44:
1916:("High kings with opposition") was used from the 12th century. According to Byrne, "it could be argued that the 'high kings with opposition' met with opposition precisely because they tried to become kings of Ireland in a real sense. They were not less successful than their predecessors, but only seemed so in the light of the teaching of the schools". Following a similar line of reasoning, Byrne suggests that the focus from historians on the decline of the Uí Néill in the 11th century may be a "tribute to the success of their own propaganda". After Brian, the previous Uí Néill monopoly of high kingship as described in poems and chronicles was anyway broken for good. The Cenél nEógain suffered from internal factions, and this allowed the Ulaid, under Niall mac Eochada, to expand their influence. Niall and Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó became allies, and effectively controlled the whole east coast of Ireland. This alliance helped to make it possible for Diarmait to take direct control of Dublin in 1052. Unlike Máel Sechnaill in 980 or Brian in 999, he wasn't content with just looting the city and expelling the Hiberno-Norse ruler (
2163:
1302:, and the compilation of elaborate law tracts. Patronage for scholars and scholarship came largely from Irish kings who regarded the presence of court scholars as part and parcel of the trappings of kingship, but also as a means of bolstering their own image through praise poetry that such scholars composed and performed. With the advent of the Vikings, patronage ties have been argued to have been loosened, thereby affecting directly the livelihood of Irish scholars. In addition, some kings would have turned their attention to more pressing (but also more profitable) pursuits, such as engaging in warfare or alliances with Vikings or other Irish kings, as well as tapping the economic benefits that Viking trade would have brought. While this was happening in Ireland, we observe a more pronounced presence of Irish scholars in Frankish Europe, and especially in circles associated with the
1206:, in the north west of England. "The Three Fragments" refers to a distinct group of settlers living among these Vikings as "Irishmen": "Then the King, who was on the point of death, and the Queen sent messengers to the Irishmen who were among the pagans, for there were many Irish among the pagans, to say to the Irishmen, life and health to you from the King of the Saxons, who is in disease, and from his Queen, who has all authority over the Saxons, and they are certain that you are true and trusty friends to them. Therefore, you should take their side; for they did not bestow any greater honour to a Saxon warrior or cleric than to each warrior and cleric who came to them from Ireland, because this inimical race of pagans is equally hostile to you also." Further evidence of an Irish presence in Wirral comes from the name of the village of
1175:Áed Findliath was king of Ailech and the leading king within the Northern Uí Néill. After the death of Máel Sechnaill he is counted in the regal lists as high king, following the established scheme where this alternated between Cenél nEógain in the north and Clann Cholmáin of Mide. His kingship was disputed though, and he did not come close to being an actual king over Ireland. He could count some successes against the Norse, however, most notably burning all the Norse longports in the north in 866. Áed seems to have used the opportunity while Olaf was involved in warfare in
577:
2080:
5926:
231:
7070:
454:
7060:
1555:). Norse influence shows in the Norse-derived names of many contemporary Irish kings (e.g. Magnus, Lochlann or Sitric), and in DNA evidence in some residents of these coastal cities to this day. A genetics paper in 2006 by Dr Brian McEvoy found that most men with Irish-Viking surnames carried typically Irish genes. This suggests that Viking settlements may have had a Scandinavian elite but with most of the inhabitants being indigenous Irish.
6091:
1228:
967:—"great royal meeting") between Niall and Feidlimid was held. This meeting did not result in any lasting peace though; in 840 Feidlimid led an army into Mide and encamped at Tara, thereby challenging the Uí Néill also in the north. In 841, however, Feidlimid was routed in battle by Niall in Leinster. His successors in the south would not be able to challenge the north again to this extent until some 150 years later.
43:
7080:
1933:
364:
1768:(emperor of the Irish). According to Bart Jaski, "This can be regarded as a claim that he ruled both the Irish and the Norse in Ireland, and may even imply suzerainty over the Gaels of Scotland". In his obituary in the Annals of Ulster he is styled as "over-king of the Irish of Ireland, and of the foreigners and of the Britons, the Augustus of the whole of north-west Europe".
1289:
their domestic rivals. The
Vikings were able to defeat the centralized Kingdoms of Europe, since the small ruling class was easily removed. However, Ireland was composed of more than 150 different Kingdoms ruling over small territories. This decentralized system of governance made it almost impossible to gain control of a territory, since defeated Kings were easily replaced.
1024:
1321:
of the
Vikings on Ireland, which may have driven such people to seek employment elsewhere. If one accepts this version of events, then the Vikings can be said to have inadvertently been one of the principal catalysts for the spread of Irish culture abroad and the subsequent foundation of Irish centres on the Continent which remained influential for centuries to come.
1897:, a regnal poem on the Christian (Uí Néill) kings of Tara some time between 1014 and 1022. When he wrote in 1056 he evidently did not know any high king of Ireland, and instead lists a number of kings of the day: (Duncan) Conchobar, Áed, Garbith, Diarmait, Donnchad (Duncan) and two Nialls. According to Byrne, these are Conchobar Ua Maíl Schechnaill of Mide,
611:(Meath), although some accounts discount Mide and split Mumu in two. This is not an accurate description of the political landscape c. 800, but when discussing the political subdivisions of Ireland at this time, it is still useful to refer to this system; if Laigin and Mide are combined as Leinster, it roughly corresponds with the modern
1677:
861:. (Duncan) This followed the classic Uí Néill political arrangement, where over-kingship alternated regularly between Cenél nEógain and Clann Cholmáin of the Southern Uí Néill. During his reign he campaigned in Mide, Leinster and Ulaid to assert his authority, though unlike Donnchad (Duncan) he did not campaign in Munster.
2127:
refused him safe conduct through
England unless he pledged himself to do nothing in Ireland that would injure England's interests there. This was not acceptable for Paparo, who returned to Rome. It seems likely that this was an attempt by Stephen to prevent Paparo from bringing papal confirmation for
2000:
Toirdelbach appears to have responded favourably to this, and convened a synod in Dublin in 1080 – the outcome of this synod is not known. Toirdelbach may have seen cooperation with
Canterbury as a way to reduce the influence from Armagh, traditionally dominated by Cenél nEógain, within the church in
1755:
In 1000, Brian turned against Máel
Sechnaill, and by 1002 he had forced Máel Sechnaill to submit to him, and now claimed kingship over the whole of Ireland. In the following decade, there were several campaigns in the north to force the Ulaid and the Northern Uí Néill into submission as well. Even if
1571:
assumed control of Dublin. Gofraid was active as a Viking raider and slaver, but there were signs during his reign that the Norse were not just mere
Vikings any more. During a raid at Armagh in 921 Gofraid "...spared the prayerhouses... ...and the sick from destruction", considerations never taken by
1320:
became among the most prominent and influential in ninth-century continental Europe, studying and teaching a range of subjects, from theology to political philosophy. It is tempting to link their presence on the
Continent as well as the presence of scores of other Irish learned people with the impact
1297:
Historians debate the consequences that the initial phases of Viking settlement had on scholarship and literary output. Scholarly activity, for which the Irish are famous in the early
Medieval period, consisted of the writing of poetry, the production of Christian devotional texts, the development of
1288:
The
Vikings were able to exploit internal divisions in order to invade England and France. As Ireland was one of the most politically fractured countries at the time, it was a prime target for Viking conquest. Furthermore, Irish Kings often made alliances with foreign invaders in an attempt to weaken
1162:
Máel
Sechnaill had more success as high king than his predecessors Niall Caille and Conchobar Donnchada (Duncan) in dealing with the south, and forced Munster into submission in 858 and as noted above, Osraige in 859. He also asserted control over Ulaid, Leinster and Connacht, and was in his obituary
891:, a royal site in the possession of Armagh. Byrne states that "...the foundation marked the resolution of any remaining rivalry between the Columban and Patrician churches...". That the community of Columba in 817 tried to have Áed excommunicated may show that not all rivalry was resolved after all.
739:
from which they would later rise to dominance, but were not yet a significant power in Munster. The Eóganachta rivalled the Uí Néill in power and influence, and claimed suzerainty over the southern part of Ireland. This claim was in part anchored within the legendary ancient division of the island in
2099:
for the two incumbent archbishops at Cashel and Armagh during his trip to the Continent in 1139/40. This first bid was unsuccessful, but Malachy was told to reapply after he had gained the agreement of all Ireland. Before undertaking his second trip to the Continent in 1148, Malachy convened a synod
2044:
and attended by fifty bishops, three hundred priests and over three thousand laymen, marked the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan and parish-based church. It established two provinces, with archbishoprics at Armagh and Cashel, and prominence given to Armagh, making Cellach
1808:
The battle of Clontarf was not a struggle between the Irish and the Norse for the sovereignty of Ireland; neither was it a great national victory which broke the power of the Norse forever (long before Clontarf the Norse had become a minor political force in Irish affairs). In fact Clontarf was part
1739:
Máel Sechnaill obviously perceived Brian as a threat, and as early as 982 raided Munster and the territory of the Dal gCais. The next two decades saw more or less constant warfare between them, mostly with Leinster as their battleground. Even if Brian never defeated Máel Sechnaill in battle, Brian's
1191:. Ivar died in 873. In his obituary, the Annals of Ulster call Ivar "king of the Norsemen of all Ireland and Britain". With their disappearance, there were frequent changes of leadership among the Norse in Ireland and a great deal of internecine conflict is reported for the following decades. In 902
1150:
had become king of Osraige in 842. Cerball had defeated Viking raiders in 846 and 847, but from 858 he is allied with Olaf and Ivar against Máel Sechnaill, campaigning in Leinster and Munster, and in 859 also raiding Máel Sechnaill's heartlands in Mide, though Cerball had to submit to Máel Sechnaill
466:
A large body of contemporary and near-contemporary material on early medieval Ireland has survived. From the titles of works mentioned in these sources, it is clear that a great deal of additional material has now been lost. The surviving materials usually exist in the form of much later copies, and
1886:
lists Flaitbertach Ua Néill as high king, but he proved unable even to control the north of Ireland. Neither was anyone else able to make a recognised claim for kingship over all of Ireland: according to Byrne, "what distinguished the great interregnum of 1022–72 from other periods in Irish history
1075:
is uncertain as he was recorded in books written over 200 years after his death in a period of strong anti-Viking sentiment. He was often depicted as a villain and his wife was said to be a witch that would perform pagan rituals on altars. It is highly likely that this was war propaganda as we have
809:
These early raids interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and marked the beginning of two hundred years of intermittent warfare, with waves of Viking raiders plundering monasteries and towns throughout Ireland. Most of the early raiders came from the fjords of western Norway. They are
2410:
Grandsons or great grandsons of Ivar, no other patronym was given for these, which makes it difficult trace their lineage. Modern scholarly literature also refer to later descendants as "of the Uí Ímair". However, "a collective term for all the descendants of Ívarr is lacking in the medieval Irish
1953:
There were major reforms in the Irish church during the 12th century. These reforms have been generally interpreted as a reaction to previous secularisation, but could also be seen as a continuous development. The reforms had consequences for, and were influenced by, relations within the church as
2024:
The first of the four main synods associated with the church reforms of the 12th century took place in Cashel in 1101, at the instigation of Muirchertach Ua Briain. How many who actually attended this synod is not known, but some of its decrees have been preserved. There is a decree on simony, on
1583:
from Clann Cholmáin who is titled "high king" after Niall however, and Muirchertach did not succeed his father as king of Ailech either until 938. Apart from his victories over the Norse, Muirchertach led campaigns forcing other provincial kingdoms into submission, most notably taking the king of
1019:
on the Liffey, carrying 1,500 men, and another one of a similar size sailing up the river Boyne, making their way into the inland territories and launching attacks on the lands of Brega in the south of County Meath. In general, from 837 onward larger Viking forces hit larger targets – such as the
444:
came to opposite conclusions analyzing the same period. Orpen saw an anarchic country still in 'a tribal state'; he could see no nation, no wider community in Ireland than the tribe. MacNeill stressed the reality of the high-kingship of Ireland and the existence of many of those institutions of
1171:
notes: "Máel Sechnaill's unprecedented success in achieving the high-kingship of all Ireland was marred by the chronic complaint of Irish politics: having united the Ulaid, Munster, Osraige, Connacht and Leinster, he was attacked at the end of his reign by a combination of Uí Néill kings."
