1313:
2099:
180:
2012:
534:
36:
695:
1717:
1138:
and in May 1940 German officers placed their first orders with Dutch shipyards. The co-operation with the German industry was facilitated by the fact that due to the occupation the German market 'opened' and due to facilitating behaviour from the side of the partly pro-German elite. Many directors justified their behaviour with the argument that otherwise, the
Germans would have closed down their company or would have replaced them with NSB members and so they could still exercise some limited influence. After the war, no heavy sentences were dealt to high officials and company directors.
1426:
363:
1157:
2251:
846:
8632:
2365:
2161:
2782:
2330:
986:
2182:
620:
1936:
1956:(literally, "hunger winter") or the Dutch famine of 1944. In response to a general railway strike ordered by the Dutch government-in-exile in expectation of a general German collapse near the end of 1944, the Germans cut off all food and fuel shipments to the western provinces in which 4.5 million people lived. Severe malnutrition was common and 18,000 people starved to death. Relief came at the beginning of May 1945.
1036:
1190:, sabotaged phone lines and railways, prepared maps, and distributed food and goods. After 1942 the National Organisation (LO) and National Force Units (LKP) organised national coordination. Some contact was established with the government in London. After D-day the existing national organisations, the LKP, the OD and the Council of Resistance merged into the internal forces under the command of
745:
was intended to have at least 2 or 3 hard surface runways, a dedicated railway connection, major built-up and heated repair and overhaul facilities, extensive indoor and outdoor storage spaces, and most had housing and facilities for 2,000 to 3,000 men. Each air base also had an auxiliary and often a decoy airfield, complete with mock-up planes made from plywood. The largest became
703:
country. There was also a pragmatic reason since the NSB offered insufficient candidates and had no great popular support. The German market went open, and Dutch companies benefited greatly from export to
Germany even if that might be seen as collaboration if goods might be used for German war efforts. In any case, despite the British victory in the
728:. The German authorities lost more and more control over the situation as the population tried to keep what little they had away from German confiscations and were less inclined to co-operate now that it was clear that Germany would lose the war. Some Nazis prepared to make a last stand against the Allied troops, followed Berlin's
521:, between 800 and 900 Dutch civilians were killed, and 25,000 homes were destroyed. The bombers' targets were the civilian areas of Rotterdam, rather than the town's defences. Under pressure from local officials, the garrison commander surrendered the city and his 10,000 men on the evening of the 14th with the permission of
785:, the drafting of civilians for forced labour, was imposed on the Netherlands. That obliged every man between 18 and 45 (530,000) to work in German factories, which were bombed regularly by the western Allies. Those who refused were forced into hiding. As food and many other goods were taken out of the Netherlands,
305:, who held power from 1933 until 1939, believed that the Netherlands could never withstand an attack by a major power. Pragmatically, the government did not spend much on the military. Although military spending was doubled between 1938 and 1939, amid rising international tensions, it constituted only 4% of
1185:
to the Dutch government-in-exile in London, the LKP ("Nationale
Knokploeg", or National Force Units, literal translation "Brawl Crew"). This was one of the largest resistance groups, numbering around 550 active participants; it was also heavily targeted by Nazi intelligence for destruction due to its
792:
For the resistance to succeed, it was sometimes necessary for its members to feign collaboration with the
Germans. After the war, that led to difficulties for those who pretended to collaborate when they could not prove they had been in the resistance, which was difficult because it was in the nature
2139:
By the end of the war, 205,901 Dutch men, women and children had died of war-related causes. The
Netherlands had the highest per capita death rate of all Nazi-occupied countries in Western Europe (2.36%). Over half (107,000) were Holocaust victims. There were also many thousands of non-Dutch Jews in
1867:
to flood the island. Though the Allies had warned residents with pamphlets, 180 inhabitants of
Westkappelle died. The coastal guns on Walcheren were silenced in the opening days of November and the Scheldt battle declared over. No German forces remained intact along the 64 mi (103 km) path
744:
was especially interested in the
Netherlands, as the country was designated to become the main area for the air force bases from which to attack the United Kingdom. The Germans started construction of ten major military air bases on the day after the formal Dutch surrender, 15 May 1940. Each of them
553:
This afternoon
