1013:
5710:
5645:
5577:
275:
737:, Carnot promoted the use of pikes (seven feet long) and provided to every citizen. (On this day the points of view between Robespierre and Brissot split.) On 29 July Robespierre called for the deposition of the King and the election of a Convention. Early August Brissot urged the preservation of the constitution, advocating against both the dethronement of the king and the election of a new assembly. As the Revolution developed, the Girondins often found themselves opposing its results; the overthrow of the monarchy on 10 August 1792 and the
5451:
1290:
5109:
2648:
762:
1080:
1862:
1102:
3316:
1169:
437:
5675:
667:
5620:
1874:
534:
1000:, Boilleau the younger, Boyer-Fonfrêde, Brissot, Carra, Gaspard-Séverin Duchastel, the younger Ducos, Dufriche de Valazé, Jean Duprat, Fauchet, Gardien, Gensonné, Lacaze, Lasource, Claude Romain Lauze de Perret, Lehardi, Benoît Lesterpt-Beauvais, the elder Minvielle, the Marquis de Sillery, Vergniaud and Louis-François-Sébastien Viger). Those were sent to trial. Another 39 were included in the final
870:
up for what they lacked in talent or in numbers through their boldness and energy. This was especially fruitful since uncommitted delegates accounted for almost half the total number, even though the
Jacobins and Brissotins formed the largest groups. The more radical rhetoric of the Jacobins attracted the support of the revolutionary
727:. Jean-Marie Roland was typical of their spirit, turning the Ministry of the Exterior into a publishing office for tracts on civic virtues while riotous mobs were burning the châteaux unchecked in the provinces. Girondins did not share the ferocious fanaticism or the ruthless opportunism of the future Montagnard organisers of the
613:, hence the name "Brissotins" for his followers. The group was identified by its enemies at the start of the National Convention (20 September 1792). "Brissotins" and "Girondins" were terms of opprobrium used by their enemies in a separate faction of the Jacobin Club, who freely denounced them as enemies of democracy.
898:
to the mayoralty. Pache had twice been minister of war in the
Girondins government, but his incompetence had laid him open to strong criticism and on 4 February 1793 he had been replaced as minister of war by a vote of the Convention. This was enough to secure him the votes of the Paris electors when
869:
The crisis came in March 1793. The
Girondins, who had a majority in the Convention, controlled the executive council and filled the ministries, believed themselves invincible. Their orators had no serious rivals in the hostile camp—their system was established in mere reason, but the Montagnards made
975:
and Boyer-Fonfrède. Others, including
Brissot, Louvet, Buzot, Lasource, Grangeneuve, Larivière and François Bergoeing, escaped from Paris and, joined later by Guadet, Pétion and Birotteau, set to work to organise a movement of the provinces against the capital. This attempt to stir up civil war made
715:
in order to realise their ideals. Despite being accused of wanting to weaken the central government ("federalism"), the
Girondins desired as little as the Montagnards to break up the unity of France. From the first, the leaders of the two parties stood in avowed opposition, in the Jacobin Club as in
1146:
by linking her feminine virtue and motherhood to her sacrifice in a cycle of suffering and consolation. Roland says her mother's death was the impetus for her "odyssey from virtuous daughter to revolutionary heroine" as it introduced her to death and sacrifice—with the ultimate sacrifice of her own
1154:
was erected in
Bordeaux between 1893 and 1902 dedicated to the memory of the Girondin deputies who were victims of the Terror. The vagueness of who actually made up the Girondins led to the monument not having any names inscribed on it until 1989. Even then, the deputies to the Convention who were
834:
that the
Girondins were too cultivated and too polished to retain their popularity for long in times of disturbance, and so they were more inclined to work for the establishment of order, which would mean the guarantee of their own power. The Girondins, who had been the radicals of the Legislative
886:
in 1792, most
Girondins had voted for the "appeal to the people" and so laid themselves open to the charge of "royalism". They denounced the domination of Paris and summoned provincial levies to their aid and so fell under suspicion of "federalism" as on September 25, 1792. They strengthened the
621:
In the
Legislative Assembly, the Girondins represented the principle of democratic revolution within France and patriotic defiance to the European powers. They supported an aggressive foreign policy and constituted the war party in the period 1792–1793, when revolutionary France initiated a long
1917:
The words
Girondin and Montagnard are defined as political groups—more specific definitions are the subject of theorizing by historians. The two words were much tossed about by partisans with various understandings of what they were intended to represent. The two groups lacked formal political
1004:, accepted by the Convention on 24 October 1793, which stated the crimes for which they were to be tried as their perfidious ambition, their hatred of Paris, their "federalism" and above all their responsibility for the attempt of their escaped colleagues to provoke civil war.
608:
became their gathering place, had a powerful influence on the spirit and policy of the Girondins with her "romantic republicanism". The party cohesion they possessed was connected to the energy of Brissot, who came to be regarded as their mouthpiece in the Assembly and in the
567:, was a tradesman. In the Legislative Assembly, they represented a compact body of opinion which, though not as yet definitely republican (i.e. against the monarchy), was considerably more "advanced" than the moderate royalism of the majority of the Parisian deputies.
324:
The Girondins were a group of loosely affiliated individuals rather than an organized political party and the name was at first informally applied because the most prominent exponents of their point of view were deputies to the Legislative Assembly from the
276:
976:
the wavering and frightened Convention suddenly determined. On 13 June 1793, it voted that the city of Paris deserved well of the country and ordered the imprisonment of the detained deputies, the filling up of their places in the Assembly by their
741:
of 1792 occurred while they still nominally controlled the government, but the Girondins tried to distance themselves from the results of the September Massacres. At the end of August Robespierre was no longer willing to cooperate with Brissot and
682:
and they did not hesitate to use this advantage to stir up popular passion and intimidate those who sought to stay the progress of the Revolution. They compelled the king in 1792 to choose a ministry composed of their partisans, among them Roland,
935:, uttered on 25 May, to "march France upon Paris" was instead met by Paris marching hastily upon the Convention. The Girondin role in the government was undermined by the popular uprisings of 27 and 31 May and finally on 2 June 1793, when
746:. On Sunday morning 2 September the members of the Commune, gathering in the town hall to proceed the election of deputies to the National Convention, decided to maintain their seats and have Roland and Brissot arrested. According to
719:
Temperament largely accounts for the dividing line between the parties. The Girondins were doctrinaires and theorists rather than men of action. They initially encouraged armed petitions, but then were dismayed when this led to the
1023:
The trial of the 22 began before the Revolutionary Tribunal on 24 October 1793. The verdict was a foregone conclusion. On 31 October, they were borne to the guillotine. It took 36 minutes to decapitate all of them, including
825:
became impervious to their counsels. Once the king was overthrown in 1792 and a republic was established, they were anxious to stop the revolutionary movement that they had helped to set in motion. Girondins and historian
995:
and the need for preventing at all costs the outbreak of another civil war. On 28 July 1793, a decree of the Convention proscribed 21 deputies, five of whom were from the Gironde, as traitors and enemies of their country
894:("We are betrayed!") was echoed from group to group in the streets of Paris. The growing hostility of Paris to the Girondins received a fateful demonstration by the election on 15 February 1793 of the bitter ex-Girondin
352:
Brissot and Madame Roland were executed and Jean Roland (who had gone into hiding) committed suicide when he learned about the execution. Paine was imprisoned, but he narrowly escaped execution. The famous painting
410:, depending on which politician was being blamed for their leadership. Other names were employed at the time too, but "Girondins" ultimately became the term favored by historians. The term became standard with
922:
of 10 March warned the Girondins of their danger and they responded with defensive moves. They unintentionally increased the prestige of their most vocal and bitter critic Marat by prosecuting him before the
899:
he was elected mayor ten days later. The Mountain was strengthened by the accession of a significant ally whose one idea was to use his new power to avenge himself on his former colleagues. Mayor Pache, with
850:, Marat and their lesser allies) realised that not only their influence but their safety depended on keeping the Revolution alive. Robespierre, who hated the Girondins, had proposed to include them in the
6797:
1025:
1109:
The survivors of the party made an effort to re-enter the Convention after the fall of Robespierre on 27 July 1794, but it was not until 5 March 1795 that they were formally re-instated forming the
4111:
838:
The Revolution failed to deliver the immediate gains that had been promised and this made it difficult for the Girondins to draw it to a close easily in the minds of the public. Moreover, the
2741:
Linton, Marisa (2015) 'Come and dine': the dangers of conspicuous consumption in French revolutionary politics, 1789–95. European History Quarterly, 45(4), pp. 615–637. ISSN (print) 0265-6914
721:
5774:
1897:
5473:
890:
In the suspicious temper of the times, their vacillation was fatal. Marat never ceased his denunciations of the faction by which France was being betrayed to her ruin and his cry of
3124:
Reilly, Benjamin. "Polling the Opinions: A Reexamination of Mountain, Plain, and Gironde in the National Convention". Social Science History, vol. 28, no. 1, 2004, pp. 53–73.
