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683:
89:
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292:
125:
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227:
48:
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490:, ideas of Han Chinese superiority have been frequently used in attempts to expand China's territory. Examples of this can be seen in previous Chinese invasions of Korea and Vietnam, and in historical conquests of Central Asia, Tibet, Xinjiang and Mongolia. This was later inherited by later dynasties of China, notably the
690:
Although Han
Chinese nationalism and Chinese nationalism are different in terms of ideology, with the latter often emphasizing a more multi-ethnic form of nationalism, both forms of nationalism have frequently been connected and espoused together, due to historical and current control of China by the
807:
Although the current
Chinese government has largely attempted to promote the idea of a multiethnic nationalism with Han Chinese is the main people instead of a singular ethnic nationalism, scholars and analysts have pointed about the lack of an agreed-upon definition of Chinese nationalism may have
731:, viewing them as threats to the Chinese state due to their different cultures and their lack of sympathy for ethnic Han Chinese â resulting in several conflicts during the 1930s and 1940s. Han Chinese nationalism also played a role during World War II, a war which was waged in conjunction with the
584:
of the
Chinese Communist Party titled "Criticize Han Chauvinism," Mao said, "In some places, the relations between nationalities are far from normal. For Communists, this is an intolerable situation. We must go to the root and criticize the Han chauvinist ideas which exist to a serious degree among
715:
and Turkic
Muslims. Zhang Taiyan strongly criticized non-Han ethnic groups, notably the Manchus, he considered the Manchus and other non-Han peoples oppressors and believed that they could not be assimilated because they had no understanding of Han Chinese culture and customs. There were, however,
498:. The Tang dynasty exerted control beyond the border of old Huaxia, allowing the later Ming dynasty to become a major naval power. Han Chinese ideas of superiority were complex, with contrasting Confucian narratives of Han superiority and ones of diversity in the army and the Empire.
1366:
651:
is believed to have distinctly Han dimensions, and it is also believed to support Han chauvinism even if it is unwittingly doing so. The fusion of traditional Han chauvinism with
Chinese nationalism as practiced by the modern Chinese state has been described as Han-centrism.
632:
as part of its nationalist ideology. Many policies have been made to give privilege to minority ethnicities, leading to grudges from some of the Han
Chinese. Despite this, authorities in China have also denied the existence of racism or racial discrimination in China.
834:
which practiced serfdom/slavery and that this only changed due to
Chinese influence in the region in order to liberate the Tibetans from its own backwardness and China's duty is to bring civilization to Tibetans. Furthermore, Han nationalists openly endorse
547:. Han Chinese nationalism remains prominent in China today. Chinese leaders have employed Han nationalist sentiments, including the ongoing Han domination of China, and promotion of nationalism, as witnessed in the Republic's domestic and foreign relations.
535:
in late 19th century had been seen as another specific part of Han
Chinese nationalism juxtaposed against Western imperialism in China, where Han Chinese nationalists were against Western and modern ideas and sought to revive old Chinese traditions.
619:
The PRC's notions of Han chauvinism and China as a multicultural state have been subjected to criticism, mainly by the western media. One critical view is that the Han
Chinese "are less homogeneous than official policy recognizes".
616:, which states that China is a "unitary state created jointly by the people of all its ethnicities" and "it is necessary to combat big chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and combat local national chauvinism".
2294:"The Purge of the Inner Mongolian People's Party in the Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1967â69: A Function of Language, Power and Violence. ByKerry Brown. Folkestone, Kent, U.K.: Global Oriental, 2006"
349:. In the modern era, ethnicity's role in the Chinese nation continue to color conceptions of Chinese culture, geopolitics, and history. Han nationalism is to contrasted with the opposing concept of
830:
as barbaric in order to justify
Chinese control of the territory of Tibet; as such, many members of Chinese society have a negative view of Tibet. Han Chinese continue to maintain the view that
483:
people. Han Chinese nationalism has often been used as a rallying force, stemming from the historical pride of the Han Chinese people in developing one of the world's earliest civilizations.
6458:
703:, stressed the existence of the Han ethnic bloodline as evidence of the greatness of China and rejected the notion of a multiethnic China, being skeptical of non-Han ethnic groups like
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often live closer to Uighurs and many developed a negative stereotype of them. The Chinese government's repressive policies in Xinjiang since 2014 are often characterized as a
4315:
723:
The multifaceted image of Han Chinese nationalism continued to develop during the formation of the modern Chinese state. Han Chinese nationalists had a low opinion of ethnic
539:
Following the fall of the Qing dynasty, Sun Yat-sen attempted to build a more multi-ethnic form of Chinese nationalism. He had some noteworthy successes, such as the rise of
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and was followed by another wave of unrest in 2015 against the exploitation and misuse of Mongol lands, as well as perceived bias in favor of ethnic Han Chinese.
326:, often mutually-exclusive or otherwise contradictory ones. Han people are the dominant ethnic group in both states claiming to represent the Chinese nation: the
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296:
475:, Han Chinese nationalism has a historical root of being strongly stressed on the Han Chinese people, the dominant ethnic group of China that originates from
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people within the Chinese nation. For the contrasting form of nationalism that asserts the existence of a Chinese nation encompassing both Han people and
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2240:
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922:; Mongols have been perceived to be better integrated into the society than that of Uyghurs and Tibetans. However, this is also where the infamous
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to Tibet. Further, Han Chinese extremists believe that Tibetans are actually part of the wider Han Chinese family with different genetics.
