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Great Tew Circle

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were also significant. According to the writings of Hyde (as Lord Clarendon), the gatherings and discussions themselves were modelled on those of Cicero and Erasmus, with guests being welcome to differ on points of view. Discourse also took place around the dinner table, with Clarendon likening the
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Participation in any actual dialogues as described by Hyde is problematic to establish; and the time scale has different points on it, though a beginning date of 1634 (Martinich) seems to be agreed widely. After about 1640 the troubled political situation overshadowed theoretical discussion and
221:. It has also been argued that these are two sides to the understanding of the period of the term "Socinian". The eirenic style was understood by Puritan opponents as Arminian rhetoric, and they moved away from compromise with it, to polemic and contemplation of war. 410:
Since Great Tew was best known as an open house for Oxford scholars, and Falkland's contacts included a group centred on London and the court, it is artificial at best to assign membership in the circle to some who are known to have associated with the group.
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referred to the Circle as "A college situate in a purer air", referring to its pursuit of truth away from the partisan passions of the town. The house was the property of the noble Cary family, and the circle was brought together by
571:, who had lost his Essex rectory during the Civil war. He later wrote her biography (1648, in the form of an exchange of letters). It has been suggested that the household was run on lines similar to the 232:, in the attitude that there is no single basis for essential and true beliefs. The distinction now usual between the Cambridge Platonists and other Latitudinarians is a conventional one, introduced by 249:, 1638), literary works and translation in a humanist vein, and the political line pursued by Falkland and Hyde in 1640–1, attempting to find a middle position between Puritan and Laudian extremes. 1205:
The Religion of Protestants, a safe way to salvation, or, An answer to a booke entitle Mercy and truth, or, Charity maintain'd by Catholiques, which pretends to prove the contrary
418:. Whether Hobbes actually visited Great Tew is unclear; he possibly did so in 1634. His associations with the circle through friendships are more certain in a London context. 932:
John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture: Religious Intolerance and Arguments for Religious Toleration in Early Modern and 'Early Enlightenment' Europe
518:, the followers of Jonson; and others of the Circle were also in the Tribe. Falkland also gave the first of the poetical tributes in the 1638 Oxford memorial volume 2121:
The holy life and death of the lady Letice, vi-countess Falkland, with the returnes of spiritual comfort and grief in a devout soul. Repr. (of part of the 1648 ed.)
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and a commitment to rational dialogue on religion. This analysis has been challenged from the direction of the Circle's political thought, with its commitment to
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Latitudinarianism and didacticism in eighteenth century literature: moral theology in Fielding, Sterne, and Goldsmith
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The major theologians of the circle (Chillingworth, Hales, Taylor) have regularly been claimed as precursors of the
50:, the future 1st Earl of Clarendon, who after 1660 would become known as a leading statesman, and then a historian. 2160: 2103: 1667:
The discontented cavalier: the work of Sir John Suckling in its social, religious, political, and literary contexts
46:, who became 2nd Viscount Falkland on the death of his father in 1633. The most prominent of those taking part was 2165: 811:
The Church of England and Christian antiquity: the construction of a confessional identity in the 17th century
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Hales and Chillingworth have been identified with an "Oxford School of rational theology", containing also
63: 1930: 494:, biographer of Hooker, not likely to have participated at Great Tew, but close to a number of the Circle. 2097: 245:
writing. The influence of the circle can be traced in theological production (especially Chillingworth's
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with its Protestant defeats of the 1620s and Catholic expansion; but also of the doctrines of the
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In the vexed religious climate of the time, the Circle was heterodox, inclining to sympathy with
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and William Page. It has been said that, despite the political difference over the defence of
1979: 1707: 1556: 1366: 1171: 1133: 998: 775: 741: 694: 556:, around the Cavendishes, with which Hobbes was more closely associated than with Great Tew. 283: 213:
Trevor-Roper supported the claims of the Great Tew group to the eirenic moral high ground on
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The Revolt of the Provinces: Conservatives and Radicals in the English Civil War 1630–1650
1364: 228:, a term anachronistic before 1660. They are now considered to have paved the way for the 117:
because of the place the latter made for the use of reason in Biblical interpretation and
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Anglicanism and the Christian Church: theological resources in historical perspective
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The transformation of Anglicanism, 1643-1660: with special reference to Henry Hammond
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Exploiting Erasmus: the Erasmian legacy and religious change in early modern England
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of 1643, fighting recklessly on the royalist side, some 30 miles south of Great Tew
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Chillingworth was influenced by Acontius, and the Circle read Acontius alongside
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The Evolving Reputation of Richard Hooker: An examination of responses 1600–1714
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A social history of truth: civility and science in seventeenth-century England
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Kim Ian Parker; Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion (1 March 2004).