3532:
337:
proposed an ambitious military plan to spread the Revolution internationally, therefore the Girondins were the war party in 1792–1793. Other prominent Girondins included
317:, which resulted in the domination of the Montagnards and the purge and eventual mass execution of the Girondins. This event is considered to mark the beginning of the
3549:
Sydenham, Michael J. "The Montagnards and Their Opponents: Some Considerations on a Recent Reassessment of the Conflicts in the French National Convention, 1792–93",
6459:
375:
The collective name "Girondins" is used to describe "a loosely knit group of French deputies who contested the Montagnards for control of the National Convention".
1918:
structures, and the differences between them have never been satisfactorily explained. It has been suggested that the word Girondin as a useful term be abandoned.
5340:
3682:
854:
lists of September 1792: The Mountain Club to a man who desired their overthrow. A group including some Girondins prepared a draft constitution known as the
5714:
1031:
Of those who escaped to the provinces, after wandering about singly or in groups most were either captured and executed or committed suicide. They included
6504:
6736:
3826:
971:, who were ordered to be detained at their lodgings "under the safeguard of the people". Some submitted, among them Gensonné, Guadet, Vergniaud, Pétion,
622:
series of revolutionary wars with other European powers. Brissot proposed an ambitious military plan to spread the Revolution internationally, one that
6126:
5027:
4982:
4889:
4836:
4767:
4637:
4611:
4528:
4425:
4352:
2758:
587:
2133:
6877:
6434:
791:(Jean Jay, the Protestant pastor, drifted toward the Montagnard faction). Their numbers were increased by the return to national politics by former
711:. Montagnards and Girondins alike were fundamentally opposed to the monarchy; both were democrats as well as republicans; and both were prepared to
5662:
882:
of Paris and they had gained control of the Jacobin club, where Brissot, absorbed in departmental work, had been superseded by Robespierre. At the
5722:
1012:
2438:
807:
and popular journalist Jean-Louis Carra. The Girondins called on the local authorities to oppose the concentration and centralisation of power.
6872:
5515:
1904:
931:
was appointed of on 24 May, including the arrest of Varlat and Hébert and other precautionary measures. The ominous threat by Girondin leader
601:
342:
967:(with help from Marat) and endorsed by a decree of the intimidated Convention, included 22 Girondin deputies and 10 of the 12 members of the
5861:
3331:
6852:
5657:
1710:
1704:
1147:
life for her political beliefs. She helped her husband escape, but she was executed on 8 November 1793. A week later he committed suicide.
6053:
5995:
5784:
3870:
3161:
This Bright Era of Happy Revolutions: French Consul Michel-Ange-Bernard Mangourit and International Republicanism in Charleston, 1792–1794
2078:
1137:
38:
3598:
821:
The Girondins proposed suspending the king and summoning of the National Convention, but they agreed not to overthrow the monarchy until
3340:
2708:
6847:
6484:
5841:
5180:
6832:
5607:
378:
They were never an formal organization or political party. The name itself was bestowed not by any of its alleged members but by the
6439:
5891:
5794:
2541:
1136:(1795) was written from prison where she was held as a Girondin sympathizer. It covers her work for the Girondins while her husband
6862:
4061:
3529:
3467:
Lewis-Beck, Michael S., Anne Hildreth, and Alan B. Spitzer. "Was There a Girondist Faction in the National Convention, 1792–1793?"
2223:
940:
314:
6018:
3689:
987:
The excuse for the Terror that followed was the imminent peril of France, menaced on the east by the advance of the armies of the
6787:
5856:
5769:
5230:
2262:
382:, "who claimed as early as April 1792 that a counterrevolutionary faction had coalesced around deputies of the department of the
5425:
6827:
6695:
6469:
6186:
3794:
1822:
1409:
792:
6882:
6842:
5597:
5536:
5494:
5325:
3778:
3230:
2702:
2642:
6499:
6043:
5551:
4103:
654:, arguing it would rally patriots around the Revolution, liberate oppressed peoples from despotism, and test the loyalty of
5960:
5377:
5270:
4194:
2001:
1655:
887:
revolutionary Commune by first decreeing its abolition but withdrawing the decree at the first sign of popular opposition.
5250:
2019:, but later sat on the right of the National Assembly after the neutralization of the Feuillants. They were the principal
1155:
memorialized were only those hailing from the Gironde department, omitting notable people like Brissot and Madame Roland.
6857:
6837:
6474:
6429:
5602:
4754:
4515:
3770:
2267:
1699:
1660:
1278:
182:
5975:
5929:
2168:
1233:
1052:
743:
591:
501:
391:
338:
6867:
6792:
6782:
5546:
4852:
4502:
3271:
3252:
3168:
2961:
2858:
2409:
543:
Twelve deputies represented the département of the Gironde and there were six who sat for this département in both the
6171:
5382:
5357:
1205:
473:
6166:
5507:
5468:
5014:
4645:
3675:
3626:
3054:
1640:
1252:
871:
520:
255:
5215:
3418:
Higonnet, Patrice. "The Social and Cultural Antecedents of Revolutionary Discontinuity: Montagnards and Girondins",
2632:
796:
6161:
6068:
5402:
3878:
3818:
3435:
National Pride and Republican grandezza: Brissot's New Language for International Politics in the French Revolution
2539:
National Pride and Republican grandezza: Brissot's New Language for International Politics in the French Revolution
1716:
6596:
6384:
6311:
2163:
2118:
827:
6537:
6246:
5185:
3647:
3619:
3591:
2669:
N. Hampson (1988) Prelude to Terror. The Constituent Assembly and the Failure of Consensus, 1789–1791, p. 113–114
1782:
1212:
1064:
915:
875:
855:
480:
313:, which caused a conflict with the more radical Montagnards. They dominated the movement until their fall in the
6379:
6276:
5866:
4860:
784:
6772:
6374:
6151:
4844:
3982:
3834:
3297:
3209:
3187:
2138:
1672:
1190:
1056:
816:
575:
458:
379:
5779:
6777:
5300:
4775:
4619:
4598:
4536:
4456:
4319:
4054:
3974:
3939:
2183:
1890:
1269:
980:
and the initiation of vigorous measures against the movement in the provinces. The assassination of Marat by
788:
692:
544:
290:
5210:
5200:
3887:
1097:) — the body of Charles Éléonor Dufriche-Valazé, who stabbed himself in the courtroom, is in the foreground.
684:
6489:
6176:
6073:
5564:
5541:
5486:
5372:
5315:
4202:
4134:
3143:
Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre
3089:
Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre
2148:
1630:
1219:
1132:
reshapes her historical image by stressing the popular connection between sacrifice and female virtue. Her
1032:
626:
later pursued aggressively. Brissot called on the National Convention to dominate Europe by conquering the
487:
121:
5481:
4284:
6591:
6216:
6111:
5990:
5970:
5881:
5810:
5632:
5130:
4897:
4590:
4443:
3931:
2103:
2016:
552:
46:
6414:
6266:
5280:
5175:
4413:
2751:
6726:
6281:
5260:
4484:
4433:
4365:
4265:
4049:
3958:
3745:
3584:
3514:
2023:
political party in France at the time and opposed the radical course of the revolution, leading to the
1731:
1371:
1186:
1141:
972:
454:
6261:
6023:
5155:
2321:
1992:. With Brissot, they advocated exporting the Revolution through aggressive foreign policies including
1201:
1151:
469:
6741:
6326:
6058:
5901:
5756:
5559:
5122:
4998:
4921:
4799:
4783:
2093:
2059:
2043:
1993:
1827:
1726:
1650:
1625:
1438:
6636:
6181:
6013:
5789:
5170:
2612:
Le Logographe, 27 juillet 1792; 1 aôut 1792; Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 2 août 1792
2123:
1996:
against the surrounding European monarchies. The Girondins were also one of the first supporters of
1044:
678:
Girondins at first dominated the Jacobin Club, where Brissot's influence had not yet been ousted by
563:, Jean Antoine Laffargue de Grangeneuve and Jean Jay (who was also a Protestant pastor). The other,
556:
6449:
6296:
6251:
5581:
5576:
5320:
5150:
5140:
4953:
4937:
4815:
4730:
4577:
4561:
4464:
4238:
3802:
2297:
2027:. Generally, historians divide the Convention into the left-wing Jacobin Montagnards, the centrist
911:
904:
579:
5876:
6301:
6256:
5965:
5846:
5523:
5345:
4969:
4876:
4544:
4360:
4303:
4218:
3923:
3762:
3111:
2098:
1942:
1381:
1179:
1110:
879:
755:
732:
447:
6306:
6201:
5255:
1559:
992:
800:
751:
6091:
5924:
5528:
5220:
5205:
5078:
4945:
4823:
4569:
4489:
4158:
4033:
4025:
3915:
3327:
2247:
2158:
2128:
2072:
2047:
1762:
1645:
1498:
997:
984:
on 13 July 1793 only served to increase the unpopularity of the Girondins and seal their fate.