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has been criticized as an invention of the 20th century, and was adopted by the Communist Party only to criticize the failures of the rival
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Han Chinese nationalism also played a key part in rallying against non-Han control of China. The Han Chinese nationalist movement led by
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in 1950, Han Chinese nationalists, with support from the PRC government, have been distributing historical documents which portray
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1895:"The Great Han: The Development, Evolution, and Influence of Chinese Ethnic Nationalism on Modern Chinese Society and Government"
612:, both historically and in the present, which includes not only the Han but also 55 ethnic minorities. This is expressed in the
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In post-Mao China, Han chauvinism has been recognized as a threat by successive generations of its leadership, including the
2025:
Law, Ian (8 September 2012). "Racial Sinicisation: Han Power and Racial and Ethnic Domination in China". In Law, Ian (ed.).
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ethnic Han Chinese majority. The concept was first debated in the early 20th century; one of those who debated it was
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2063:"'Civilising' Deaf people in Tibet and Inner Mongolia: governing linguistic, ethnic and bodily difference in China"
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1621:. Recast All Under Heaven: Revolution, War, Diplomacy, and Frontier China in the 20th Century. pp. 115â116.
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1804:"China says it has a 'zero-tolerance policy' for racism, but discrimination towards Africans goes back decades"
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1481:"The Chinese Dream: Cultivating Expansionist Chinese Nationalism in the South China Sea and the Role of Weibo"
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are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of
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31:. For the multilateral diplomatic ideology that emphasizes Chinese centrality in the greater world, see
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as the exclusive constituents of the Chinese nation. It is often in dialogue with other conceptions of
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598: ... we put the emphasis on opposing Han chauvinism". This anti-chauvinistic idea is part of the
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impacted on China's political decision with regard to other non-Han people and non-Chinese nations.
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that existed among the dominant Han people of China. In a party directive which was drafted for the
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2147:"Analysis | A romantic opera in Tibet just happens to bolster China's historical position there"
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2180:"Friedman: Chinese Believe Tibetans, Other Ethnic Groups Should be Incorporated into One China"
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Recast All Under Heaven: Revolution, War, Diplomacy, and Frontier China in the 20th Century
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1740:"Modern Chinese nationalism and the awakening of self-consciousness of the Chinese Nation"
1095:"Modern Chinese nationalism and the awakening of self-consciousness of the Chinese Nation"
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Community matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: towards a historical anthropology of the Uyghur
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has been largely pacified since the 20th century, thanks to massive Han migration and
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1830:"Genocide as Nation Building: China's Historically Evolving Policy in East Turkistan"
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930:. Further policies deemed to be anti-Mongol by the Han Chinese government had led to
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2208:"The Hanification of Xinjiang, China: The Economic Effects of the Great Leap West"
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significant proponents of a multi-ethnic form of Chinese nationalism as well, and
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Please help update this to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Wang, Q. Edward (1999). "History, Space, and Ethnicity: The Chinese Worldview".
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of the region, which the policy further extended to ethnic relations. Han and
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1669:"Could Han Chauvinism Turn the 'Chinese Dream' into a 'Chinese Nightmare'?"
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Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-Ethnic States
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523:. These rebellions were often led by Han Chinese nationalists, including
512:. Han Chinese nationalism was also integral to the rebellion against the
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20:
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This article is about the form of Chinese nationalism that only includes
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1696:"The Rise of Han-Centrism and What It Means for International Politics"
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35:. For ethnocentric attitudes among ethnic Han people within China, see
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Harris, Peter (1997). "Chinese Nationalism: The State of the Nation".
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of the Han Chinese, first on 16 March 1953, in order to criticize the
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2275:"Curbs on Mongolian Language Teaching Prompt Large Protests in China"
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Han Imperialism, Chinese Literary Style, and the Economic Imagination
1005:
594:, Mao stated that "on the relationship between the Han ethnicity and
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1994:
The great Han : race, nationalism, and tradition in China today
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finding relevant academic differentiation between Han nationalism,
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A Glossary of Political Terms of The People's Republic of China
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remained independent during the rule of the Republic of China.
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Separate but loyal : ethnicity and nationalism in China
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Red Racisms: Racism in Communist and Post-Communist Contexts
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Modongal, Shameer (31 December 2016). Lu, Zhouxiang (ed.).
1331:"An introduction to the Ming dynasty (1368â1644) (article)"
839:, an ancient Chinese princess who purportedly married king
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or plurality group in a number of other countries, such as
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1431:
Miller, Frederic P.; Vandome, Agnes F.; McBrewster, John.
1854:
The East Turkestan Independence Movement, 1930s to 1940s
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and became increasingly institutionalized following the
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is an updated version of Han nationalism, a term which
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Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions
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1490:
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annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
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417:
970:
505:
played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the
1985:
1744:
International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology
1430:
1388:. State University of New York Press. p. 129.
1386:
Hair : its power and meaning in Asian cultures
1099:
International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology
149:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2238:
1783:. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center. pp. 17â18.
