654:
of the world's poor people live are not included: China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, the
Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, and the like. In fact, the initiative concerns only 11 percent of the total population of developing countries... It must be noted "that to benefit from the HIPC initiative, the countries concerned had to be free of arrears to the IMF and the World Bank. Countries applying for the HIPC initiative must adopt a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), under the auspices of the IMF and the World Bank. This document must indicate the use that will be made of the resources made available by this initiative, and contain a certain number of commitments relating to the implementation of classical structural adjustment measures: privatization of public companies, reduction of the salaried workforce, reduction of grants, elimination of government subsidies and deregulation of the labour market. In other words, the whole arsenal of ultra-liberal measures which have contributed to the impoverishment of African populations, to the degradation of social services, to fall in life expectancy of over seven years, to the return of diseases we had thought eradicated, to increased unemployment for young graduates, to setting back industrialisation, and to the creation of chronic food shortages.
31:
489:
229:
687:(PRSP). PRSPs describe the macroeconomic, structural, and social programs that a country will follow to promote economic growth and reduce poverty. A broad range of government, NGO, and civil-society groups must participate in the development of the PRSP to ensure the plan has local support. Under the revised HIPC, a country reaches the decision point once it has demonstrated progress in following its PRSP. The country then reaches its completion point once it has implemented and followed its PRSP for at least one year and has demonstrated macroeconomic stability.
190:
216:
255:
2099:
554:
320:
372:
515:
151:
242:
112:
424:
437:
385:
281:
450:
359:
268:
541:
177:
164:
138:
528:
502:
333:
580:
567:
476:
411:
307:
346:
463:
294:
125:
2087:
398:
203:
625:
the creditor countries. The IMF's share of the cost is currently being funded by the proceeds of gold sales by the organization in 1999, but it estimated that this will not be enough to cover the full cost, and further funding will need to be raised if additional countries such as Sudan and
Somalia meet the qualification requirements for entry into the program.
634:
countries had received any debt relief under HIPC. Second, the six-year program was too long and too inflexible to meet the individual needs of debtor nations. Third, the IMF and the World Bank did not cancel any debt until the completion point, leaving countries under the burden of their debt payments while they struggled to institute
603:) are being considered for entry into the program as of March 2020. At its meeting on 28 June 2021, the IMF's executive board approved a financing plan to help mobilize resources needed for the fund to cover its share of debt relief to Sudan. This occurred after Sudan's civilian-led transitional government and its cabinet led by
666:
Since 1996, the IMF has modified HIPC in several ways, often in response to the shortcomings its critics have highlighted. The IMF first restructured HIPC in 1999. These revisions modified HIPC's threshold requirements. Today, HIPC defines three minimum requirements for participation in the program.
653:
The criteria used for country selection excluded the mostly highly populated developing countries (for example, Nigeria — 120 million inhabitants — which was on the very first list in 1996) and kept only small countries that are both very poor and heavily indebted... The countries where the majority
624:
The IMF estimates that the total cost of providing debt relief to the 40 countries currently eligible for the HIPC program would be around $ 71 billion (in 2007 dollars). Half of the funding is provided by the IMF, World Bank, and other multilateral organizations, while the other half is provided by
698:
As of
December 2006, twenty-one countries have reached the HIPC completion point. Nine additional countries have passed the decision point and are working toward completion. Ten other countries carry unsustainable debts according to HIPC standards, but they have yet to reach the decision point. So
667:
First, as before, a country must show its debt is unsustainable; however, the targets for determining sustainability decreased to a debt-to-export ratio of 150% and a debt-to-government-revenues ratio of 250%. Second, the country must be sufficiently poor to qualify for loans from the World Bank's
95:
and low-interest loans to cancel or reduce external debt repayments to sustainable levels. This means the nations can repay debts in a timely fashion in the future. To be considered for the initiative, countries must face an unsustainable debt burden that cannot be managed with traditional means.