924:
847:
679:
387:
334:
42:
5035:
3446:
History of the Girondists, Volume I: Personal Memoirs of the Patriots of the French Revolution
2951:
2848:
564:
6631:
5945:
5896:
5831:
5362:
5245:
5235:
5113:
5108:
5006:
4961:
4714:
4661:
4479:
4469:
4408:
4398:
4393:
4150:
4006:
3654:
3519:
The Men of the First French Republic: Political Alignments in the National Convention of 1792
2692:
1970:
1584:
1564:
1493:
1309:
747:
712:
688:
411:
326:
4690:
2990:
2475:
1343:
6570:
6444:
6206:
6028:
5950:
5799:
5407:
5397:
5190:
4905:
4722:
4669:
4474:
4257:
2113:
1981:
1938:
1922:
1846:
1832:
1682:
1508:
1386:
1331:
1304:
1063:
on 15 November 1793, a week after the execution of his wife. A very few escaped, including
1040:
968:
928:
571:
134:
34:
5886:
5367:
5285:
4438:
4383:
3103:
1980:- opposing price controls on goods (e.g., a 1793 maximum on grain prices), supported by a
398:
were among the most prominent of such deputies and contemporaries called their supporters
8:
6646:
6576:
6424:
6354:
6211:
6191:
6156:
6131:
6063:
5764:
5290:
4674:
4553:
4311:
4223:
3998:
3990:
3966:
3725:
3434:
3204:. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
3071:
2538:
2216:
2005:
1950:
1635:
1483:
1326:
1321:
859:
843:
822:
776:
769:
738:
655:
595:
548:
294:
187:
138:
6331:
6286:
3461:
3457:
3453:
1574:
1523:
1087:
1019:(Brissot and 20 of his accomplices are sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal)
964:
936:
570:
A group of deputies from elsewhere became associated with these views, most notably the
367:, a Girondin sympathizer. Corday did not attempt to flee and was arrested and executed.
6822:
6106:
5871:
5836:
5687:
5649:
5644:
5392:
5310:
5305:
5051:
5043:
4738:
4698:
4510:
4403:
4167:
4142:
4086:
4069:
3907:
3554:
3504:
3472:
3423:
3390:
3375:
3360:
3286:
2582:
2481:
2009:
1958:
1946:
1817:
1767:
1503:
1336:
1226:
1048:
958:
895:
883:
703:
the same year. In all of this activity, there was no apparent line of cleavage between
696:
494:
355:
177:
145:
6454:
6271:
6033:
5906:
5463:
5417:
3754:
2336:
2108:
560:
6683:
6616:
6606:
6586:
5692:
4990:
4929:
4913:
4706:
3786:
3640:
3607:
3293:
3267:
3248:
3226:
3205:
3183:
3164:
3050:
2957:
2854:
2698:
2638:
2565:
Brace, Richard Munthe (April 1951). "General Dumouriez and the Girondins 1792–1793".
2453:
2452:(New Perspectives on the French Revolution). Reading, UK: University of Reading: 37.
2405:
2035:
1985:
1866:
1615:
1513:
1448:
1443:
1391:
1366:
1028:, who had committed suicide the previous day upon hearing the sentence he was given.
700:
605:
310:
286:
6241:
5940:
4230:
4130:
4077:
3385:
DiPadova, Theodore A. "The Girondins and the Question of Revolutionary Government",
3197:
3044:
2153:
2143:
1757:
1125:
in honour of the Girondins, "martyrs of liberty", was celebrated in the Convention.
1036:
395:
6751:
6611:
6404:
6399:
6389:
6121:
6048:
5985:
5955:
5727:
5697:
5592:
5295:
5145:
5070:
4807:
4791:
4746:
4682:
4653:
4448:
4327:
4210:
4175:
3717:
3668:
3661:
3499:
Patrick, Alison. "Political Divisions in the French National Convention, 1792–93".
3125:
2574:
1989:
1721:
1548:
1533:
1518:
1376:
1361:
981:
364:
211:
205:
6530:
3633:
1997:
1528:
126:
6676:
6464:
6141:
6136:
6101:
5851:
5455:
5450:
5352:
5275:
5165:
5135:
4494:
4370:
4095:
4041:
3842:
3536:
3220:
3073:
Les Girondins; leur vie privée, leur vie publique, leur proscription et leur mort
2831:
2545:
2399:
2341:
2024:
1554:
1458:
1289:
988:
952:
939:, head of the Paris National Guards, purged the Convention of the Girondins (see
728:
671:
360:
318:
269:
6321:
787:, Jacques Lacaze and François Bergoeing joined five of the six stalwarts of the
6746:
6688:
6494:
6316:
6096:
5816:
5679:
5674:
5624:
5619:
5439:
4627:
3861:
3489:
2522:
2088:
1579:
1433:
1017:
Brissot et 20 de ses complices condamnés à mort par le tribunal révolutionnaire
932:
583:
3245:
Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship, and Authenticity in the French Revolution
2976:
Lesley H. Walker, "Sweet and Consoling Virtue: The Memoirs of Madame Roland",
2401:
Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815
1538:
1118:
835:
Assembly (1791–1792), became the conservatives of the Convention (1792–1795).
590:, Henri Larivière and above all Jacques Pierre Brissot, Jean Marie Roland and
6816:
6760:
6731:
6601:
6419:
6196:
6038:
5934:
5826:
5387:
5330:
3484:
Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution
3335:
3322:
3240:
2634:
The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny by Ian Davidson, p. viii
2457:
2083:
1962:
1878:
1620:
1610:
1453:
1415:
1402:
1129:
1114:
639:
537:
130:
6226:
3108:
Joint Centre for History and Economics, Magdalene College and King's College
2316:
6767:
6712:
6626:
6581:
6409:
6291:
6083:
5240:
5225:
5195:
3344:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–51.
3281:
3040:
2055:
2020:
1930:
1677:
1488:
863:
851:
804:
708:
610:
346:
298:
154:
3561:; argues that the Girondins faction was mostly a myth created by Jacobins.
2993:. POP : la plateforme ouverte du patrimoine, Ministère de la Culture.
1969:
minority. Like the Jacobins, they were also influenced by the writings of
1314:
779:
first met on 22 September 1792, the core of like-minded deputies from the
761:
6621:
6479:
6369:
6146:
6116:
5265:
4585:
4378:
2883:
2836:(in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Jacques Lecoffre et Cie. pp. 10–12.
1977:
1934:
1840:
1799:
1787:
1569:
1543:
1140:
was Interior Minister. The book echoes such popular novels as Rousseau's
963:
A list drawn up by the Commandant-General of the Parisian National Guard
635:
6719:
3449:
3405:
3355:
Brace, Richard Munthe. "General Dumouriez and the Girondins 1792–1793",
1464:
1079:
6525:
6364:
5980:
5335:
3810:
3558:
3511:; rejects Sydenham's argument & says Girondins were a real faction.
3508:
3364:
2586:
2039:
1193: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
461: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6232:
3476:
3427:
3394:
3379:
2404:. Vol. 1. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 306.