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was a group of clerics and literary figures who gathered in the 1630s at the
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The Temper of the Seventeenth Century in English Literature (1904), p. 136;
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Reason and Religion in the English Revolution: The Challenge of Socinianism
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Reason and Religion in the English Revolution: The Challenge of Socinianism
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Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-Century Britain
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on religious matters. Falkland and Chillingworth had been seared by the "
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was on good terms with members of the circle, and visited Great Tew;
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Seventeenth Century Men of Latitude; forerunners of the new theology
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Katherine Jones was someone common to the Great Tew Circle and the
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a more attractive option to deal with the challenge of skepticism.
82: 503: 81:; this approach fitted with political views that were essentially 203: 182:) of Socinus himself. The context, as explained by the historian 94: 1860:
Literary circles and cultural communities in Renaissance England
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Literary circles and cultural communities in Renaissance England
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Literature and Religious Culture in Seventeenth-Century England
537:, there is no clear distinction between the Great Tew line and 1436: 1173:
Latitudinarianism in the seventeenth-century Church of England
446:, who moved to England from Ireland after the 1641 rebellion. 1697: 62:
Late engraving (1811) of Lord Falkland, after a portrait by
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John Duncon; Lettice Cary (viscountess Falkland.) (1760).
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Women, gender, and radical religion in early modern Europe
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Allen, Elizabeth. "Cary , Lettice, Viscountess Falkland".
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Among those mentioned as being in Falkland's circle are:
1984:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 73. 1047:
The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy
158:("philosophical-" or "theological feast") to Erasmus's 2034:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 144 note 49. 1050:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1034 and 399. 552:. Robert Payne was a central figure in the so-called 93:, for his mother, and found the tolerant approach of 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 463:, friends and neighbours of Falkland, linked to the 109:
Major influences on the thinking of the circle were
1737: 1437:Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon (12 February 2009). 887: 1856: 1702:The Politics of tragicomedy: Shakespeare and after 1699: 889: 807: 655: 174:, a Socinian. They found greater relevance in the 165: 97:attractive. He organised the circle with his wife 1890: 1269: 85:. The central religious figure of the Circle was 2152: 1243:BrĂĽckmann, Patricia C. "Cressy, Hugh Paulinus". 1077: 545:were leaders of the "Country Alliance" of 1640. 522:, and others of the Circle who contributed were 1977: 1943: 1813: 1131: 1032:From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution 498: 2061: 1947:Aspects of English Protestantism, c. 1530-1700 1663: 1125: 962: 739: 692: 688: 686: 2027: 1894:The Facts On File Companion to British Poetry 1863:. University of Missouri Press. p. 178. 1670:. Associated University Presse. p. 175. 1440:The History of the Rebellion: A New Selection 1003:. Cambridge University Press. pp. lxxx. 928: 699:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–5. 662:. University of Missouri Press. p. 174. 514:Falkland himself is identified as one of the 16:British group of clerics and literary figures 2065:Historical Dictionary of Hobbes's Philosophy 1950:. Manchester University Press. p. 279. 1850: 1778:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1637:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1595:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1510:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1477:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1410:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1338:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1305:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1299:Chernaik, Warren. "Chillingworth, William". 