Germany bombarded Rotterdam, while Utrecht has also been threatened with destruction. In order to spare the civil population and to prevent further bloodshed I feel myself justified in ordering all troops concerned to suspend operations ... By great superiority of the most modern
2294:
World War II left many lasting effects on Dutch society. On 4 May, the Dutch commemorate those who died during the war, and all wars since. Among the living, there are many who still bear the emotional scars of the war from both the first and the second generation. In 2000, the government was still
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The country's terrain, lack of wilderness and dense population made it difficult to conceal any illicit activities, and it was bordered by German-controlled territory, which offered no escape route except by sea. Resistance in the
Netherlands took the form of small-scale decentralised cells engaged
1137:
Another form of collusion was providing goods and services essential to the German war efforts. Especially in 1940 and 1941, when a German victory was still a possibility, Dutch companies were willing to provide such goods to the greedily-purchasing
Germans. Strategic supplies fell in German hands,
630:
Initially, the Netherlands was placed under German military control. However, after the refusal of the Dutch government to return, the Netherlands was placed under control by a German civilian governor on 29 May 1940, unlike France or Denmark, which had their own governments, and Belgium, which was
548:
had been given an ultimatum similar to that of Rotterdam, Winkelman held a meeting with other Dutch generals. They decided that further resistance was futile and wanted to protect civilian residents. In the afternoon of 14 May, Winkelman issued a proclamation to his army to order them to surrender:
513:
landed on the Maas River and captured several bridges intact. The Germans hesitated to risk a tank attack on the city for fear of heavy casualties. Instead, the German commander presented an ultimatum to the Dutch commander in the city. He demanded the surrender of the Dutch garrison and threatened
112:
Due to the high variation in the survival rate of Jewish inhabitants among local regions in the Netherlands, scholars have questioned the validity of a single explanation at the national level. In part due to the well-organised population registers, about 70% of the country's Jewish population were
1019:
After the war broke out, the NSB sympathised with the Germans but nevertheless advocated strict neutrality for the Netherlands. In May 1940, after the German invasion, 10,000 NSB members and sympathizers were put in custody by the Dutch government. Soon after the Dutch defeat, on 14 May 1940, they
902:
to process incoming refugees; in 1942 the German occupiers repurposed it to process outgoing Jews to labour and concentration camps. Over half of the total Jewish populationâabout 79,000âlived in Amsterdam; this number increased as Germans forcibly moved Dutch Jews into the city in preparation for
1401:
had been unsuccessful in stopping their advance because the Japanese could not occupy a relatively-unguarded airstrip , the Dutch forces on Java surrendered on 7 March 1942. Some 42,000 Dutch soldiers were taken prisoner and interned in labour camps, but some were executed on the spot. Later, all
1060:
refers to the month of the German invasion) were shunned by many existing members, who accused them of opportunist behaviour. The NSB played an important role in lower government and civil service. Every new mayor appointed by the German occupation government was a member of the NSB. However, for
587:
During the four-day campaign, about 2,300 Dutch soldiers were killed and 7,000 wounded, and more than 3,000 Dutch civilians also died. The Germans lost 2,200 men killed and 7,000 wounded. In addition, 1,300 German soldiers captured by the Dutch during the campaign, many around The Hague, had been
951:
Marnix Croes and Peter Tammes examined the survival rates among the different regions of the Netherlands. They conclude that most of the hypotheses do not explain the data. They suggest that a more likely explanation was the varying "ferocity" with which the Germans and their Dutch collaborators
702:
Initially, Seyss-Inquart applied the 'velvet glove' approach; by appeasing the population he tried to win them for the National Socialist ideology. That meant that he kept repression and economic extraction as low as possible and tried to co-operate with the elite and government officials in the
1152:
The Dutch resistance to the Nazi occupation during World War II developed relatively slowly, but its counterintelligence, domestic sabotage, and communications networks provided key support to Allied forces beginning in 1944 and through the liberation of the country. Discovery by the Germans of
868:, a nationwide protest against the deportations, unique in the history of Nazi-occupied Europe. Although the strike did not accomplish muchâits leaders were executedâit was an initial setback for Seyss-Inquart. He had intended both to deport the Jews and to win the Dutch over to the Nazi cause.