1515:
558:
in terms of society, culture and language. People lived in rural communities, and the only larger settlements were monastic towns of varying sizes. The monasteries played an important part in society, not just with regards to religious and cultural life, but also to economy and politics.
2361:. According to Hudson, "Any agreement made there has not survived, although the report of the meeting from a Munster chronicle with a bias towards the southern prince claims that Niall submitted to Feidlimid, while a contemporary northern chronicle has no report of the proceedings."
1719:
Brian quickly established himself as the most powerful ruler in Munster, defeating the Norse of Limerick in 977 and the Eóganachta the following year. Having gained control over Munster, he tried to extend his authority by raiding Osraige in 982 and 983, and also, according to the
944:(Duncan) succeeded Áed Oirdnide as Uí Néill overking in 819, and soon found himself challenged by Feidlimid, both by Feidlimid launching raids into Mide and Connacht and by him interfering (as would be the Uí Néill view) in the affairs of Armagh. Conchobar and Feidlimid met at
2045:
the primate of the church in Ireland. Each province consisted of twelve territorial dioceses. The see of Dublin was not included, as this was under primacy from Canterbury, but a place was left open for it, in the sense that only eleven dioceses were declared under Cashel.
1183:
observes: "Ironically, success may have held back the economic development of the north and ultimately prevented the growth of port towns like those on the east and south coasts, on which the Leinster and Munster kings subsequently depended for much of their wealth."
1740:
and Munster's influence was growing at the expense of Máel Sechnaill and the Southern Uí Néill. In 997 Máel Sechnaill was forced to acknowledge Brian's authority over the south of Ireland, and they formally divided Ireland according to the traditional scheme of
1542:. Significant excavations in Dublin and Waterford in the 20th century have unearthed much of the Viking heritage of those cities. A large amount of Viking burial stones, called the Rathdown Slabs, have been found in multiple locations across South Dublin.
1566:
and inflicted on him a decisive defeat, with Niall and numerous other Irish leaders among the casualties. Dublin was secured for the Norse, and in 920 Sitric left for York and following Ragnall's death succeeded him as ruler there in 921. Their kinsman
1572:
the raiders of the previous century. Another was the intense campaigns led by Dublin in eastern Ulster from 921 to 927, which appear to have aimed at conquest in order to create a Scandinavian kingdom like the one on the eastern side of the Irish sea.
342:
in 1014, the political situation became more complex with rivalry for high kingship from several clans and dynasties. Brian's descendants failed to maintain a unified throne, and regional squabbling over territory led indirectly to the invasion of the
2465:, p. 288. After quoting Ó Corráin, Duffy states that:"...Few now, beyond the ranks of the purveyors of popular fiction, perpetuate the portrayal of Brian, eliminator of the viking scourge" – which may be an overly optimistic assertion from Duffy.
1015:). They were also moving further inland to attack, often using rivers such as the Shannon, and then retreating to their coastal bases. The raiding parties also increased in size, becoming regular armies—in 837 the annals report a fleet of sixty
423:
In trying to interpret the history of early Ireland, one of the most frequently asked questions addressed by historians is how early it is possible to speak of an Irish nation encompassing the whole island of Ireland. Early poet-historians like
401:
The first part of the period from 795 to 1014 is well-studied; the "Viking age" has attracted the interest of historians for quite some time. The period between 1014 and 1169 has received less attention. In the words of Sean Duffy, this period
939:
in 820, beginning a 130-year domination by this branch of Eóganachta. Combining military campaigns with manipulation of ecclesiastical affairs, he embarked on a policy of aggressive expansion to counter the growth in power of the Uí Néill.
1827:, and Dúngal Ua Donnchada of Eóganachta also claimed the kingship of the province. Though Donnchad (Duncan) eventually was victorious, the descendants of Brian would not be able to make a real claim to kingship over Ireland again until
1595:, and returned to Dublin half a year later. The Vikings of Limerick had taken Dublin in his absence. Gofraid retook the city, but the struggle between Limerick continued well after Gofraid's death in 934. He was succeeded by his son,
406:
has – historiographically speaking – fallen between two stools. Historians of early medieval Ireland, seeking to conclude their narratives on a high note, have traditionally done so after recounting the death of the famous high-king
2299:, "The 150 years before 1200 have been lost, between the assumptions that life was a continuation of the fifth through eighth-century world and that the incursion of English lords marked a fundamental change throughout Ireland."
2503:
The see of Waterford however, where the incumbent bishop Máel Ísu Ua hAinmire also had been consecrated in, and taken vows of obedience to, Canterbury, was moved to Lismore, and Máel Ísu chosen as the first archbishop of
1020:
greater monastic towns of Armagh, Glendalough, Kildare, Slane, Clonard, Clonmacnoise, and Lismore – while smaller targets such as local churches with less material to be plundered may have escaped the Vikings' attention.
2029:(heads of ecclesiastical establishments) and finally a decree that defines what relationships are considered to be incestuous. None of these decrees are radical, but they are generally interpreted to be in line with the
1756:
faced with multiple rebellions, both in the north and in Leinster, by 1011 he had received submission from every major regional king in Ireland, and thus earned the recognition by historians as the first real
1791:
participated on the Dublin/ Leinster side, and this may, in conjunction with the propagandistic account of the battle given in the Cogad, have created the still popular myth that what took place at Clontarf
867:
credits Áed for "the absence of any major Viking attacks on Ireland during his reign after 798". The annals give no reference, however, to Áed at any time being involved with warfare against Viking raiders.
2452:, Hudson also notes that "As a descendant of the kings of Dál Riata, being the great-grandson of the Scottish king Cináed mac Alpin, he may have considered that he had hereditary interests in the region."
2490:
Gilla received a letter from Anselm congratulating him on his elevation to the see of Limerick, and there was no suggestion that Anselm felt Canterbury had been slighted or ought to have been involved.
1579:, the son of Niall Glúndub. According to Benjamin Hudson, "Muirchertach was one of the most successful generals of his day and was described as the 'Hector of the Irish'". In the annals, it is (Duncan)
1809:
of the internal struggle for sovereignty and was essentially the revolt of the Leinstermen against the dominance of Brian, a revolt in which their Norse allies played an important but secondary role.
1629:, succeeded (Duncan) Donnchad Donn as Uí Néill overking in 944 (Muirchertag, who otherwise might have been the obvious successor, had been killed in 943). Congalach was king of Brega and a member of
518:
are late, and include some material of doubtful origin. While the annals provide a considerable amount of information, they are generally terse, and most focus their attention on the doings of the
2440:"The second and more intensive period of settlement was characterised by the establishment of a series of towns. Waterford (914), Cork (c.915), Dublin (917), Wexford (c.921) and Limerick (922)."
2108:, presently the most powerful king in Ireland, was eager to increase Connacht influence on the church. The solution reached was to extend the number of metropolitan sees from two to four, with
2072:
observance. Malachy used these as agencies of monastic reform within the Irish church. Malachy resigned as archbishop of Armagh in 1136, but was appointed native papal legate to Ireland by
536:
were composed. Even though the historical accuracy of these accounts is dubious, the Cogad especially has had a great impact on the interpretation of Irish medieval history until recently.
323:), and attempts were made by various factions to gain political control over the whole of the island. For the first two centuries of this period, this was mainly a rivalry between putative
2401:
reads: "Indarba n-gennti a h-Ere, .í. longport Atha Cliath o Mael Findia m. Flandacain co feraibh Bregh & o Cerball m. Muiricain co Laignibh...", that is "longport", not "fortress".
1986:
1649:. This alliance did not last long after Ruaidrí's death in 950, however, and Congalach was killed in 956 in a battle against an alliance of Dublin and Leinster. He was succeeded by
1744:. In the years that followed, the two of them acted as allies in accordance with this agreement. In 999 Brian quelled a revolt against him by the men of Leinster and Dublin at the
1545:
The Vikings founded many other coastal towns, and after several generations of coexistence and intermarriage a group of mixed Irish and Norse ethnic background arose (often called
1167:, king of all Ireland. In the last years of his reign he had however experienced serious opposition from his Uí Néill kinsmen of Ailech and Brega, allied with the Norse of Dublin.
1192:
2009:
were also consecrated in Canterbury, and so was the first bishop of Waterford, Máel Ísu Ua hAinmire in 1096. The written request for Máel Ísu's consecration, as preserved in
1819:
Following Brian's death, Máel Sechnaill resumed as High King, supported by Flaithbertach ua Néill. In Munster, internal strife almost immediately began between Brian's sons
2162:
2128:
an arrangement in Ireland that would finally extinguish Canterbury's claims in Ireland. In 1151 he returned and this time reached Ireland, his journey being facilitated by
5893:
2017:, is subscribed by bishops from Munster, Mide, Dublin and Leinster. Gilla Espaic, the first bishop of Limerick, was however not consecrated in Canterbury, but probably by
1965:
structure. The circumstances surrounding the foundation of the diocese of Dublin early in the century are obscure, but at some point during the reign of Sithric Silkbeard
1356:
2112:
and Dublin included alongside Cashel and Armagh. Malachy died on his way to meet the pope, but the message was transmitted by other means and papal approval was granted.
948:
in 827 to discuss peace terms, and the very fact that "the king of Munster could force the high-king to a peace conference is indicative of Feidlimid's growing power".
6409:
6387:
4319:, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this period (section 4: pp. 144–86 )
4744:
1495:
had followed Flann Sinna as Uí Néill overking in 916, and he marched into Munster against Ragnall, but no decisive engagement followed. The men of Leinster under
6414:
5841:
4764:
2006:
6523:
5962:
4861:
4130:
Historical Studies XI: Nationality and the pursuit of national independence, papers read before the Conference held at Trinity College, Dublin, 26–31 May 1975
6889:
1511:. With Sithric in Dublin and Ragnall in York, a Dublin-York axis developed which would have influence on both England and Ireland for the next half-century.
1179:, presumably bringing a large contingent of the Norse forces in Ireland with him. The Vikings never managed to establish permanent settlements in the north.
2136:
was convened in 1152, with Paparo presiding as papal legate. The decrees from the synod are no longer extant, but some information is preserved through the
3959:
3917:
3697:
478:
which was probably being compiled in the midlands of Ireland by around 800. All include material derived from other sources, or added at a later date. The
630:", was the leading dynasty in Ireland. The Northern Uí Néill controlled the north-western part of Ireland, and was divided into two leading branches, the
7025:
1882:(Duncan) Donnchad mac Brian styled himself as 'King of Ireland' after the death of Máel Sechnaill, but failed to gain recognition as such. A glossing of
981:
The Viking raids on Ireland resumed in 821, and intensified during the following decades. The Vikings were beginning to establish fortified encampments,
955:
in 833. With Niall, we for the first time see a reference in the annals of a Uí Néill leading an army against the Vikings; he defeated Viking raiders in
642:. Cenél nEógain had become the more powerful of the two in 789, and had expanded east and southwards, gaining control over the important monastic centre
587:
identified the "oldest certain fact in the political history of Ireland" as the existence in late prehistory of a pentarchy, probably consisting of the
5846:
1249:
857:
of the Cenél nEógain branch of the Northern Uí Néill became King of Tara in 797, after the death of his predecessor, father-in-law and political rival
4857:
4096:
1349:
5703:
1708:
ruler to be named by the annals as king of Cashel (i.e. king of Munster) in historical times. He was killed in 976, and succeeded by his brother
732:
665:
The central region of Mide had been dominated by what became known as the "southern Uí Néill" since the 7th century. Until the 8th century, the
374:
Due to the rich amount of written sources, the study of Irish history 795–1169 has, to a large extent, focused on gathering, interpretation and
6538:
4119:
4027:
3896:
3873:
3850:
3827:
3804:
3500:
1159:
of the Northern Uí Néill, while Olaf and Ivar had allied themselves with Áed. In 870, however, Cerball and Áed appeared as allies in Leinster.
