their efficiency, especially with more powerful artillery and machine guns.

365:(1980) recognized it was critical for war that Germany become economically more powerful than Britain, but he downplays the disputes over economic trade imperialism, the 5198: 1963: 1135: 849: 701: 579:

in 1911–12. However, relations with Germany had been excellent, involving investment aid in financing, and assistance for the Turkish army. In late 1913 German general

127:; arrayed against them were the Allies, consisting chiefly of Russia, France, and Britain at the beginning of the war, Italy, which joined the Allies in 1915, and the 4271: 1436: 3908: 3079: 4350: 4858: 4808: 4378: 2892: 4566: 4293: 3985: 2950: 534: 5737: 4673: 4581: 4336: 1962:

Jarausch, Konrad H. "The Illusion of Limited War: Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg's Calculated Risk, July 1914." Central European History 2.1 (1969): 48–76.

4576: 4266: 4217: 4132: 173:

Since the 1870s or 1880s all the major powers had been preparing for a large-scale war, although none expected one. Britain focused on building up its

217:

Historians focus on a handful of German leaders, as was the case for most countries in 1914. For Germany special attention focuses on the Chancellor

5642: 5622: 4420: 258: 231:, the Kaiser, was given enormous publicity by both sides and signed off on major decisions, but he was largely shunted aside or persuaded by others. 261:), based in the labor unions, won 35% of the national vote. Conservative elites exaggerated the implicit threats made by radical Socialists such as 4786: 2293: 4261: 3626: 2632:

Strength and organization of the armies of France, Germany, Austria, Russia, England, Italy, Mexico and Japan (showing conditions in July, 1914)

4853: 1493:. Vol. 9 International Relations and Legal Cooperation in General Diplomacy and Consular Relations. Amsterdam: North-Holland. p. 24. 417:

in Africa. In 1898, Tirpitz started a programme of warship construction. The British, however, were always well ahead in the race. The British

267: 3057: 3119: 483:

In early July 1914, in the aftermath of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and the immediate likelihood of war between Austria-Hungary and

5395: 4321: 4251: 3890: 3109: 3020: 2372:"British Entry into World War I: Did the Germans Have Reason to Doubt that the British Would Declare War in 1914?" in Paul du Quenoy ed., 4345: 3243: 2697: 654: 290:

agrees with the critics that Fischer exaggerated and misinterpreted many points. However, Schroeder endorses Fischer's basic conclusion:

123:. Germany was the leader of the Central Powers, which included Austria-Hungary at the start of the war as well as the Ottoman Empire and 2179:

Rich, Norman. "The Question Of National Interest In Imperial German Foreign Policy: Bismarck, William II, and the Road to World War I."

2133: 405:(Risk Fleet), so called because, although still smaller than the British fleet, it would be too large for Britain to risk taking it on. 5742: 5334: 4801: 2920: 559: 3250: 2111:

Murray, Michelle. "Identity, insecurity, and great power politics: the tragedy of German naval ambition before the First World War."

595:

In June, 1914, Vienna and Berlin discussed bringing Bulgaria and Turkey into their military alliance to neutralize the threat of the

432: 159: 5752: 5652: 2902: 177:, already stronger than the next two navies combined. Germany, France, Austria, Italy and Russia and some smaller countries set up 4571: 4503: 4341: 4328: 4285: 4194: 3920: 3729: 3636: 3538: 3296: 2943: 2116: 659: 515:

that both Britain and Prussia had signed in 1839 guaranteeing Belgian neutrality and defense of the kingdom if a nation reneged.

205:

was so confident that it would succeed that they made no alternative plans. It was kept secret from Austria, as well as from the

2006:

Kapp, Richard W. "Divided Loyalties: The German Reich and Austria-Hungary in Austro-German Discussions of War Aims, 1914–1916."

818:

Richard W. Kapp, "Divided Loyalties: The German Reich and Austria-Hungary in Austro-German Discussions of War Aims, 1914–1916."

5707: 5703: 5698: 5188: 4695: 4685: 4553: 2094:

Mayer, Arno. "The Primacy of Domestic Politics", in Holger H. Herwig, ed., The Outbreak of World War I (1997), pp. 42–47.

154:

played major roles. However, the immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the

5520: 4794: 4467: 4401: 4238: 4117: 3790: 2816: 2672: 2512:

Seligmann, Matthew S. "Germany and the origins of the First World War in the eyes of the American diplomatic establishment."

2270: 1842: 1498: 1320:

Samuel R. Williamson, Jr. "Confrontation With Serbia: The Consequences of Vienna's Failure to Achieve Surprise in July 1914"

639: 1489:. In Bernhardt, Rudolf; Bindschedler, Rudolf; Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law (eds.). 5580: 5415: 4642: 4062: 2854: 2355:

Williamson Jr., Samuel R. "German Perceptions of the Triple Entente after 1911: Their Mounting Apprehensions Reconsidered"

446: 1468: 329:

and would remain neutral. It was also possible that Russia would go to war but France would not follow, in which case the

5485: 5103: 4413: 3372: 2877: 4627: 1803:

Craig, Gordon A. "The World War I alliance of the Central Powers in retrospect: The military cohesion of the alliance."

138:, which broke out unexpectedly in June–August 1914, including the conflicts and hostility of the previous four decades. 5289: 4968: 4612: 3902: 3311: 3069: 1730: 197:

which designed war plans against possible enemies. All plans called for a decisive opening and a short war. Germany's

5672: 5601: 5570: 5510: 5299: 5279: 5259: 5129: 4973: 4888: 4487: 4181: 3997: 3276: 2747: 2069: 1997: 1643: 1586: 1559: 1345: 1102: 691: 54: 4816: 523: 5662: 5637: 5505: 5490: 5375: 5339: 5319: 5214: 5139: 4963: 4928: 4918: 4908: 3739: 3674: 2712: 696: 386: 2162:

Papayoanou, Paul A. "Interdependence, institutions, and the balance of power: Britain, Germany, and World War I."

1913: 1748: 5711: 5596: 5480: 5304: 5294: 5274: 5174: 5163: 5113: 5088: 5023: 4738: 4543: 4523: 4310: 4246: 4069: 3938: 2849: 2769: 2707: 2340: 605: 57:

caused Britain to declare war on Germany on August 4. Most of the main parties were now at war. In October 1914,

3410: 2084: 22:

Military alignments in 1914. When the war started Italy declared neutrality; in 1915 it switched and joined the

5716: 5677: 5555: 5550: 5530: 5450: 5400: 5324: 5269: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5154: 5093: 5053: 5028: 4983: 4873: 4848: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4518: 4212: 2864: 2839: 2737: 2315: 684: 679: 674: 664: 554: 253:

Pacifism had its well-organized groups, and the labor unions strongly denounced war before it was declared. In

234: 2466:(Feb. 2014) 12#1 pp 5–27; "Recent Historiography of the First World War (Part II)", (May 2014) 12#2 pp 155–74. 2424:

Hewitson, Mark. "Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy."

1939:

Hewitson, Mark. "Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy."

529:

Germany attempted to justify its actions through the publication of selected diplomatic correspondence in the

522:

declaring war on Austria-Hungary in 1915 and Germany on 27 August 1916; the United States on 6 April 1917 and

5575: 5535: 5500: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5440: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5405: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5370: 5365: 5344: 5249: 5229: 5134: 5108: 5078: 5063: 5033: 4958: 4953: 4943: 4933: 4923: 4898: 4868: 4838: 4508: 4472: 4406: 4298: 4144: 3734: 3586: 3124: 3052: 2983: 2752: 2722: 2717: 2505:

Mulligan, William. "The Trial Continues: New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War."

