251:
Shutdowns cause the disruption of government services and programs, including the closure of national parks and institutions (in particular, due to shortages of federal employees). A major loss of government revenue comes from lost labor from furloughed employees who are still paid, as well as loss
207:
As of 27 September 2024, since the enactment of the US government's current budget and appropriations process in 1976, there have been a total of 23 funding gaps in the federal budget, of which 10 of these have led to federal employees being furloughed. Prior to 1980, funding gaps did not lead to
203:
non-essential workers, and only retain essential employees in departments covering the safety of human life and/or protection of property. Voluntary services in these respective essential areas may only be accepted during emergencies. Shutdowns are also possible at occurring within and disrupting
168:
collapsed, resulting in the national parliament being unable to pass bills, including critical spending bills. In
December, this ongoing event almost resulted in an American-style shutdown, with regional civil services set to run out of money within days, but such a shutdown was averted when the
127:
calling for a new election. This led to speculation that a government shutdown could have been possible, with the government holding the House standing through tabled Votes of No
Confidence but failing to pass legislation due to internal fighting or the breakdown of a coalition.
212:
issued a legal opinion requiring the government be shut down when a funding gap occurs. This opinion was not consistently adhered to through the 1980s, but since 1990 all funding gaps lasting longer than a few hours have led to a shutdown.
122:
The Fixed-term
Parliaments Act, however, abolished these conventions, ensuring that the only way to call new elections was either for the explicit passage of a vote of no confidence or a two-thirds majority in the
640:
256:, the financial ratings agency, stated on 16 October that the shutdown had "to date taken $ 24 billion out of the economy", and "shaved at least 0.6 percent off annualized fourth-quarter 2013 GDP growth".
199:, a "lapse of appropriation" due to a political impasse on proposed appropriation bills requires that the US federal government curtail agency activities and services, close down non-essential operations,
741:
419:
550:
677:
252:
of fees that would have been paid during the shutdown. Shutdowns also cause a significant reduction in economic growth (depending on the length of the shutdown). During the 2013 shutdown,
248:. On September 30, 2023, a government shutdown was averted just hours before the actual shutdown after a 45 day funding bill passed in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.
217:
75:
used in most
European nations, stalemates within the government are less likely, but the executive must maintain the approval of the legislature to remain in power (
63:
before the previous ones expire. Shutdowns of the type experienced by the United States are nearly impossible in other forms of government. The most recent shutdown
630:
366:
801:
733:
237:
64:
155:
602:
225:
667:
135:, as some MPs proposed an amendment to "starve the government of cash" and create a "Donald Trump-style shutdown" in the event of a no-deal Brexit.
840:
764:
782:
576:
139:
108:
496:
151:
233:
111:. A government which could not command a majority in Parliament would be dismissed, either prior to the seating of Parliament when the
845:
178:
56:
471:
314:
195:
to finance the government for its next fiscal year or a temporary funding measure. Ever since a 1980 interpretation of the 1884
700:
445:
17:
393:
30:
This article is about curtailment of government services. For failure to form a government in a parliamentary system, see
192:
60:
90:, the executive branch typically has the authority to keep the government functioning even without an approved budget.
809:
653:
100:
184:
336:
850:
244:
administration, the longest shutdown in US history, caused by a dispute over the funding amount for an
241:
229:
221:
523:
253:
119:
was tabled and passed, when a
Finance Act was voted down, or when a major bill was voted down.
783:"Government shutdown averted with little time to spare as Biden signs funding before midnight"
275:
188:
165:
116:
76:
87:
72:
31:
8:
280:
367:"There's something everyone has missed about the DUP and the Fixed Term Parliaments Act"
285:
209:
196:
306:
708:
112:
131:
An
American-style shutdown was also considered to be on the table in the context of
161:
124:
46:
577:"Snap election announced in Northern Ireland as power-sharing agreement collapses"
187:, refer to a funding gap period that causes a full or partial shutdown of federal
270:
104:
80:
834:
712:
265:
59:
have occurred periodically since 1980, and are the result of failure to pass
765:"Government shutdown 2018: All 18 previous government shutdowns, explained"
635:
142:, rendering virtually impossible the eventuality of a government shutdown.
216:
Some of the most significant shutdowns in U.S. history have included the
42:
245:
50:
631:"The Odd Story of the Law That Dictates How Government Shutdowns Work"
45:
does not pass key bills which fund or authorize the operations of the
79:), and typically an election is triggered if a budget fails to pass (
672:
200:
701:"The Government Shutdown Was the Longest Ever. Here's the History"
699:
Zaveri, Mihir; Gates, Guilbert; Zraick, Karen (9 January 2019).