830:. The early raids on Ireland seem to have been aristocratic free enterprise, and named leaders appear in the Irish annals: Saxolb (Soxulfr) in
4923:
1641:. When Amlaíb Cuaran returned to Ireland the next year, he became ruler of Dublin and acted as an ally of Congalach in the struggle against
6615:
5875:
2325:
they :"paraded illustrious ancestors and their claim to precedence was expressed in an elaborate mythography that passed for history."
976:
259:
525:
In addition to the annals, a large number of genealogies survive, along with geographical and legal texts, poetry, sagas and hagiography.
5042:
4466:
4378:
1342:
692:
since 728. The Uí Cheinnselaig now controlled a territory in the south-eastern part of Leinster, and had close links to the monastery of
132:
6397:
5955:
5889:
4810:
4688:
2148:. The main result of the synod was the official papal sanctioning of the episcopal structure as created in 1111 and refined in 1148.
1507:(917). This victory allowed Sithric to re-establish Norse control over Dublin. Ragnall left Ireland again in 918, and became king of
879:. His rivals for supremacy within Uí Néill, the Clann Cholmáin and the Cenél Conaill, had on the other hand supported the familia of
419:. Eleventh- and early twelfth-century Ireland has, therefore, often assumed the character of a snappy epilogue or a lengthy prologue.
1146:
A significant new trait from the middle of the 9th century was that the Norse now also entered alliances with various Irish rulers.
5708:
4344:
1728:, with the intention of attacking Dublin. There was such an attack, but Brian does not seem to have been involved – instead it was
5880:
4904:
4693:
2209:
landed a much bigger force in Waterford to at least ensure his continuing control over the Norman force. In the process he took
428:
constructed a history of a monarchy of all Ireland going back to and beyond St Patrick. Only a hundred years after Mainistrech,
6459:
6315:
5054:
4938:
4598:
2308:Ó Cróinín also points out the irony of "at no time in the historical period did the political division represented by the word
1076:
very little evidence of his existence from his own period, and it is unlikely those close to him would record this themselves.
348:
4316:
1199:
of Leinster joined forces against Dublin, and "The heathens were driven from Ireland, i.e. from the fortress of Áth Cliath ".
759:
had emerged in Connacht, and since the first half of the 8th century been the dominant dynasty. Uí Briúin also influenced the
7134:
7109:
6493:
5948:
5856:
4887:
4300:
4279:
4239:
3780:
3680:
3593:
3517:
1653:, and in the following decades alliances shifted constantly between the different branches of Uí Néill, Leinster and Dublin.
963:
as king of Leinster, and also invaded Mide. This brought him into conflict with Feidlimid, however, and in 838 a conference (
6158:
959:
the same year. He sought to further expand Uí Néill influence in the south; in 835 he led an army to Leinster and installed
398:, great advances have been made in the understanding of the physical character of the towns established during this period.
7104:
6351:
6207:
5758:
5141:
5027:
2979:
1064:
6949:
6924:
6864:
6334:
5096:
5009:
4966:
1993:. There is no evidence of Canterbury claiming primacy over the church in Ireland prior to this, and neither Lanfranc nor
1447:
After having been forced to leave Dublin in 902, the descendants of Ivar, now described generically in the annals as the
6362:
2395:
1522:
A new and more intensive period of Viking settlement in Ireland began in 914. Between 914 and 922 the Norse established
777:
7040:
6421:
6346:
6297:
6099:
5861:
5625:
5528:
5022:
4933:
4708:
4511:
4471:
4459:
4454:
4442:
4370:
2157:
2109:
1784:
1599:, who inflicted a decisive defeat on Limerick in 937. The same year Amlaíb went to Northumbria and allied himself with
1211:
529:
150:
93:
88:
83:
78:
2095:
No formal attempts on getting papal approval for the structure chosen at Rathbreasail are known before Malachy sought
7083:
7045:
6575:
6426:
6292:
6243:
4718:
4437:
4218:
4173:
4046:
4000:
3758:
3738:
3635:
3553:
3535:
1611:(937), but after Athelstan's death in 939 Amlaíb became king of York. He was joined by a kinsman with the same name,
1275:
207:
1257:
1202:
A group of Vikings led by Hingamund who were forced out of Ireland were given permission by the Saxons to settle in
822:, and then over to Ireland. During these early raids the Vikings also travelled to the west coast of Ireland to the
7129:
7124:
7119:
6304:
6287:
6253:
6248:
6172:
5884:
4908:
4540:
4483:
4423:
4249:
252:
68:
6147:
1596:
563:
had begun in the 5th century, and by the early 9th century the island was almost entirely Christian. However, the
7114:
6543:
6231:
6226:
5521:
5148:
4594:
4055:
McEvoy, Brian, Claire Brady, Laoise T Moore and Daniel G Bradley; Brady, C; Moore, L. T.; Bradley, D. G. (2006).
1796:
1014 was a decisive battle where the Irish defeated Viking invaders and were liberated from oppression. (Duncan)
711:, was considered part of Munster until the late ninth century, when it received an independent status under king
415:
in 1014. On the other hand, historians of later medieval Ireland generally choose to begin proceedings with the
6909:
6849:
6821:
6580:
6265:
6221:
5153:
5049:
4723:
4703:
4658:
4356:
1253:
202:
1657:
6995:
6826:
6371:
6275:
6270:
6030:
5988:
5131:
4840:
4754:
1902:
1126:
of Scotland. Olaf assumed leadership of the Vikings in Ireland, probably in some way shared with his kinsman
217:
4227:
6339:
6191:
5998:
5979:
5971:
5788:
5106:
5032:
4882:
4815:
4739:
4613:
4570:
4337:
1776:
172:
1622:
7005:
6238:
6049:
5126:
4499:
4270:
Wallace, Patrick F. (2005), "The archaeology of ireland's Viking-age towns", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),
4009:
3544:
Byrne, Francis John (2005), "Ireland and her neighbours, c. 1014 – c. 1072", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),
1664:. Following this victory Máel Sechnaill forced Dublin into submission, and his half-brother, Amlaíbs son
745:
378:
of these. Only recently have other sources of historical knowledge received more attention, particularly
245:
212:
154:
23:
7000:
6990:
6954:
6796:
6698:
6282:
6216:
6061:
5831:
5470:
5136:
4830:
4113:
3890:
3867:
3844:
3821:
3798:
3494:
2230:
2171:
2137:
2105:
1839:
dominance in the region. Despite the defeat at Clontarf, Sigtrygg remained ruler of Dublin until 1036.
1600:
1380:
1044:
549:
514:
503:
436:
as utterly primitive and savage. At the beginning of modern scholarly interpretation of Irish history,
416:
285:
2424:
The identity between the Ragnall of Waterford and Ragnall (Rögnvald) of York has been questioned, see
2321:
They may not have been as dominant in earlier history as medieval sources tend to claim, according to
1783:, where Brian was killed, even if his army was victorious over Máel Mórda, Sigtrygg and their allies.
1701:
1591:
When Sihtric died in 927 Gofraid left for York, trying to assume kingship there. He was driven out by
1130:, first mentioned in the Irish Annals in 857. Olaf and Ivar remained active in Ireland and around the
533:
6723:
6486:
5538:
5394:
5114:
4928:
4850:
4835:
4820:
4668:
4603:
4565:
4555:
4545:
4405:
4146:
3729:
Flanagan, Marie Therese (2005), "High-kings with opposition, 1072–1166", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),
2241:
1697:
1642:
1366:
1084:
689:
98:
5556:
4127:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1978), "Nationality and Kingship in Pre-Norman Ireland", in T.W. Moody (ed.),
2810:
1772:
1576:
6974:
6260:
5783:
4913:
4527:
2133:
1982:
1948:
1797:
1661:
1634:
1422:
1238:
1180:
720:
182:
6113:
1630:
1196:
1147:
712:
666:
467:
it is only from comparison of the various texts that the original documents can be reconstructed.
6678:
6648:
6402:
6186:
6182:
5851:
5800:
5516:
5268:
5017:
4877:
4683:
4628:
4618:
4585:
4418:
4330:
3508:
Byrne, Francis John (2005), "Church and politics, c. 750 – c. 1100", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),
2088:
1966:
1917:
1242:
941:
928:
565:
192:
63:
1638:
7035:
6791:
6565:
6177:
5871:
5748:
5374:
4894:
4749:
4638:
4589:
3603:
2101:
1559:
1416:
1398:
864:
627:
623:
492:
187:
4190:
1099:
the same year. These victories form the background of an embassy sent to the Frankish emperor
288:. The first two centuries of this period are characterised by Viking raids and the subsequent
6854:
6746:
6703:
5533:
5504:
5037:
4295:, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol. 2, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
4090:
2669:
2271:
2256:
2037:
1944:
1905:
of Leinster, Donnchad (Duncan) Mac Briain of Munster, Niall mac Máel Sechnaill of Ailech and
1828:
1721:
1604:
1313:
960:
693:
486:
433:
324:
4234:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 182–234,
3733:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 899–933,
2481:(p. 864): "..since 970 the Northern and Southern Uí Néill were... ...irreconcilable foes..."
2477:: "Flaithbertach ua Néill went into Mide to assist Mael Sechnaill." This seem to contradict
1898:
1575:
Dublin's ambitions in Ulster were halted by a series of defeats inflicted upon the Norse by
1088:
7073:
7015:
6811:
6718:
6688:
6673:
6479:
6444:
6324:
6123:
6118:
5903:
5670:
5441:
5418:
5203:
5089:
4943:
4918:
4787:
4608:
4580:
4274:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 814–41,
4057:"The scale and nature of Viking settlement in Ireland from Y-chromosome admixture analysis"
3995:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 635–79,
3548:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 862–98,
3530:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 609–34,
3512:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 654–79,
2266:
2053:
1994:
1608:
1592:
1151:
later the same year. These alliances were by no means permanent. In 860 Cerball was allied
612:
475:
445:
government which Orpen found wanting, and claimed that Irish law had a national character.
197:
1475:, and soon the Uí Ímair followed, again taking control over Viking activities in Ireland.
932:
680:
was the dominant dynasty c. 800. They were closely associated with the large monastery of
669:(also known as the kingdom of Brega) was pre-eminent, but from 728 the western dynasty of
331:. The one who came closest to being de facto king over the whole of Ireland, however, was
8:
6959:
6939:
6919:
6884:
6816:
6728:
6595:
6142:
6108:
6077:
6067:
6015:
6010:
6003:
5778:
5680:
5576:
5464:
5309:
4999:
4989:
4899:
4575:
4432:
4413:
4367:
3604:""Hiberno-Norwegians" and "Anglo-Danes": Anachronistic Ethnicities in Viking Age England"
2214:
2206:
2129:
2002:
1989:
urging reforms, in particular regarding the consecration of bishops and the abolition of
1820:
1745:
1496:
1410:
1392:
945:
498:
121:
58:
5605:
4209:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2001), "The Vikings in Ireland", in Larsen, Anne-Christine (ed.),
3991:
Hughes, Kathleen (2005), "The Irish Church, 800 – c. 1050", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),
3644:
Duffy, Seán (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdom of Dublin and Man 1052-1171".