1130:

Konrad H. Jarausch, "The Illusion of Limited War: Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg's Calculated Risk, July 1914",

844:

Konrad H. Jarausch, "The Illusion of Limited War: Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg's Calculated Risk, July 1914"

716: 669: 254: 218: 1337:

Understanding the Literature of World War I: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents

796:

Craig, "The World War I Alliance of the Central Powers in Retrospect: The Military Cohesion of the Alliance"

88:

Historians have vigorously debated Germany's role. One line of interpretation, promoted by German historian

53:–declaring war on August 3 and sending its main armies through Belgium to capture Paris from the north. The 5565: 5545: 5540: 5525: 5515: 5475: 5445: 5435: 5410: 5329: 5314: 5219: 5209: 5194: 5149: 5144: 5083: 5068: 5043: 5038: 4993: 4948: 4883: 4843: 4824: 4462: 4089: 4029: 3926: 3831: 3601: 3387: 3091: 2930: 2829: 2599: 1759: 1448: 1040: 644: 5667: 5606: 5560: 5495: 5470: 5349: 5309: 5284: 5254: 5204: 5169: 5159: 5073: 5048: 4978: 4938: 4903: 4893: 4878: 4863: 4700: 4137: 4122: 3980: 3932: 3704: 3255: 3129: 3042: 3037: 2806: 2794: 2789: 1674: 346: 5008: 3316: 2572: 5264: 5224: 5184: 5179: 5098: 5058: 4998: 4988: 4913: 4680: 4637: 3914: 3679: 3664: 3566: 3435: 3003: 2915: 2872: 228: 5757: 4622: 4390: 3974: 3962: 3724: 3709: 3430: 3321: 3015: 2993: 2742: 2732: 2665: 2646:"The German White Book" (1914) English translation of documents used by Germany to defend its actions 625: 283: 89: 3576: 2480:

Mombauer, Annika. "Guilt or Responsibility? The Hundred-Year Debate on the Origins of World War I."

286:

unleashed an intense worldwide debate in the 1960s on Germany's long-term goals. American historian

5747: 4597: 4084: 4074: 4003: 3956: 3944: 3884: 3699: 3694: 3616: 3025: 2998: 2702: 2469:

Langdon, John W. "Emerging from Fischer's Shadow: recent examinations of the crisis of July 1914."

2374:

History in Dispute Vol. 16: Twentieth-Century European Social and Political Movements: First Series

353:” was hurriedly put together in September 1914 after the war began and was never formally adopted. 163: 1154: 4668: 4660: 4602: 4362: 4057: 3820: 3654: 3649: 3581: 3440: 3425: 3420: 3400: 3281: 3158: 1772: 512: 454:

Austria-Hungary, as is required by the obligations of his alliance and of his ancient friendship.

120: 3621: 2448:

Janssen, Karl-Heinz. "Gerhard Ritter: A Patriot Historian’s Justification," in H. W. Koch, ed.,

5693: 5647: 4435: 4159: 4094: 3950: 3684: 3611: 3561: 3546: 3528: 3501: 3415: 3382: 3047: 3008: 2988: 2799: 2692: 882:

Geoff Eley, "Reshaping the right: Radical nationalism and the German Navy League, 1898–1908."

70: 1696: 1614:

Hasan Kayalı, "The Ottoman Experience of World War I: Historiographical Problems and Trends,"

1576: 1536:

Eagles on the crescent: Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish alliance, 1914–1918

1092: 4425: 4079: 3968: 3744: 3714: 3644: 3591: 3513: 3481: 3455: 3405: 3336: 3238: 3191: 2975: 2844: 2727: 2593: 2455:

Joll, James. "The 1914 Debate Continues: Fritz Fischer and His Critics," in H. W. Koch, ed.,

2198:

The Sword and the Sceptre, Vol. 2 – The European Powers and the Wilhelmenian Empire 1890–1914

1678: 1549: 1486: 1335: 1169: 763:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98

711: 649: 135: 106: 82: 50: 27: 1633: 1403: 5762: 4775: 4690: 3377: 3351: 3301: 2658: 500: 397: 206: 202: 3326: 2645: 2588: 2326:

The New Cambridge Modern History: Vol. XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898–1945

1713: 1361: 571:

Turkey had been badly defeated in a series of wars in the previous decade, losing the two

111:

As the war started, Germany stood behind its ally Austria-Hungary in a confrontation with

8: 4757: 3896: 3760: 3719: 3596: 3556: 3551: 3496: 3179: 3173: 3074: 2391: 2284: 2204: 2174: 1908:

Hensel, Paul R. "The Evolution of the Franco-German Rivalry" in William R. Thompson, ed.

374: 167: 155: 124: 4710: 2329: 2225: 1863:

Fischer, Fritz. "1914: Germany Opts for War, 'Now or Never'", in Holger H. Herwig, ed.,

1148: 563:

1912 Danish cartoon shows Balkan states tearing apart the rickety Ottoman Empire in the

4717: 4632: 3991: 3855: 3837: 3802: 3766: 3606: 3571: 3523: 3508: 3395: 3346: 3185: 3144: 2824: 2625: 2545: 2367: 2097:

Mombauer, Annika. "German War Plans" in Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herwig, eds.

2088: 1857: 1460: 393: 151: 2200:(1970) Covers military policy in Germany and also France, Britain, Russia and Austria. 4750: 4744: 4705: 4607: 4440: 4023: 3878: 3861: 3669: 3491: 3471: 3306: 3291: 3221: 3209: 2910: 2887: 2834: 2635: 2428:

115.462 (2000): 570-606; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority.

2407:

Ferguson, Niall. "Germany and the origins of the First World War: new perspectives."

2298: 2266: 2252: 2065: 2028: 1993: 1838: 1756:

Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy

1639: 1582: 1555: 1504: 1494: 1417: 1409: 1341: 1184:

Holger H. Herwig, "Through the Looking Glass: German Strategic Planning before 1914"

1098: 1037:

Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy

580: 576: 538: 530: 350: 247: 112: 94: 2402: 1825: 5632: 3808: 3778: 3772: 3689: 3518: 3486: 3476: 3215: 3139: 3134: 3062: 2882: 2782: 2640: 1943:

115.462 (2000): 570-606; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority

1452: 914:. We men who feel most German: a cultural study of the Pan-German League, 1886–1914 564: 519: 182: 66: 2388:

Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

805:

Richard W. Kapp, "Bethmann-Hollweg, Austria-Hungary and Mitteleuropa, 1914–1915."

4617: 4457: 3796: 3356: 3331: 3030: 2938: 2777: 2140: 2059: 1987: 1896:

Publicity and Diplomacy: With Special Reference to England and Germany, 1890–1914

1832: 1399: 1278:

David R. Gillard, "Salisbury's African Policy and the Heligoland Offer of 1890."

585: 508: 366: 342: 308: 304: 198: 74: 46: 2040:

Kennedy, Paul M. "Idealists and realists: British views of Germany, 1864–1939."

1918:

Herwig, Holger H. "Germany" in Richard F. Hamilton, and Holger H. Herwig, eds.

981:

Paul W. Schroeder, "World War I as Galloping Gertie: A Reply to Joachim Remak,"

4450: 4430: 4101: 3814: 3659: 3450: 3341: 3197: 3101: 3084: 2562: 2412: 2289: 2152: 1265:

David Woodward, "Admiral Tirpitz, Secretary of State for the Navy, 1897–1916,"

706: 518:

Subsequently, several states declared war on Germany in late August 1914, with

478: 330: 287: 166:, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Serbian secret organization, the 116: 62: 58: 42: 23: 1968:

Jarausch, Konrad Hugo. “Revising German History: Bethmann Hollweg Revisited.”

1789: 873:

Craig, Gordon A. The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945 (1955) pp 292–95.

588:(allowing entry into the Mediterranean), and even taking over Constantinople. 5731: 4561: 3849: 3843: 3286: 3203: 3114: 2523: 1983: 1508: 1421: 617: 596: 194: 128: 34: 1727:

From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914

1684:

Afflerbach, Holger. "Wilhelm II as Supreme Warlord in the First World War."