678:
In addition to the modified threshold requirements, the 1999 revisions introduced several other changes. First, the six-year structure was abandoned and replaced by a "floating completion point" that allows countries to progress towards completion in less than six years. Second, the revised HIPC
615:
To receive debt relief under HIPC, a country must first meet HIPC's threshold requirements. At HIPC's inception in 1996, the primary threshold requirement was that the country's debt remains at unsustainable levels despite full application of traditional, bilateral debt relief. At the time, HIPC
694:
Further progress towards debt relief was announced on
December 21, 2005, when the IMF granted preliminary approval to an initial debt relief measure of US $ 3.3 billion for 19 of the world's poorest countries, with the World Bank expected to write off the larger debts owed to it by 17 HIPCs in
690:
In 2001, the IMF introduced another tool to increase HIPC's effectiveness. Under the new practice of "topping up," countries that unexpectedly suffer economic setbacks after the decision point due to external factors, such as rising interest rates or falling commodity prices, are eligible for
633:
Critics soon began to attack HIPC's scope and its structure. First, they criticized HIPC's definition of debt sustainability, arguing that the debt-to-export and debt-to-government-revenues criteria were arbitrary and too restrictive. As evidence, critics highlighted that, by 1999, only four
679:
allows for interim debt relief so that countries begin to see partial relief before reaching the completion point. Third, the PRGF heavily modified ESAF by curtailing the number and detail of IMF conditions and by encouraging greater input from the local community into the program's design.
642:
of utilities tended to raise the cost of services beyond the citizens' ability to pay. Finally, critics attacked HIPC as a program designed by creditors to protect creditor interests, leaving countries with unsustainable debt burdens even upon reaching the decision point.
682:
One of PRGF's goals is to ensure that impoverished nations re-channel the government funds freed from debt repayment into poverty-reduction programs. To that end, each country's PRGF program is modeled around a
675:(PRGF, the successor to ESAF), which provide long-term, interest-free loans to the world's poorest nations. Lastly, the country must establish a track record of reforms to help prevent future debt crises.
2066:
2071:
943:
96:
Assistance is conditional on the national governments of these countries meeting a range of economic management and performance targets and undertaking economic and social reforms.
2035:
1997:
714:
649:
In 2008, some analysts showed that the HIPC initiative had failed, and failed miserably. One aspect behind the failure, according to the
Nigerien journalist Moussa Tchangari:
663:
HIPC addressed its shortcomings by expanding its definition of unsustainable debts, making greater relief available to more countries, and by making relief available sooner.
1729:
1306:
646:
Inadequate debt relief for such countries means that they will need to spend more on servicing debts, rather than on actively investing in programs that can reduce poverty.
699:
far, the IMF and World Bank have approved $ 35 billion of HIPC debt relief. Five countries have received an additional $ 1.6 billion in "topping up" assistance since 2001.
1769:
1985:
1615:
1383:
877:
E. Carrasco, C. McClellan, & J. Ro (2007), "Foreign Debt: Forgiveness and
Repudiation" University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development E-Book
813:
1942:
1856:
1458:
1876:
1781:
1724:
1336:
1326:
2134:
1947:
1913:
1513:
1483:
616:
considered debt unsustainable when the ratio of debt-to-exports exceeded 200-250% or when the ratio of debt-to-government revenues exceeded 280%.
2129:
1764:
17:
2040:
1806:
1736:
1608:
1321:
1980:
1975:
938:
592:
37 countries have completed the program and had their external debt cancelled in full, after
Somalia passed the Completion Point in 2020.
2045:
879:
1849:
1826:
1821:
2139:
1816:
1776:
1508:
1423:
981:
1601:
953:
1711:
948:
1264:
837:
87:
The HIPC Initiative was initiated by the
International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1996, following extensive lobbying by
1952:
1748:
2055:
1901:
672:
668:
1371:
1331:
1229:
1139:
2124:
1719:
1129:
1881:
1844:
1866:
1861:
1316:
1296:
684:
234:
1871:
1134:
1019:
708:
1759:
1658:
1518:
1311:
1906:
1534:
1002:
974:
88:
757:"Developing Countries: Status Of The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Debt Relief Initiative: NSIAD-98-229."
494:
1962:
1653:
1488:
1219:
1050:
725:
949:
HIPC Debt Relief: Myths and
Reality (Jan Joost Teunissen and Age Akkerman (eds.), Fondad, 2004, book, pdf)
1555:
1523:
1254:
990:
77:
1493:
1438:
1249:
1648:
1388:
1024:
910:
30:
1932:
1565:
1503:
1144:
967:
195:
1970:
1550:
1301:
1701:
1498:
1428:
1234:
876:
2030:
2012:
1797:
1582:
1378:
1291:
1275:
959:
221:
1937:
1577:
1453:
1259:
1224:
65:
8:
2002:
1992:
1286:
1199:
1638:
1593:
1468:
1239:
1055:
1011:
638:. Fourth, the ESAF conditions often undermined poverty-reduction efforts. For example,
635:
51: Countries eligible for HIPC relief but not yet meeting the necessary conditions.