1249:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1084:. University of Toronto Press. p. 212. 996: 848:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 559:The widowed Lady Falkland (Lettice) took in 477:, on the Great Tew–Oxford axis of the 1630s. 206:, the Circle found in the use by Grotius of 2107:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 1371:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 17. 935:. Cambridge University Press. p. 324. 896:. Manchester University Press ND. pp.  683: 617: 615: 613: 611: 89:. Falkland himself had a Catholic convert, 1561:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. 1554: 1138:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 881: 835: 801: 780:. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. 773: 621: 202:crisis" of skepticism rampant. Opposed to 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1071: 969:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. 767: 733: 1443:. Oxford University Press. p. 489. 1399: 1397: 1395: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1132:Knud Haakonssen, ed. (2 November 2006). 814:. Oxford University Press. p. 215. 608: 502: 251: 57: 1775:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1698:Gordon McMullan; Jonathan Hope (1992). 1634:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1592:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1507:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1474:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1407:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1335:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1302:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1246:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 845:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 625:Humanism and the Rhetoric of Toleration 2153: 1772:Hegarty, A. J. "Potter, Christopher". 1219: 347:Charles Cotton (died 1658), father of 256:Memorial to Falkland, who died at the 1820:. Taylor & Francis. p. 348. 1588: 1392: 1332:Underdown, David. "Raleigh, Walter". 1331: 1285: 1242: 1044:Daniel Garber; Michael Ayers (2003). 444:Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh 35:in southern England, and in London. 1897:. Infobase Publishing. p. 452. 1630: 1589:Donaldson, Ian. "Jonson, Benjamin". 1298: 808:Jean-Louis Quantin (25 April 2009). 728:Arminianism in the Church of England 77:", and in any case opposed to rigid 2062:Juhana Lemetti (16 December 2011). 1817:Thomas Hobbes: critical assessments 1771: 1503: 1471:Duffin, Anne. "Godolphin, Sidney". 1404:Jagger, Nicholas. "Carew, Thomas". 1368:The biblical politics of John Locke 451:Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry 13: 1504:Ellison, James. "Sandys, George". 1470: 1403: 740:Patrick MĂĽller (19 January 2009). 510:, Viscountess Falkland, as a widow 178:of Acontius than in the theology ( 14: 2187: 2143:Nicholas Ferrar of Little Gidding 1558:The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes 1078:Gregory D. Dodds (9 April 2009). 841: 777:The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes 628:. Penn State Press. p. 144. 2171:History of the Church of England 2104:Dictionary of National Biography 2068:. Scarecrow Press. p. 352. 1631:Norbrook, David. "May, Thomas". 1545:Martinich, pp. 63–4, and p. 217. 1166:Martin Ignatius Joseph Griffin; 656:Ted-Larry Pebworth, ed. (2000). 541:in theology. Falkland, Hyde and 194:in an environment of increasing 2135: 2111: 2089: 2055: 2021: 2005: 1971: 1937: 1918: 1884: 1841: 1807: 1798: 1765: 1731: 1691: 1657: 1624: 1615: 1582: 1548: 1539: 1530: 1497: 1464: 1430: 1358: 1325: 1210: 1197: 1159: 1105: 1037: 1024: 990: 963:Sarah Mortimer (4 March 2010). 956: 929:John Marshall (30 March 2006). 922: 693:Sarah Mortimer (4 March 2010). 405: 239: 166:Tolerance, eirenicism, latitude 1555:Tom Sorell (26 January 1996). 868: 774:Tom Sorell (26 January 1996). 720: 649: 622:Gary Remer (31 January 2008). 1: 578: 104: 91:Elizabeth Cary, Lady Falkland 1792:UK public library membership 1738:Sylvia Monica Brown (2007). 1651:UK public library membership 1609:UK public library membership 1524:UK public library membership 1491:UK public library membership 1424:UK public library membership 1352:UK public library membership 1319:UK public library membership 1263:UK public library membership 888:John William Packer (1969). 