1650:
1588:
captive in 941. The same year he led a fleet to the Hebrides, collecting tribute there.
1585:
1568:
1476:
1292:
7063:
6899:
6874:
6776:
6653:
6605:
6600:
6590:
6528:
6449:
6128:
6056:
6025:
5993:
5805:
5738:
5733:
5660:
5643:
5561:
5248:
5243:
5176:
4805:
4673:
4623:
4560:
4535:
4531:
4449:
4393:
3655:
3433:
3416:
3082:
2673:
where these early raiders can be identified as originating on the west-coast of Norway.
2251:
2191:
2179:
2124:
2018:
1780:
1749:
1612:
1434:
1428:
1168:
1104:
1091:
of Leinster. For the first time the leader of the Vikings is described as royalty from
760:
700:
635:
508:
412:
339:
277:
126:
32:
3399:
1836:
1752:
as ruler of Dublin after he had formally submitted to Brian by handing over hostages.
685:
7059:
6801:
6771:
6761:
6751:
6668:
6658:
6643:
6510:
6196:
6135:
6072:
6020:
5836:
5766:
5486:
5348:
5213:
5119:
5069:
4984:
4845:
4759:
4296:
4275:
4235:
4214:
4169:
4078:
4042:
4021:
3996:
3776:
3754:
3734:
3676:
3631:
3589:
3549:
3531:
3513:
2213:
and had accepted the fealty of the Irish kings and bishops by 1172, so creating the "
2199:
2117:
1906:
1890:
1874:
1832:
1831:. In Leinster, the defeat at Clontarf and death of Máel Mórda seriously weakened the
1733:
1472:
1404:
1127:
1122:; it is now considered more plausible that it refers to a Scandinavian colony in the
677:
576:
425:
375:
5342:
5079:
3646:
3191:, "ardrí Gaidhel Erenn & Gall & Bretan, August iartair tuaiscirt Eorpa uile"
1883:
1558:
Niall Glúndub marched on Dublin in September 919, but Sihtric met his forces at the
670:
7020:
6969:
6964:
6904:
6869:
6781:
6738:
6708:
6630:
6548:
6518:
6392:
6037:
5695:
5675:
5496:
5451:
4825:
4506:
4488:
4375:
4161:
4068:
3964:
3922:
3768:
3702:
3668:
2141:
2073:
2030:
1970:
1500:
1386:
1317:
1207:
1203:
1100:
936:
560:
480:
459:
145:
3983:
3941:
3721:
1997:
ever made direct primatial claims for Canterbury in relation to the Irish church.
1974:
1800:
was one of the first to publicly debunk this national myth, in his groundbreaking
1646:
1492:
1480:
1156:
970:
883:. During Áed's reign the Columban familia, following several Viking raids against
631:
7030:
6944:
6914:
6638:
6555:
5795:
5723:
5718:
5548:
5426:
5353:
4994:
4678:
4653:
4036:
3904:
3748:
2399:
2113:
1824:
823:
704:
608:
570:
429:
352:
2052:, drove the reform process onwards. Malachy, in close cooperation with (Duncan)
854:
408:
6934:
6879:
6833:
6786:
6766:
6610:
6533:
5940:
5930:
5826:
5665:
5653:
5431:
4494:
4478:
4428:
3968:
3926:
3835:
Holland, Martin (2005). "Church reform, Twelfth century". In Seán Duffy (ed.).
3468:
2983:
2346:
2218:
2187:
2120:
as papal legate, and sent him to Ireland with pallia for the four archbishops.
2104:. The main challenge must have been to reach an accommodation with Dublin, and
2079:
2048:
Gilla, Cellach and Cellach's successor Máel Máedóc Ua Morgair, better known as
1761:
1307:
1111:
1080:
888:
843:
839:
831:
799:
787:
756:
545:
235:
140:
116:
4128:
3951:
3909:
3706:
2174:
was a two-stage process, which began on 1 May 1169 when a force of individual
1676:
987:, along the Irish coast and overwintering in Ireland instead of retreating to
871:Áed was connected to the monastic community at Armagh, and a supporter of the
655:
651:
7098:
6693:
6454:
6382:
6377:
6167:
5481:
5314:
5188:
4663:
4648:
3691:
2246:
1760:. During his visit to Armagh in 1005, he had his secretary add a note to the
1729:
1660:
succeeded Domnall, and the same year he defeated the forces of Dublin at the
1580:
1448:
1135:
1068:
992:
858:
795:
619:
584:
519:
453:
437:
367:
328:
4073:
4056:
3858:
Holland, Martin (2005). "Gille (Gilbert) of Limerick". In Seán Duffy (ed.).
3567:
3450:
1705:
716:
6859:
6756:
6560:
6329:
6042:
5635:
5571:
5566:
5476:
5459:
5284:
5223:
4713:
4698:
4082:
3812:
Holland, Martin (2005). "Cashel, synod of II (1172)". In Seán Duffy (ed.).
3673:
A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c. 500 – c. 1100
2065:
2041:
1187:
The last report of Olaf is when he and Ivar returned to Dublin in 871 from
1056:
1008:
952:
827:
736:
708:
471:
3789:
Holland, Martin (2005). "Cashel, synod of I (1101)". In Seán Duffy (ed.).
3526:
Byrne, Francis John (2005), "The Viking Age", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),
1985:, and on that occasion Lanfranc sent letters to Toirdelbach Ua Briain and
1665:
806:
in 807. These early Viking raids were generally small in scale and quick.
728:
647:
7010:
6713:
6620:
6502:
5772:
5685:
5384:
5328:
5289:
4550:
4165:
2371:
2057:
2049:
1936:
1920:); in an unprecedented move he assumed the kingship "of the foreigners" (
1793:
1788:
1779:
of Leinster and Sigtrygg of Dublin did too. The latter led to the famous
1741:
1547:
1527:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1334:
1330:
1303:
1214:
which is known to have been founded by "Christian Vikings from Ireland".
988:
876:
741:
379:
305:
177:
4255:
3659:
3086:
1671:
6585:
6471:
5866:
5389:
5299:
5263:
5253:
5059:
4288:
3773:
A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100
2950:
Imhar, rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie, uitam finiuit.
2123:
Cardinal Paparo's first attempt to reach Ireland was stalled when king
1973:, thus establishing the first proper diocese in Ireland. His successor
1709:
1685:
1060:
1000:
749:
659:
496:
survive only in an eccentric 17th-century English translation, and the
441:
332:
5510:
3586:
Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014
3004:
1518:
Map showing the major Norse settlements in Ireland in the 10th Century
977:
Early Scandinavian Dublin § The first Norse settlements in Dublin
6894:
6663:
6090:
5898:
5619:
5403:
5258:
5233:
5208:
4633:
3485:
Breatnach, Caoimhín (2005). "Historical tales". In Seán Duffy (ed.).
2385:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century"
2069:
2061:
1725:
1693:
1681:
1523:
1452:
1293:
Impact on cultural activity and formation of Irish scholarly diaspora
1138:, would be an important political factor for the next two centuries.
1131:
983:
835:
596:
490:
cover most of this period, but have a gap between 1132 and 1155. The
391:
301:
5584:
5304:
1227:
335:, the first high king in this period not belonging to the Uí Néill.
320:
6929:
6806:
6683:
5810:
5743:
5408:
5294:
5238:
4643:
2370:
The first report of Vikings spending the winter in Ireland is from
2083:
Maps of dioceses in Ireland as defined by the synod of Kells. From
1978:
1958:
1539:
1456:
1299:
1176:
1123:
1092:
1072:
1048:
1036:
1016:
819:
811:
803:
395:
309:
289:
3750:
The Irish in Early Medieval Europe: Identity, Culture and Religion
2667:
Woolf "constructs a plausible narrative" based on an entry in the
1939:
was an influential 12th-century reformist ecclesiastic in Ireland.
1114:, identified as a "son of the king of Lochlann", came to Ireland.
6570:
5728:
5713:
5612:
5399:
5379:
4353:
4322:
2175:
2096:
1962:
1535:
1514:
1488:
880:
681:
604:
387:
370:, one of the pioneers in modern studies of Irish medieval history
344:
313:
297:
3881:
Holland, Martin (2005). "Kells, synod of". In Seán Duffy (ed.).
1637:
in the early 8th century. In 944 he sacked Dublin, now ruled by
818:. The Vikings would have then sailed down the Atlantic coast of
363:
5598:
5591:
5436:
5369:
5228:
3949:
Hudson, Benjamin T. (2004). "Muirchertach mac Néill (d. 943)".
2210:
2183:
2010:
1990:
1961:, with bishops residing at monasteries and without a permanent
1531:
1119:
1012:
971:
Intensified raiding and the first Viking settlements in Ireland
815:
791:
783:
643:
639:
600:
383:
293:
281:
1932:
1887:
is that it was recognised as such by contemporary observers".
1023:
292:
settlements along the coast. Viking ports were established at
5648:
5218:
3467:
Bracken, Damian (2004), "Feidlimid mac Crimthainn (d. 847)",
2261:
1028:
956:
592:
555:
1842:
1141:
1508:
1188:
1052:
884:
724:
4147:"The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century"
4104:
McNeill, T.E. (2005). "Archaeology". In Seán Duffy (ed.).
3075:
The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
1736:, and they were defeated by Glúniairn and Máel Sechnaill.
1095:. Máel Sechnaill, now High King, defeated another army at
5336:
2383:
For a longer discussion on the location on Lochlann, see
2056:, king of Fernmag/Airgialla, established the first Irish
1633:, and the first of this dynasty called "High King" since
554:
At the end of the 8th century, Ireland was homogeneously
3562:
Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2004), "Áed Oirdnide mac Néill (
3073:
hÉailidhe, P. Ó (1 January 1957). "The Rathdown Slabs".
2345:, a name that could mean either modern Lambay Island or
1210:
in Wirral, which means "farmstead of the Irishmen", and
658:, was now more or less confined to the area east of the
569:(written sometime in the 8th or 9th century) hints that
319:
Ireland consisted of many semi-independent territories (
4765:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
4230:(2005), "Ireland 400–800", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),
2806:
2804:
1134:
for the next two decades. The descendants of Ivar, the
2585:, chapter 4, especially pp. 135–37.; Charles-Edwards,
3767:
Hadley, Dawn (2009), "Viking Raids and Conquest", in
3667:
Duffy, Sean (2009), "Ireland, c. 1000 – c. 1100", in
1672:
Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and Brian Boru (980–1022)
4495:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
4317:
Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.
4213:, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, pp. 17–29,
4014:
Early Christian Ireland. Introduction to the sources
3963:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3921:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3140:
3138:
2801:
1499:
attacked Sithric but suffered a heavy defeat in the
2695:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland..."
1645:, a rival Uí Néill claimant for High Kingship from
778:
Early Scandinavian Dublin § Early Viking raids
4251:The archaeology of the early viking age in Ireland
3950:
3908:
3690:
2438:The archaeology of the early viking age in Ireland
1957:Before the 11th century the church in Ireland was
894:
763:on the southern borders of the Northern Uí Néill.
735:in 744 and taken control over the area in present
684:. Their main rival for dominance in Leinster, the
4858:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
3746:
3135:
3045:
3015:
2742:
2740:
2717:Byrne, Francis John (2005), "Church and politics"
2641:
2639:
731:(not yet known under this name) had defeated the
703:, occupying roughly the same area as the present
650:. The traditional kingdom of Ulaid, dominated by
512:supplying only part of the missing material. The
218:History of the Irish language
7096:
5970:
2374:840–41, the first overwintered in Dublin 841–42.