1994:
launching facilities that had been used to attack English cities. However, the pilots were issued with the wrong coordinates, so the navigational instruments of the bombers had been set incorrectly. Combined with fog and clouds which obscured their vision, the bombs were instead dropped on the
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The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands was the only legal political party in the Netherlands from 1941 and was actively involved in collaboration with the German occupiers. In 1941, when Germany still seemed certain to win the war, about three per cent of the adult male population
309:
in 1939, in contrast to nearly 25% of Nazi Germany. The Dutch government believed it could rely on its neutrality or at least the informal support of foreign powers to defend its interests in case of war. The government began to work on plans for the defence of the country, which included the
514:
to destroy the city by aerial bombing if it did not accept. The ultimatum was returned on a technicality since it had not been signed by the German commander. While the corrected ultimatum was being resubmitted, Luftwaffe bombers, unaware that negotiations were ongoing, struck the city.
756:
Within a year, the attack strategy had to be altered to a defensive operation. The ensuing air war over the Netherlands cost almost 20,000 airmen (Allied and German) their lives and 6,000 planes went down over the country, an average of three per day during the five years of the war.
2262:), which would substantially increase the country's land area. The German population would be expelled or "Dutchified". The plan was dropped after an Allied refusal. Two small villages were added to the Netherlands in 1949 and returned in 1963. One successfully-implemented plan was
707:, many considered a German victory a realistic possibility and that it would therefore be wise to side with the winner. As a result, with the ban on other political parties, the NSB grew rapidly. Although gasoline pumps had been sealed in 1940, the occupation seemed tolerable.
910:. The Catholic Church in the Netherlands publicly condemned the government's action in a letter read at all Sunday parish services. The Nazi government began to treat the Dutch more harshly, and notable socialists were imprisoned. Later in the war, Catholic priests, including
1796:
managed to defeat the remaining German forces west of the Meuse between late September and early December 1944 by destroying the German bridgehead between the Meuse and the Peel marshes. During the offensive, the only tank battle ever fought on Dutch soil took place at
153:
June 1944 to May 1945: Conditions deteriorated further, leading to starvation and lack of fuel. The German occupation authorities gradually lost control over the situation. Nazis wanted to make a last stand and commit acts of destruction. Others tried to mitigate the
1240:. The entire male population of Putten was deported and most were subjected to forced labour; 48 out of 552 survived the camps. The Dutch resistance attacked Rauter's car on March 6, 1945, unaware of the identity of its occupant, which in turn led to the killings at
718:, Germany increased economic extraction from its occupied territories, including the Netherlands. Economic extraction increased, and production was limited mostly to sectors relevant for the war effort. Repression increased, especially against the Jewish population.
2246:
were used to clear minefields and suffered losses accordingly. Others were sentenced by courts for treason. Some were proven to have been wrongly arrested and were cleared of charges, sometimes after they had been held in custody for a long period of time.
1417:
A Dutch government study described how the Japanese military forcibly recruited women as prostitutes in the Dutch East Indies and concluded that among the 200 to 300 European women working in Japanese military brothels, "some sixty five were most certainly
891:âfounded by Asscher and Cohen in 1933âwere closed. The Jewish Council ultimately served as an instrument for organising the identification and deportation of Jews more efficiently; the Jews on the council were told and convinced they were helping the Jews.
2122:
on 5 April 1945. Their rebellion was crushed by the German army after two weeks of battle. 565 Georgians, 120 inhabitants of Texel, and 800 Germans died. The 228 surviving Georgians were forcibly repatriated to the Soviet Union when the war ended.