862:UK public library membership 499:Relationship to other groups 64:Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen 7: 1857:Ted-Larry Pebworth (2000). 429:associated with the circle. 10: 2192: 1891:Virginia Brackett (2008). 746:. Peter Lang. p. 17. 465:Virginia Company of London 1978:Paul D. L. Avis (2002). 1944:Nicholas Tyacke (2001). 1814:Preston T. King (1993). 1170:; Lila Freedman (1992). 602: 573:Little Gidding community 53: 2161:Early modern philosophy 2098:"Duncon, Eleazar"  1664:Robert Wilcher (2007). 386:Politicians and lawyers 258:first battle of Newbury 247:Religion of Protestants 152:Convivium Philosophicum 2166:History of Oxfordshire 2028:Steven Shapin (1994). 1784:10.1093/ref:odnb/22607 1744:. BRILL. p. 289. 1706:. Routledge. pp.  1643:10.1093/ref:odnb/18423 1601:10.1093/ref:odnb/15116 1516:10.1093/ref:odnb/24651 1483:10.1093/ref:odnb/10881 1344:10.1093/ref:odnb/23040 1216:Malcolm, p.92 note 53. 1113:Edward Augustus George 854:10.1093/ref:odnb/66709 511: 261: 66: 1416:10.1093/ref:odnb/4842 1311:10.1093/ref:odnb/5308 1255:10.1093/ref:odnb/6676 1176:. BRILL. p. 12. 997:Reid Barbour (2002). 506: 284:William Chillingworth 255: 236:in the 19th century. 156:Convivium Theologicum 87:William Chillingworth 61: 2145:(1938), note p. 231. 1536:Martinich, pp. 63–4. 1168:Richard Henry Popkin 289:Hugh Paulinus Cressy 230:Cambridge Platonists 215:religious toleration 160:Convivium Religiosum 1030:Hugh Trevor-Roper, 910:. GGKEY:2UELGKR2ZUF 586:Hobbes: A Biography 543:Sir John Colepepper 192:contra-Remonstrants 131:Sebastian Castellio 1804:Malcolm, pp. 74–5. 1621:Martinich, p. 217. 1282:Martinich, p. 103. 531:Christopher Potter 526:, May and Digges. 512: 262: 186:, was that of the 162:("godly feast")." 67: 2075:978-0-8108-5065-1 2041:978-0-226-75018-7 1991:978-0-567-08745-4 1957:978-0-7190-5392-4 1904:978-1-4381-0835-3 1870:978-0-8262-1317-4 1827:978-0-415-08081-1 1790:(Subscription or 1751:978-90-04-16306-5 1717:978-0-415-06403-3 1677:978-0-87413-996-9 1649:(Subscription or 1607:(Subscription or 1568:978-0-521-42244-4 1522:(Subscription or 1489:(Subscription or 1450:978-0-19-160777-6 1422:(Subscription or 1378:978-0-88920-450-8 1350:(Subscription or 1317:(Subscription or 1261:(Subscription or 1183:978-90-04-09653-0 1145:978-0-521-02987-2 1091:978-0-8020-9900-6 1057:978-0-521-53720-9 1010:978-0-521-00664-4 976:978-0-521-51704-1 942:978-0-521-65114-1 907:978-0-7190-0381-3 860:(Subscription or 821:978-0-19-955786-8 787:978-0-521-42244-4 753:978-3-631-59116-1 706:978-0-521-51704-1 669:978-0-8262-1317-4 635:978-0-271-02811-8 596:Aspects of Hobbes 584:A. P. Martinich, 370:Sir John Suckling 188:Thirty Years' War 184:Hugh Trevor-Roper 172:Johannes Crellius 135:Bernardino Ochino 75:Arminian humanism 2183: 2176:Literary circles 2146: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2025: 2019: 2009: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1941: 1935: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1854: 1848: 1847:Malcolm, p. 325. 1845: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1705: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1604: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1486: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1419: 1401: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1347: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1314: 1296: 1283: 1280: 1267: 1266: 1258: 1240: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1129: 1123: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1041: 1035: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1017: 994: 988: 987: 985: 983: 960: 954: 953: 951: 949: 926: 920: 919: 917: 915: 895: 885: 879: 874:Michael Brydon, 872: 866: 865: 857: 839: 833: 832: 830: 828: 805: 799: 798: 796: 794: 771: 765: 764: 762: 760: 737: 731: 724: 718: 717: 715: 713: 690: 681: 680: 678: 676: 653: 647: 646: 644: 642: 619: 438:Sir John Vaughan 360:Sidney Godolphin 127:George Cassander 123:Jacobus Acontius 21:Great Tew Circle 2191: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2141:A. L. 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Index

manor house
Great Tew
Oxfordshire
Lord Clarendon
Lucius Cary
Edward Hyde

Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen
Socinianism
Arminian humanism
Calvinism
royalist
William Chillingworth
Elizabeth Cary, Lady Falkland
Erasmus
Lettice
Hugo Grotius
Richard Hooker
church polity
Jacobus Acontius
George Cassander
Sebastian Castellio
Bernardino Ochino
Faustus Socinus
patristic
Jean Daillé
Johannes Crellius
eirenicism
Unitarianism
Hugh Trevor-Roper

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