1487:
803:, leader of Taiping Rebellion against Qing dynasty
1383:
7442:
1877:
1851:Wang, Ke; Fletcher, Carissa (8 September 2019).
1214:. Vol. 94. Harvard University Asia Center.
926:happened, leading to deaths of 16,000 to 27,000
2206:Liu, Amy H.; Peters, Kevin (8 September 2017).
1209:
16:Ethnicity-exclusive form of Chinese nationalism
2124:. University of California Press. p. 84.
1455:"The Boxer Rebellion: The West and the Rebels"
885:governments. Han migration dating back to the
614:constitution of the People's Republic of China
7109:
5458:
4287:
2394:
2061:Hofer, Theresia; Sagli, Gry (21 April 2017).
2056:
2054:
1857:. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
1779:Tang, Wenfang; He, Gaochao (30 August 2010).
1496:
1384:Hiltebeitel, Alf; Miller, Barbara D. (1998).
1253:Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors
1143:"Selections from the Han Narrative Histories"
387:
373:
2349:. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011
1850:
1733:
1731:
1694:Friend, John M.; Thayer, Bradley A. (2017).
1693:
1568:. Chinese University Press. pp. 38â39.
1286:Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History
1350:"A Tripolar Approach to East Asian History"
588:It appeared again in a 1956 speech, titled
76:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5465:
5451:
4301:
4294:
4280:
4252:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on
3896:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)
2401:
2387:
2060:
2051:
2029:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 97â131.
1596:. Cambridge University Press. p. 77.
2341:"Green motives in Inner Mongolian unrest"
2223:
2205:
2096:
2018:
1979:The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs
1946:
1755:
1728:
1261:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734139.001.0001
1110:
1077:
277:Learn how and when to remove this message
209:Learn how and when to remove this message
2266:
1928:
1062:"The Many Facets of Chinese Nationalism"
1059:
794:
782:
760:
681:
670:
659:
585:many Party members and cadres ..."
459:
290:
2119:
1991:
1587:
1585:
1255:, Oxford University Press, p. 75,
1251:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (6 August 2012),
832:Tibet was historically a feudal society
236:needs attention from an expert in China
7443:
6400:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3856:Galician independence movement (Spain)
2408:
1299:10.21313/hawaii/9780824833251.001.0001
1282:
746:
608:conception of China as a multi-ethnic
254:may be able to help recruit an expert.
5446:
4275:
3906:Patani United Liberation Organisation
3876:Inner Mongolian independence movement
2382:
2291:
1931:"Development of nationalism in China"
1882:. East-West Center – via JSTOR.
1801:
1737:
1283:Farris, William Wayne (31 May 2009).
1250:
1092:
1082:– via journals.openedition.org.
1060:Cabestan, Jean-Pierre (1 June 2005).
647:. However, Xi Jinping's concept of a
337:Han people also constitute a sizable
295:Sun Yat-sen and other members of the
3901:National Liberation Front of Corsica
3826:East Turkestan independence movement
2212:Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
1969:
1703:Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
1591:
1582:
1537:
1166:
220:
147:adding citations to reliable sources
118:
82:
41:
7096:Major Historical and Cultural Sites
5422:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
2272:
2024:
1641:
1616:
1610:
686:Xi Jinping, a communist nationalist
297:Government of the Republic of China
13:
6234:
5472:
2338:
2332:
2144:
1795:
1687:
1563:
1086:
656:Relations with Chinese nationalism
14:
7502:
6391:Political Consultative Conference
1992:Carrico, Kevin (29 August 2017).
1738:Zheng, Dahua (30 December 2019).
1666:
1478:
628:(KMT), which officially promoted
550:
57:This article has multiple issues.
7177:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty
7172:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
5427:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
1347:
973:
572:coined in order to describe the
456:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
225:
123:
87:
46:
7167:Four Paragons of the Early Tang
6364:Political parties and movements
5728:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
5713:Northern and Southern dynasties
4007:Basque Country (greater region)
3866:Guangdong Independence Movement
2285:
2199:
2172:
2138:
2113:
1963:
1922:
1904:
1892:
1886:
1871:
1844:
1822:
1772:
1660:
1635:
1557:
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1472:
1447:
1424:
1410:
1377:
1359:
869:Since being conquered in 1758,
865:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
248:in light of merger discussions.
134:needs additional citations for
65:or discuss these issues on the
3811:Assyrian independence movement
1341:
1323:
1276:
1244:
1203:
1160:
1135:
1079:10.4000/chinaperspectives.2793
1053:
432:
418:
388:
374:
1:
3946:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement
3941:Tibetan independence movement
3871:Hawaiian sovereignty movement
3831:Faroese independence movement
3816:Catalan independence movement
2081:10.1080/09687599.2017.1302319
1948:10.1080/23311886.2016.1235749
1916:Al Jazeera Center for Studies
1418:"Top Rebels in Ancient China"
1367:"Decline of the Yuan Dynasty"
1046:
765:Qing dynasty illustration of
503:Ming dynasty's Hongwu Emperor
6469:Ministry of National Defense
5808:Chinese Communist Revolution
4027:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
3936:Taiwan independence movement
3911:Ryukyu independence movement
3821:Champa independence movement
3801:Alsace independence movement
2298:The Journal of Asian Studies
2185:Council on Foreign Relations
1996:. Univ of California Press.