1215: 4011: 3445: 2258: 2147:

A Call to Arms: Propaganda, Public Opinion, and Newspapers in the Great War

1877:

Geiss, Imanuel. "The Outbreak of the First World War and German War Aims,"

1635:

The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War

1578:

The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War

887: 492: 442: 362: 262: 222: 189: 178: 1150:

Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1870–1914

624:

Berlin did not go to war in 1914 in a bid for ‘world power’, as historian

4222: 4127: 3825: 3260: 2681: 2321: 1738:

Modern Germany: an encyclopedia of history, people and culture, 1871–1990

1210:

Wayne C. Thompson, "The September Program: Reflections on the Evidence."

601: 572: 474: 419: 274:

depicted the horrors of Russian despotism in terms of Asiatic barbarism.

221:, thanks to the discovery of the very rich, candid diary of his top aide 147: 78: 38: 2528:

The Great War in History: Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present

2350: 2210:

Schmitt, Bernadotte E. "Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, 1902–1914."

2184: 2018: 1780: 1464: 1146: 1066:

The spirit of British policy and the myth of the encirclement of Germany

5657: 2519: 2462:

Kramer, Alan. "Recent Historiography of the First World War – Part I",

2215: 2203:

Scheck, Raffael. "Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945" (2008)

2045: 1979: 1973: 1808: 1294:

Holger H. Herwig, "The German reaction to the Dreadnought revolution."

986: 542: 410: 396:

became German Naval Secretary of State and began transformation of the

174: 139: 2544:(1915) English translations of official documents to justify the war. 2499: 2474: 2429: 1882: 1333: 1283: 1011: 930: 4017: 3784: 2242: 1456: 4277: 2579:

German Imperialism, 1914–18: The Development of a Historical Debate

2232:

Five Weeks: The Surge of Public Opinion on the Eve of the Great War

414: 143: 2608:

July 1914, The outbreak of the First World War: Selected Documents

1523:

The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present

4819: 2312:

The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth, and Mobilization in Germany

2106:

The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany

1798:

The German Army League: Popular Nationalism in Wilhelmine Germany

1619: 970:

The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth, and Mobilization in Germany

901:

The German Army League: Popular Nationalism in Wilhelmine Germany

370: 326: 2489:

The origins of the First World War: controversies and consensus.

2397:

Evans, R. J. W. "The Greatest Catastrophe the World Has Seen"

1413: 1199:

The Great Naval Race: The Anglo-German Naval Rivalry, 1900–1914

620:

summarizes the scholarly consensus on Germany's final decision:

484: 2650: 2081:

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the coming of the Great War

1090: 4445: 1831:

Evans, R. J. W.; von Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge, eds. (1988).

1745:

Burden of Guilt: How Germany Shattered the Last Days of Peace

1167: 2305:

The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

361:

In explaining why neutral Britain went to war with Germany,

18: 2561:(3rd ed. 1914), the official British case against Germany. 2376:(St. James Press 2000; Gale E-Books) 10pp summary of debate 2123:

Dance of the Furies: Europe and the Outbreak of World War I

1703:

A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna

925:

Dieter Groh, "The 'Unpatriotic Socialists' and the State."

2281:

French foreign policy from Fashoda to Serajevo (1898–1914)

2157:

The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914

1927:

The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918

1660:

The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918

1254:

The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914

2337:

Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I

1551:

Russia's International Relations in the Twentieth Century

413:

off the German North Sea coast and gave up the island of

2419:

The Outbreak of World War I: Causes and Responsibilities

1872:

Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?

2320:

Vyvyan, J. M. K. "The Approach of the War of 1914." in

1956:

Von Bethmann-Hollweg and the Hubris of Imperial Germany

1547: 1079:

British history in the 19th century and after 1782-1919

702:

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

61:

joined the war on Germany's side, becoming part of the

2494:

Mommsen, Wolfgang J. "The Debate on German War Aims,"

2130:

July Crisis: The World's Descent into War, Summer 1914

2581:(1972) 230 pp primary sources in English translation. 2171:

The rise of rail-power in war and conquest, 1833–1914

1094:

Aggression and War: Their Biological and Social Bases

1830: 1147:Frank Maloy Anderson; Amos Shartle Hershey (1918). 2421:(1990) excerpts from primary and secondary sources 1228:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 2386:Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. 2015:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914 1334:Claudia Durst Johnson; James H. Meredith (2004). 533:which appeared on 4 August 1914, the same day as 5729: 1901:Hamilton, Richard F. and Holger H. Herwig, eds. 1777:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 750:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 3627:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 1631: 1581:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–13. 1574: 1480: 1478: 1322:Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs 77:before World War I, was neutral in 1914 before 268:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany 4802: 2666: 2436:Germany and the Causes of the First World War 1948:Germany and the Causes of the First World War 1722:(1973), 260pp; scholarly survey, 1900 to 1914 1601:F. W. Beckett, "Turkey's Momentous Moment." 1392: 737:Germany and the Causes of the First World War 2294:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 2042:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1815:The Politics of the Prussian Army: 1640–1945 1736:Buse, Dieter K., and Juergen C. Doerr, eds. 1475: 1428: 1307:Richard F. Hamilton, and Holger H. Herwig, 1153:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 1091:Jo Groebel and Robert A. Hinde, ed. (1989). 776:The War Plans of the Great Powers, 1880–1914 373:and the German states smashed France in the 49:, it ignored Russia and moved first against 5738:History of the foreign relations of Germany 4110: 1374:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 1097:. Cambridge University Press. p. 196. 655:Historiography of the causes of World War I 41:on August 1, 1914, when it declared war on 4809: 4795: 2673: 2659: 2104:Mombauer, Annika and Wilhelm Deist, eds. 2061:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 2035:The Rise and Fall of British Naval mastery 1978: 1437:"France and the Outbreak of the World War" 1385:Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herwig, 246:aggressive civilian organization was the " 2571:(4 vol 1928–31), in English translation. 2477:emphasis on roles of Germany and Austria. 2450:The Origins of the First World War (1972) 2057: 1216:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938900018823 433:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 115:, but Serbia was under the protection of 3909:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 2630:United States. War Dept. General Staff. 2622:Recent revelations of European diplomacy 2257: 1953: 1767:Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 1491:Encyclopedia of Public International Law 1398: 862:Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 558: 17: 4286:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 2559:Why we are at war; Great Britain's case 2207:, a brief textbook by a leading scholar 1762:; 862pp; written for advanced students. 1720:Germany and the Approach of War in 1914 1484: 1435:Schmitt, Bernadotte E. (1 April 1937). 1434: 1241:The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902 1171:Why We are at War, Great Britain's Case 944:Germany and the Approach of War in 1914 660:Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I 441:In July, 1914, Germany gave Austria a " 356: 5730: 1992:(3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. 1934:Biographical Dictionary of World War I 1905:(2004), pp 70–91, a scholarly summary. 1168:Members of the Oxford Faculty (1914). 468: 4790: 4239:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 3582:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 2654: 2569:German Diplomatic Documents 1871–1914 2445:(2012), 38 topical essays by scholars 2025:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 1972:21#3 (1988): 224–43, historiography 1521:R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy, 1068:(London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1931). 640:History of Germany during World War I 611: 541:two days later, followed by numerous 5653:East Germany–United States relations 4643:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 2394:; full coverage for major countries. 2054:(2014) scholarly account, day-by-day 1932:Herweg, Holger H., and Neil Heyman. 4572:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 3373:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 985:44#3 (1972), pp. 319–45, at p/ 320 131:, which joined the Allies in 1917. 13: 3312:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2534: 2464:Journal of Modern European History 2457:The Origins of the First World War 2241:117#471, (2002), pp. 333–55, 1989:The Origins of the First World War 1849:essays by scholars from both sides 1668: 1408:. New York: Macmillan. p. 7. 14: 5774: 5743:Entry into World War I by country 5678:Foreign relations of East Germany 5673:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany 2591:official defense of Germany; see 2380: 2364:Great Britain And The German Navy 1889:Franco-German Relations 1871–1914 1834:The Coming of the First World War 692:Diplomatic history of World War I 447:the Austrian ambassador in Berlin 240: 5007: 4818: 3675:Second Battle of the Piave River 3297:Russian invasion of East Prussia 2366:(1935) 535pp; scholarly history 2347:The Pan-German League, 1890–1914 2249:The Diplomacy of the War of 1914 2191:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914 1548:Alastair Kocho-Williams (2013). 835:(2014) pp. xvii–xxii for a list. 697:History of German foreign policy 311:expressed the British viewpoint: 5753:1914 in international relations 4739:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 3939:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 2680: 2615:German foreign policy 1871–1914 2496:Journal of Contemporary History 1879:Journal of Contemporary History 1856:(2 vols in one. 2nd ed. 1930). 1652: 1625: 1608: 1595: 1568: 1541: 1528: 1515: 1379: 1366: 1354: 1327: 1314: 1301: 1288: 1272: 1259: 1246: 1233: 1220: 1204: 1191: 1178: 1161: 1140: 1124: 1111: 1084: 1071: 1058: 1053:German foreign policy 1871-1914 1045: 1029: 1016: 1000: 991: 975: 962: 949: 936: 927:Journal of Contemporary History 919: 906: 893: 876: 867: 854: 838: 606:Committee of Union and Progress 548: 426: 277: 5717:Germany and the United Nations 4562:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 4421:Deportations from East Prussia 4218:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 2552:The Origins of the War of 1914 2222:England and Germany, 1740–1914 1693:The Origins of the War of 1914 1638:. Cambridge University Press. 1620:https://doi.org/10.1086/694391 1362:"The German White Book" (1914) 825: 812: 799: 790: 781: 768: 755: 742: 729: 685:Russian entry into World War I 680:Ottoman entry into World War I 675:Italian entry into World War I 665:British entry into World War I 555:Ottoman entry into World War I 545:by the other European powers. 259:Social Democratic Party or SPD 1: 5628:German entry into World War I 4473:Ukrainian Canadian internment 2641:Major 1914 documents from BYU 2438:(2004) pp 1–20 on historians. 2259:Strachan, Hew Francis Anthony 2220:Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly. 1769:(1996), a scholarly biography 1697:vol 2 online covers July 1914 1554:. Routledge. pp. 12–19. 1340:. Greenwood. pp. 13–14. 765:(1962) pp 204–42, esp 214–17. 717:Home front during World War I 670:French entry into World War I 380: 219:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 212: 100: 5699:Foreign ministers of Germany 4825:Foreign relations of Germany 4628:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 3927:Estonian War of Independence 3602:Southern Palestine offensive 2557:Barker. Ernest, et al. eds. 2399:The New York Review of Books 2193:(1991), comprehensive survey 2058:MacMillan, Margaret (2013). 1903:Decisions for War, 1914–1917 1854:The Origins of the World War 1705:(1958), 736pp; basic survey. 