42:
33:
55:
1585:
1573:
574:
moth feeds on nectar after emerging from the pupae. Their adult lifespan is limited to ten days where they mate and lay their eggs before dying. The female typically lay their eggs either in clusters or singly on various developing fruit and flower buds. Each adult female lays approximately 1000 eggs
540:
larvae pass through six stages of growth before reaching the pupa stage. With a warmer temperature, they will reach the final stage within two to three weeks, while under colder temperature, they take about four to six weeks. The caterpillars have been shown experimentally to distinguish between host
872:
larvae. While larger doses and more time is required to kill the larvae at the later instar stages, the NPV biopesticide typically kills the larvae between 4 and 7 days. The climate in which this it is used impacts the time taken for NPV to be take effect. Where in cooler climates, it can take up to
553:
to resurface when in adult stage. The pupal tunnels constructed are smoothed, well-packed soil with a thin layer of silk. The prepupae larvae avoid selecting soil locations where the temperature is higher than 38 degrees and have compacted soil. The emergence of the adult is highly favoured by dry
561:
The pupation process relies on the external temperature. In warmer temperatures, the pupation process takes approximately two weeks. While in colder temperatures, up to six weeks. During colder seasons, 70% to 90% of the pupae enter diapause. Pupae
Diapause is the process in which the pupae
528:
eggs observe four stages in their development. The stages can be identified based on the colour of the egg. Freshly laid eggs are white and over time. In warmer climates, the eggs take approximately three days to hatch, while in colder climates, they take between six and ten days to hatch.
759:
cause farmers to lose millions of dollars’ worth of crops due to their polyphagous eating habits. They prefer eating mostly broadleaf species of plants such as cotton, chickpea and various native herbs in addition to a broad selection of other various pastures. The further the
331:
has developed resistance to certain insecticides and other genetically modified cotton crops. The two species can occasionally be confused with one another as they look similar. However, the two species can be differentiated by characteristic differences in their hindwings.
591:
follows an oviposition behaviour where it expulses its eggs by a vertebrate. Oviposition is the expulsion of eggs from the female insecta's oviduct to an external environment. While the
Oviposition behaviour is unrelated to the feeding habits of the female
627:. Selecting an area in the open will lead to the eggs and larvae being susceptible to various predatory insects and animals. Furthermore, selecting an area without sufficient food would mean that the larvae would not have enough to feed on as well.
825:
has not developed any resistance to majority of the chemical control measures created. Genetically modified Cotton plants such as the
Bollgard II® and the Bollarrd 3® are genetically modified plants that are used to deal with the
792:
Various pest control measures have been implemented. Including the use of pheromone traps. Pheromone traps use synthetic pheromone lures (similar to the sex pheromones that females emit while mating) to lure the male
908:
at various life stages. These parasitoids slowly kill their host by feeding off its nutrients effectively slowing the rate of larvae feeding resulting in lower rate of crop damage. Parasitoids that attack the
853:, various insecticides have different levels of effectiveness with significant differences being observed through the various instar stages. (Source) Endosulfan used to be one of the components used in
1248:
Jones, L.C., Rafter, M.A. and Walter, G.H. (2021), Showier plants host more larvae: distribution and movement of generalist caterpillars among plants in the field. Ecol
Entomol, 46: 514-524.
660:
are found in abundance in the far inland and around the coast of
Australia during the summer period. This is heavily due to the climate being favourable for the reproduction in summer.
391: in) in diameter. While its colours vary based on the stage of larval development. While originally white, the eggs will change to brown and finally black just before hatching.
953:
which creates proteins that are toxic to the larvae when consumed. Some genetically modified bacterial pathogens are used in commercial biopesticides. A popularly used pathogen is
549:
Prepupae larvae (larvae after the 6th growth stage) tunnel up to 10 centimetres (4 in) under the soil to the base of the plant. The pupal chamber constructed will allow the
433: in) in length. Observed to be various shades of brown, green and orange, the larvae's colour darkens as it matures and the dark spots on it become more apparent. The
742:
lifts its head and curls it below the front of itself. If disturbed further, it lets go of the leaf it resides on and drops while curling itself up into a spiral shape.
1305:
FYE, R.E. (1978). "Pupation preferences of bollworms, tobacco budworms, and beet armyworms and impact on mortality resulting from cultivation of irrigated fields".
290:
1079:(Wallengren) in the Inland of Australia - Larval Sampling and Host-Plant Relationships During Winter and Spring. Australian Journal of Zoology, 42, 329-346.