1802:Marsh, Jenni (26 May 2020).
963:Resources in other libraries
911:2020 Inner Mongolia protests
791:, a national symbol of China
7:
7132:Flowers of the Four Seasons
7117:Four Treasures of the Study
6736:Water supply and sanitation
6464:Central Military Commission
6459:Outline of military history
6209:Province-level subdivisions
3891:Mapuche separatist movement
2273:Qin, Amy (31 August 2020).
2239:Ildikó Bellér-Hann (2008).
1291:University of Hawai'i Press
937:
811:
238:. The specific problem is:
10:
7507:
6405:Primary stage of socialism
6347:National People's Congress
5815:People's Republic of China
3926:Silesian Autonomy Movement
3806:Assam separatist movements
2961:Northern & Middle Asia
2292:Tighe, Justin (May 2008).
1912:"Han Nationalism in China"
1540:"Criticize Han Chauvinism"
932:2011 Inner Mongolia unrest
908:
904:
854:
850:
815:
753:Ethnic minorities in China
750:
678:, a Kuomintang nationalist
600:People's Republic of China
554:
453:
449:
332:People's Republic of China
18:
7402:
7370:
7288:
7209:
6989:
6795:
6786:
6744:
6704:
6546:
6537:
6449:
6300:
6230:
6221:
6184:
6155:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
6110:
6044:
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4714:
4684:
4613:
4565:
4533:
4484:
4392:
4331:
4322:
4309:
4243:
4195:
3969:
3931:Székely autonomy movement
3793:
3620:
3585:
3540:
3470:
3429:
3411:
3404:
3359:
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3309:
3284:
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3140:
3050:
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2516:
2480:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2367:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2339:Wu, Zhong (8 June 2011).
2310:10.1017/S0021911808000910
1878:Sperling, Elliot (2004).
1867:– via Project MUSE.
1834:Journal of Political Risk
1757:10.1186/s41257-019-0026-6
1112:10.1186/s41257-019-0026-6
958:Resources in your library
877:have had issues with the
443:
425:
411:
404:
399:
395:
381:
367:
363:
358:
299:visited the mausoleum of
96:This article needs to be
7330:Catholic Church in China
6474:People's Liberation Army
6441:One country, two systems
5397:Local ethnic nationalism
4316:recognized ethnic groups
3861:Greenlandic independence
2120:Barnett, Robert (2008).
2068:Disability & Society
1210:Chin, Tamara T. (2014).
1169:Journal of World History
843:of Tibet and introduced
733:Second Sino-Japanese War
369:Traditional Chinese
351:local ethnic nationalism
7162:Four Pillars of Destiny
6947:Regional discrimination
6369:Chinese Communist Party
2035:10.1057/9781137030849_4
924:Inner Mongolia incident
667:, a Beiyang nationalist
566:Chinese Communist Party
383:Simplified Chinese
6915:Science and technology
6588:Special economic zones
5840:persecution of Uyghurs
5768:Century of humiliation
5432:Historic ethnic groups
4303:Ethnic groups in China
3886:MÄori protest movement
1935:Cogent Social Sciences
1880:"History and Polemics"
1617:Liu, Xiaoyuan (2010).
889:led to the increasing
804:
792:
780:
687:
679:
668:
521:Century of Humiliation
468:
308:
7122:Four Great Inventions
6506:People's Armed Police
3916:Scottish independence
3881:Kashubian Association
3603:Indigenous Australian
2245:. BRILL. p. 75.
1972:"Chinese Nationalism"
1181:10.1353/jwh.1999.0029
1093:Zheng, Dahua (2019).
857:Migration to Xinjiang
818:Sinicization of Tibet
798:
786:
764:
685:
674:
663:
642:CCP General Secretary
463:
318:asserting ethnically
294:
7471:Nationalism in China
7101:World Heritage Sites
6629:Foreign aid received
6337:Environmental policy
6135:Environmental policy
6130:Environmental issues
4122:Marathi Abhimaangeet
3921:Siberian regionalism
1564:Li, Gucheng (1995).
1420:. 18 September 2019.
1220:10.2307/j.ctt1dnn9vg
1147:depts.washington.edu
596:minority ethnicities
143:improve this article
7481:Chinese nationalism
7476:Chinese imperialism
7347:History of religion
7342:Freedom of religion
7197:Four Pests campaign
7142:Four Classic Novels
6754:Automotive industry
6634:Foreign aid program
6325:Pro-democratisation
5820:Cultural Revolution
4213:American Indigenous
3846:Free Papua Movement
3256:Balkar and Karachay
3051:Southeastern Europe
2582:Indigenous Canadian
1592:Ghai, Yash (2000).
1433:Anti-Qing Sentiment
1000:Chinese imperialism
995:Anti-Qing sentiment
773:armies against the
747:In ethnic relations
591:Ten Major Relations
529:Western imperialism
473:Chinese nationalism
433:ăăąË ăă§ăŁË ăăšË ăăšË ă§Ë
324:Chinese nationalism
307:, February 15, 1912
29:Chinese nationalism
7486:Ethnic nationalism
7461:Maoist terminology
7254:Population history
7234:Internal migration
6849:Harmonious Society
6724:Telecommunications
6681:Standard of living
6600:Online advertising
6352:Standing Committee
4258:ethnic nationalism
3961:Welsh independence
3841:Free Aceh Movement
3073:in North Macedonia
2915:South-eastern Asia
2410:Ethnic nationalism
2279:The New York Times
2225:10.1111/sena.12233
1715:10.1111/sena.12223
1293:. pp. 28â30.