1449:Council on Foreign Relations 1387:Decisions for War, 1914–1917 1309:Decisions for War, 1914–1917 1296:International History Review 1269:(July 1963) 13#8 pp. 548–55. 719:covering all major countries 645:Anglo-German naval arms race 387:Anglo–German naval arms race 201:was the most elaborate; the 7: 5668:Ambassadors of Nazi Germany 4582:USA against Austria-Hungary 3981:Turkish War of Independence 3933:Latvian War of Independence 3665:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 3256:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2540:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. 2052:July 1914: Countdown to War 1881:1#3 (1966), pp. 75–91 1865:The Outbreak of World War I 1725:Brandenburg, Erich. (1927) 1675:Bibliography of World War I 1214:11.4 (1978): 348-354. DOI: 1077:George Macaulay Trevelyan, 633: 10: 5779: 5199:Consuls in Haifa and Eilat 4665:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 4213:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 3680:Second Battle of the Marne 3567:Second battle of the Aisne 3436:Second Battle of Champagne 3277:German invasion of Belgium 2542:Austro-Hungarian red book. 2509:(2014) 129#538 pp: 639–66. 2443:A Companion to World War I 2212:American Historical Review 2076:; major scholarly overview 1920:The Origins of World War I 1672: 1605:(June 2013) 83#6 pp 47–53. 1485:Hartwig, Matthias (2014). 552: 472: 430: 384: 229:Wilhelm II, German Emperor 104: 55:German invasion of Belgium 5686: 5615: 5589: 5358: 5122: 5016: 5005: 4831: 4771: 4730: 4651: 4590: 4552: 4496: 4485: 4446:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 4389: 4361: 4309: 4231: 4205: 4157: 4050: 4043: 3975:Irish War of Independence 3871: 3753: 3725:Armistice of Villa Giusti 3710:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 3635: 3537: 3464: 3365: 3322:First Battle of the Marne 3269: 3231: 3166: 3157: 3100: 2974: 2963: 2929: 2901: 2863: 2815: 2768: 2761: 2688: 2507:English Historical Review 2426:English Historical Review 2239:English Historical Review 2125:(2011), on public opinion 1954:Jarausch, Konrad (1973). 1950:(2004), thorough overview 1941:English Historical Review 1805:Journal of Modern History 1796:Coetzee, Marilyn Shevin. 1616:Journal of Modern History 1324:1993, Vol. 44, pp 168–77. 1280:English Historical Review 1008:English Historical Review 983:Journal of Modern History 899:Marilyn Shevin Coetzee, 807:Austrian History Yearbook 787:Hinsley (1962) pp 204–42. 535:Britain's war declaration 5643:Soviet Union before 1941 4854:Central African Republic 4598:Constantinople Agreement 3891:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 3754:Co-belligerent conflicts 3730:Second Romanian campaign 3700:Third Transjordan attack 3411:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 3317:Battle of Grand Couronné 2502:; surveys Fischer debate 2482:Central European History 2417:Herwig, Holger H. ed., 2303:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. 2230:Scott, Jonathan French. 2181:Naval War College Review 2008:Central European History 1970:Central European History 1958:. Yale University Press. 1710:The Kaiser and his Times 1632:Mustafa Aksakal (2008). 1575:Mustafa Aksakal (2008). 1212:Central European History 1132:Central European History 1010:117.471 (2002): 333–55. 957:The war that ended peace 846:Central European History 820:Central European History 723: 164:Archduke Franz Ferdinand 134:There were several main 4661:Modus vivendi of Acroma 4613:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 3921:Greater Poland Uprising 3821:National Protection War 3705:Meuse–Argonne offensive 3655:German spring offensive 3650:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3426:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 3401:Second Battle of Artois 3282:Battle of the Frontiers 2617:, documents pp 192–218. 2577:Feldman, Gerald D. ed. 2459:(1972), pp. 13–29. 2357:Foreign Policy Analysis 2019:excerpt and text search 2010:17.2-3 (1984): 120-139. 1867:(1997), pp. 70–89. 1701:Albrecht-Carrié, René. 1282:75.297 (1960): 631–53. 1188:77#2 (2015) pp 290–314. 822:17.2-3 (1984): 120-139. 341:The main war plan, the 188:Each country devised a 158:, which was sparked by 5712:Ambassadors of Germany 5704:Diplomatic missions of 5694:Federal Foreign Office 5648:Inner German relations 5396:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4686:Paris Peace Conference 4674:Ukraine–Central Powers 4468:Massacres of Albanians 4436:Late Ottoman genocides 4243:Bulgarian occupations 3951:Third Anglo-Afghan War 3915:Hungarian–Romanian War 3740:Naval Victory Bulletin 3735:Armistice with Germany 3685:Hundred Days Offensive 3612:Battle of La Malmaison 3562:Second battle of Arras 3529:Battle of Transylvania 3383:Second Battle of Ypres 3251:Sarajevo assassination 3140:South African Republic 2498:(1966) 1#3 pp 47–72. 2247:Stowell, Ellery Cory. 2164:International Security 2132:(Cambridge UP, 2014). 1743:Butler, Daniel Allen. 1740:(2 vol. Garland, 1998. 1618:(2017) 89#4: 875–907. 774:Paul M. Kennedy, ed., 631: 568: 499:When Russia enacted a 318: 31: 4696:Treaty of St. Germain 4669:Russia–Central Powers 4623:Sykes–Picot Agreement 4451:Pontic Greek genocide 4426:Destruction of Kalisz 4402:Eastern Mediterranean 3963:Polish–Lithuanian War 3745:Armistice of Belgrade 3715:Armistice of Salonica 3645:Operation Faustschlag 3592:Third Battle of Oituz 3514:Baranovichi offensive 3482:Lake Naroch offensive 3456:Battle of Robat Karim 3431:Vistula–Bug offensive 3406:Battles of the Isonzo 3337:First Battle of Ypres 2594:The German White Book 2585:The German White Book 2567:Dugdale, E.T.S. ed. 2411:35.3 (1992): 725–52. 2345:Wertheimer, Mildred. 2214:29.3 (1924): 449–73. 2115:19.4 (2010): 656–88. 2083:(Random House, 1991) 2029:online free to borrow 1910:Great power rivalries 1826:online free to borrow 1807:37.3 (1965): 336–44. 1754:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 1679:Causes of World War I 1121:(2014) pp 99, 135–36. 1064:Hermann Kantorowicz, 1039:(1938) pp 485ff, 830. 929:1.4 (1966): 151–177. 809:19.1 (1983): 215-236. 712:Allies of World War I 650:Causes of World War I 622: 562: 473:Further information: 431:Further information: 313: 136:causes of World War I 107:Causes of World War I 45:. In accordance with 21: 5335:United Arab Emirates 4691:Treaty of Versailles 4407:Mount Lebanon famine 4322:in the United States 4290:Russian occupations 4004:Turkish–Armenian War 3945:Polish–Ukrainian War 3885:Ukrainian–Soviet War 3832:Central Asian Revolt 3622:Armistice of Focșani 3352:Battle of Sarikamish 3302:Battle of Tannenberg 2698:Military engagements 2606:Geiss, Imanuel, ed. 2516:15.3 (1997): 307–32. 2484:48.4 (2015): 541–64. 2473:20.1 (1986): 63–86, 2183:(1973) 26#1: 28-41. 2145:Paddock, Troy R. E. 2121:Neiberg, Michael S. 2044:25 (1975): 137–56. 2027:(1987), pp 194–260. 1471:on 25 November 2018. 1372:Margaret MacMillan, 1298:13.2 (1991): 273–83. 1035:E. Malcolm Carroll, 955:Margaret MacMillan, 886:21.2 (1978): 327–40 604:and the nationalist 501:general mobilization 409:strategic island of 398:Imperial German Navy 357:Rivalry with Britain 4758:They shall not pass 4681:Treaty of Bucharest 4638:Treaty of Bucharest 4577:USA against Germany 4554:Declarations of war 4258:German occupations 4171:British casualties 4030:Soviet–Georgian War 3957:Egyptian Revolution 3897:Armeno-Georgian War 3761:Somaliland campaign 3720:Armistice of Mudros 3597:Battle of Caporetto 3587:Battle of Mărășești 3557:Zimmermann telegram 3552:February Revolution 3497:Battle of the Somme 3421:Bug-Narew Offensive 3396:Battle of Gallipoli 3388:Sinking of the RMS 3180:Scramble for Africa 3174:Franco-Prussian War 2830:Sinai and Palestine 2487:Mombauer, Annika. 2359:7.2 (2011): 205–14. 2335:Watson, Alexander. 2263:The First World War 2166:20.4 (1996): 42-76. 1925:Herwig, Holger H. 1837:. Clarendon Press. 1751:, popular overview. 1688:5.4 (1998): 427–49. 1239:William L. Langer, 1134:2.1 (1969): 48–76. 848:2.1 (1969): 48–76. 