2202:who sought their help in regaining his kingdom.
1083:a Norse army was defeated at Sciath Nechtain by
448:
386:started in 1961, followed by similar efforts in
5704:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
4038:Literacy and Identity in Early Medieval Ireland
3173:
3171:
3033:Literacy and Identity in Early Medieval Ireland
1775:revolted against Brian, and the following year
1118:has been understood as (a district of) present
914:To take the hostages of Connacht without battle
327:from the northern and southern branches of the
3775:, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 195–211,
3675:, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 285–302,
2737:
2729:T. M. Charles-Edwards, 'Áed Oirdnide mac Néill
2706:T. M. Charles-Edwards, 'Áed Oirdnide mac Néill
2636:
1324:
798:. This was followed by a raid on the coast of
6487:
5956:
4338:
1927:
1901:of Connacht, Garbíth Ua Cathassaig of Brega,
1350:
766:
539:
253:
4095:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3701:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3199:
3197:
3168:
3156:
3154:
3152:
2426:Downham, Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland
4467:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2965:, pp. 17–23, 137–45, 238–41, 246, 258–59.;
2656:
2654:
2341:The annals name the site of this attack as
1256:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6494:
6480:
5963:
5949:
5890:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
4345:
4331:
4118:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4026:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3895:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3872:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3849:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3826:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3803:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3747:Flechner, Roy; Meeder, Sven, eds. (2016),
3499:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2040:. This synod, presided by Gilla Espaic as
1862:Donnchad, two Nialls without swift sorrow,
1364:
1357:
1343:
1035:One of the first named Viking leaders was
528:In the 12th century, propaganda text like
260:
246:
4072:
3885:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 247–49.
3862:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 198–99.
3692:"Brian Bóruma (Brian Boru) (c. 941–1014)"
3630:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
3489:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 221–22.
3194:
3149:
3145:Hudson, "Muirchertach mac Néill (d. 943)"
3072:
2631:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhi (2005) Ireland, 400–800
2450:Hudson, "Muirchertach mac Néill (d. 943)"
1843:High kings with opposition (1022 onwards)
1724:, entering an alliance with the Norse of
1479:arrived with a fleet in Waterford, while
1276:Learn how and when to remove this message
1142:Shifting alliances and struggle for power
995:bases. The first known longports were at
622:, divided in two main branches known as "
580:Peoples and subdivisions of early Ireland
474:are ultimately derived from the now-lost
6501:
5709:Association football in Northern Ireland
4108:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 24–26.
3839:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 83–86.
3816:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 66–67.
3793:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 65–66.
3455:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003
3438:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003
3421:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2002
3404:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2000
2651:
2554:Ó Corráin, "Nationality and Kingship..."
2161:
2078:
2064:in 1142, and also facilitated the first
1931:
1675:
1513:
1471:. In 914 a new Viking fleet appeared in
1022:
575:
452:
362:
312:, which became the first large towns in
4905:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
4016:, London and Ithaca NY, pp. 99–159
3960:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3953:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3918:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3911:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3698:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3625:
3569:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3470:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3279:Hughes, The Irish Church, 800 – c. 1050
2277:
1607:. Athelstan defeated this coalition at
1059:in 844. He was captured and drowned in
7097:
2747:Bracken, "Feidlimid mac Crimthainn..."
2646:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings & Ireland"
2323:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings & Ireland"
1455:; reports tell of their activities in
6475:
5944:
5174:
4964:
4785:
4391:
4326:
3811:
3788:
3601:
3325:
2570:, is a general survey of the subject.
2224:
1864:are evidently the kings of this era.)
1338:
1163:in the Annals of Ulster described as
1155:Máel Sechnaill in a campaign against
786:raid in Irish history occurred in AD
771:
688:had not been able to claim the title
3907:(2004). "Niall mac Áeda (d. 846)".
3903:
3834:
3728:
3359:
3347:
3337:Holland, Gille (Gilbert) of Limerick
3313:
3302:
3290:
2492:
2358:
2001:Ireland. Gilla Pátraic's successors
1254:adding citations to reliable sources
1221:
7079:
6524:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
6410:Post-war period (political history)
3880:
3857:
3370:
3336:
3130:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland"
3061:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland"
2796:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland"
2780:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland"
2463:Duffy, "Ireland, c. 1000 – c. 1100"
432:described the Irish society in his
13:
6616:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
4934:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
4709:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
4507:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
4352:
4061:European Journal of Human Genetics
3990:
3507:
3484:
3326:Holland, Cashel, synod of I (1101)
3278:
3048:The Irish in Early Medieval Europe
3018:The Irish in Early Medieval Europe
2925:Ó Corráin, "Vikings & Ireland"
2866:Ó Corráin, "Vikings & Ireland"
2716:
2606:
2151:
1858:(Smooth-haired Conchobar, welcome!
1785:Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney
1217:
802:in 798, and raids on the coast of
382:. Since the modern excavations of
14:
7146:
7046:Historiography in the Middle Ages
4719:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
4310:
4106:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia
4041:, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press,
4034:
3883:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia
3860:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia
3837:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia
3814:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia
3791:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia
3572:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
3561:
3487:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia
3473:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
3255:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours
3243:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours
3231:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours
3219:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours
3177:
3030:
2890:Hadley, Viking Raids and Conquest
2880:, "Amhlaim m. righ Laithlinde..."
2728:
2705:
2542:Duffy, Ireland, c. 1000 – c. 1100
2312:... ...have a tangible existence"
2025:prohibition for laymen to become
1853:Donnchad, dá Níall cen snim snéid
1692:In Munster, the influence of the
887:, established a new monastery at
810:believed to have sailed first to
573:had not yet been fully uprooted.
506:'s abbreviated copy known as the
358:
7078:
7069:
7068:
7058:
6415:Post-war period (social history)
6089:
5924:
4888:Tallest buildings and structures
4188:
3948:
3543:
3525:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3203:
3144:
2924:
2901:
2865:
2682:
2645:
2478:
2449:
2398:Note that the untranslated text
2334:
2322:
1732:of Leinster who was allied with
1226:
229:
42:
6544:Christianity in the Middle Ages
6539:Decline of Hellenistic religion
4293:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070
4269:
4226:
4126:
3376:
3364:
3353:
3341:
3330:
3319:
3307:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3182:
3123:
3104:
3093:
3066:
3054:
3039:
3024:
3009:
2998:
2980:"Irish Migration to Merseyside"
2972:
2953:
2941:
2930:
2918:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2848:
2837:
2826:
2815:
2785:
2773:
2762:
2751:
2722:
2710:
2699:
2688:
2676:
2630:
2590:
2553:
2529:
2497:
2484:
2468:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2418:
2404:
2389:
2377:
2364:
2352:
2328:
2315:
2302:
1851:Áed, Gairbith, Diarmait durgen,
1835:, and opened the way for a new
1212:St Bridget's Church, West Kirby
1065:Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid
912:For whom a single day's work is
895:Rivalry between north and south
849:
715:. Munster was dominated by the
638:, also known as the kingdom of
338:Following Brian's death at the
6822:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
4724:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
3753:, London: Palgrave Macmillan,
3688:
3583:
3466:
3160:
3005:St Bridget's Church West Kirby
2959:
2746:
2624:
2611:
2600:
2573:
2558:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2425:
2412:
2289:
2158:History of Ireland (1169–1536)
727:as ecclesiastical centre. The
502:for this period are lost with
1:
6996:Disability in the Middle Ages
6669:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
6601:Rise of the Venetian Republic
4786:
4272:Prehistoric and Early Ireland
4232:Prehistoric and Early Ireland
4208:
4160:, Belgium: Brepols: 296–339,
4145:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998),
4008:
3993:Prehistoric and Early Ireland
3766:
3731:Prehistoric and Early Ireland
3546:Prehistoric and Early Ireland
3528:Prehistoric and Early Ireland
3510:Prehistoric and Early Ireland
3129:
3060:
2889:
2795:
2779:
2607:Breatnach, "Historical tales"
2579:
2564:
2511:
2190:. This was at the request of
1860:Áed, Garbith, hardy Diarmait,
1451:, remained active around the
646:and the large sub-kingdom of
530:Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil
449:Nature of the written sources
417:English invasion of the 1160s
7135:History of Ireland by period
7110:Early Middle Ages by country
5972:History of the British Isles
5789:Northern Ireland flags issue
4965:
4740:List of conflicts in Ireland
4484:Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
4287:
4103:
3984:UK public library membership
3942:UK public library membership
3722:UK public library membership
3666:
3643:
3435:Annals of Ulster AD 431–1201
3267:Duffy, Irishmen and Islesmen
3266:
3114:
3100:McEvoy&al., EJHG article
3046:Flechner and Meeder (2016),
3016:Flechner and Meeder (2016),
2966:
2660:
2591:Ó Cróinín, "Ireland 400–800"
2541:
2462:
2296:
2217:", which formed part of his
1895:Ríg Themra tóebaige iar tain
1849:Conchobur clannmin, fo-chen!
1047:connect him with attacks on
790:when Vikings, possibly from
7:
7105:Medieval history of Ireland
5175:
4760:Gaelic clothing and fashion
4392:
4144:
2694:
2621:, Dublin, 1920, pp. 98–132.
2530:Wallace, The archaeology...
2384:
2235:
1658:Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill
1325:Second Viking age (914–980)
1071:. However the existence of
1027:Modern replica of a Viking
951:Conchobar was succeeded by
755:During the 7th century the
274:history of Ireland 795–1169
10:
7151:
6797:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
4133:, Belfast: Appletree Press
3418:Annals of the Four Masters
3206:Ireland and her neighbours
2683:Byrne, F.J. The Viking age
2413:Downham, "Viking Kings..."
2231:Slavery in medieval Europe
2228:
2172:Norman invasion of Ireland
2155:
2138:Annals of the Four Masters
2106:Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair
1954:well as secular politics.
1942:
1928:Reform of the Irish Church
1802:Ireland before the Normans
1764:where he is proclaimed as
1742:Leath Cuinn and Leath Moga
1712:, later famously known as
1668:, became ruler in Dublin.
1601:Constantine II of Scotland
1328:
1193:Máel Finnia mac Flannacain
1045:Annals of the Four Masters
974:
775:
767:First Viking age (795–902)
742:Leath Cuinn and Leath Moga
550:Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland
543:
540:Political landscape c. 800
515:Annals of the Four Masters
504:Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh
7054:
6983:
6842:
6737:
6724:Mongol invasion of Europe
6629:
6509:
6436:
6361:
6314:
6206:
6157:
6098:
6087:
5978:
5920:
5819:
5757:
5694:
5634:
5547:
5495:
5450:
5417:
5362:
5327:
5277:
5196:
5187:
5183:
5170:
5105:
5008:
4977:
4973:
4960:
4870:
4798:
4794:
4781:
4732:
4520:
4404:
4400:
4387:
4363:
4054:
3099:
2967:Woolf, "Pictland to Alba"
2337:The Vikings & Ireland
2242:Early Scandinavian Dublin
2205:Then on 18 October 1171,
2036:The second synod was the
1623:Congalach mac Máel Mithig
1615:son of Sihtric, known as
1376:
1312:, Irish scholars such as
1306:court. Commonly known as
905:eitrige Connacht cen cath
826:located off the coast of
613:four provinces of Ireland
276:covers the period in the
135:Great Britain and Ireland
99:Timeline of Irish history
4248:Viking Network Ireland,
4247:
3415:
3382:
2821:
2437:
2282:
2134:Synod of Kells-Mellifont
1983:Archbishop of Canterbury
1949:Synod of Kells-Mellifont
1903:Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó
1855:rig na ré sea co roreid.