1066:China Perspectives
1034:Yamato nationalism
1024:Racial nationalism
1012:HuaâYi distinction
805:
793:
781:
688:
680:
669:
469:
316:ethnic nationalism
309:
7491:Politics of China
7438:
7437:
7398:
7397:
7205:
7204:
6782:
6781:
6769:Shipping industry
6533:
6532:
6499:Strategic Support
6374:General Secretary
6359:National security
6342:Foreign relations
6296:
6295:
6217:
6216:
6180:
6179:
5883:Natural disasters
5850:
5849:
5803:Chinese Civil War
5798:Republic of China
5773:Taiping Rebellion
5646:Spring and Autumn
5551:Foreign relations
5440:
5439:
4609:
4608:
4269:
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4012:Catalan Countries
3616:
3615:
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3536:
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3400:
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3305:
3304:
3039:
3038:
2657:
2656:
2553:
2552:
2252:978-90-04-16675-2
2131:978-0-520-24464-1
2044:978-1-349-33608-1
2003:978-0-520-29549-0
1970:Townsend, James.
1840:. 29 August 2019.
1642:Law, Ian (2012).
1500:The China Journal
1483:. pp. 58â59.
1308:978-0-8248-3325-1
1270:978-0-19-973413-9
944:Library resources
861:Xinjiang conflict
837:Princess Wencheng
582:Central Committee
545:five-colored flag
541:Nationalist China
447:
446:
439:
438:
406:Standard Mandarin
328:Republic of China
287:
286:
279:
269:
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252:WikiProject China
219:
218:
211:
193:
158:"Han nationalism"
117:
116:
80:
25:ethnic minorities
7498:
7418:
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7308:Tibetan Buddhism
7303:Chinese Buddhism
7157:Four Holy Beasts
7107:
7106:
6959:Social relations
6888:Standard Chinese
6883:Chinese language
6793:
6792:
6578:Economic history
6544:
6543:
6523:Maritime Militia
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6199:Border crossings
6194:Baseline islands
5889:
5888:
5861:
5860:
5825:Tiananmen Square
5708:Sixteen Kingdoms
5516:Military history
5491:
5490:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5444:
5443:
5298:Tajiks (Pamiris)
4329:
4328:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4147:Republika Srpska
3956:Walloon Movement
3836:Flemish Movement
3409:
3408:
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2100:
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2049:
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2016:
2015:
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1983:
1982:
1976:
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1961:
1960:
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1926:
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7466:Racism in China
7441:
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7407:
7394:
7366:
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7244:Life expectancy
7201:
7105:
6985:
6905:Public holidays
6893:Written Chinese
6878:Intellectualism
6830:Sex trafficking
6778:
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6700:
6529:
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6292:
6283:Nationality law
6266:Law enforcement
6244:Judicial system
6213:
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6150:Nature reserves
6140:Protected areas
6106:
6077:Water resources
6040:
5949:
5887:
5846:
5830:Economic reform
5793:1911 Revolution
5779:
5743:Jin (1115â1234)
5657:
5605:
5565:
5480:
5471:
5441:
5436:
5413:
5385:Han nationalism
5373:
5320:African Chinese
5308:
5254:
5155:
5100:
4982:
4940:Sichuan Mongols
4756:
4710:
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4529:
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4270:
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4127:Northern Epirus
4097:Ketuanan Melayu
3965:
3851:Future of Ă
land
3789:
3725:Native American
3622:Pan-nationalism
3612:
3577:
3541:Northern Europe
3532:
3466:
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3405:Southern Europe
3396:
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2151:Washington Post
2145:Denyer, Simon.
2143:
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2004:
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1667:Meyer, Patrik.
1665:
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1538:Tse-tung, Mao.
1536:
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1509:10.2307/2950337
1503:(38): 121â137.
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1040:Yan Huang Zisun
1029:Racism in China
979:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
952:
951:
949:Han nationalism
947:
940:
913:
907:
867:
853:
828:Tibetan culture
820:
814:
759:
757:Racism in China
749:
676:Chiang Kai-shek
658:
568:(CCP) chairman
559:
553:
533:Boxer Rebellion
458:
452:
419:HĂ n mĂnzĂș zhÇyĂŹ
359:Han nationalism
339:ethnic minority
312:Han nationalism
283:
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7504:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7420:
7419:
7412:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7376:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7294:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7263:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7215:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7127:Four Gentlemen
7124:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7110:Fours of China
7104:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6929:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6851:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6796:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6759:Civil aviation
6756:
6750:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6708:
6706:
6705:Infrastructure
6702:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6659:Semiconductors
6656:
6651:
6641:
6639:Historical GDP
6636:
6631:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6575:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6558:
6553:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6417:Vice President
6409:
6408:
6407:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6361:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6317:
6312:
6306:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6145:National parks
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6125:Climate policy
6122:
6120:Climate change
6116:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6026:Central Plains
6015:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5897:
5895:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5873:Extreme points
5870:
5864:
5858:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5681:Three Kingdoms
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5651:Warring States
5648:
5643:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5511:Historiography
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5407:Zhonghua minzu
5399:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5110:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5057:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5005:
5000:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4966:
4961:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4337:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Karakalpakstan
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:East Turkestan
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3360:United Kingdom
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3310:Western Europe
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3249:North Caucasus
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3214:Eastern Europe
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3141:Central Europe
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:Romani (Gypsy)
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3054:
3052:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3009:South Caucasus
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2978:South Mongolia
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2331:
2304:(2): 707â708.