761:F. H. Hinsley, ed. 748:Christopher Clark, 616:Canadian historian 575:of 1912–13 and the 469:July Crisis and war 375:Franco-Prussian War 156:July Crisis of 1914 4718:Treaty of Lausanne 4633:Paris Economy Pact 4567:UK against Germany 4497:Entry into the war 4463:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 4182:Ottoman casualties 3992:Franco-Turkish War 3872:Post-War conflicts 3856:Russian Revolution 3838:Invasion of Darfur 3803:Kelantan rebellion 3791:Kurdish rebellions 3767:Mexican Revolution 3607:October Revolution 3572:Kerensky offensive 3547:Capture of Baghdad 3524:Monastir offensive 3509:Brusilov offensive 3347:Battle of Kolubara 3186:Russo-Japanese War 2550:Albertini, Luigi. 2409:Historical Journal 2310:Verhey, Jeffrey. 2279:Stuart, Graham H. 2234:(1927) pp 99–153 2139:2021-03-08 at the 2089:Dreadnought (book) 2079:Massie, Robert K. 1922:(2003), pp 150–87. 1912:(1999) pp 86–124 1894:Hale, Oron James. 1822:Germany, 1866–1945 1788:lecture by Clark. 1773:Clark, Christopher 1708:Balfour, Michael. 1691:Albertini, Luigi. 1658:Holger H. Herwig, 1055:(1976) pp 121-138. 912:Roger Chickering, 884:Historical Journal 612:The final decision 569: 394:Alfred von Tirpitz 257:, the Socialists ( 255:the 1912 elections 235:Helmuth von Moltke 152:ethnic nationalism 85:side in May 1915. 32: 5725: 5724: 5638:China before 1941 4784: 4783: 4767: 4766: 4751:The Golden Virgin 4745:Mutilated victory 4726: 4725: 4706:Treaty of Trianon 4701:Treaty of Neuilly 4608:Damascus Protocol 4481: 4480: 4441:Armenian genocide 4398:Allied blockades 4370:Belgian refugees 4153: 4152: 4063:Strategic bombing 4039: 4038: 4024:Franco-Syrian War 3998:Greco-Turkish War 3986:Anglo-Turkish War 3969:Polish–Soviet War 3903:German Revolution 3879:Russian Civil War 3862:Finnish Civil War 3695:Battle of Megiddo 3670:Battle of Goychay 3617:Battle of Cambrai 3577:Battle of Mărăști 3492:Battle of Jutland 3472:Erzurum offensive 3327:Siege of Przemyśl 3307:Siege of Tsingtao 3292:Battle of Galicia 3222:Second Balkan War 3210:Italo-Turkish War 3167:Pre-War conflicts 3153: 3152: 3043:Portuguese Empire 2959: 2958: 2921:German New Guinea 2903:Asian and Pacific 2624:(1928) pp 3–101. 2452:pp. 292–318. 2441:Horne, John, ed. 2272:978-0-670-03295-2 2251:(1915) 728 pages 2196:Ritter, Gerhard. 2099:War Planning 1914 2091:, popular history 2037:(1976) pp 205–38. 2017:(1980) pp 441–70. 1844:978-0-19-150059-6 1525:(1977) pp 926–28. 1500:978-1-4832-5699-3 1389:(2004), pp 70–91. 1376:(2013) pp 605–07. 1311:(2004) pp. 63–67. 1243:(1951) pp 433–42. 1230:(1980) pp 464–70. 1226:Paul M. Kennedy, 1024:Germany 1866-1945 1022:Gordon A. Craig, 581:Liman von Sanders 577:Italo-Turkish War 539:British Blue Book 531:German White Book 351:Septemberprogramm 248:Pan-German League 160:the assassination 95:preemptive strike 73:with Germany and 5770: 5758:July 1914 events 5633:Munich Agreement 5189:Kurdistan Region 5011: 4823: 4822: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4711:Treaty of Sèvres 4603:Treaty of London 4494: 4493: 4272:Northeast France 4203: 4202: 4175:Parliamentarians 4108: 4107: 4070:Chemical weapons 4048: 4047: 3809:Senussi campaign 3779:Muscat rebellion 3773:Maritz rebellion 3690:Vardar offensive 3519:Battle of Romani 3487:Battle of Asiago 3477:Battle of Verdun 3441:Kosovo offensive 3216:First Balkan War 3164: 3163: 3063:Russian Republic 2972: 2971: 2766: 2765: 2708:Economic history 2675: 2668: 2661: 2652: 2651: 2613:Geiss, Imanuel. 2434:Hewitson, Mark. 2339:(2014) pp 7–52. 2276: 2205:full text online 2169:Pratt, Edwin A. 2113:Security Studies 2075: 2064:. Random House. 2050:McMeekin, Sean. 2003: 1959: 1946:Hewitson, Mark. 1870:Fromkin, David. 1848: 1718:Berghahn, V. R. 1663: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1629: 1623: 1612: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1545: 1539: 1534:Frank G. Weber, 1532: 1526: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1482: 1473: 1472: 1467:. Archived from 1457:10.2307/20028790 1432: 1426: 1425: 1400:von Mach, Edmund 1396: 1390: 1383: 1377: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1331: 1325: 1318: 1312: 1305: 1299: 1292: 1286: 1276: 1270: 1263: 1257: 1252:Peter Padfield, 1250: 1244: 1237: 1231: 1224: 1218: 1208: 1202: 1197:Peter Padfield, 1195: 1189: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1165: 1159: 1158: 1144: 1138: 1128: 1122: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1088: 1082: 1075: 1069: 1062: 1056: 1049: 1043: 1033: 1027: 1020: 1014: 1004: 998: 995: 989: 979: 973: 972:(2000) pp 17–20. 968:Jeffrey Verhey, 966: 960: 953: 947: 946:(1974) pp 178–85 942:V. R. Berghahn, 940: 934: 923: 917: 910: 904: 897: 891: 880: 874: 871: 865: 858: 852: 842: 836: 829: 823: 816: 810: 803: 797: 794: 788: 785: 779: 772: 766: 759: 753: 746: 740: 739:(2004) pp. 1–20. 733: 565:First Balkan War 513:Treaty of London 121:allied to France 5778: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5748:1914 in Germany 5728: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5682: 5611: 5585: 5521:North Macedonia 5354: 5118: 5012: 5003: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4785: 4780: 4763: 4722: 4654: 4647: 4618:Treaty of Darin 4586: 4548: 4504:Austria-Hungary 4490: 4477: 4458:Rape of Belgium 4385: 4357: 4305: 4299:Western Armenia 4294:Eastern Galicia 4227: 4201: 4165: 4164:Civilian impact 4163: 4149: 4106: 4035: 3867: 3797:Ovambo Uprising 3749: 3631: 3533: 3460: 3378:Battle of Łomża 3361: 3357:Christmas truce 3332:Race to the Sea 3265: 3227: 3149: 3120:Austria-Hungary 3096: 3031:Empire of Japan 2968: 2966: 2955: 2939:U-boat campaign 2925: 2897: 2859: 2811: 2757: 2738:Popular culture 2684: 2679: 2537: 2535:Primary sources 2471:History Teacher 2383: 2362:Woodward, E.L. 2328:(2nd ed. 1968) 2273: 2153:Padfield, Peter 2141:Wayback Machine 2101:(2014) pp 48–79 2072: 2033:Kennedy, Paul. 2023:Kennedy, Paul. 2013:Kennedy, Paul. 2000: 1929:(1997) pp 6–74. 1852:Fay, Sidney B. 1845: 1820:Craig, Gordon. 1813:Craig, Gordon. 1681: 1673:Main articles: 1671: 1669:Further reading 1666: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1630: 1626: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1589: 1573: 1569: 1562: 1546: 1542: 1533: 1529: 1520: 1516: 1501: 1483: 1476: 1441:Foreign Affairs 1433: 1429: 1397: 1393: 1384: 1380: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1315: 1306: 1302: 1293: 1289: 1277: 1273: 1264: 1260: 1251: 1247: 1238: 1234: 1225: 1221: 1209: 1205: 1196: 1192: 1183: 1179: 1166: 1162: 1145: 1141: 1129: 1125: 1116: 1112: 1105: 1089: 1085: 1076: 1072: 1063: 1059: 1051:Imanuel Geise, 1050: 1046: 1034: 1030: 1021: 1017: 1005: 1001: 997:Schroeder p 320 996: 992: 980: 976: 967: 963: 954: 950: 941: 937: 924: 920: 911: 907: 898: 894: 881: 877: 872: 868: 859: 855: 843: 839: 830: 826: 817: 813: 804: 800: 795: 791: 786: 782: 773: 769: 760: 756: 747: 743: 735:Mark Hewitson. 734: 730: 726: 636: 614: 557: 551: 509:Schlieffen Plan 481: 471: 435: 429: 389: 383: 367:Baghdad Railway 359: 343:Schlieffen Plan 309:G. M. Trevelyan 305:Gordon A. Craig 280: 243: 215: 199:Schlieffen Plan 109: 103: 75:Austria-Hungary 12: 11: 5: 5776: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5581:United Kingdom 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5416:Czech Republic 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5192: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4814: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4653:Peace treaties 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4539:United Kingdom 4536: 4531: 4529:Ottoman Empire 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4433: 4431:Sack of Dinant 4428: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4395: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4379:United Kingdom 4376: 4367: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4339: 4333:POW locations 4331: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4315: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4288: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4168: 4166: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4133:United Kingdom 4130: 4128:Ottoman Empire 4125: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4105: 4104: 4102:Trench warfare 4099: 4098: 4097: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4054: 