7130:12th century in Ireland
7125:11th century in Ireland
7120:10th century in Ireland
6679:Investiture Controversy
6649:Second Bulgarian Empire
6244:Early medieval Scotland
5881:Prostitution (Republic)
4074:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201709
4035:Johnston, Elva (2013),
3626:Downham, Clare (2017),
3602:Downham, Clare (2009).
3584:Downham, Clare (2007),
3449:
3432:
3398:
3371:Holland, Synod of Kells
3303:Holland, Church reforms
3188:
3110:
2947:
2936:
2913:
2902:Byrne, "The Viking Age"
2877:
2854:
2843:
2832:
2791:
2768:
2757:
2732:
2619:Phases of Irish History
2587:Early Christian Ireland
2582:Early Christian Ireland
2567:Early Christian Ireland
2474:
1918:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
1787:as well as forces from
942:Conchobar mac Donnchada
929:Fedelmid mac Crimthainn
922:Annals of Ulster, 840.4
921:
901:Is he Feidhlimidh in ri
566:Martyrology of Tallaght
534:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib
7115:9th century in Ireland
7036:Post-classical history
6792:Fall of Constantinople
6699:Capet–Plantagenet feud
6566:First Bulgarian Empire
6288:Early medieval Ireland
6254:Late medieval Scotland
6249:High medieval Scotland
6222:Early medieval England
4750:List of Irish kingdoms
4211:The Vikings in Ireland
4189:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh,
3969:10.1093/ref:odnb/19502
3927:10.1093/ref:odnb/20076
3588:, Edinburgh: Dunedin,
3360:Holland, Church reform
2297:McNeill, "Archaeology"
2167:
2092:
1940:
1880:
1871:Rédig dam, a Dé do nim
1817:
1773:Flaithbertach Ua Néill
1689:
1577:Muirchertach mac Néill
1560:battle of Islandbridge
1519:
1368:Viking wars in Ireland
1032:
926:
910:(Feidlimid is the king
903:dianid opair oenlaithi
865:Thomas Charles-Edwards
748:'s half" (north) and "
581:
493:Annals of Clonmacnoise
463:
421:
371:
6335:Early modern Scotland
6298:Late medieval Ireland
6293:High medieval Ireland
6232:Late medieval England
6227:High medieval England
6183:Protohistoric Ireland
5857:Mass media (Republic)
5801:National coat of arms
4689:IRA Northern Campaign
4192:Vikings & Ireland
3707:10.1093/ref:odnb/3377
3611:Mediaeval Scandinavia
3401:Annals of Innisfallen
3117:From Pictland to Alba
3051:, pp. 179–94, 231–41.
2670:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2663:From Pictland to Alba
2272:MacDunleavy (dynasty)
2257:Scandinavian Scotland
2229:Further information:
2196:Diarmait Mac Murchada
2165:
2156:Further information:
2146:Foras Feasa ar Éirinn
2082:
2038:Synod of Rathbreasail
1945:Synod of Rathbreasail
1935:
1914:rí Érenn co fressarba
1846:
1829:Toirdelbach Ua Briain
1806:
1722:annals of Innisfallen
1679:
1605:Owen I of Strathclyde
1517:
1314:John Scottus Eriugena
1197:Cerball mac Muirecáin
1148:Cerball mac Dúnlainge
1026:
1011:, at or near present
907:ocus Midhe do manrath
898:
794:looted the island of
713:Cerball mac Dúnlainge
579:
544:Further information:
487:Annals of Innisfallen
456:
434:Topographia Hibernica
404:
366:
325:High Kings of Ireland
213:Economic history
208:British monarchs
7016:Medieval reenactment
6812:Renaissance Humanism
6719:Medieval Warm Period
6689:Republic of Florence
6503:European Middle Ages
6445:House of Plantagenet
6347:Early modern Ireland
6330:Early modern England
6325:Early modern Britain
6266:Early medieval Wales
6124:Prehistoric Shetland
6119:Prehistoric Scotland
5779:County coats of arms
5671:List of Irish people
4745:List of Irish tribes
4595:Cromwellian conquest
4581:Plantation of Ulster
4512:Ireland (since 1922)
4166:10.1484/J.Peri.3.334
3689:Duffy, Seán (2004).
2359:Hudson, Niall Caille
2278:Notes and references
2054:Donnchad Ua Cerbaill
1748:, and only restored
1698:Cennétig mac Lorcáin
1643:Ruaidrí ua Canannáin
1639:Blácaire mac Gofrith
1250:improve this section
1085:Ólchobar mac Cináeda
476:Chronicle of Ireland
198:Gaelic monarchs
111:Peoples and polities
6729:Kingdom of Portugal
6596:Old Church Slavonic
6581:Anglo-Saxon England
6422:Late modern Ireland
6316:Early modern period
6276:Late medieval Wales
6271:High medieval Wales
6143:Prehistoric Ireland
6114:Prehistoric England
6109:Prehistoric Britain
5894:in Northern Ireland
5885:in Northern Ireland
5626:Legendary creatures
5539:Traditional singing
5375:Saint Patrick's Day
5010:Republic of Ireland
4939:Tourist attractions
4924:ROI–UK border
4909:of Northern Ireland
4862:in Northern Ireland
4694:IRA Border Campaign
4669:War of Independence
4639:Second Great Famine
4624:Act of Union (1800)
4576:Flight of the Earls
4433:Lordship of Ireland
4368:Republic of Ireland
3905:Hudson, Benjamin T.
2986:on 19 November 2022
2215:Lordship of Ireland
2130:David I of Scotland
2116:appointed cardinal
2102:St Patrick's Island
2089:William R. Shepherd
2003:Donngus Ua hAingliu
1977:was consecrated by
1814:Donnchadh Ó Corráin
1798:Donnchadh Ó Corráin
1766:Imperator Scottorum
1746:battle of Glen Mama
1635:Cináed mac Írgalaig
1497:Augaire mac Ailella
937:kingship of Munster
916:And to spoil Mide.)
842:, Agonn (Hákon) in
782:The first recorded
591:or "fifths" of the
499:Annals of Tigernach
151:Republic of Ireland
122:Lordship of Ireland
6910:In popular culture
6875:Crusading movement
6747:Hundred Years' War
6606:Civitas Schinesghe
6591:Carolingian Empire
6576:Kingdom of Croatia
6529:Barbarian kingdoms
6450:House of Lancaster
6403:World Wars (Wales)
6363:Late modern period
6340:Early modern Wales
6129:Prehistoric Orkney
6100:Prehistoric period
5931:Ireland portal
5249:Skirts and kidneys
4755:List of High Kings
4674:Anglo-Irish Treaty
4614:First Great Famine
4599:Settlement of 1652
4571:Tyrone's Rebellion
4561:Desmond Rebellions
4450:Kingdom of Ireland
4258:on 28 January 2010
3452:Chronicon Scotorum
3281:, p. 655, note 70.
2252:History of Ireland
2225:Slavery in Ireland
2192:Dermot MacMurrough
2180:Raymond Fitzgerald
2168:
2093:
2007:Samuel Ua hÁingliu
1941:
1781:battle of Clontarf
1750:Sigtrygg Silkbeard
1704:was the first non-
1690:
1520:
1105:Annales Bertiniani
1103:, reported in the
1089:Lorcán mac Cellaig
1055:and the church at
1033:
772:Early Viking raids
761:kingdom of Breifne
752:'s half" (south).
701:kingdom of Osraige
603:(Leinster), Mumu (
582:
522:and of churchmen.
509:Chronicon Scotorum
464:
457:Folio 53 from the
413:battle of Clontarf
372:
340:Battle of Clontarf
278:history of Ireland
236:Ireland portal
127:Kingdom of Ireland
7092:
7091:
7001:Basic topics list
6802:Swiss mercenaries
6752:Wars of the Roses
6659:Kingdom of Poland
6644:Holy Roman Empire
6511:Early Middle Ages
6469:
6468:
6352:Early modern Mann
6239:Medieval Scotland
6197:Sub-Roman Britain
6192:End of Roman rule
6136:Prehistoric Wales
5938:
5937:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5323:
5322:
5214:Bacon and cabbage
5166:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5033:Foreign relations
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4883:Notable buildings
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4302:978-0-7486-1234-5
4281:978-0-19-922665-8
4241:978-0-19-922665-8
4228:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí
4114:cite encyclopedia
3982:(Subscription or
3940:(Subscription or
3891:cite encyclopedia
3868:cite encyclopedia
3845:cite encyclopedia
3822:cite encyclopedia
3799:cite encyclopedia
3782:978-1-4051-0628-3
3769:Stafford, Pauline
3720:(Subscription or
3682:978-1-4051-0628-3
3669:Stafford, Pauline
3595:978-1-903765-89-0
3519:978-0-19-922665-8
3495:cite encyclopedia
3178:Jaski, Brian Boru
3031:Johnston (2013),
2493:Flanagan, p. 915.
2267:O'Donnell dynasty
2068:community of the
1907:Niall mac Eochada
1899:Áed Ua Conchobair
1891:Flann Mainistrech
1875:Flann Mainistrech
1734:Ivar of Waterford
1473:Waterford Harbour
1444:
1443:
1286:
1285:
1278:
933:Eóganacht Chaisil
719:, centred around
628:Southern Uí Néill
624:Northern Uí Néill
426:Flann Mainistrech
376:textual criticism
270:
269:
133:United Kingdom of
7142:
7082:
7081:
7072:
7071:
7062:
7021:Medieval studies
6865:Church and State
6739:Late Middle Ages
6631:High Middle Ages
6549:Christianization
6519:Migration Period
6496:
6489:
6482:
6473:
6472:
6427:Late modern Mann
6398:Second World War
6383:Edwardian period
6378:Victorian period
6283:Medieval Ireland
6217:Medieval England
6159:Classical period
6148:Prehistoric Mann
6093:
6050:Northern Ireland
5965:
5958:
5951:
5942:
5941:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5606:Tuatha Dé Danann
5194:
5193:
5185:
5184:
5172:
5171:
5107:Northern Ireland
5085:
5075:
5065:
4975:
4974:
4962:
4961:
4796:
4795:
4783:
4782:
4659:Home Rule crisis
4489:Northern Ireland
4402:
4401:
4389:
4388:
4376:Northern Ireland
4347:
4340:
4333:
4324:
4323:
4305:
4284:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4254:, archived from
4244:
4223:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4197:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4151:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4123:
4117:
4109:
4100:
4094:
4086:
4076:
4051:
4031:
4025:
4017:
4010:Hughes, Kathleen
4005:
3987:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3956:
3945:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3914:
3900:
3894:
3886:
3877:
3871:
3863:
3854:
3848:
3840:
3831:
3825:
3817:
3808:
3802:
3794:
3785:
3763:
3743:
3725:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3694:
3685:
3663:
3640:
3628:Medieval Ireland
3622:
3620:
3618:
3608:
3598:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3558:
3540:
3522:
3504:
3498:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3175:
3166:
3158:
3147:
3142:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3108:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3043:
3037:
3028:
3022:
3013:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2982:. Archived from
2976:
2970:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:worldhistory.org
2808:
2799:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2658:
2649:
2643:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2577:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2332:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2200:King of Leinster
2142:Geoffrey Keating
2085:Historical Atlas
2031:Gregorian reform
2015:Historia Novorum
1971:Bishop of Dublin
1878:
1815:
1696:had grown under
1651:Domnall ua Néill
1631:Síl nÁedo Sláine
1586:Cellachán Caisil
1501:Battle of Confey
1371:
1369:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1318:Sedulius Scottus
1281:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1230:
1222:
1101:Charles the Bald
961:Bran mac Fáeláin
924:
814:, then south to
690:king of Leinster
667:Síl nÁedo Sláine
634:in the west and
599:(Connacht), the
561:Christianization
481:Annals of Ulster
460:Book of Leinster
349:Richard de Clare
262:
255:
248:
234:
233:
232:
155:Northern Ireland
146:Irish Free State
46:
36:
18:
17:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7050:
7031:Neo-medievalism
6979:
6915:Itinerant court
6838:
6733:
6654:Georgian Empire
6639:Norman Conquest
6625:
6571:Frankish Empire
6505:
6500:
6470:
6465:
6464:
6432:
6431:
6393:Interwar period
6388:First World War
6357:
6356:
6310:
6309:
6208:Medieval period
6202:
6201:
6153:
6152:
6094:
6085:
6084:
6068:Channel Islands
6004:Isles of Scilly
5974:
5969:
5939:
5934:
5925:
5923:
5908:
5876:outside Ireland
5847:Historic houses
5815:
5796:Irish Wolfhound
5767:Brighid's Cross
5753:
5724:Gaelic handball
5719:Gaelic football
5690:
5661:Hiberno-Normans
5630:
5543:
5491:
5446:
5427:Hiberno-English
5413:
5358:
5319:
5273:
5179:
5158:
5101:
5083:
5073:
5063:
5004:
4995:Ulster loyalism
4969:
4948:
4866:
4790:
4769:
4728:
4654:Dublin lock-out
4590:Confederate War
4541:Norman invasion
4528:Battles of Tara
4516:
4472:1801–1923
4460:1691–1800
4455:1536–1691
4443:1169–1536
4396:
4383:
4359:
4351:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4282:
4261:
4259:
4242:
4221:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4149:
4136:
4134:
4111:
4110:
4088:
4087:
4067:(12): 1288–94.