2284:
2265:
2251:
2231:
2218:(2): 265â280.
2198:
2171:
2137:
2130:
2112:
2075:(4): 443â466.
2050:
2043:
2017:
2002:
1984:
1962:
1941:(1): 1235749.
1921:
1903:
1893:Dai, Tinglan.
1885:
1870:
1863:
1843:
1821:
1794:
1771:
1727:
1686:
1675:. The Diplomat
1659:
1653:978-1137030849
1652:
1634:
1627:
1609:
1602:
1581:
1574:
1556:
1530:
1486:
1479:Field, Lydia.
1471:
1446:
1423:
1409:
1394:
1376:
1358:
1340:
1322:
1307:
1275:
1269:
1243:
1228:
1202:
1175:(2): 285â305.
1159:
1134:
1085:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
985:
984:
966:
965:
960:
954:
953:
942:
941:
939:
936:
916:Inner Mongolia
906:
903:
852:
849:
841:Songsten Gampo
813:
810:
748:
745:
657:
654:
638:administration
630:zhonghua minzu
622:Zhonghua minzu
605:zhonghua minzu
562:Han chauvinism
557:Han chauvinism
555:Main article:
552:
551:Han chauvinism
549:
466:Hongwu Emperor
451:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
429:
423:
422:
415:
409:
408:
402:
401:
400:Transcriptions
393:
392:
385:
379:
378:
371:
365:
364:
361:
360:
301:Emperor Hongwu
285:
284:
267:
266:
242:Han chauvinism
233:
231:
224:
217:
216:
131:
129:
122:
115:
114:
95:
93:
86:
81:
55:
54:
52:
45:
37:Han chauvinism
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7503:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7451:Ethnocentrism
7449:
7448:
7446:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7401:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7335:Protestantism
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7320:Folk religion
7318:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7224:Ethnic groups
7222:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7137:Four Beauties
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6976:Urban society
6974:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6932:Social issues
6930:
6928:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6910:Rural society
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6810:Chinese Dream
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6775:
6774:Space program
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6424:State Council
6422:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6310:Civil service
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5916:South Central
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5703:Jin (266â420)
5701:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5546:Ethnic groups
5544:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5260:Indo-European
5257:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4923:Upper Mongols
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4615:Austroasiatic
4612:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4254:ethnic groups
4251:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Local (China)
4201:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Herzeg-Bosnia
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2847:in Bangladesh
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:Southern Asia
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
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7315:Confucianism
7275:Urbanization
7211:Demographics
7187:Gang of Four
7152:Four Symbols
7051:Martial arts
6825:Prostitution
6712:Architecture
6566:Central bank
6434:Vice Premier
6386:United front
6315:Constitution
6271:Penal system
6249:Human rights
6186:Subdivisions
6024: /
6020: /
5943:Southwestern
5938:Northwestern
5641:Western Zhou
5589:Yellow River
5539:1949âpresent
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4324:Sino-Tibetan
4311:
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4248:
4177:Székely Land
4142:Pashtunistan
3992:Balawaristan
3765:South Slavic
3755:Scandinavian
3285:Volga Region
2899:in Sri Lanka
2773:
2757:Eastern Asia
2618:Puerto Rican
2433:North Africa
2417:Nationalisms
2351:. Retrieved
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990:Sinicization
981:China portal
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693:Zhang Taiyan
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141:Please help
136:verification
133:
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59:Please help
56:
33:Sinocentrism