1347:
1118:
313:
1739:
1589:
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and other crops. Outside of agricultural settings, primary host plants include some
Australian native daisies, in particular flat billy buttons
608:. Any factors affecting the food supply during their reproduction period (usually in summer) would determine the reproductive potential of the
1765:
437:
larva's body is covered in small bumps, long stiff back hairs and bristles that cover its body and there are black hairs around the head.
671:. That was primarily due to there being a gradual migration of the population and there being no appropriate markers to track individual
648:
to 6 mi)) in addition to entire regions (10 to 500 kilometres (6 to 311 mi)). With long-distance flight being possible for the
638:
is capable of long-range migration at high altitudes (400 to 800 metres (1,312 to 2,625 ft)) over host crops (1 to 10 kilometres (
930:
250:
are capable of long-distance migration from their inland
Australian habitat towards coastal regions and are an occasional migrant to
1547:
353:
was first described in 1860 by
Wallengren. The subject of classification has changed over the years. Originally classified into the
1713:
1595:
957:(Bt) which mainly kills larval Lepidopterans when consumed. It is used in pesticides and when genetically modifying cotton plants.
885:
Spiders and
Predatory insects including various species of ants, predatory beetles, predatory bugs and lacewings often feed on the
1577:
857:
insecticides before its ban in 2011. In addition to chemical pesticides, various
Biopesticides have been created to manage
579:
moths typically live between two and four weeks. As they are nocturnal, they rest during the day and are active at night
1826:
257:
This species is a generalist, with larvae observed feeding on at least 100 plant species, and are considered a pest for
1821:
1752:
1058:
Walter GH and Benfield MD (1994) Temporal host plant use in three polyphagous Heliothinae, with special reference to
1026:
554:
conditions. Rain and other external conditions that might collapse the tunnel reduces the survival rate of the adult
1320:
ROACHS, H.; CAMPBELRL, B. (1983). "Effects of soil compaction on bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moth emergence".
1841:
1770:
1088:
Gregg PC, Henderson GS, Del Socorro A, Le Motte K and Birchall C (2016) Polyphagy in an uncertain environment:
600:
tends to lay its eggs in areas with more flowering crops than in other areas. This is mainly due to the female
1831:
1049:
Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia: what do we know? Australian Journal of Zoology 34, 779-844.
831:
176:
41:
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development to the adult stage is suspended due to inhibiting or unfavourable environmental conditions.
54:
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particularly feed on high value crops such as cotton, soybean, maize, and tomato and various other
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larvae are in the growth stage, the more the larvae consume. When in the 5th and 6th instars, the
1744:
1606:
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feed on seeds and damage plant pods while in the mid to late stages of development, the larger
1643:
1793:
1007:(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from western Queensland. Australian Journal of Ecology, 18, 209-219.
159:
1531:(Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on soybean, and the implications for field adoption".
1816:
1687:
1450:
865:
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consumes crops, chewing damage and holes can be observed on the plant pods and seed heads.
336:
is often confused with two other moth species of the family Noctuidae – the Armyworm Moth (
323:
8:
680:
1509:
1454:
1263:"EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE AND SIMULATED RAINFALL ON PUPAL SURVIVAL AND MOTH EMERGENCE OF
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1434:
1287:
1262:
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1174:
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Research has shown that at the different instar (stages of development) stages of the
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plant species when moving across the ground, and readily move between nearby plants.
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The selection of area is also crucial to the survival of the eggs and larvae of the
1679:
1505:
1468:
1458:
1410:
1282:
1169:
300:
1463:
1041:
Zalucki MP, Daglish G, Firempong S and Twine P (1986) The biology and ecology of
1523:
Duffield, Simon; Jordan, Sydney. "Evaluation of insecticides for the control of
1629:
1123:
ecology and biology in southern Queensland: Know the enemy to manage it better"
802:
310:
1496:
Fitt, G. (1994). "Cotton Pest Management: Part 3. An Australian Perspective".
1071:
Zalucki M, Murray D, Gregg P, Fitt G, Twine P and Jones, C. (1994) Ecology of
805:
are often used to monitor the activity of and predict the infestation rate of
1810:
604:
feeding habits as the food chain is crucial in the reproductive cycle of the
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in South Australia was in 1910 when it was referred to as “Grubby Tomatoes”.
342:) and the Looper Moth due to the medium-sized nature of the three species.
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136:
106:
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stunning their growth. Other natural occurring diseases that kill the
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287:
270:
243:
239:
126:
86:
66:
1600:
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1062:(Wallengren) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Austral Ecology, 19, 458-465.
1705:
1623:
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652:, their habitats are generally observed to be temporary once the
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258:
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larvae is able to consume entire plant pods and their contents.