4049:
4019:
4018:
4003:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3939:
3931:
3929:
3888:
3887:
3865:
3864:
3842:
3841:
3819:
3818:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3761:
3741:
3719:
3711:
3709:
3683:
3638:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3596:
3575:
3573:
3556:
3538:
3520:
3492:
3491:
3476:
3474:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3439:
3424:
3422:
3407:
3405:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3159:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3113:, commented by
3109:
3105:
3098:
3094:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3044:
3040:
3029:
3025:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2769:AU 835.1, 835.3
2767:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:Eoin MacNeill,
2616:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2578:
2574:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2485:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2405:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2178:knights led by
2166:Ireland in 1482
2160:
2154:
2152:Norman invasion
2114:Pope Eugene III
1951:
1930:
1879:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1837:Uí Cheinnselaig
1816:
1813:
1758:king of Ireland
1674:
1491:) in Leinster.
1487:(possibly near
1445:
1440:
1381:Strangford Loch
1372:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1333:
1327:
1298:the science of
1295:
1282:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1247:
1231:
1220:
1218:Failed Conquest
1165:ri h-Erenn uile
1144:
1087:of Munster and
979:
973:
935:acceded to the
925:
920:
915:
913:
911:
908:
906:
904:
902:
897:
852:
824:Skellig Islands
780:
774:
769:
705:County Kilkenny
686:Uí Cheinnselaig
552:
542:
451:
430:Gerald of Wales
361:
286:Norman invasion
280:from the first
266:
230:
228:
223:
222:
168:
160:
159:
137:
134:
112:
104:
103:
54:
34:
27:
12:
11:
5:
7148:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7076:
7066:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7026:Misconceptions
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6846:
6844:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6834:Little Ice Age
6831:
6830:
6829:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6787:Western Schism
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6743:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6541:
6536:
6534:Late antiquity
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6499:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6476:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6372:United Kingdom
6368:
6367:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6261:Medieval Wales
6258:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6180:
6175:
6173:Roman Scotland
6170:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6116:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6065:
6059:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6031:Outer Hebrides
6028:
6026:Inner Hebrides
6023:
6018:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5989:United Kingdom
5985:
5984:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5968:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5945:
5936:
5935:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5887:
5878:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5842:Heritage Sites
5839:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5781:
5776:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5666:Irish diaspora
5663:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5654:Gaelic Ireland
5646:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5553:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5514:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5397:
5395:Rose of Tralee
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5204:List of dishes
5200:
5198:
5191:
5181:
5180:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5120:D'Hondt method
5111:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5081:Seanad Éireann
5077:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4971:
4970:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4821:Extreme points
4818:
4813:
4811:Climate change
4808:
4802:
4800:
4792:
4791:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4629:1803 Rebellion
4626:
4621:
4619:1798 Rebellion
4616:
4611:
4606:
4604:Williamite War
4601:
4592:
4586:1641 Rebellion
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4566:Spanish Armada
4563:
4558:
4556:Tudor conquest
4553:
4548:
4546:Bruce campaign
4543:
4538:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4491:(1921–present)
4486:
4481:
4479:Irish Republic
4476:
4475:
4474:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4438:800–1169
4429:Gaelic Ireland
4426:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4398:
4397:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4373:
4364:
4361:
4360:
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4335:
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4312:
4311:External links
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2219:Angevin Empire
2198:), the ousted
2188:County Wexford
2153:
2150:
1929:
1926:
1884:Baile In Scáil
1866:
1844:
1841:
1811:
1762:Book of Armagh
1700:, and his son
1673:
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1662:battle of Tara
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997:Linn Dúachaill
972:
969:
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893:
851:
848:
838:(Þurgestr) in
773:
770:
768:
765:
673:was dominant.
671:Clann Cholmáin
595:(Ulster), the
546:Gaelic Ireland
541:
538:
450:
447:
411:(Boru) at the
360:
359:Historiography
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6694:Scholasticism
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6374:(since 1707)
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5999:Isle of Wight
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5201:
5199:
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5173:
5169:
5155:
5154:Peace process
5152:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5121:
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5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5084:(upper house)
5082:
5078:
5076:
5074:(lower house)
5072:
5068:
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5066:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5053:
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5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:Republicanism
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4945:
4942:
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4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Peace process
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:The Emergency
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Easter Rising
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:Fenian Rising
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
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4627:
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4451:
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4444:
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4427:
4425:
4424:Early history
4422:
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4411:
4409:
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4268:
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4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:0-19-922665-2
4216:
4212:
4207:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4177:
4175:2-503-50624-0
4171:
4167:
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4048:9781843838555
4044:
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4015:
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4002:0-19-922665-2
3998:
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3760:9781137430595
3756:
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3740:0-19-922665-2
3736:
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3292:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3257:, pp. 879–80.
3256:
3251:
3244:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3209:, pp. 866–67.
3208:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3021:, pp. 231–41.
3020:
3019:
3012:
3006:
3001:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2969:, pp. 106–16.
2968:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2691:
2685:, pp. 609–10.
2684:
2679:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2532:, pp. 814–15.
2531:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2500:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Great Ireland
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Gilla Pátraic
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:Domnall Claen
1727:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1680:18th-century
1678:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1647:Cenél Conaill
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1617:Amlaíb Cuarán
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1581:Donnchad Donn
1578:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1553:Hiberno-Norse
1550:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:Niall Glúndub
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1280:
1277:
1269:
1266:February 2023
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1235:This section
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1195:of Brega and
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1157:Áed Findliath
1154:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Western Isles
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:
978:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:
923:
917:
909:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
866:
862:
860:
859:Donnchad Midi
856:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
779:
764:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
738:
734:
733:Corcu Modruad
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:Cenél nEógain
633:
632:Cenél Conaill
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:Eoin MacNeill
578:
574:
572:
568:
567:
562:
557:
551:
547:
537:
535:
531:
526:
523:
521:
517:
516:
511:
510:
505:
501:
500:
495:
494:
489:
488:
483:
482:
477:
473:
468:
462:
461:
455:
446:
443:
439:
438:Eoin MacNeill
435:
431:
427:
420:
418:
414:
410:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
368:Eoin MacNeill
365:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
243:
241:
240:
237:
227:
226:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
164:
163:
156:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
136:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
108:
107:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
31:
30:
25:
20:
19:
16:
6855:Architecture
6827:Great Famine
6817:Universities
6757:Hussite Wars
6674:Great Schism
6561:Papal States
5922:
5892: /
5883: /
5874: /
5852:Homelessness
5771:
5739:Road bowling
5734:Martial arts
5681:Ulster Scots
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5562:Mythological
5509:
5469:
5442:Ulster Scots
5402: /
5341:
5269:Three-in-One
5080:
5071:Dáil Éireann
5070:
5060:
5018:Constitution
4907: /
4878:Architecture
4860: /
4733:Other topics
4714:Celtic Tiger
4699:The Troubles
4597: /
4588: /
4534: /
4530: /
4431: /
4419:Protohistory
4292:
4271:
4260:, retrieved
4256:the original
4250:
4231:
4210:
4199:, retrieved
4191:
4179:, retrieved
4157:
4153:
4135:, retrieved
4129:
4105:
4091:cite journal
4064:
4060:
4037:
4013:
3992:
3972:. Retrieved
3958:
3952:
3930:. Retrieved
3916:
3910:
3882:
3859:
3836:
3813:
3790:
3772:
3749:
3730:
3710:. Retrieved
3696:
3672:
3651:
3645:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3610:
3585:
3574:, retrieved
3568:
3563:
3545:
3527:
3509:
3486:
3475:, retrieved
3469:
3457:, retrieved
3451:
3440:, retrieved
3434:
3423:, retrieved
3417:
3406:, retrieved
3400:
3392:Bibliography
3378:
3366:
3355:
3343:
3332:
3321:
3316:, pp. 911–12
3309:
3298:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3205:
3184:
3163:Brian Bóruma
3162:
3132:, pp. 22–23.
3125:
3116:
3106:
3095:
3081:(1): 75–88.
3078:
3074:
3068:
3056:
3047:
3041:
3036:, pp. 27–58.
3032:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2984:the original
2974:
2962:Viking Kings
2961:
2955:
2943:
2932:
2920:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2850:
2839:
2828:
2817:
2787:
2775:
2764:
2753:
2724:
2712:
2701:
2690:
2678:
2668:
2662:
2661:Woolf, Alex
2626:
2618:
2613:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2499:
2486:
2470:
2461:Quoted from
2457:
2445:
2433:
2420:
2406:
2391:
2379:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2291:
2204:
2195:
2182:landed near
2169:
2145:
2122:
2094:
2084:
2047:
2042:papal legate
2035:
2026:
2023:
2014:
1999:
1956:
1952:
1921:
1913:
1911:
1894:
1893:had written
1889:
1881:
1870:
1848:
1847:
1833:Uí Dúnlainge
1818:
1807:
1801:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1754:
1738:
1718:
1713:
1691:
1655:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1590:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1521:
1504:
1484:
1446:
1417:Cathair Cuan
1308:
1296:
1287:
1272:
1263:
1248:Please help
1236:
1201:
1186:
1174:
1164:
1161:
1152:
1145:
1115:
1109:
1096:
1078:
1069:King of Mide
1057:Clonmacnoise
1040:
1034:
1009:River Liffey
1004:
996:
982:
980:
964:
953:Niall Caille
950:
927:
900:
899:
872:
870:
863:
855:Áed Oirdnide
853:
850:Áed Oirdnide
828:County Kerry
808:
781:
754:
737:County Clare
709:County Laois
707:and western
698:
678:Uí Dúnlainge
675:
664:
617:
588:
583:
564:
553:
527:
524:
513:
507:
497:
491:
485:
479:
472:Irish annals
469:
465:
458:
422:
409:Brian Bórama
405:
400:
373:
337:
318:
284:raid to the
273:
271:
73:
64:Protohistory
15:
7084:WikiProject
7011:Medievalism
6850:Agriculture
6714:Manorialism
6709:Communalism
6704:Monasticism
6621:Reconquista
6611:Kievan Rus'
6178:Roman Wales
6062:Isle of Man
5872:Place names
5749:Rugby union
5644:Anglo-Irish
5529:Instruments
5385:The Twelfth
5349:Set dancing
5149:LGBT rights
5055:LGBT rights
4985:Nationalism
4551:Black Death
4289:Woolf, Alex
3712:24 February
2633:pp. 187–88.