7456:Han Chinese
7091:Variety art
7086:Tea culture
7014:Calligraphy
6999:Archaeology
6859:Food safety
6654:Gold mining
6556:Aquaculture
6551:Agriculture
6511:Coast Guard
6278:Naming laws
6112:Environment
6100:South China
5579:Paleolithic
5571:Prehistoric
5529:before 1912
5184:Fuyu Kyrgyz
4182:Tamil Eelam
4162:Saraikistan
4042:Hatay State
3997:Balochistan
3951:Wallmapuwen
3645:Bangladeshi
3117:Montenegrin
3021:Azerbaijani
2985:Pan-Turkism
2726:Palestinian
2669:Middle East
2577:Greenlandic
2481:East Africa
2191:9 September
2164:9 September
2027:Red Racisms
1808:www.cnn.com
1549:23 November
1464:8 September
1317:j.ctt6wqt09
1152:8 September
778:Jin dynasty
665:Yuan Shikai
525:Sun Yat-sen
488:Han dynasty
7445:Categories
7352:Irreligion
7249:Statistics
7219:Emigration
7182:Four Wangs
7071:Philosophy
7056:Mass media
7039:Literature
6937:Patriarchy
6900:Propaganda
6820:Corruption
6805:Censorship
6595:E-commerce
6302:Government
6095:East China
6067:Waterfalls
6013:Peninsulas
5981:Grasslands
5390:chauvinism
5369:Pakistanis
5352:Chaoxianzu
4964:Sogwo Arig
4883:Muumyangan
4868:Khishigten
4716:Hmong-Mien
4668:Vietnamese
4312:Underlined
4228:Indigenous
4172:Sindhudesh
4152:Santa Cruz
4072:Hutu Power
4002:Bangsamoro
3593:Australian
3568:Lithuanian
3483:Andalusian
3261:Circassian
3225:Belarusian
3173:in Austria
3107:Macedonian
3063:in Albania
2952:Vietnamese
2786:Hongkonger
2779:chauvinist
2460:Pharaonism
2346:Asia Times
2012:1125804033
1441:6130642490
1404:1156899651
1371:oer2go.org
1047:References
909:See also:
895:Hui people
879:Manchurian
855:See also:
822:Since the
816:See also:
789:Great Wall
769:, who led
751:See also:
645:Xi Jinping
626:Kuomintang
574:chauvinism
570:Mao Zedong
486:Since the
454:See also:
320:Han people
260:March 2022
199:April 2012
169:newspapers
62:improve it
7239:Languages
7192:Four Olds
7147:Four arts
7034:Libraries
6964:Structure
6927:Sexuality
6864:incidents
6837:Education
6746:Transport
6622:Renewable
6617:Petroleum
6412:President
6379:Politburo
6332:Elections
6320:Democracy
6288:Terrorism
6036:Volcanoes
6018:Northeast
5996:Mountains
5906:Northeast
5856:Geography
5763:High Qing
5584:Neolithic
5556:Dynasties
5534:1912â1949
5525:Economic
5494:Overviews
5268:Armenians
5189:Ili Turks
4785:Dongxiang
4469:Qixingmin
4365:subgroups
4353:Chuanqing
4314:: the 56
4132:Occitania
4117:Manchukuo
4107:Lezgistan
4102:Kurdistan
4047:Hazarajat
4032:Circassia
3794:Movements
3745:Pakistani
3720:Mongolian
3660:Congolese
3573:Norwegian
3563:Icelandic
3528:Valencian
3523:Navarrese
3508:Castilian
3488:Aragonese
3452:Sardinian
3235:Ukrainian
3205:Slovenian
3185:Hungarian
3100:in Cyprus
3080:Aromanian
3068:in Kosovo
2973:Mongolian
2889:Sinhalese
2859:Dravidian
2816:Taiwanese
2764:Cantonese
2741:in Cyprus
2711:Jordanian
2634:Argentine
2606:Caribbean
2597:Québécois
2545:Afrikaner
2363:cite news
2326:161598031
2318:1752-0401
2159:0190-8286
2089:0968-7599
1814:22 August
1789:678575064
1766:209509370
1750:(1): 11.
1720:6 October
1709:(1): 91.
1679:6 October
1525:146969772
1459:OpenLearn
1197:144507019
1189:1527-8050
1129:209509370
1121:2366-1003
1006:Chiangism
347:Singapore
68:talk page
7425:Category
7298:Buddhism
7290:Religion
7267:Post-90s
7260:Post-80s
7004:Archives
6871:HIV/AIDS
6842:Literacy
6800:Abortion
6729:Internet
6686:Taxation
6669:Textiles
6649:Chemical
6644:Industry
6573:Currency
6451:Military
6259:in Tibet
6223:Politics
6160:Wildlife
6072:Wetlands
5835:COVID-19
5663:Imperial
5561:Monarchs
5521:Language
5506:Timeline
5478:articles
5359:Macanese
5330:Japanese
5291:Russians
5273:Iranians
5169:Altaians
5106:Tungusic
4878:Khuuchid
4873:Khorchin
4863:Kharchin
4818:Abaganar
4791:Hamnigan
4762:Mongolic
4694:Filipino
4499:Gyalrong
4092:Katarism
4017:Chameria
3970:Projects
3775:Turanian
3770:Tunisian
3740:Oceanian
3730:Nigerian
3680:Hispanic
3675:Germanic
3665:European
3598:Hawaiian
3548:Estonian
3518:Galician
3503:Canarian
3493:Asturian
3462:Venetian
3457:Sicilian
3447:Padanian
3421:Corsican
3382:Scottish
3276:Ossetian
3195:Silesian
3178:Völkisch
3153:Bavarian
3148:Austrian
3127:Romanian
3112:Moldovan
3090:Croatian
3058:Albanian
3026:Georgian
3016:Armenian
2995:Siberian
2922:Filipino
2837:Assamese
2806:Okinawan
2791:Japanese
2721:Lebanese