4052: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3818: 3815:Volta-Bani War 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3660:Zeebrugge Raid 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3451:Battle of Loos 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3342:Black Sea raid 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3244:Historiography 3235: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3198:Bosnian Crisis 3195: 3192:Tangier Crisis 3189: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3168: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3125:Ottoman Empire 3122: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3102:Central Powers 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3085:British Empire 3080:United Kingdom 3077: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3058:Russian Empire 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2976:Entente Powers 2969: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2944:North Atlantic 2935: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2855:Central Arabia 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2817:Middle Eastern 2813: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2774: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2718:Historiography 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2628: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2582: 2575: 2565: 2555: 2548: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2517: 2514:German History 2510: 2503: 2492: 2485: 2478: 2467: 2460: 2453: 2446: 2439: 2432: 2422: 2415: 2405: 2395: 2382: 2381:Historiography 2379: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2360: 2353: 2343: 2333: 2318: 2308: 2301: 2290:Taylor, A.J.P. 2287: 2283:(1921) 365 pp 2277: 2271: 2255: 2245: 2235: 2228: 2218: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2189:Rich, Norman. 2187: 2177: 2167: 2160: 2150: 2143: 2126: 2119: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2092: 2077: 2070: 2055: 2048: 2038: 2031: 2021: 2011: 2004: 1998: 1984:Martel, Gordon 1976: 1966: 1960: 1951: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1850: 1843: 1828: 1818: 1811: 1801: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1770: 1763: 1752: 1741: 1734: 1723: 1716: 1706: 1699: 1695:(3 vol 1952). 1689: 1686:War in History 1670: 1667: 1665: 1664: 1651: 1644: 1624: 1607: 1594: 1587: 1567: 1560: 1540: 1527: 1514: 1499: 1487:"Colour books" 1474: 1427: 1391: 1378: 1365: 1353: 1346: 1326: 1313: 1300: 1287: 1271: 1258: 1245: 1232: 1219: 1203: 1190: 1177: 1160: 1139: 1123: 1110: 1103: 1083: 1070: 1057: 1044: 1028: 1015: 999: 990: 974: 961: 948: 935: 918: 905: 892: 875: 866: 853: 837: 824: 811: 798: 789: 780: 767: 754: 741: 727: 725: 722: 721: 720: 714: 709: 707:Central Powers 704: 699: 694: 689: 688: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 647: 642: 635: 632: 613: 610: 567:, October 1912 553:Main article: 550: 547: 526:in July 1917. 479:Central Powers 470: 467: 466: 465: 456: 455: 428: 425: 385:Main article: 382: 379: 358: 355: 331:Triple Entente 296: 295: 288:Paul Schroeder 279: 276: 242: 241:Public opinion 239: 214: 211: 105:Main article: 102: 99: 63:Central Powers 24:Triple Entente 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5775: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5486:Liechtenstein 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5104:United States 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4800: 4798: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4544:United States 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4484: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4161: 4156: 4146: 4145:United States 4143: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4095:Convoy system 4093: 4092: 4091: 4090:Naval warfare 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3850:Kaocen revolt 3848: 3845: 3844:Easter Rising 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3416:Great Retreat 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3287:Battle of Cer 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3204:Agadir Crisis 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3092:United States 3090: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3009:French Empire 3007: 3006: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2962: 2952: 2951:Mediterranean 2949: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2931:Naval warfare 2928: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2807:Italian Front 2805: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2795:Eastern Front 2793: 2791: 2790:Western Front 2788: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2748:Puppet states 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2554:(3 vol 1952). 2553: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2524:Antoine Prost 2521: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2401:Feb 6, 2014 2400: 2396: 2393: 2392:free download 2389: 2385: 2384: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2307:(1996) 816pp. 2306: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2134:online review 2131: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071:9780812994704 2067: 2063: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1999:9781317875352 1995: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765:Cecil, Lamar 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1662:(1997) p. 19. 1661: 1655: 1647: 1645:9781139474498 1641: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1604: 1603:History Today 1598: 1590: 1588:9781139474498 1584: 1580: 1579: 1571: 1563: 1561:9781136157479 1557: 1553: 1552: 1544: 1537: 1531: 1524: 1518: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1479: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1349: 1347:9780313312007 1343: 1339: 1338: 1330: 1323: 1317: 1310: 1304: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1268: 1267:History Today 1262: 1255: 1249: 1242: 1236: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1201:(2005) p 335. 1200: 1194: 1187: 1186:The Historian 1181: 1174:. p. 45. 1173: 1172: 1164: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1120: 1114: 1106: 1104:9780521358712 1100: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1081:(1937) p 463. 1080: 1074: 1067: 1061: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1026:(1978) p. 321 1025: 1019: 1013: 1009: 1003: 994: 988: 984: 978: 971: 965: 958: 952: 945: 939: 932: 928: 922: 915: 909: 902: 896: 889: 885: 879: 870: 863: 860:Lamar Cecil, 857: 851: 847: 841: 834: 828: 821: 815: 808: 802: 793: 784: 777: 771: 764: 758: 751: 745: 738: 732: 728: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 630: 627: 626:Fritz Fischer 621: 619: 618:Holger Herwig 609: 607: 603: 598: 597:Balkan League 593: 589: 587: 582: 578: 574: 566: 561: 556: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 504: 502: 497: 494: 488: 486: 480: 476: 462: 461: 460: 452: 451: 450: 448: 444: 439: 434: 424: 422: 421: 416: 412: 406: 404: 399: 395: 388: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 354: 352: 348: 347:Eastern Front 344: 339: 335: 332: 328: 322: 317: 312: 310: 306: 300: 293: 292: 291: 289: 285: 284:Fritz Fischer 275: 271: 269: 264: 260: 256: 251: 249: 238: 236: 232: 230: 226: 224: 220: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195:general staff 191: 186: 184: 180: 176: 171: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 132: 130: 129:United States 126: 122: 118: 114: 108: 98: 96: 91: 90:Fritz Fischer 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 37:entered into 36: 29: 25: 20: 16: 5627: 5290:Saudi Arabia 4969:South Africa 4756: 4749: 4737: 4513: 4344: / 4276: 4111:Conscription 4075:Cryptography 4012:Iraqi Revolt 3446:Siege of Kut 3389: 2967:participants 2916:German Samoa 2850:South Arabia 2631: 2621: 2620:Gooch, G.P. 2614: 2607: 2600:another copy 2592: 2584: 2578: 2568: 2558: 2551: 2541: 2527: 2513: 2506: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2470: 2463: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2425: 2418: 2408: 2398: 2387: 2373: 2363: 2356: 2346: 2336: 2325: 2311: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2262: 2248: 2238: 2231: 2221: 2211: 2197: 2190: 2180: 2170: 2163: 2156: 2146: 2129: 2128:Otte, T. G. 2122: 2112: 2105: 2098: 2080: 2060: 2051: 2041: 2034: 2024: 2014: 2007: 1988: 1969: 1955: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1909: 1902: 1895: 1891:(1923). 