2291:
1101:
918:
and prepared to turn this weapon against the Convention. The abortive
6359:
6005:
5499:
4868:
3129:
3104:"The Early Symbols of Political Parties During the French revolution"
2051:
2028:
1926:
1861:
1772:
627:
3576:
3402:
Brissot De Warville: A Study in the History of the French Revolution
2578:
1168:
638:
with a goal of creating a protective ring of satellite republics in
436:
359:
depicts the fiery radical journalist and denouncer of the Girondins
6707:
6702:
6641:
6520:
6394:
5160:
3370:
de Luna, Frederick A. "The 'Girondins' Were Girondins, After All",
2437:
Doyle, William (2013). Alex Fairfax-Cholmeley; Colin Jones (eds.).
1966:
1777:
1687:
1589:
927:, where his acquittal in April 1793 was a foregone conclusion. The
623:
306:
150:
92:
3704:
3321:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
666:
3264:
Orphans on the Earth: Girondin Fugitives from the Terror, 1793–94
3009:
2884:"Mocavo and Findmypast are coming together | findmypast.com"
2599:
Bill Edmonds, "'Federalism' and Urban Revolt in France in 1793",
2294:
A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean
1396:
991:(Austria, Prussia and Great Britain) on the west by the Royalist
780:
651:
383:
330:
302:
96:
2504:
2502:
2500:
533:
1752:
631:
5775:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
2752:"Mémoires de Charlotte Robespierre sur ses deux frères, p. 76"
345:. They also had an ally in the English-born American activist
220:
5709:
3566:
Radicals: Politics and Republicanism in the French Revolution
3021:
2621:
Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel, 30 mai 1793, p. 3
2497:
1954:
1060:
647:
643:
1071:
give a detailed picture of the sufferings of the fugitives.
167:
5749:
2949:
1976:
In its early times of government, the Gironde supported a
750:, her brother stopped talking to his former friend, mayor
232:
5589:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2773:
241:
223:
3526:
Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution 1789–1799
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
803:
and Kervélégan, as well as some newcomers as the writer
2997:
2794:
2723:
2672:
289:. From 1791 to 1793, the Girondins were active in the
3568:. Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing, 2000.
2564:
2473:
2357:
256:
247:
244:
235:
6505:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
238:
229:
214:
6737:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
3827:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
3544:
France 1789–1815: Revolution and Counter-Revolution
2911:
France 1789–1815. Revolution and Counter-Revolution
650:by 1795. The Girondins also called for war against
226:
3285:
2846:
594:, who was elected mayor of Paris in succession to
309:, but then resisted the spiraling momentum of the
2292:David Barry Gaspar; David Patrick Geggus (1997).
6814:
5663:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
3521:(1972), comprehensive study of the group's role.
3163:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
2004:. Certain Girondins such as Condorcet supported
758:by Desmoulins, and finally rallied to Brissot.
3222:The Life and Opinions of Maximilien Robespierre
661:
363:after being stabbed to death in his bathtub by
3705:Significant civil and political events by year
3288:Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution
3202:A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution
3046:Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution
3027:
3015:
2508:
2397:
3592:
1898:
1105:Execution of the Girondins, woodcut from 1862
305:movement. They campaigned for the end of the
6758:
6717:
6693:
6674:
5658:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
3101:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2058:, who supported public acknowledgement of a
4345:
2991:"Monument élevé à la mémoire des Girondins"
5862:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
3599:
3585:
3196:
3091:. Princeton University Press. p. 222.
3049:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 719.
2054:as opposed to the authoritarian left-wing
1905:
1891:
1007:
914:, controlled the armed militias of the 48
16:Political faction in the French Revolution
6127:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
5785:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
5608:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
2384:
2304:
1253:Learn how and when to remove this message
866:was one of the signers of this proposal.
521:Learn how and when to remove this message
6878:Political parties disestablished in 1793
6559:
3843:Nationalization of the Church properties
3326:
3158:
2833:Histoire de la révolution et de l'empire
2817:
2779:
2630:
2560:
2558:
2520:
2378:
1941:, the Girondins initially supported the
1100:
1078:
1011:
760:
665:
532:
6788:Historiography of the French Revolution
6059:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
5770:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
3218:
3152:
2829:
2823:
2729:
2690:
2678:
2432:
2430:
2263:Historiography of the French Revolution
1074:
1059:and Rebecqui. Roland killed himself at
878:(mass assemblies in districts) and the
674:after their arrest, a woodcut from 1845
6815:
5795:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
5750:Other significant figures and factions
3280:
3261:
3239:
3177:
3086:
3069:
3039:
2761:from the original on 25 September 2019
2527:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 78.
2469:
2467:
2000:with Brissot leading the anti-slavery
1823:Political positions of Emmanuel Macron
6873:Political parties established in 1792
6663:
6558:
5842:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
5748:
5598:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
5537:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
5495:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
5098:
4344:
3975:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
3703:
3606:
3580:
3524:Scott, Samuel F., and Barry Rothaus.
3247:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3003:
2651:from the original on 30 December 2023
2555:
2436:
2398:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory, ed. (2007).
2015:They sat to the left of the centrist
1117:. On 3 October of that same year (11
333:in southwest France. Girondin leader
268:
5996:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
5408:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
5099:
4195:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
3411:François Furet and Mona Ozouf. eds.
2711:from the original on 7 November 2023
2427:
2175:
2065:
2002:Society of the Friends of the Blacks
1191:adding citations to reliable sources
1162:
941:Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793
459:adding citations to reliable sources
430:
315:insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793
285:, were a political group during the
6853:Defunct political parties in France
6664:
5603:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
3076:. Paris: Perrin et Cie. p. 30.
2950:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (2005).
2464:
2268:Liberalism and radicalism in France
1661:Union of Democrats and Independents
810:
13:
6793:Influence of the French Revolution
6783:Symbolism in the French Revolution
5547:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
5508:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
3763:Convocation of the Estates General
3349:
2953:Recollections of a Provincial Past
2477:European Political Facts 1789–1848
2439:"II.2. In Search of the Girondins"
1026:Charles Éléonor Dufriche de Valazé
946:
301:, they initially were part of the
14:
6894:
6848:Defunct liberal political parties
6435:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
6167:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
5469:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
5251:François Christophe de Kellermann
4490:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
3572:
3422:(1985): 100#396 pp. 513–544
616:
551:of 1792–1795. Five were lawyers:
6833:1793 disestablishments in France
6162:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
6069:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
6039:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
5930:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
5708:
5673:
5643:
5618:
5575:
5449:
5326:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
5107:
3879:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
3486:(Oxford University Press, 2013).
3314:
2850:Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom
2631:Davidson, Ian (25 August 2016).
2524:Leaders Of The French Revolution
2521:Thompson, James Matthew (1932).
2474:Chris Cook; John Paxton (1981).
1872:
1860:
1288:
1167:
435:
210:
6863:Groups of the French Revolution
6500:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
6247:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
6172:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
5383:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
5378:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
5358:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
5186:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
4104:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
3528:(1985) Vol. 1 pp. 433–436
3503:(Dec. 1969) 41#4, pp. 422–474.
3441:(Vol. 6), 2015, pp. 66–82.
3439:French History and Civilisation
3266:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
3135:
3118:
3102:Luca Einaudi (September 2015).
3095:
3080:
3063:
3033:
2983:
2970:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2903:
2894:
2876:
2867:
2840:
2785:
2744:
2735:
2684:
2663:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2593:
2550:French History and Civilisation
2531:
2514:
1178:needs additional citations for
1065:Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai
916:revolutionary Sections of Paris
856:Girondin constitutional project
731:. On 25 July, according to the
446:needs additional citations for
6773:Women in the French Revolution
6375:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
5552:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
5216:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
4845:French invasion of Switzerland
3415:. Paris: éditions Payot, 1991.
3359:(1951) 56#3 pp. 493–509.
2567:The American Historical Review
2488:
2418:
2342:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2329:
2285:
2031:and the right-wing Girondins.
1673:Democratic Republican Alliance
1084:The Last Meal of the Girondins
817:Days of 31 May and 2 June 1793
797:Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne
1:
6828:1792 establishments in France
6778:Incroyables and merveilleuses
6597:Pierre Claude François Daunou
6385:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
5516:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
5487:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
4784:Naval Engagement off Brittany
4537:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
4511:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
4320:Constitution of the Year VIII
4055:Committee of General Security
3940:National Legislative Assembly
3795:National Constituent Assembly
3553:(1971) 43#2 pp. 287–293
3450:online free in Kindle edition
2273:
2119:Pierre Claude François Daunou
1091:
858:, which was presented to the
828:Pierre Claude François Daunou
793:National Constituent Assembly
693:Joseph Marie Servan de Gerbey
6883:Monarchist parties in France
6843:Conservative liberal parties
6696:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
6490:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
6380:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
6277:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
6177:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
5867:Charles Malo François Lameth
5542:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
5373:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
5316:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
4516:Second Battle of Wissembourg
4203:Constitution of the Year III
3389:(1976) 9#3 pp. 432–450
3200:; Ozouf, Mona, eds. (1989).