656:
reaches the adult stage of the life cycle. It is noted that the
1692:
1572:
925:
675:. As of 2019 tracking had been greatly improved by advances in
460:
is average in size, having a wingspan of 30 to 45 millimetres (
282:
274:
96:
76:
1019:
Pests of Field Crops and Pastures: Identification and Control
676:
663:
As of 2010 there was research regarding the migration of the
278:
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larvae. These genetically modified plants produce their own
262:
235:
492:
generally have dull green or yellow forewings, the female
357:
genus, this moth species was later re-classified into the
1116:
897:, certain predators’ prey on specific life stages of the
667:, but it was difficult to test for the back-migration of
620:
is able to lay its eggs anywhere and at any time of day.
399:
Newly hatched larvae are observed to be 1–2 millimetres (
266:
419: in) in length and will grow up to 40 millimetres (
880:
508:
have a uniformly dark section in the hindwing, whereas
448:
pupae range from dark brown to shiny brown in colour.
1545:
1345:
999:
Gregg PC (1993) Pollen as a marker for migration of
1433:Downes, Sharon; Parker, Tracey; Mahon, Rod (2010).
937:Wasp Parasitoids spread ascovirus to larvae staged
704:plays a part in the pollination process of plants.
1147:
1145:
1143:
1092:in inland Australia. Austral Ecology, 41, 819-828.
1432:
797:into the trap. In addition to trapping the adult
496:have brown or reddish-brown forewings. The adult
1808:
768:larvae consume 90% of the grain consumption the
381:egg are spherical in shape and 0.5 millimetres (
1319:
1140:
587:Belonging to the insecta class of animals, the
1439:to the Cry2Ab Bt Toxin in Bollgard IIH Cotton"
1407:(Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia
1117:DPI&F Entomology Team (21 December 2018).
868:(NPV) which is a disease that will attack the
1260:
1021:. Collingwood: Csiro Publishing. p. 89.
812:
975:"Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren, 1860)"
1522:
1346:Queensland Government (21 December 2018).
893:predators do not specifically prey on the
889:genus of moth. While a proportion of the
40:
31:
1472:
1462:
1396:
1286:
1236:Vetch South Australia: Rural Solutions SA
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864:A particularly effective biopesticide is
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321:is often compared to its cousin species
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700:As a member of the Noctuidae family,
1781:6b0b7101-ac38-4de1-8422-62727ebb9dde
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1112:
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881:Predators, Parasitoids and Pathogens
558:due to the disruption of emergence.
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1516:
1510:10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.002551
1421:
1387:
1361:
1348:"A – Z insect pests of field crops"
1304:
1233:
981:. Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd
967:
616:feeding habits however, the female
456:Compared to other moths, the adult
13:
1328:
1313:
1295:
1288:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1990.tb00348.x
1271:(HĂśBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)"
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1224:
1211:
1198:
1175:10.1146/annurev-ento-011118-111959
1158:: Implications for Ongoing Spread"
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14:
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1409:(PhD). University of Queensland.
1250:https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12994
1214:The Reproduction and Survival of
1095:
945:larvae include fungal pathogens,
504:except for its hindwing pattern:
1583:
1571:
1533:Australian Journal of Entomology
1275:Australian Journal of Entomology
1261:Murray, D.; Zalucki, M. (1990).
722:In the early larvae stages, the
53:
1242:
904:Various parasitoids attack the
861:in vegetation and field crops.
844:
582:
1220:(PhD). University of Adelaide.
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1065:
1052:
1035:
1017:Bailey, Peter T., ed. (2007).
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512:have a small pale patch here.
368:
361:genus. The earliest record of
1:
1218:Wallengren in South Australia
960:
515:
500:strongly resembles the adult
308:, and also the native legume
1464:10.1371/journal.pone.0012567
772:consumes in its life cycle.
745:
695:
630:
575:during its lifecycle. Adult
242:. This species is native to
7:
1596:Native Budworm on OZanimals
1546:DPI&F Entomology team.
1498:Annual Review of Entomology
1162:Annual Review of Entomology
817:Unlike the closely related
755:While in the larval stage,
532:
345:
10:
1858:
1827:Endemic fauna of Australia
1154:"Movement Ecology of Pest
1127:Queensland The State Smart
947:Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus
813:Genetically Modified Crops
733:
690:
565:
544:
488: in). While the male
1822:Agricultural pest insects
1613:
1435:"Incipient Resistance of
1399:The migration systems of
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394:
191:
184:
165:
158:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
451:
440:
1842:Moths described in 1860
612:specials. Despite the
373:
1644:Helicoverpa_punctigera
1615:Helicoverpa punctigera
1590:Helicoverpa punctigera
1578:Helicoverpa punctigera
1529:Helicoverpa punctigera
1437:Helicoverpa punctigera
1401:Helicoverpa punctigera
1397:Rochester, W. (1999).