191:
and agencies. They are caused when there is a failure to pass a
551:"Two years on: Why is there no government in Northern Ireland?"
132:
472:"PM faces Commons defeat which could shut down her government"
232:
administration caused by a dispute over implementation of the
420:"Brexit: Government shutdown looms as House of Commons votes"
169:
British
Government stepped in to keep local services funded.
138:
In 2022, the Fixed-term
Parliaments Act was repealed by the
49:, resulting in the cessation of some or all operations of a
734:"Government to shut down in fight over Trump's border wall"
224:
administration over opposition to major spending cuts; the
27:
Cessation of government functions due to failure to fund
394:"Budget 2015 could see a government shutdown in the UK"
152:
Renewable Heat
Incentive scandal § Collapse of Stormont
307:"US Shutdown Has Other Nations Confused and Concerned"
668:"Chances of averting government shutdown appear slim"
603:"Why other countries don't have government shutdowns"
204:
state, territorial, and local levels of government.
156:
Northern
Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019
799:
698:
832:
446:"MPs threaten Trump-style shutdown over Brexit"
497:"Why Northern Ireland's parliament lies empty"
208:government shutdowns, until Attorney General
625:
623:
469:
298:
246:expansion of the U.S.–Mexico border barrier
659:
654:Make government shutdowns impossible again
417:
234:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
620:
179:Government shutdowns in the United States
140:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act
57:Government shutdowns in the United States
793:
762:
521:
841:Federal government of the United States
524:"Stormont deadlock: Need-to-know guide"
443:
304:
14:
833:
802:"The Costs of the Government Shutdown"
800:Walshe, Shushannah (17 October 2013).
574:
744:from the original on 22 December 2018
665:
548:
418:Koubaridis, Andrew (7 January 2019).
103:in 2011, government shutdowns in the
364:
763:Matthews, Dylan (19 January 2018).
680:from the original on 1 October 2013
317:from the original on 3 October 2013
305:Zurcher, Anthony (1 October 2013).
145:
24:
522:McDowell, Iain (5 February 2018).
391:
25:
862:
600:
575:Hughes, Laura (16 January 2017).
94:
846:Government of the United Kingdom
666:Curry, Tom (29 September 2013).
643:from the original on 2023-06-05.
172:
160:In January 2017 the Assembly of
115:was voted down or later, when a
775:
756:
726:
692:
647:
594:
568:
542:
444:Shipman, Tim (6 January 2019).
515:
489:
463:
437:
411:
385:
365:Bush, Stephen (12 June 2017).
358:
329:
13:
1:
549:Kelly, Ben (4 January 2019).
291:
238:35-day shutdown of 2018-2019
218:21-day shutdown of 1995–1996
7:
259:
10:
867:
176:
149:
101:Fixed-Term Parliaments Act
29:
470:Patel-Carstairs, Sunita.
337:"Parliamentary Elections"
183:Government shutdowns, in
99:Until the passage of the
65:happened in December 2018
109:parliamentary convention
226:16-day shutdown in 2013
166:power-sharing agreement
107:were impossible due to
185:United States politics
276:Constitutional crisis
254:Standard & Poor's
189:government operations
117:vote of no confidence
77:confidence and supply
73:parliamentary systems
812:on 12 September 2017
740:. 22 December 2018.
371:www.newstatesman.com
88:presidential systems
61:appropriations bills
32:Government formation
18:Government shutdowns
281:Gridlock (politics)
193:funding legislation
39:government shutdown
705:The New York Times
503:. 21 November 2017
286:Lockout (industry)
210:Benjamin Civiletti
197:Antideficiency Act
43:legislative branch
851:Government crises
789:. 1 October 2023.