650:("enforced conformity" or "coordination") and systematically eliminated non-Nazi organisations. In 1940, the German regime more or less immediately outlawed all socialist and communist parties. In 1941, it forbade all parties except for the
928:
Germany was particularly effective at deporting and killing Jews in the Netherlands. By 1945, the Dutch Jewish population was about a quarter of what it had been (about 35,000). Of that number, about 8,500 escaped deportation by being in a
199:
to be one of the top five oil producers in the world at the time and to have the world's largest aircraft factory in the Interbellum (Fokker), which aided to the neutrality of the Netherlands and the success of its arms dealings in the
1047:
In 1940, the German regime had outlawed all socialist and communist parties. In 1941, it forbade all parties except for the NSB, which openly collaborated with the occupation forces. Its membership grew to about 100,000. The newcomers
1008:, were actively involved in capturing hiding Jews for a price and delivering them to the German occupiers. It is estimated that the Henneicke Column captured around 8,000 to 9,000 Dutch Jews who were ultimately murdered in the German
121:, although lower than in Lithuania. Declassified records revealed that the Germans paid a bounty to Dutch police and administration officials to locate and identify Jews, aiding in their capture. Communists in and around the city of
2126:
After being liberated, Dutch citizens began taking the law into their own hands, like in other liberated countries, such as France. Collaborators and Dutch women who had relationships with men of the German occupying force, called
8685:
297:, had managed to preserve Dutch neutrality throughout the conflict. In the Interwar Period, the Netherlands had continued to pursue its "Independence Policy" even after the rise to power of the Nazi Party in Germany in 1933. The
204:. The country was one of the richest in Europe and could easily have afforded a large and modern military . Dutch governments between 1929 and 1943 were dominated by Christian and centre-right political parties. From 1933, the
162:
liberated most of the south of the Netherlands in the second half of 1944. The rest of the country, especially the west and north, remained under German occupation and suffered from a famine at the end of 1944, known as the
2829:
1270:
gave the royal family an opportunity to escape. Several days before the surrender, Princess Juliana, Prince Bernhard and their daughters (Princess Beatrix and Princess Irene) travelled from The Hague to London. On 13 May,
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9849:
554:
means has succeeded in breaking our resistance. We have nothing wherewith to reproach ourselves in connection with this war. Your bearing and that of the forces was calm, firm of purpose and worthy of the Netherlands.
936:
The Dutch survival rate of 27% is much lower than in neighbouring Belgium, where 60% of Jews survived, and France, where 75% survived. Historians have offered several hypotheses for the low survival rate, including:
353:
and Nazi Germany, the German government issued a guarantee of neutrality to the Netherlands. The government gradually mobilised the Dutch military from August 1939 that had reached its full strength by April 1940.
721:
After the Allied invasion of June 1944, the railroad strike and the frontline running through the Netherlands caused the Randstad to be cut off from food and fuel. That resulted in acute need and starvation, the
1064:
After the German signing of surrender on 6 May 1945, the NSB was outlawed. Mussert was arrested the following day, and was executed on 7 May 1946. Many members of the NSB were arrested, but few were convicted.
9288:
1197:
One of the riskiest activities was hiding and sheltering refugees and enemies of the Nazi regime, Jewish families, underground operatives, draft-age Dutch, and others. Collectively these people were known as
967:, lists the 102,000 known victims of the persecution of Jewish, Sinti, and Roma people from the Netherlands; the book is published by Boom, Amsterdam, under the auspices of the Westerbork Remembrance Center.
9313:
8678:
1914:
The Dutch government had not wanted to use the old water line when the Germans had invaded in 1940. It was still possible to create an island out of the Holland region by destroying dikes and flooding the
1445:. Because of the significant number of Dutch submarines active in the Pacific Theatre of the war, the Dutch were named the "Fourth Ally" in the theatre, along with the Australians, the Americans, and the
1475:
Gradually, control of the Netherlands East Indies was wrested away from the Japanese. The largest Allied invasion of the Pacific Theatre took place in July 1945 with Australian landings on the island of
9318:
9298:
2048:
The western provinces were not liberated until the surrender of German forces in the Netherlands was negotiated on the eve of 5 May 1945 (three days before the general capitulation of Germany), in the
1705:
2291:
forces, which eventually led to the Dutch recognition of the independence of Indonesia under pressure of the United States. Many Dutch and Indonesians then emigrated or returned to the Netherlands.
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1844:
as well as German paratroopers of Battle Group Chill. German units composed of convalescents and the medically unfit were named for their ailment; thus, "stomach" units for soldiers with ulcers.
9323:
280:"The new Reich has endeavored to continue the traditional friendship with Holland . It has not taken over any existing differences between the two countries and has not created any new ones."
1480:
to seize the strategic oil-fields from the Japanese forces, which were now cut off. At the time, the Japanese had already begun independence negotiations with Indonesian nationalists such as
1061:
most higher functions, the Germans preferred to leave the existing elite in place since they knew that the NSB neither offered enough suitable candidates nor enjoyed enough popular support.
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9278:
484:
that linked the north-eastern and the north-western parts of the Netherlands. The German forces advanced rapidly and, by the fourth day, were in control of most of the east of the country.