3159:Alderson, Robert J. (2008).
2853:. Basic Books. p. 303.
2278:
2149:Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux
1961:the Girondins became mostly
1410:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
785:Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède
662:Montagnards versus Girondins
76:; 231 years ago
58:; 233 years ago
7:
6592:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
6217:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
6152:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
6112:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
5991:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
5976:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
5971:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
5780:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
5633:William V, Prince of Orange
4503:First Battle of Wissembourg
4460:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
4176:Closing of the Jacobin Club
4045:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
4002:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
3862:Abolition of the Parlements
3835:Women's March on Versailles
3413:La Gironde et les Girondins
2847:Jack Fruchtman Jr. (1996).
2697:. Longman. pp. 56–57.
2256:
2104:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
2046:at the expense of a weaker
1158:
553:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
370:
47:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
10:
6899:
6858:French National Convention
6838:Abolitionist organizations
6727:French Republican calendar
6282:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
5907:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
5261:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
5211:Charles François Dumouriez
5201:Jacques François Dugommier
5015:League of Armed Neutrality
4848:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
4800:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
4623:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
4602:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
4266:Second Congress of Rastatt
4050:Committee of Public Safety
4037:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
3471:(1988) 11#4 pp.: 519–536.
3357:American Historical Review
2978:Eighteenth-Century Studies
2956:. Oxford UP. p. 274.
2552:(Vol. 6), 2015, pp. 66–82.
2424:Furet & Ozouf, p. 351.
1732:Union for French Democracy
1372:Civil and political rights
956:
950:
814:
685:Charles François Dumouriez
421:
6868:Liberal parties in France
6742:Cult of the Supreme Being
6670:
6659:
6565:
6554:
6513:
6347:
6340:
6225:
6082:
6004:
5915:
5902:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
5808:
5757:Patriotic Society of 1789
5755:
5744:
5706:
5671:
5641:
5616:
5573:
5560:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
5482:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
5447:
5438:
5416:
5121:
5105:
5094:
5063:
5026:
4999:Convention of Alessandria
4981:
4888:
4835:
4766:
4636:
4610:
4527:
4424:
4351:
4340:
4296:
4285:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
4277:
4250:
4187:
4123:
4018:
3951:
3900:
3854:
3746:What Is the Third Estate?
3737:
3710:
3699:
3614:
3551:Journal of Modern History
3501:Journal of Modern History
3469:French Historical Studies
3420:English Historical Review
3387:French Historical Studies
3372:French Historical Studies
3262:Oliver, Bette W. (2009).
3182:. New York: W.W. Norton.
3178:Bosher, John F. (1989) .
3087:Israel, Jonathan (2014).
2601:Journal of Modern History
2215:
2182:
2094:Jacques Guillaume Thouret
2044:parliamentary sovereignty
1828:Rally of Republican Lefts
1651:Radical Party of the Left
1626:Democratic European Force
1152:monument to the Girondins
1134:Mémoires de Madame Roland
173:
160:
144:
120:
102:
88:
70:
52:
30:
21:
6450:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
6415:Joséphine de Beauharnais
6297:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
6267:François-Nicolas Vincent
6252:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
5426:Charles-Alexandre Linois
5321:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
5301:François Séverin Marceau
5281:François Joseph Lefebvre
5176:Jean-Étienne Championnet
5151:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
5146:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
5141:Alexandre de Beauharnais
5131:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
4853:French Invasion of Egypt
4731:Second Battle of Bassano
4465:Battle of Kaiserslautern
4239:Conspiracy of the Equals
3932:The Constitution of 1791
3803:Storming of the Bastille
3444:Lamartine, Alphonse de.
3219:Hampson, Norman (1974).
3141:Jonathan Israel (2015).
2830:Gabourd, Amédée (1859).
2298:Indiana University Press
2164:Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
2134:Louis Gustave le Doulcet
2062:and a strong executive.
2034:The Girondins supported
1641:Liberal Democratic Party
1268:This article is part of
1143:Julie or the New Héloise
905:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
754:. Pétion was accused of
416:History of the Girondins
6430:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
6302:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
6262:Antoine-François Momoro
6257:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
6074:François de Neufchâteau
6024:Charles-François Lebrun
5966:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
5847:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
5723:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
5529:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
5524:Karl Mack von Leiberich
5156:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
4970:Second Battle of Zurich
4861:Irish Rebellion of 1798
4707:First Battle of Bassano
4545:Second Battle of Boulou
4346:Revolutionary campaigns
4304:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
4219:Council of Five Hundred
4007:First republic declared
3943:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
3924:Declaration of Pillnitz
3648:Constitutional monarchy
3546:(2nd ed., 2003) ch. 5.
3406:excerpt and text search
3341:Encyclopædia Britannica
3328:Phillips, Walter Alison
3132:. Accessed 7 Dec. 2020.
3112:University of Cambridge
2322:Encyclopædia Britannica
2099:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
1943:constitutional monarchy
1717:Progressive Republicans
1382:Equality before the law
1111:Council of Five Hundred
1057:Rabaut de Saint-Etienne
1008:1793 trial of Girondins
842:(the supporters of the
756:conspicuous consumption
426:
146:Political position
111:Le Courrier de Provence
6759:
6718:
6694:
6675:
6187:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
6182:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
6092:Maximilien Robespierre
5925:Jacques Pierre Brissot
5790:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
5221:Louis-Charles de Flers
5206:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
5171:Jean François Carteaux
4946:First Battle of Zurich
4909:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
4864:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
4824:Treaty of Campo Formio
4570:Glorious First of June
4498:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
4457:Expedition to Sardinia
4135:Desmoulins guillotined
4070:Assassination of Marat
4062:Fall of the Girondists
4034:Revolutionary Tribunal
4026:Execution of Louis XVI
3916:Champ de Mars massacre
3819:Abolition of Feudalism
2980:(2001) 34#3 pp 403–419
2691:Hardman, John (1999).
2603:(1983) 55#1 pp. 22–53,
2248:Jacques Pierre Brissot
2159:Charles-Louis Antiboul
2129:Jacques Claude Beugnot
2124:Marguerite-Élie Guadet
2073:Jacques Pierre Brissot
1998:abolitionism in France
1763:Courrier International
1128:In her autobiography,
1106:
1098:
1020:
998:Charles-Louis Antiboul
925:Revolutionary Tribunal
876:Revolutionary Sections
772:
725:(riot) of 20 June 1792
680:Maximilien Robespierre
675:
557:Marguerite-Élie Guadet
540:
388:Jacques-Pierre Brissot
335:Jacques Pierre Brissot
43:Jacques Pierre Brissot
6632:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5897:Jean-Charles Pichegru
5877:Jean-François Rewbell
5363:Jean-Charles Pichegru
5246:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
5236:Jacques Maurice Hatry
5007:Battle of Hohenlinden
4880:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
4715:Battle of Emmendingen
4662:Battle of Castiglione
4549:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
4480:Battle of Hondschoote
4151:Thermidorian Reaction
4115:(throughout the year)
3888:Fête de la Fédération
3814:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
3798:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
3782:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
3542:Sutherland, D. M. G.
3292:. New York: Vintage.
3180:The French Revolution
2913:(2nd ed. 2003) ch. 5.
1971:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1867:Liberalism portal
1121:, year IV), a solemn
1104:
1082:
1015:
846:such as Robespierre,
764:
748:Charlotte Robespierre
670:The Girondins in the
669:
598:on 16 November 1791.
547:of 1791–1792 and the
536:
412:Alphonse de Lamartine
115:La chronique de Paris
6560:Influential thinkers
6307:Jean-François Varlet
6207:Jean-Lambert Tallien
6202:Jean Bon Saint-André
6029:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
5951:Marquis de Condorcet
5800:Nicolas de Condorcet
5565:Dagobert von Wurmser
5398:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
5341:Pierre-Jacques Osten
5256:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
5191:Louis-Nicolas Davout
5181:Chapuis de Tourville
4723:Battle of Schliengen
4670:Battle of Theiningen
4591:Battle of Aldenhoven
4475:Battle of Wattignies
4444:Battle of Neerwinden
4258:Coup of 18 Fructidor
3771:Death of the Dauphin
3374:(1988) 15: 506–518.