1379:Helicoverpa punctigera
1265:HELICOVERPA PUNCTIGERA
1090:Helicoverpa punctigera
1060:Helicoverpa punctigera
955:Bacillus thuringiensis
951:Bacillus thuringiensis
837:that are toxic to the
833:Bacillus thuringiensis
636:Helicoverpa punctigera
577:Helicoverpa punctigera
572:Helicoverpa punctigera
446:Helicoverpa punctigera
379:Helicoverpa punctigera
351:Helicoverpa punctigera
319:Helicoverpa punctigera
217:Helicoverpa punctigera
169:Helicoverpa punctigera
25:Helicoverpa punctigera
1548:"Using NPV to manage
1415:10.14264/uql.2015.303
783:Pest Control Measures
1832:Moths of New Zealand
1580:at Wikimedia Commons
1525:Helicoverpa armigera
1405:Helicoverpa armigera
1216:Heliothis Punctigera
1077:Heliothis-Punctigera
1073:Helicoverpa-Armigera
1001:Helicoverpa armigera
873:10 days to kill the
866:nucleopolyhedrovirus
738:When disturbed, the
304:, poached egg daisy
195:Heliothis punctigera
1455:2010PLoSO...512567D
751:Agricultural Impact
681:population genetics
295:annual yellow tops
226:Australian bollworm
1837:Moths of Australia
1152:Jones, C. (2019).
1043:Heliothis armigera
685:dispersal modeling
339:Mythimna unipuncta
306:Polycamma stuartii
234:, is a species of
151:H. punctigera
1804:
1803:
1789:Open Tree of Life
1607:Taxon identifiers
1576:Media related to
1403:(Wallengren) and
1375:McDonald, Garry.
1267:(WALLENGREN) AND
809:and other moths.
231:Chloridea marmada
213:
212:
207:
203:Chloridea marmada
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198:Wallengren, 1860
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1377:"Native budworm
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901:(e.g., larvae).
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1119:"Understanding
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979:www.nzor.org.nz
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803:pheromone traps
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788:Pheromone traps
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16:Species of moth
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1592:at Wikispecies
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1504:(1): 543–562.
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1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1527:(HĂĽbner) and
1526:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:(9): e12567.
1448:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1212:Cullen, J.M.
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1075:(Hubner) and
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1047:H. punctigera
1045:(Hubner) and
1044:
1038:
1030:
1028:9780643067585
1024:
1020:
1013:
1006:
1005:H. punctigera
1002:
996:
980:
976:
970:
966:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:H. punctigera
935:
933:
932:
928:of wasps and
927:
924:
923:
918:
917:
912:
911:H. punctigera
907:
906:H. punctigera
902:
900:
899:H. punctigera
896:
895:H. punctigera
892:
891:H. punctigera
888:
887:H. punctigera
878:
876:
875:H. punctigera
871:
870:H. punctigera
867:
862:
860:
859:H. punctigera
856:
855:H. punctigera
852:
851:H. punctigera
842:
840:
839:H. punctigera
836:
834:
829:
828:H. punctigera
824:
823:H. punctigera
820:
810:
808:
807:H. punctigera
804:
800:
799:H. punctigera
796:
780:
778:
777:H. punctigera
773:
771:
770:H. punctigera
767:
766:H. punctigera
763:
762:H. punctigera
758:
757:H. punctigera
743:
741:
740:H. punctigera
731:
729:
728:H. punctigera
725:
724:H. punctigera
720:
718:
717:horticultural
714:
713:H. punctigera
705:
703:
702:H. punctigera
688:
686:
683:markers, and
682:
678:
674:
673:H. punctigera
670:
669:H. punctigera
666:
665:H. punctigera
661:
659:
658:H. punctigera
655:
654:H. punctigera
651:
650:H. punctigera
637:
628:
626:
625:H. punctigera
621:
619:
618:H. punctigera
615:
614:H. punctigera
611:
610:H. punctigera
607:
606:H. punctigera
603:
602:H. punctigera
599:
598:H. punctigera
596:, the female
595:
594:H. punctigera
590:
589:H. punctigera
580:
578:
573:
563:
559:
557:
556:H. punctigera
552:
551:H. punctigera
542:
539:
538:H. punctigera
530:
527:
526:H. punctigera
513:
511:
507:
506:H. punctigera
503:
499:
498:H. punctigera
495:
494:H. punctigera
491:
490:H. punctigera