72pp 1888: 1887:Gooch, G.P. 1878: 1871: 1864: 1853: 1833: 1821: 1814: 1804: 1797: 1786:Sleepwalkers 1785: 1776: 1766: 1755: 1744: 1737: 1726: 1719: 1709: 1702: 1692: 1685: 1659: 1654: 1634: 1627: 1615: 1610: 1602: 1597: 1577: 1570: 1550: 1543: 1535: 1530: 1522: 1517: 1490: 1469:the original 1444: 1440: 1430: 1404: 1394: 1386: 1381: 1373: 1368: 1356: 1336: 1329: 1321: 1316: 1308: 1303: 1295: 1290: 1279: 1274: 1266: 1261: 1253: 1248: 1240: 1235: 1227: 1222: 1211: 1206: 1198: 1193: 1185: 1180: 1170: 1163: 1149: 1142: 1131: 1126: 1118: 1113: 1093: 1086: 1078: 1073: 1065: 1060: 1052: 1047: 1036: 1031: 1023: 1018: 1007: 1002: 993: 982: 977: 969: 964: 956: 951: 943: 938: 926: 921: 913: 908: 900: 895: 883: 878: 869: 861: 856: 845: 840: 833:July Crisis 832: 827: 819: 814: 806: 801: 792: 783: 775: 770: 762: 757: 749: 744: 736: 731: 623: 615: 594: 590: 570: 549:Ottoman ally 528: 517: 505: 498: 493:Franz Joseph 489: 482: 457: 443:blank cheque 440: 436: 427:Blank cheque 418: 407: 403:Risikoflotte 402: 390: 363:Paul Kennedy 360: 340: 336: 323: 319: 314: 301: 297: 281: 278:German goals 272: 263:August Bebel 252: 244: 233: 227: 223:Kurt Riezler 216: 190:mobilisation 187: 179:conscription 172: 133: 119:, which was 110: 87: 47:its war plan 33: 15: 5763:July Crisis 5602:New Zealand 5571:Switzerland 5511:Netherlands 5300:South Korea 5280:Philippines 5260:North Korea 5130:Afghanistan 4974:South Sudan 4889:Ivory Coast 4374:Netherlands 4351:Switzerland 4232:Occupations 4223:Spanish flu 4000:(1919–1922) 3994:(1918–1921) 3988:(1918–1923) 3977:(1919–1921) 3971:(1919–1921) 3965:(1919–1920) 3941:(1918–1920) 3935:(1918–1920) 3929:(1918–1920) 3911:(1918–1920) 3893:(1918–1920) 3887:(1917–1921) 3881:(1917–1921) 3828:(1916-1918) 3826:Arab Revolt 3817:(1915–1917) 3811:(1915–1917) 3799:(1914-1917) 3793:(1914–1917) 3787:(1914–1921) 3781:(1913–1920) 3769:(1910–1920) 3763:(1900–1920) 3261:July Crisis 3182:(1880–1914) 2845:Mesopotamia 2723:Home fronts 2682:World War I 2520:Winter, Jay 2413:online free 2322:C. L. Mowat 2299:online free 2253:online free 1980:Joll, James 1451:: 516–536. 1119:July Crisis 831:T,G, Otte, 602:Enver Pasha 586:the Straits 573:Balkan Wars 543:color books 475:July Crisis 420:Dreadnought 207:German Navy 203:German Army 148:imperialism 39:World War I 5732:Categories 5708:in Germany 5663:Yugoslavia 5658:Ostpolitik 5623:Arab world 5616:Historical 5506:Montenegro 5491:Luxembourg 5376:Azerbaijan 5340:Uzbekistan 5320:Tajikistan 5215:Kazakhstan 5140:Bangladesh 4964:Somaliland 4929:Mozambique 4919:Mauritania 4909:Madagascar 4591:Agreements 4391:War crimes 4267:Luxembourg 4160:Casualties 3038:Montenegro 2873:South West 2753:Technology 2743:Propaganda 2733:Opposition 2332:pp 140–70. 2265:. Viking. 411:Heligoland 381:Naval race 282:Historian 213:Leadership 175:Royal Navy 168:Black Hand 140:Militarism 101:Background 71:was allied 26:(i.e. the 5597:Australia 5481:Lithuania 5305:Sri Lanka 5295:Singapore 5275:Palestine 5175:Indonesia 5164:Hong Kong 5114:Venezuela 5089:Nicaragua 5024:Argentina 4488:Diplomacy 4195:Olympians 4118:Australia 4085:Logistics 4018:Vlora War 3947:(1918–19) 3923:(1918–19) 3917:(1918–19) 3905:(1918–19) 3852:(1916–17) 3834:(1916–17) 3785:Zaian War 3775:(1914–15) 3502:first day 3390:Lusitania 3218:(1912–13) 3212:(1911–12) 3200:(1908–09) 3194:(1905–06) 3176:(1870–71) 2965:Principal 2825:Gallipoli 2728:Memorials 2713:Geography 2703:Aftermath 1509:769268852 1422:651023684 144:alliances 79:switching 5556:Slovenia 5551:Slovakia 5531:Portugal 5451:Holy See 5401:Bulgaria 5325:Thailand 5270:Pakistan 5245:Mongolia 5240:Maldives 5235:Malaysia 5155:Cambodia 5094:Paraguay 5054:Colombia 5029:Barbados 5017:Americas 4999:Zimbabwe 4984:Tanzania 4874:Ethiopia 4859:DR Congo 4849:Cameroon 4776:Category 4363:Refugees 4329:Italians 4318:Germans 4278:Ober Ost 4058:Aviation 3159:Timeline 3130:Bulgaria 2911:Tsingtao 2888:Togoland 2835:Caucasus 2770:European 2762:Theatres 2475:in JSTOR 2261:(2004). 2224:(1916). 2216:in JSTOR 2137:Archived 1986:(2013). 1974:in JSTOR 1860:, passim 1824:(1978) 1465:20028790 1414:16019222 1402:(1916). 634:See also 415:Zanzibar 183:officers 125:Bulgaria 69:, which 5590:Oceania 5576:Ukraine 5536:Romania 5501:Moldova 5466:Ireland 5461:Iceland 5456:Hungary 5441:Georgia 5431:Finland 5426:Estonia 5421:Denmark 5406:Croatia 5391:Belgium 5386:Belarus 5381:Austria 5371:Armenia 5366:Albania 5345:Vietnam 5250:Myanmar 5230:Lebanon 5135:Bahrain 5109:Uruguay 5079:Jamaica 5064:Ecuador 5034:Bolivia 4959:Somalia 4954:Senegal 4944:Nigeria 4934:Namibia 4924:Morocco 4899:Liberia 4869:Eritrea 4839:Algeria 4514:Germany 4414:Germany 4342:Germany 4262:Belgium 4247:Albania 4206:Disease 4186:Sports 4138:Ireland 4051:Warfare 4044:Aspects 3239:Origins 3232:Prelude 3135:Senussi 3115:Germany 3110:Leaders 3048:Romania 2989:Belgium 2984:Leaders 2883:Kamerun 2865:African 2800:Romania 2778:Balkans 2693:Outline 2634:(1916) 2610:(1968). 2587:(1914) 2390:(2020) 2349:(1924) 2341:excerpt 2316:excerpt 2314:(2006) 2297:(1954) 2173:(1915) 2085:excerpt 1936:(1982). 1874:(2004). 1817:(1964). 1781:excerpt 1779:(2013) 1758:(1938) 1749:excerpt 1747:(2010) 1729:(1927) 1712:(1972) 1538:(1970). 959:p. 605. 916:(1984). 864:(1996). 608:(CUP). 371:Prussia 327:Balkans 81:to the 35:Germany 5566:Sweden 5546:Serbia 5541:Russia 5526:Poland 5516:Norway 5476:Kosovo 5446:Greece 5436:France 5411:Cyprus 5359:Europe 5330:Turkey 5315:Taiwan 5220:Kuwait 5210:Jordan 5195:Israel 5150:Brunei 5145:Bhutan 5084:Mexico 5069:Guyana 5044:Canada 5039:Brazil 4994:Uganda 4949:Rwanda 4884:Guinea 4844:Angola 4832:Africa 4534:Russia 4509:France 4337:Canada 4252:Serbia 4123:Canada 4080:Horses 4032:(1921) 4026:(1920) 4020:(1920) 4014:(1920) 4006:(1920) 3959:(1919) 3953:(1919) 3899:(1918) 3864:(1918) 3858:(1917) 3846:(1916) 3840:(1916) 3805:(1915) 3224:(1913) 3206:(1911) 3188:(1905) 3145:Darfur 3070:Serbia 3053:Russia 3016:Greece 3004:France 2994:Brazil 2840:Persia 2783:Serbia 2636:online 2626:online 2589:online 2573:online 2563:online 2546:online 2530:(2005) 2522:. and 2500:online 2491:(2002) 2430:online 2403:online 2368:online 2351:online 2330:online 2324:, ed. 2285:online 2269: 2243:online 2226:online 2185:online 2175:online 2159:(2005) 2149:(2004) 2117:online 2108:(2003) 2068: 2046:online 1996: 1964:online 1914:online 1898:(1940) 1883:online 1858:online 1841: 1809:online 1800:(1990) 1790:online 1760:online 1731:online 1714:online 1642: 1585: 1558: 1507: 1497: 1463: 1420: 1412: 1344: 1284:online 1256:(2005) 1136:online 1117:Otte, 1101: 1041:online 1012:online 987:online 931:online 903:(1990) 888:online 850:online 778:(1979) 752:(2012) 524:Greece 485:Serbia 150:, and 117:Russia 113:Serbia 83:Allied 59:Turkey 51:France 43:Russia 28:Allies 5687:Other 5607:Tonga 5561:Spain 5496:Malta 5471:Italy 5350:Yemen 5310:Syria 5285:Qatar 5255:Nepal 5205:Japan 5170:India 5160:China 5074:Haiti 5049:Chile 4979:Sudan 4939:Niger 4904:Libya 4894:Kenya 4879:Ghana 4864:Egypt 4731:Other 4524:Japan 4519:Italy 4346:camps 4190:Rugby 3026:Japan 3021:Italy 2999:China 2893:North 2526:eds. 1461:JSTOR 1447:(3). 724:Notes 520:Italy 67:Italy 5265:Oman 5225:Laos 5185:Iraq 5180:Iran 5123:Asia 5099:Peru 5059:Cuba 4989:Togo 4914:Mali 4311:POWs 3637:1918 3539:1917 3465:1916 3366:1915 3270:1914 3075:Siam 2878:East 2267:ISBN 2087:see 2066:ISBN 1994:ISBN 1839:ISBN 1677:and 1640:ISBN 1583:ISBN 1556:ISBN 1505:OCLC 1495:ISBN 1418:OCLC 1410:LCCN 1360:See 1342:ISBN 1157:–72. 1099:ISBN 477:and 1453:doi 1155:471 162:of 5734:: 5710:/ 5706:/ 2155:. 1982:; 1775:. 1503:. 1477:^ 1459:. 1445:26 1443:. 1439:. 1416:. 449:: 270:. 225:. 185:. 170:. 146:, 142:, 97:. 65:. 30:). 5201:) 5197:( 5191:) 5187:( 5166:) 5162:( 4810:e 4803:t 4796:v 4162:/ 2674:e 2667:t 2660:v 2275:. 2074:. 2002:. 1847:. 1733:. 1648:. 1622:. 1591:. 1564:. 1511:. 1455:: 1424:. 1350:. 1107:. 933:. 890:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

German entry into World War I

Index