3153:General bibliography
2931:Schama, pp. 803–805.
2900:Linton, pp. 174–175.
2494:Bosher, pp. 185–191.
2184:Legislative Assembly
2114:Marquis de Condorcet
1982:constitutional right
1957:in order to start a
1939:separation of powers
1925:and the concepts of
1923:classical liberalism
1847:Together (coalition)
1711:Moderate Republicans
1705:Moderate Republicans
1683:Independent Radicals
1387:Freedom of the press
1280:Liberalism in France
1187:improve this article
1075:Girondins as martyrs
993:Revolt in the Vendée
969:Commission of Twelve
929:Commission of Twelve
801:Pétion de Villeneuve
789:Legislative Assembly
752:Pétion de Villeneuve
695:; and they forced a
572:Marquis de Condorcet
545:Legislative Assembly
455:improve this article
297:. Together with the
291:Legislative Assembly
135:Classical liberalism
35:Marquis de Condorcet
6647:Mary Wollstonecraft
6425:Jean Sylvain Bailly
6212:Pierre Louis Prieur
6157:Jean-Henri Voulland
6132:Jacques-Louis David
6064:Jean Joseph Mounier
5765:Jean Sylvain Bailly
5403:Belgrand de Vaubois
5291:Jean-Antoine Marbot
5231:Emmanuel de Grouchy
5036:Treaty of Lunéville
4675:Battle of Neresheim
4620:Siege of Luxembourg
4599:Siege of Luxembourg
4554:Battle of Tourcoing
4485:Siege of Bellegarde
4312:Coup of 18 Brumaire
4224:Council of Ancients
3999:National Convention
3991:September Massacres
3967:Brunswick Manifesto
3959:France declares war
3726:Assembly of Vizille
3564:Whaley, Leigh Ann.
3494:Paris in the Terror
3028:Fremont-Barnes 2007
3018:, pp. 307–309.
3016:Fremont-Barnes 2007
2909:D.M.G. Sutherland,
2509:Fremont-Barnes 2007
2217:National Convention
1636:Liberal Alternative
1631:Democratic Movement
1439:February Revolution
912:Jacques René Hébert
892:Nous sommes trahis!
860:National Convention
844:September Massacres
777:National Convention
770:Jacques-Louis David
739:September Massacres
596:Jean Sylvain Bailly
580:Marc David Lasource
565:Jean François Ducos
549:National Convention
295:National Convention
139:Economic liberalism
6485:Loménie de Brienne
6460:Madame de Lamballe
6395:Napoléon Bonaparte
6192:Prieur de la Marne
6107:Camille Desmoulins
5961:Marie Jean Hérault
5837:Jean-Sifrein Maury
5832:Arnaud de La Porte
5688:Alexander Korsakov
5474:Count of Clerfayt
5393:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
5306:Auguste de Marmont
5161:Napoléon Bonaparte
5052:Algeciras campaign
5044:Treaty of Florence
4922:Battle of Stockach
4755:Ireland expedition
4739:Battle of Calliano
4699:Battle of Rovereto
4691:Battle of Würzburg
4143:Law of 22 Prairial
4112:Anti-clerical laws
4087:The Death of Marat
3908:Flight to Varennes
3535:2020-05-05 at the
3070:Guadet, J (1889).
2940:Oliver, pp. 83–89.
2888:www.findmypast.com
2873:Oliver, pp. 55–56.
2544:2017-05-17 at the
2482:Palgrave Macmillan
2205:overall seats won
2010:political equality
1959:counter-revolution
1947:Flight to Varennes
1818:Centrism in France
1107:
1099:
1021:
959:Federalist revolts
896:Jean-Nicolas Pache
884:trial of Louis XVI
773:
697:declaration of war
676:
541:
356:The Death of Marat
270:[ʒiʁɔ̃dɛ̃]
178:Politics of France
6810:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6684:Cockade of France
6655:
6654:
6617:Antoine Lavoisier
6607:Benjamin Franklin
6587:Anacharsis Cloots
6550:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6470:Louis de Breteuil
6312:Theophile Leclerc
5740:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5693:Alexander Suvorov
5434:
5433:
5368:Józef Poniatowski
5286:Étienne Macdonald
5090:
5089:
4991:Battle of Marengo
4954:Battle of Trebbia
4938:Battle of Cassano
4930:Battle of Magnano
4914:Battle of Ostrach
4816:Battle of Neuwied
4578:Battle of Fleurus
4562:Battle of Tournay
4439:War in the Vendée
4375:Royalist Revolts
4336:
4335:
3893:
3869:Abolition of the
3787:Tennis Court Oath
3779:National Assembly
3608:French Revolution
3433:Thomas Lalevée, "
3232:978-0-7156-0741-1
3006:, pp. 37–38.
2782:, pp. 49–50.
2704:978-0-582-43755-5
2644:978-1-84765-936-1
2637:. Profile Books.
2537:Thomas Lalevée, "
2345:. Merriam-Webster
2254:
2253:
2176:Electoral results
2079:Jean-Marie Roland
2066:Prominent members
2036:democratic reform
1988:for the poor and
1986:public assistance
1915:
1914:
1879:France portal
1616:Centrist Alliance
1449:French Revolution
1444:French Resistance
1392:Freedom of speech
1367:Civic nationalism
1263:
1262:
1255:
1237:
1138:Jean-Marie Roland
1002:acte d'accusation
795:deputies such as
588:Comte de Kersaint
531:
530:
523:
505:
392:Jean Marie Roland
339:Jean Marie Roland
287:French Revolution
196:
195:
183:Political parties
107:Patriote français
39:Jean-Marie Roland
6890:
6764:
6752:Temple of Reason
6723:
6699:
6680:
6661:
6660:
6612:Thomas Jefferson
6556:
6555:
6475:de Chateaubriand
6405:Joseph Bonaparte
6400:Lucien Bonaparte
6390:Marie Antoinette
6345:
6344:
6332:Sylvain Maréchal
6287:François Hanriot
6122:Louis Philippe I
6049:Louis Philippe I
6044:Philippe Égalité
5986:Olympe de Gouges
5956:Charlotte Corday
5946:Étienne Clavière
5746:
5745:
5728:Antonio Ricardos
5713:
5712:
5698:Andrei Rosenberg
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5677:
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5647:
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5593:Ralph Abercromby
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5071:Treaty of Amiens
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4973:(25–26 Sep 1799)
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4957:(17–20 Jun 1799)
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4941:(27–28 Apr 1799)
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4917:(20–21 Mar 1799)
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4898:Second Coalition
4881:
4873:
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4857:
4849:
4828:
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4812:
4808:Treaty of Leoben
4804:
4796:
4795:(14–15 Jan 1797)
4792:Battle of Rivoli
4788:
4780:
4776:Italian campaign
4759:
4751:
4750:(15–17 Nov 1796)
4747:Battle of Arcole
4743:
4735:
4727:
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4703:
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4687:
4683:Battle of Amberg
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4654:Battle of Lonato
4650:
4646:Italian campaign
4624:
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4519:(26–27 Dec 1793)
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3911:(20–21 Jun 1791)
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2006:women's suffrage
1990:public education
1945:, but after the
1907:
1900:
1893:
1877:
1876:
1875:
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1727:Republican Union
1722:Radical Movement
1549:Louis Philippe I
1377:Economic freedom
1362:Anti-clericalism
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1238:
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1163:
1096:
1093:
1088:François Flameng
982:Charlotte Corday
965:François Hanriot
937:François Hanriot
811:Decline and fall
701:Habsburg Austria
689:Étienne Clavière
526:
519:
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365:Charlotte Corday
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6677:La Marseillaise
6666:
6665:Cultural impact
6651:
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6542:
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6465:Madame du Barry
6455:Catherine Théot
6445:Thérésa Tallien
6336:
6327:Gracchus Babeuf
6272:François Chabot
6229:
6221:
6142:Georges Couthon
6137:Marquis de Sade
6102:Jean-Paul Marat
6078:
6034:Bertrand Barère
6000:
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5892:Boissy d'Anglas
5887:Madame de Staël
5852:Antoine Barnave
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5464:József Alvinczi
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5353:Nicolas Oudinot
5343:
5276:Claude Lecourbe
5271:Charles Leclerc
5166:Guillaume Brune
5136:Pierre Augereau
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5079:Treaty of Paris
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4495:Siege of Toulon
4459:
4451:
4434:First Coalition
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4106:
4098:
4096:Law of Suspects
4090:
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4072:
4064:
4044:
4042:Reign of Terror
4036:
4028:
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4009:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3977:
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3829:
3822:(4–11 Aug 1789)
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3797:
3789:
3781:
3773:
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3757:
3755:Réveillon riots
3749:
3733:
3728:
3720:
3706:
3695:
3610:
3605:
3575:
3537:Wayback Machine
3515:Patrick, Alison
3490:Loomis, Stanley
3352:
3350:Further reading
3315:
3313:
3300:
3274:
3255:
3233:
3212:
3198:Furet, François
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2922:Schama, ch. 18.