16:(Redirected from
858:
822:
821:
819:
817:
808:. Archived from
797:
791:
790:
779:
773:
772:
760:
754:
753:
751:
749:
730:
724:
723:
721:
719:
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
663:
657:
651:
645:
644:
627:
618:
617:
615:
613:
598:
592:
591:
589:
587:
572:
566:
565:
563:
561:
546:
540:
539:
537:
535:
519:
513:
512:
510:
508:
493:
487:
486:
484:
482:
467:
461:
460:
458:
456:
450:The Sunday Times
441:
435:
434:
432:
430:
415:
409:
408:
406:
404:
398:The Conversation
389:
383:
382:
380:
378:
362:
356:
355:
353:
351:
341:
333:
327:
326:
324:
322:
302:
162:Northern Ireland
146:Northern Ireland
125:House of Commons
47:executive branch
41:occurs when the
21:
866:
865:
861:
860:
859:
857:
856:
855:
831:
830:
828:
826:
825:
815:
813:
798:
794:
781:
780:
776:
761:
757:
747:
745:
732:
731:
727:
717:
715:
697:
693:
683:
681:
664:
660:
652:
648:
629:
628:
621:
611:
609:
607:Washington Post
599:
595:
585:
583:
573:
569:
559:
557:
555:The Independent
547:
543:
533:
531:
520:
516:
506:
504:
495:
494:
490:
480:
478:
468:
464:
454:
452:
442:
438:
428:
426:
424:www.news.com.au
416:
412:
402:
400:
392:Talbot, Colin.
390:
386:
376:
374:
373:. New Statesman
363:
359:
349:
347:
339:
335:
334:
330:
320:
318:
303:
299:
294:
262:
181:
175:
158:
148:
97:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
864:
854:
853:
848:
843:
824:
823:
792:
774:
755:
725:
691:
658:
646:
639:. 2013-09-28.
619:
593:
567:
541:
514:
488:
462:
436:
410:
384:
357:
328:
296:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
271:Cabinet crisis
268:
261:
258:
177:Main article:
174:
171:
147:
144:
113:Queen's Speech
105:United Kingdom
96:
95:United Kingdom
93:
92:
91:
84:
81:loss of supply
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
863:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
836:
829:
811:
807:
803:
796:
788:
784:
778:
770:
766:
759:
743:
739:
735:
729:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
679:
675:
674:
669:
662:
655:
650:
642:
638:
637:
632:
626:
624:
608:
604:
601:Noack, Rick.
597:
582:
581:The Telegraph
578:
571:
556:
552:
545:
529:
525:
518:
502:
501:The Economist
498:
492:
477:
473:
466:
451:
447:
440:
425:
421:
414:
399:
395:
388:
372:
368:
361:
345:
344:parliament.uk
338:
332:
316:
312:
308:
301:
297:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
266:Budget crisis
264:
263:
257:
255:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
211:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
180:
173:United States
170:
167:
163:
157:
153:
143:
141:
136:
134:
129:
126:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
827:
816:18 September
814:. Retrieved
810:the original
805:
795:
786:
777:
768:
758:
746:. Retrieved
737:
728:
716:. Retrieved
704:
694:
682:. Retrieved
671:
661:
649:
636:The Atlantic
634:
610:. Retrieved
606:
596:
584:. Retrieved
580:
570:
558:. Retrieved
554:
544:
532:. Retrieved
527:
517:
505:. Retrieved
500:
491:
479:. Retrieved
475:
465:
453:. Retrieved
449:
439:
427:. Retrieved
423:
413:
401:. Retrieved
397:
387:
375:. Retrieved
370:
360:
348:. Retrieved
346:. Parliament
343:
331:
319:. Retrieved
310:
300:
250:
242:Donald Trump
230:Barack Obama
222:Bill Clinton
215:
206:
182:
159:
137:
130:
121:
98:
55:
38:
36:
748:22 December
240:during the
228:during the
220:during the
835:Categories
718:26 January
656:- The Week
612:22 January
586:31 January
560:31 January
534:22 January
507:1 February
481:1 February
455:31 January
429:31 January
403:31 January
377:22 January
350:22 January
292:References
236:; and the
150:See also:
71:Under the
51:government
713:0362-4331
684:1 October
321:4 October
86:In other
806:ABC News
742:Archived
678:Archived
673:NBC News
641:Archived
476:Sky News
315:Archived
311:BBC News
260:See also
201:furlough
738:Reuters
528:bbc.com
711:
154:, and
133:Brexit
530:. BBC
340:(PDF)
818:2015
750:2018
720:2019
709:ISSN
686:2013
614:2019
588:2019
562:2019
536:2019
509:2019
483:2019
457:2019
431:2019
405:2019
379:2019
352:2019
323:2013
769:Vox
837::
804:.
787:AP
785:.
767:.
736:.
707:.
703:.
676:.
670:.
633:.
622:^
605:.
579:.
553:.
526:.
499:.
474:.
448:.
422:.
396:.
369:.
342:.
313:.
309:.
164:a
83:).
67:.
53:.
37:A
820:.
771:.
752:.
722:.
688:.
616:.
590:.
564:.
538:.
511:.
485:.
459:.
433:.
407:.
381:.
354:.
325:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.