459:
458:H. punctigera
449:
447:
438:
436:
435:H. punctigera
392:
380:
366:
364:
363:H. punctigera
360:
356:
352:
343:
341:
340:
335:
334:H. punctigera
330:
329:H. punctigera
326:
325:
320:
316:
315:
312:
307:
303:
302:
299:
294:
292:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
248:H. punctigera
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
219:
218:
204:
201:
196:
193:
192:
190:
187:
183:
178:
172:
170:
164:
161:
160:Binomial name
157:
153:
152:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
113:Superfamily:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1614:
1549:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1378:
1351:. Retrieved
1321:
1315:
1306:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1244:
1235:
1217:
1213:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1120:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1018:
1012:
1004:
1000:
995:
983:. Retrieved
978:
969:
954:
950:
942:
938:
936:
929:
920:
916:Trichogramma
914:
913:include the
910:
905:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
884:
874:
869:
863:
858:
854:
850:
848:
845:Insecticides
838:
832:
827:
822:
818:
816:
806:
798:
794:
791:
776:
774:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
739:
737:
727:
723:
721:
712:
711:
701:
699:
672:
668:
664:
662:
657:
653:
649:
635:
634:
624:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
583:Reproduction
576:
571:
569:
560:
555:
550:
548:
537:
536:
525:
524:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
457:
455:
445:
444:
434:
398:
378:
377:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
337:
333:
328:
322:
318:
309:
305:
296:
286:
256:
247:
230:
229:
225:
221:
216:
215:
214:
202:
194:
168:
166:
150:
149:
137:
24:
18:
1817:Helicoverpa
1727:iNaturalist
1550:helicoverpa
1269:H. ARMIGERA
1168:: 277–295.
1156:Helicoverpa
1121:Helicoverpa
943:Helicoverpa
819:H. armigera
708:Food Guilds
510:H. armigera
502:H. armigera
369:Description
359:Helicoverpa
327:who unlike
324:H. armigera
291:brevicompta
252:New Zealand
138:Helicoverpa
107:Lepidoptera
1811:Categories
961:References
949:(NPV) and
795:punctigera
570:The adult
516:Life Cycle
177:Wallengren
117:Noctuoidea
87:Arthropoda
1307:J. Econom
922:Ichneumon
775:When the
746:Economics
696:Mutualism
631:Migration
355:Heliothis
288:Leiocarpa
271:sunflower
244:Australia
240:Noctuidae
145:Species:
127:Noctuidae
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1753:LepIndex
1745:10300218
1651:BioLib:
1630:Q5292321
1624:Wikidata
1483:20830203
1443:PLOS ONE
1192:52944198
1184:30296859
877:larvae.
841:larvae.
346:Taxonomy
314:cinereum
301:gregorii
283:tomatoes
186:Synonyms
123:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1794:1022100
1719:1792560
1474:2935350
1451:Bibcode
931:Cacelia
734:Defence
719:hosts.
691:Ecology
643:⁄
483:⁄
469:⁄
428:⁄
414:⁄
404:⁄
386:⁄
298:Senecio
259:tobacco
179:, 1860)
133:Genus:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
1778:NZOR:
1758:252663
1732:390336
1706:HELIPU
1693:462037
1654:656322
1481:
1471:
1353:20 May
1190:
1182:
1132:20 May
1025:
985:14 May
926:genera
533:Larvae
395:Larvae
311:Cullen
275:cotton
220:, the
1771:27545
1740:IRMNG
1680:6LKCN
1667:15791
1555:(PDF)
1322:Envir
1188:S2CID
835:toxin
677:radar
566:Adult
545:Pupae
452:Adult
441:Pupae
279:maize
1766:NCBI
1714:GBIF
1701:EPPO
1662:BOLD
1479:PMID
1355:2021
1180:PMID
1134:2021
1023:ISBN
1003:and
987:2018
919:and
521:Eggs
374:Eggs
267:peas
263:flax
236:moth
1688:EoL
1675:CoL
1639:AFD
1506:doi
1469:PMC
1459:doi
1411:doi
1283:doi
1170:doi
474:to
388:128
228:or
1813::
1791::
1768::
1755::
1742::
1729::
1716::
1703::
1690::
1677::
1664::
1641::
1626::
1502:39
1500:.
1477:.
1467:.
1457:.
1445:.
1441:.
1423:^
1389:^
1363:^
1330:^
1297:^
1279:29
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1273:.
1226:^
1200:^
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1178:.
1166:64
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1142:^
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462:1
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426:1
423:+
421:1
412:5
409:–
402:3
384:3
317:.
293:,
175:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