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2791:Alderson, p. 9.
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2546:Wayback Machine
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2109:Armand Gensonné
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2025:Reign of Terror
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1094:
1077:
1043:, Grangeneuve,
1010:
989:First Coalition
961:
955:
953:Reign of Terror
949:
947:Reign of Terror
903:of the Commune
862:in early 1793.
819:
813:
729:Reign of Terror
713:appeal to force
672:La Force Prison
664:
619:
561:Armand Gensonné
527:
516:
510:
507:
464:
462:
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440:
429:
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361:Jean-Paul Marat
319:Reign of Terror
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6317:Claire Lacombe
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6242:Jacques Hébert
6238:
6236:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6097:Georges Danton
6094:
6088:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5941:Henri Grégoire
5937:
5932:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5882:Camille Jordan
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5821:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5586:
5584:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5526:
5521:
5513:
5505:
5497:
5492:
5484:
5479:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5116:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5076:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5012:
5004:
4996:
4987:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4967:
4962:Battle of Novi
4959:
4951:
4949:(4–7 Jun 1799)
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4894:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4789:
4781:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4752:
4744:
4742:(6–7 Nov 1796)
4736:
4728:
4720:
4712:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4667:
4659:
4657:(3–4 Aug 1796)
4651:
4642:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4628:Peace of Basel
4625:
4616:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4513:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4470:Siege of Mainz
4467:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4406:
4401:
4399:Siege of Mainz
4396:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4231:13 Vendémiaire
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4208:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4083:
4078:Levée en masse
4075:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4039:
4031:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3988:
3983:10th of August
3980:
3972:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3884:
3876:
3867:
3865:(Feb–Jul 1790)
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3574:
3573:External links
3571:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3547:
3540:
3522:
3512:
3497:
3487:
3480:
3465:
3442:
3431:
3416:
3409:
3398:
3383:
3368:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3336:Chisholm, Hugh
3305:
3304:
3298:
3278:
3273:978-0739140680
3272:
3259:
3254:978-0199576302
3253:
3241:Linton, Marisa
3237:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3194:
3188:
3175:
3170:978-1570037450
3169:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3134:
3117:
3094:
3079:
3062:
3055:
3032:
3030:, p. 307.
3020:
3008:
2996:
2982:
2969:
2963:978-0195113693
2962:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2902:
2893:
2875:
2866:
2860:978-1568580630
2859:
2839:
2822:
2793:
2784:
2772:
2743:
2734:
2732:, p. 126.
2722:
2703:
2683:
2681:, p. 114.
2671:
2662:
2643:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2592:
2573:(3): 493–509.
2554:
2530:
2513:
2511:, p. 403.
2496:
2487:
2463:
2426:
2417:
2411:978-0313334450
2410:
2383:
2356:
2328:
2303:
2300:. p. 262.
2283:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:705,600 (3rd)
2226:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:overall votes
2191:
2190:Election year
2187:
2186:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2154:François Aubry
2151:
2146:
2144:François Buzot
2141:
2139:Claude Fauchet
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Maximin Isnard
2086:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2064:
1953:tried to flee
1921:Influenced by
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:Related topics
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1758:La Chaîne Info
1755:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1260:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1076:
1073:
1009:
1006:
951:Main article:
948:
945:
933:Maximin Isnard
880:National Guard
840:Septembriseurs
830:argues in his
812:
809:
766:Death of Marat
716:the Assembly.
663:
660:
656:King Louis XVI
618:
617:Foreign policy
615:
584:Maximin Isnard
576:Claude Fauchet
529:
528:
443:
441:
434:
428:
425:
423:
420:
396:François Buzot
372:
369:
194:
193:
191:
190:
185:
180:
174:
171:
170:
162:
158:
157:
148:
142:
141:
124:
118:
117:
104:
100:
99:
90:
86:
85:
72:
68:
67:
54:
50:
49:
32:
28:
27:
23:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6895:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6761:Sans-culottes
6757:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6732:Metric system
6730:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6672:
6669:
6662:
6658:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6564:
6557:
6553:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6531:Panthéon Club
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6420:Joachim Murat
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6228:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6197:Gilbert Romme
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
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6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6019:de Cambacérès
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5936:
5935:Madame Roland
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:André Chénier
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:Grace Elliott
5825:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5812:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5747:
5743:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5388:Joseph Souham
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5331:Joachim Murat
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:André Masséna
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5097:
5093:
5082:(25 Jun 1802)
5080:
5077:
5074:(25 Mar 1802)
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5053:
5050:
5047:(18 Mar 1801)
5045:
5042:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5016:
5013:
5008:
5005:
5002:(15 Jun 1800)
5000:
4997:
4994:(14 Jun 1800)
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4971:
4968:
4965:(15 Aug 1799)
4963:
4960:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4931:
4928:
4925:(25 Mar 1799)
4923:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4907:
4906:Siege of Acre
4904:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4878:
4877:Peasants' War
4875:
4870:
4867:
4862:
4859:
4854:
4851:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4827:(17 Oct 1797)
4825:
4822:
4819:(18 Apr 1797)
4817:
4814:
4811:(17 Apr 1797)
4809:
4806:
4803:(25 Jan 1797)
4801:
4798:
4793:
4790:
4787:(13 Jan 1797)
4785:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4745:
4740:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4726:(26 Oct 1796)
4724:
4721:
4718:(19 Oct 1796)
4716:
4713:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4689:
4686:(24 Aug 1796)
4684:
4681:
4678:(11 Aug 1796)
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4581:(26 Jun 1794)
4579:
4576:
4571:
4568:
4565:(22 May 1794)
4563:
4560:
4557:(18 May 1794)
4555:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4540:(24 Apr 1794)
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4506:(13 Oct 1793)
4504:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4452:(23 May 1793)
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4326:
4323:(24 Dec 1799)
4321:
4318:
4313:
4310:
4307:(18 Jun 1799)
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4288:(11 May 1798)
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4206:(22 Aug 1795)
4204:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4179:(11 Nov 1794)
4177:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4163:(28 Jul 1794)
4160:
4157:
4154:(27 Jul 1794)
4152:
4149:
4146:(10 Jun 1794)
4144:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4113:
4110:
4107:(16 Oct 1793)
4105:
4102:
4099:(17 Sep 1793)
4097:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:(23 Aug 1793)
4079:
4076:
4073:(13 Jul 1793)
4071:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4032:
4029:(21 Jan 1793)
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4010:(22 Sep 1792)
4008:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3986:(10 Aug 1792)
3984:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3970:(25 Jul 1792)
3968:
3965:
3962:(20 Apr 1792)
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3930:
3927:(27 Aug 1791)
3925:
3922:
3919:(17 Jul 1791)
3917:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3892:(14 Jul 1790)
3890:
3889:
3885:
3882:(12 Jul 1790)
3880:
3877:
3874:(23 Jun 1790)
3872:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3830:(26 Aug 1789)
3828:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3806:(14 Jul 1789)
3804:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3790:(20 Jun 1789)
3788:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3774:(4 June 1789)
3772:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3758:(28 Apr 1789)
3756:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3729:(21 Jul 1788)
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3634:Ancien Régime
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3323:public domain
3312:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3282:Schama, Simon
3279:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:. Duckworth.
3224:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3056:0-394-55948-7
3052:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:Schama, Simon
3036:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2979:
2973:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2870:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2820:, p. 50.
2819:
2818:Phillips 1911
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2788:
2781:
2780:Phillips 1911
2776:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2666:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2484:. p. 10.
2483:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2381:, p. 49.