1924:
1668:
1633:
1244:
1065:
800:
785:
2091:
2007:
1161:
786:
Factsheet: Debt Relief Under the
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative
1893:
1443:
1366:
1183:
1045:
883:
735:
2098:
2022:
1124:
1114:
994:
604:
2118:
1545:
1463:
1408:
1346:
1156:
639:
325:
104:
The 37 countries that have so far received full or partial debt relief are:
73:
2103:
1691:
1681:
1478:
1354:
1088:
1078:
520:
156:
1811:
1686:
1676:
1433:
1418:
1413:
1102:
1083:
1073:
730:
260:
117:
92:
1572:
1560:
1359:
1149:
442:
429:
390:
286:
81:
956:
University of Iowa Center for International Finance & Development.
455:
34:
The states recognized as the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC).
1119:
814:"Somalia to Receive Debt Relief under the Enhanced HIPC Initiative"
546:
364:
273:
182:
596:
533:
507:
377:
247:
169:
143:
69:
607:
implemented tough economic reforms to reach the decision point.
2086:
715:
List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty
585:
572:
481:
416:
338:
312:
989:
1473:
1179:
1171:
600:
468:
351:
299:
130:
1836:
1191:
719:
691:
increased debt forgiveness above the decision-point level.
559:
403:
208:
1953:
Patents, trademarks, and industrial design filing activity
803:
World Bank, January 11, 2018. Accessed: December 29, 2021.
1448:
84:
have classified them as eligible for special assistance.
27:
IMF and World Bank classification for special eligibility
1623:
838:"IMF approves financing plan of debt relief to Sudan"
894:
45: Countries qualifying for partial HIPC relief.
1337:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
1327:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
2116:
1514:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
1484:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
911:"IMF approves debt relief for poorest countries"
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
39: Countries qualifying for full HIPC relief.
1200:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
1180:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
1609:
1322:New World Information and Communication Order
975:
944:Official HIPC Initiative website (World Bank)
899:. Monthly Review Press U.S. pp. 178–186.
855:
768:
2036:Number of broadband Internet subscriptions
1616:
1602:
982:
968:
1509:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
658:
29:
2135:Measurements and definitions of poverty
1265:OPEC Fund for International Development
14:
2130:Third World debt cancellation activism
2117:
1474:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
788:- The IMF - accessed December 29, 2021
1597:
963:
673:Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility
669:International Development Association
1624:Economic classification of countries
1459:African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
1332:United Nations Development Programme
1230:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
796:
794:
753:
751:
720:Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
24:
1307:Global System of Trade Preferences
801:"Heavily Indebted Poor Countries,"
25:
2151:
1943:Research and development spending
932:
897:Debt, The IMF, and The world Bank
791:
748:
2140:Economic country classifications
2097:
2085:
1986:planetary pressures–adjusted HDI
1862:List of countries by median wage
1857:Employee compensation (per hour)
1317:New International Economic Order
1297:Infrastructure-based development
685:Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
578:
565:
552:
539:
526:
513:
500:
487:
474:
461:
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435:
422:
409:
396:
383:
370:
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331:
318:
305:
292:
279:
266:
253:
240:
235:Democratic Republic of the Congo
227:
214:
201:
188:
175:
162:
149:
136:
123:
110:
76:. Because of these factors, the
1644:Heavily indebted poor countries
1439:G33 developing countries (G-33)
1135:World Conference against Racism
1030:Heavily indebted poor countries
1020:Landlocked developing countries
709:Central Emergency Response Fund
610:
58:heavily indebted poor countries
18:Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
1659:World Bank high-income economy
1519:Small Island Developing States
1312:Protocol on Trade Negotiations
903:
888:
830:
806:
91:and other bodies. It provides
13:
1:
1429:G20 developing nations (G-20)
895:Toussaint and Millet (2010).
741:
595:An additional two countries (
1998:Percentage living in poverty
1654:Newly industrialized country
1489:International Solar Alliance
1051:Newly industrialized country
726:Millennium Development Goals
628:
99:
7:
1948:Stock market capitalization
1914:Financial assets per capita
1556:International Monetary Fund
1255:Common Fund for Commodities
711:– humanitarian fund by UNGA
702:
78:International Monetary Fund
10:
2156:
1494:Melanesian Spearhead Group
1250:Caribbean Development Bank
1194:(BRICS minus South Africa)
619:
2125:International development
2080:
2054:
2021:
1961:
1922:
1892:
1835:
1796:
1747:
1710:
1700:
1667:
1649:Least developed countries
1629:
1532:
1397:
1389:World Health Organization
1345:
1273:
1212:
1170:
1110:
1101:
1064:
1038:
1025:Least developed countries
1010:
1001:
2041:Number of Internet users
1933:Gross National Happiness
1566:World Trade Organization
1504:Polynesian Leaders Group
196:Central African Republic
1971:Human Development Index
1551:Global financial system
1302:Sustainable development
991:South–South cooperation
2067:Per capita (creditors)
2046:Smartphone penetration
1702:Gross domestic product
1669:Three/Four-World Model
1367:Pharmaceutical patents
1235:Asian Development Bank
882:July 31, 2008, at the
659:Responses to criticism
656:
53:
2031:ICT Development Index
2013:Social Progress Index
1798:Gross national income
1583:Global digital divide
1469:Afro–Asian Conference
1379:Test data exclusivity
1292:Flying geese paradigm
765:. Web. 10 Sept. 2015.