2699:Diaspora
2681:Assyrian
2649:Peruvian
2558:Americas
2508:Tigrayan
2455:Egyptian
2107:28553018
1957:54202582
938:See also
899:genocide
875:Xinjiang
845:Buddhism
812:Tibetans
741:Japanese
729:Tibetans
713:Tibetans
543:and the
494:and the
427:Bopomofo
343:Malaysia
330:and the
108:May 2020
7409:Outline
7372:Symbols
7229:Eunuchs
7076:Smoking
7024:Cuisine
6991:Culture
6981:Welfare
6952:Suicide
6920:history
6788:Society
6717:Housing
6691:Tourism
6676:Poverty
6561:Banking
6539:Economy
6518:Militia
6429:Premier
6031:Valleys
5991:Islands
5976:Deserts
5966:Canyons
5954:Terrain
5933:Western
5921:Central
5893:Regions
5878:Geology
5868:Borders
5611:Ancient
5594:Yangtze
5501:History
5486:History
5378:Related
5348:Koreans
5325:Indians
5278:Nepalis
5248:Western
5228:Uyghurs
5129:Manchus
5020:Tai Nua
5015:Tai Lue
4988:KraâDai
4976:Eastern
4958:Monguor
4930:Onnigud
4918:Torghut
4908:Khoshut
4898:Dzungar
4888:Naimans
4858:Khalkha
4848:Jalaids
4838:Chahars
4833:Buryats
4828:Baarins
4807:Mongols
4796:Kangjia
4700:Gaoshan
4556:Tibetan
4535:Tibetic
4486:Qiangic
4445:Laomian
4384:Waxiang
4379:Longjia
4333:Sinitic
4167:Silesia
4137:Ossetia
4112:Luhansk
4087:Karelia
4077:Ilirida
4057:Donetsk
3982:Assyria
3785:Ugandan
3750:Russian
3695:Iranian
3685:Iberian
3655:Chinese
3630:African
3586:Oceania
3558:Finnish
3553:Faroese
3513:Catalan
3478:Spanish
3442:Lombard
3437:Italian
3377:English
3372:Cornish
3367:British
3351:Walloon
3346:Occitan
3331:Flemish
3321:Arpitan
3292:Chuvash
3240:Yiddish
3230:Russian
3163:Frisian
3132:Serbian
3085:Bosniak
2990:Pashtun
2906:Tripuri
2879:Punjabi
2842:Bengali
2821:Tibetan
2769:Chinese
2736:Turkish
2716:Kurdish
2704:Zionism
2695:Jewish
2686:Iranian
2644:Mapuche
2639:Criollo
2613:Haitian
2572:Chicano
2517:Nigeria
2472:Sahrawi
2353:11 June
2258:28 June
2098:5425626
1517:2950337
1036:(Japan)
1018:Hanjian
928:Mongols
905:Mongols
871:Uyghurs
851:Uyghurs
775:Jurchen
767:Yue Fei
725:Uyghurs
709:Mongols
705:Manchus
697:Yang Du
481:Sinitic
471:Unlike
450:History
303:of the
183:scholar
98:updated
7430:Portal
7385:Emblem
7380:Anthem
7362:Taoism
7044:Poetry
7019:Cinema
6942:Racism
6854:Health
6607:Energy
6583:Reform
6494:Rocket
6479:Ground
6204:Cities
6090:Yellow
6062:Rivers
6052:Canals
6006:passes
6001:ranges
5785:Modern
5476:
5364:Nivkhs
5313:Others
5304:Wakhis
5235:Uzbeks
5222:Tuvans
5202:Kyrgyz
5195:Kazakh
5161:Turkic
5143:Oroqen
5115:Evenks
5095:Zhuang
5067:Qabiao
5049:Maonan
5003:Buyang
4997:Bouyei
4893:Oirats
4853:Jaruud
4843:Gorlos
4823:Aohans
4801:Khatso
4706:Utsuls
4661:Ta'ang
4586:Jingpo
4579:Derung
4566:Others
4550:Sherpa
4450:Laopin
4433:Kucong
4403:Achang
4348:Caijia
4223:German
4208:Racial
4052:Danzig
4037:Crimea
4022:Champa
3987:Azawad
3977:Arakan
3780:Turkic
3760:Slavic
3735:Nordic
3715:Libyan
3705:Korean
3690:Indian
3670:Finnic
3650:Celtic
3498:Basque
3416:Basque
3387:Ulster
3336:French
3326:Breton
3271:Lezgin
3266:Ingush
3200:Slovak
3190:Polish
3168:German
3044:Europe
3000:Uyghur
2968:Baloch
2884:Sindhi
2869:Meitei
2864:Hazara
2811:Ryukyu
2801:Manchu
2796:Korean
2731:Syrian
2587:Lakota
2503:Somali
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7280:Women
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6696:Trade
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6170:Flora
6165:Fauna
6085:Bohai
6081:Seas
6057:Lakes
6045:Water
6022:North
5986:Hills
5971:Caves
5926:South
5911:North
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5474:China
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4504:Mosuo
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4218:Black
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3710:Latin
3700:Iraqi
3640:Asian
3608:MÄori
3471:Spain
3430:Italy
3392:Welsh
3341:Irish
3297:Tatar
3158:Czech
3095:Greek
2932:Malay
2927:Khmer
2894:Tamil
2691:Iraqi
2529:Ogoni
2322:S2CID
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2874:Naga
2854:Bodo
2748:Zaza
2676:Arab
2662:Asia
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2498:Hutu
2440:Arab
2369:link
2355:2011
2314:ISSN
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2247:ISBN
2193:2020
2166:2020
2155:ISSN
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2085:ISSN
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