2589:, p. xix.;
2411:chronicles"
2372:Lough Neagh
2335:Ó Corráin,
2118:John Paparo
2074:Innocent II
2070:Arrouaisian
2066:Augustinian
2050:St. Malachy
2021:of Armagh.
1937:St. Malachy
1924:) himself.
1804:from 1972:
1794:Good Friday
1625:, known as
1548:Norse-Gaels
1465:Northumbria
1461:Strathclyde
1331:Norse-Gaels
1304:Carolingian
989:Scandinavia
676:In Laigin,
656:Dál nAraidi
652:Dál Fiatach
380:archaeology
33:History of
7099:Categories
7006:Land terms
6960:Technology
6940:Philosophy
6920:Literature
6885:Demography
6586:Viking Age
5773:Cláirseach
5676:Travellers
5534:Rock music
5517:Folk music
5452:Literature
5254:Soda bread
5137:Government
5064:parliament
5061:Oireachtas
5038:Government
4978:Ideologies
4609:Penal Laws
4500:since 1922
4414:Prehistory
3986:required.)
3974:25 October
3944:required.)
3932:25 October
3724:required.)
3477:25 October
3383:AFM 1152.4
2822:AFM 843.13
2512:References
2058:Cistercian
2027:airchinnig
1943:See also:
1909:of Ulaid.
1873:, poem by
1777:Máel Mórda
1714:Brian Boru
1706:Eóganachta
1702:Mathgamain
1686:Brian Boru
1609:Brunanburh
1564:Áth Cliath
1505:Cenn Fuait
1485:Cenn Fuait
1483:landed at
1399:Áth Cliath
1387:Cenn Fuait
1329:See also:
1061:Lough Owel
1039:(in Latin
1001:Annagassan
975:See also:
965:rígdál mór
776:See also:
717:Eóganachta
660:river Bann
442:G.H. Orpen
333:Brian Boru
59:Prehistory
53:Chronology
6991:Dark Ages
6900:Household
6895:Hastilude
6664:Feudalism
5904:Squatting
5620:Fomorians
5549:Mythology
5419:Languages
5404:Halloween
5380:Bealtaine
5363:Festivals
5354:Stepdance
5259:Spice Bag
5244:Irish fry
5234:Colcannon
5209:Barmbrack
5132:Education
5090:President
5028:Education
4944:Transport
4919:Provinces
4841:Mountains
4816:Coastline
4788:Geography
4679:Civil War
4634:Tithe War
3576:6 January
3566:. 819)",
3373:, p. 247.
3350:, p. 923.
3293:, p. 913.
3245:, p. 870.
3233:, p. 869.
3221:, p. 865.
3189:AU 1014.2
3120:, p. 148.
2960:Downham,
2904:, p. 617.
2892:, p. 201.
2719:, p. 663.
2544:, p. 285.
2517:Footnotes
2475:AU 1015.2
2295:See also
2076:in 1139.
2062:Mellifont
2060:house at
1922:ríge Gall
1912:The term
1877:from 1056
1771:In 1012,
1726:Waterford
1694:Dal gCais
1682:engraving
1666:Glúniairn
1593:Athelstan
1524:Waterford
1453:Irish Sea
1393:Mag Femen
1309:peregrini
1237:does not
1181:Ó Corráin
1132:Irish Sea
1041:Turgesius
1017:longships
984:longports
931:from the
757:Uí Briúin
729:Dál gCais
723:and with
648:Airgíalla
597:Connachta
392:Waterford
302:Waterford
173:Conflicts
94:1801–1923
89:1691–1800
84:1536–1691
79:1169–1536
7074:Category
7041:Timeline
6930:Minstrel
6925:Medicine
6807:Chivalry
6762:Burgundy
6684:Crusades
6460:Monarchs
6078:Guernsey
6043:Anglesey
6016:Shetland
6011:Scotland
5980:Overview
5862:Monastic
5827:Calendar
5811:Shamrock
5806:Red Hand
5744:Rounders
5409:Wren Day
5343:Sean-nós
5295:Guinness
5239:Drisheen
5115:Assembly
5097:Taxation
5000:Unionism
4967:Politics
4900:Counties
4644:Land War
4536:Clontarf
4532:Glenmama
4406:Timeline
4291:(2007),
4262:19 March
4201:19 March
4181:19 March
4137:19 March
4083:16957681
4022:citation
4012:(1972),
3660:30007421
3613:: 139–69
3459:19 March
3442:19 March
3425:19 March
3408:19 March
3348:Flanagan
3314:Flanagan
3291:Flanagan
3269:, p. 94.
3111:AU 921.8
3087:25509271
3063:, p. 22.
2990:11 March
2937:AU 871.2
2927:, p. 20.
2914:AU 866.8
2878:AU 853.2
2868:, p. 16.
2855:AU 848.4
2844:AU 848.5
2833:AU 845.8
2798:, p. 19.
2792:AU 873.3
2782:, p. 19.
2758:AU 833.4
2733:AU 817.8
2665:, p. 47.
2580:Hughes,
2565:Hughes,
2428:, p. 94.
2396:AU 902.2
2236:See also
2207:Henry II
1979:Lanfranc
1963:diocesan
1959:monastic
1867:—
1821:Donnchad
1812:—
1584:Munster
1540:Limerick
1457:Pictland
1449:Uí Ímair
1435:Clontarf
1429:Glenmama
1411:Luimnech
1300:computus
1177:Pictland
1136:Uí Ímair
1116:Lochlann
1093:Lochlann
1073:Thorgest
1049:Connacht
1037:Thorgest
1007:(on the
1005:Duiblinn
919:—
820:Scotland
812:Shetland
804:Connacht
620:Uí Néill
571:paganism
520:Uí Néill
484:and the
396:Limerick
329:Uí Néill
310:Limerick
188:Kingdoms
74:795–1169
24:a series
22:Part of
6984:Related
6970:Warfare
6965:Theatre
6955:Slavery
6950:Science
6905:Hunting
6870:Cuisine
6843:Culture
6782:Castile
6777:England
6437:Related
6057:Ireland
5994:England
5832:Castles
5759:Symbols
5729:Hurling
5714:Camogie
5613:Firbolg
5599:Immrama
5592:Echtrai
5522:session
5505:Ballads
5482:Theatre
5471:Gaeilge
5465:Fiction
5400:Samhain
5315:Whiskey
5189:Cuisine
5177:Culture
5127:Economy
5023:Economy
4831:Islands
4806:Climate
4799:Natural
4394:History
4354:Ireland
4154:Peritia
3771:(ed.),
3671:(ed.),
3617:4 April
3204:Byrne,
3161:Duffy,
3115:Woolf,
2648:, p. 2.
2504:Cashel.
2415:, p. 6.
2347:Rathlin
2339:, p. 9.
2125:Stephen
2019:Cellach
1987:Gofraid
1969:became
1656:In 980
1569:Gofraid
1536:Wexford
1489:Leixlip
1477:Ragnall
1405:Sulcoit
1258:removed
1243:sources
1110:In 853
1097:Forrach
1043:). The
993:British
881:Columba
877:Patrick
873:familia
682:Kildare
626:" and "
605:Munster
589:cóiceda
470:Extant
388:Wexford
345:Normans
314:Ireland
298:Wexford
203:Judaism
183:Cuisine
69:400–795
35:Ireland
7064:Portal
6945:Poetry
6772:France
6073:Jersey
6064:(Mann)
6021:Orkney
5837:Cinema
5636:People
5585:Aos Sí
5572:Ulster
5567:Fenian
5557:Cycles
5487:Triads
5477:Poetry
5460:Annals
5437:Shelta
5390:Lúnasa
5370:Imbolc
5305:Poitín
5285:Coffee
5278:Drinks
5229:Coddle
4895:Cities
4846:Rivers
4836:Loughs
4521:Events
4379:topics
4371:topics
4357:topics
4299:
4278:
4238:
4217:
4172:
4081:
4045:
3999:
3980:
3938:
3779:
3757:
3737:
3718:
3679:
3658:
3634:
3592:
3552:
3534:
3516:
3085:
2595:passim
2343:Rechru
2310:cóiced
2211:Dublin
2184:Bannow
2176:Norman
2132:. The
2097:pallia
2011:Eadmer
1995:Anselm
1991:simony
1627:Cnogba
1613:Amlaíb
1597:Amlaíb
1532:Dublin
1481:Sitric
1437:(1014)
1204:Wirral
1120:Norway
1013:Dublin
1003:) and
836:Turges
816:Orkney
796:Lambay
792:Norway
784:Viking
721:Cashel
644:Armagh
640:Ailech
607:) and
601:Laigin
556:Gaelic
384:Dublin
347:under
321:túatha
294:Dublin
282:Viking
193:States
167:Topics
26:on the
6975:Women
6935:Music
6890:Domes
6880:Dance
6767:Milan
6038:Wales
5867:Names
5820:Other
5784:Flags
5696:Sport
5649:Gaels
5577:Kings
5511:Céilí
5497:Music
5432:Irish
5329:Dance
5290:Cream
5224:Champ
5219:Boxty
5142:local
5043:local
4929:Towns
4914:Ports
4871:Human
4826:Fauna
4196:(PDF)
4150:(PDF)
3656:JSTOR
3607:(PDF)
3083:JSTOR
2948:873.3
2479:Byrne
2283:Notes
2262:Papar
1967:Dúnán
1869:From
1710:Brian
1431:(999)
1425:(980)
1419:(977)
1413:(968)
1407:(968)
1401:(919)
1395:(917)
1389:(915)
1383:(877)
1169:Byrne
1029:Knarr
957:Derry
889:Kells
800:Brega
694:Ferns
593:Ulaid
290:Norse
178:Clans
5686:Yola
5300:Mist
5264:Stew
5197:Food
4851:list
4297:ISBN
4276:ISBN
4264:2010
4236:ISBN
4215:ISBN
4203:2010
4183:2010
4170:ISBN
4139:2010
4120:link
4097:link
4079:PMID
4043:ISBN
4028:link
3997:ISBN
3976:2007
3934:2007
3897:link
3874:link
3851:link
3828:link
3805:link
3777:ISBN
3755:ISBN
3735:ISBN
3714:2010
3677:ISBN
3647:Ériu
3632:ISBN
3619:2010
3590:ISBN
3578:2009
3550:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3514:ISBN
3501:link
3479:2007
3461:2010
3444:2010
3427:2010
3410:2010
2992:2017
2170:The
2140:and
2110:Tuam
2005:and
1947:and
1825:Tadc
1823:and
1603:and
1538:and
1528:Cork
1509:York
1469:Mann
1467:and
1423:Tara
1316:and
1241:any
1239:cite
1208:Irby
1189:Alba
1153:with
1128:Ivar
1112:Olaf
1053:Mide
946:Birr
885:Iona
746:Conn
725:Emly
699:The
654:and
618:The
609:Mide
548:and
532:and
440:and
394:and
353:1169
308:and
306:Cork
272:The
153:and
6860:Art
5337:Jig
5310:Tea
5050:Law
4162:doi
4069:doi
3965:doi
3923:doi
3703:doi
2144:'s
2100:at
2087:by
2013:'s
1789:Man
1684:of
1562:or
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1079:In
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