651:
495:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
222:Republic of the Congo
33:
2092:Economics portal
2072:Per capita (debtors)
1938:Net material product
1578:Financial regulation
1454:Non-Aligned Movement
1260:New Development Bank
1225:Asian Clearing Union
1186:(BRICS minus Russia)
68:with high levels of
66:developing countries
64:) are a group of 39
2058:investment position
2003:Human Capital Index
1993:Human Poverty Index
1981:inequality-adjusted
1782:per person employed
1287:Developmental state
2056:Net international
1807:Nominal per capita
1725:past and projected
1639:Developing country
1499:North–South Summit
1240:Arab Monetary Fund
1056:Transition economy
763:MasterFILE Premier
636:structural reforms
54:
2112:
2111:
1963:Human development
1925:national accounts
1827:Disposable income
1822:Per capita growth
1792:
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1634:Developed country
1591:
1590:
1208:
1207:
1097:
1096:
16:(Redirected from
2147:
2104:World portal
2102:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2008:Household income
1902:Wealth per adult
1765:future estimates
1708:
1707:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1384:Doha Declaration
1195:
1187:
1162:Post-Western era
1108:
1107:
1046:Emerging markets
1008:
1007:
984:
977:
970:
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2017:
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1918:
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1831:
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1277:
1269:
1204:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1166:
1093:
1060:
1034:
997:
988:
954:HIPC Initiative
935:
930:
929:
920:
918:
915:Financial Times
909:
908:
904:
893:
889:
884:Wayback Machine
875:
856:
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845:
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835:
831:
822:
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749:
744:
736:Government debt
705:
661:
631:
622:
613:
590:
579:
577:
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564:
553:
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150:
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111:
109:
102:
52:
48:
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42:
40:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2110:
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2027:
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2023:Digital divide
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
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1989:
1988:
1983:
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1959:
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1854:
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1829:
1824:
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1817:PPP per capita
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
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919:. Retrieved
917:. 2005-12-21
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1687:Third World
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1535:North–South
1278:development
1103:Geopolitics
1084:Third World
1074:First World
1012:Development
761:(1998): 1.
759:GAO Reports
731:Odious debt
695:mid-2006."
261:Ivory Coast
118:Afghanistan
93:debt relief
2119:Categories
1976:by country
1777:per capita
1770:per capita
1760:By country
1737:per capita
1730:per capita
1720:By country
1573:Fair trade
1561:World Bank
1401:and groups
1360:biosimilar
1150:Durban III
921:2007-08-10
848:2021-06-29
823:2021-06-07
742:References
443:Mozambique
430:Mauritania
391:Madagascar
82:World Bank
1372:criticism
1276:Trade and
1145:Durban II
629:Criticism
456:Nicaragua
100:Countries
1245:BancoSur
1140:Durban I
1120:Cold War
880:Archived
703:See also
547:Tanzania
365:Honduras
274:Ethiopia
183:Cameroon
1712:Nominal
1213:Finance
1039:Markets
842:Reuters
620:Funding
597:Eritrea
534:Somalia
508:Senegal
378:Liberia
248:Comoros
170:Burundi
144:Bolivia
70:poverty
2060:(NIIP)
1923:Other
1907:Europe
1894:Wealth
1877:Europe
1872:Canada
1850:Europe
1537:divide
1184:BASIC
722:(MDRI)
586:Zambia
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1192:BRIC
1172:BRICS
939:Oxfam
601:Sudan
469:Niger
352:Haiti
300:Ghana
131:Benin
1449:G-90
1444:G-11
1434:G-24
1419:G-15
1414:G-77
1220:Debt
993:and
599:and
560:Togo
404:Mali
209:Chad
89:NGOs
72:and
62:HIPC
56:The
1424:D-8
1409:G-5
818:IMF
2121::
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60:(
20:)
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