2380:
2379:Phillips 1911
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2200:overall vote
2197:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2170:
2169:Jérôme Pétion
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:Madame Roland
2082:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2060:Supreme Being
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:Liberal Party
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Radical Party
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:The Centrists
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:Merleau-Ponty
1563:
1561:
1560:Mendès France
1558:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:July Monarchy
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1416:Republicanism
1414:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1403:Laissez-faire
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1246:
1243:February 2021
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204: –
1203:
1199:
1198:Find sources:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1176:This section
1174:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Madame Roland
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:the Directory
1112:
1103:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
960:
954:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
902:
897:
893:
888:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Paris Commune
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
824:
818:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
767:
763:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
736:
735:
730:
726:
724:
717:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
673:
668:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Great Britain
637:
633:
629:
625:
614:
612:
607:
603:
602:Madame Roland
599:
597:
593:
592:Jérôme Pétion
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
539:
538:Madame Roland
535:
525:
522:
514:
511:February 2021
503:
500:
496:
493:
489:
486:
482:
479:
475:
472: –
471:
467:
466:Find sources:
460:
456:
450:
449:
444:This section
442:
438:
433:
432:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:
350:
348:
344:
343:Madame Roland
341:and his wife
340:
336:
332:
328:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
277:
271:
263:
262:
252:
207:
201:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
131:Republicanism
128:
125:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
73:
69:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:
29:
20:
6768:Phrygian cap
6713:Bastille Day
6627:Thomas Paine
6582:Edmund Burke
6577:Beaumarchais
6571:Les Lumières
6569:
6410:Joseph Fesch
6322:Pauline Léon
6292:Jacques Roux
6231:
5916:
5815:
5241:Lazare Hoche
5226:Paul Grenier
5196:Louis Desaix
5055:(8 Jul 1801)
5039:(9 Feb 1801)
5010:(3 Dec 1800)
4933:(5 Apr 1799)
4734:(6 Nov 1796)
4710:(8 Sep 1796)
4702:(4 Sep 1796)
4694:(3 Sep 1796)
4665:(5 Aug 1796)
4594:(2 Oct 1794)
4573:(1 Jun 1794)
4315:(9 Nov 1799)
4261:(4 Sep 1797)
4198:(1 Apr 1795)
4168:White Terror
4161:guillotined
4138:(5 Apr 1794)
4085:
4065:(2 Jun 1793)
3935:(3 Sep 1791)
3886:
3846:(2 Nov 1789)
3838:(5 Oct 1789)
3766:(5 May 1789)
3744:
3721:(7 Jun 1788)
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3565:
3550:
3543:
3525:
3518:
3500:
3493:
3483:
3468:
3445:
3438:
3419:
3412:
3401:
3386:
3371:
3356:
3339:
3308:Attribution:
3307:
3306:
3287:
3263:
3244:
3221:
3201:
3179:
3160:
3142:
3137:
3120:
3107:
3097:
3088:
3082:
3072:
3065:
3045:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2999:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2849:
2842:
2832:
2825:
2787:
2775:
2765:25 September
2763:. Retrieved
2746:
2737:
2730:Hampson 1974
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2693:
2686:
2679:Hampson 1974
2674:
2665:
2655:27 September
2653:. Retrieved
2633:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2600:
2595:
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2340:
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2021:conservative
2014:
1975:
1931:human rights
1920:
1916:
1839:
1833:
1793:
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1678:Doctrinaires
1666:
1665:
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1223:
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1180:verification
1177:
1149:
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1083:
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1030:
1022:
1016:
1001:
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908:
900:
891:
889:
868:
864:Thomas Paine
852:proscription
839:
837:
831:
820:
805:Thomas Paine
783:expanded as
774:
765:
733:
722:
718:
709:The Mountain
704:
677:
620:
611:Jacobin Club
600:
569:
542:
517:
508:
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453:Please help
448:verification
445:
415:
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403:
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377:
374:
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351:
347:Thomas Paine
323:
282:
199:
197:
155:centre-right
127:Abolitionism
114:
110:
106:
89:Headquarters
6637:Abbé Sieyès
6622:Montesquieu
6538:Social Club
6480:Jean Chouan
6370:Louis XVIII
6147:Roger Ducos
6117:Paul Barras
6084:Montagnards
6014:Abbé Sieyès
5817:monarchiens
5625:Netherlands
5554:(Hungarian)
5502:(Hungarian)
5418:French Navy
5344: [
5266:Jean Lannes
5123:French Army
4901:(1798–1802)
4872:(1798–1800)
4856:(1798–1801)
4586:Chouannerie
4547:(Pyrenees)
4412: [
4379:Chouannerie
4171:(Fall 1794)
4159:Robespierre
2694:Robespierre
2056:Montagnards
1978:free market
1963:republicans
1935:Montesquieu
1841:Sinistrisme
1788:Le Parisien
1656:Renaissance
1585:Tocqueville
1570:Montesquieu
1434:Dreyfusards
1202:"Girondins"
1119:Vendémiaire
1095: 1850
907:and deputy
636:Netherlands
470:"Girondins"
380:Montagnards
327:département
299:Montagnards
261:-dinz, zhi-
6817:Categories
6526:Cordeliers
6440:Talleyrand
6365:Louis XVII
6227:Hébertists
5981:Jean Debry
5811:Feuillants
5440:Opposition
5336:Michel Ney
4758:(Dec 1796)
4366:Thionville
4269:(Dec 1797)
4242:(May 1796)
4234:5 Oct 1795
4211:Directoire
4091:(painting)
3994:(Sep 1792)
3978:(Jun 1792)
3811:Great Fear
3750:(Jan 1789)
3641:Revolution
3332:Girondists
3299:0679726101
3211:0674177282
3189:039395997X
3004:Doyle 2013
2337:"Girondin"
2317:"Girondin"
2274:References
2040:secularism
2017:Feuillants
1504:Clemenceau
1356:Principles
1337:Jacobinism
1213:newspapers
978:suppléants
957:See also:
815:See also:
734:Logographe
705:La Gironde
481:newspapers
400:Brissotins
311:Revolution
283:Girondists
6823:Girondins
6360:Louis XVI
6355:Charles X
6006:The Plain
5917:Girondins
5857:Lafayette
5518:(Walloon)
5500:Pál Kray
5476:(Walloon)
5018:(1800–02)
4869:Quasi-War
4328:Consulate
4214:(1795–99)
3669:Consulate
3662:Directory
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3330:(1911). "
2715:15 August
2458:1756-0535
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2279:Citations
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2052:judiciary
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2029:The Plain
1965:, with a
1951:Louis XVI
1949:in which
1927:democracy
1783:L'Opinion
1773:Le Figaro
1768:Les Echos
1693:Girondins
1534:de Gouges
1524:Fallières
1519:Doumergue
1509:Condorcet
1315:Orléanism
1305:Classical
1041:Condorcet
1033:Barbaroux
973:Birotteau
909:procureur
901:procureur
823:Louis XVI
775:When the
628:Rhineland
418:in 1847.
404:Rolandins
200:Girondins
188:Elections
103:Newspaper
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6720:Panthéon
6708:Muscadin
6703:Marianne
6642:Voltaire
6521:Jacobins
6514:Factions
6054:Mirabeau
5510:(French)
4404:Jemappes
4388:Dauphiné
3871:Nobility
3683:Journals
3676:Glossary
3655:Republic
3627:Timeline
3533:Archived
3462:Volume 3
3458:Volume 2
3454:Volume 1
3284:(1989).
3243:(2013).
3043:(1989).
2759:Archived
2709:Archived
2649:Archived
2542:Archived
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2257:See also
2075:(leader)
1967:royalist
1800:L'Aurore
1778:Le Monde
1688:Jacobins
1590:Voltaire
1575:Poincaré
1529:Gambetta
1514:Constant
1465:Lumières
1327:National
1322:Economic
1310:Orthodox
1270:a series
1159:Ideology
1069:Mémoires
1067:, whose
1049:Kersaint
832:Mémoires
699:against
634:and the
624:Napoleon
604:, whose
408:Buzotins
371:Identity
307:monarchy
293:and the
122:Ideology
93:Bordeaux
6602:Diderot
6348:Figures
6233:Enragés
5939:Father
5650:Prussia
5582:Britain
5531:(Saxon)
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3509:1878003
3448:(1847)
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1602:Parties
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1428:History
1397:Laicism
1332:Radical
1299:Schools
1227:scholar
781:Gironde
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495:scholar
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384:Gironde
331:Gironde
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