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1855:
and 4th Special Service Brigade all made attacks on Walcheren Island. Strong German defences made a landing very difficult, and the Allies responded by bombing the dikes of Walcheren at
1528:
251:
which took power in Germany in 1933, attempted to expand in 1935. Nazi-style racial ideology had limited appeal in the Netherlands, as did its calls to violence. At the outbreak of the
1952:
The winter of 1944â1945 was very harsh, which led to "hunger journeys" and many cases of starvation (about 30,000 casualties), exhaustion, cold and disease. The winter is known as the
1441:. As a part of the Allied forces, they were on the hunt for Japanese tankers on their way to Japan and the movement of Japanese troops and weapons to other sites of battle, including
1186:
links with the United Kingdom. Some small groups had absolutely no links to others. These groups produced forged ration cards and counterfeit money, collected intelligence, published
753:(twelve former German buildings at Deelen are now national monuments). Adjacent to Deelen, the large central air control bunker for Belgium and the Netherlands, Diogenes, was set up.
1232:, who ordered the killing of 50 Dutch hostages and a series of raids on Dutch universities. On October 1 and 2, 1944, the Dutch resistance attacked German troops near the village of
817:, were evacuated because of that. In The Hague alone, 3,200 houses were demolished and 2,594 were dismantled. 20,000 houses were cleared, and 65,000 people were forced to move. The
860:
of the Netherlands. In 1940, there were no deportations, and only small measures were taken against the Jews. In February 1941, the Nazis deported a small group of Dutch Jews to
2259:
9809:
9628:
9533:
960:(2005). He found in newly-declassified records that the Germans paid a bounty to police and other collaborators, such as the Colonnie Henneicke group, for tracking down Jews.
894:
In 1939 the Jewish population of the Netherlands was between 140,000 and 150,000, 24,000â34,000 of whom were refugees from Germany and German-controlled areas. That year, the
660:
was an enormous shock to the Dutch, who had traditionally had separate institutions for all main religious groups, particularly Catholic and Protestant, because of decades of
376:
Despite its policy of neutrality, the Netherlands were invaded on the morning of 10 May 1940, without a formal declaration of war, by German forces moving simultaneously into
2037:, Canadian, British and Polish forces entered the Netherlands from the east and liberated the eastern and the northern provinces. Notable battles during the movement are the
413:, with insufficient and outdated weapons and equipment, were caught largely unprepared. Much of their weaponry had not changed since the First World War. In particular, the
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fighters, respectively. No. 18 Squadron conducted bombing raids from Australia to the Dutch East Indies. Both squadrons eventually also participated in their recapture.
895:
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without any civilian casualties on 29 October 1944. The operation as a whole also broke the German positions that had defended the region along its canals and rivers.
1784:
Parts of the southern Netherlands were not liberated by Operation Market Garden, which had established a narrow salient between Eindhoven and Nijmegen. In the east of
1224:. After he answered and identified himself, he was shot twice and died the following day. The assassination of the high-level official triggered a harsh reprisal from
9824:
8554:
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The Dutch realised that neither British nor French troops could reach the Netherlands in sufficient numbers to halt the invasion, particularly with the speed of the
1000:
Many Dutch men and women chose or were forced to collaborate with the German regime or joined the German armed forces, which usually would mean being placed in the
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to a non-Jew; about 16,500 hid or otherwise evaded detection by German authorities; and 7,000â8,000 escaped the Netherlands for the duration of the occupation.
544:
The Dutch high command was shocked by the Rotterdam Blitz. Knowing that the army was running low on supplies and ammunition and receiving news that the city of
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1422:". Others, faced with starvation in the refugee camps, agreed to offers of food and payment for work, the nature of which was not completely revealed to them.
17:
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into the north of the Netherlands and Germany. However, the Allied forces did not reach the objective because they could not capture the Rhine bridge at the
1181:, however, organised resistance from the start of the war, as did the circle of liberal democratic resisters who were linked through Professor Dr. Willem or
4346:"Gedwongen prostitutie van Nederlandse vrouwen in voormalig Nederlands-Indië [Enforced prostitution of Dutch women in the former Dutch East Indies]"
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After the war, some accused of collaborating with the Germans were lynched or otherwise punished without trial. Men who had fought with the Germans in the
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1236:, which resulted in war crimes on behalf of the occupying Germans. After the attack, part of the town was destroyed, and seven people were shot in the
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Poelgeest. Bart van, 1993, Gedwongen prostitutie van Nederlandse vrouwen in voormalig Nederlands-Indië 's-Gravenhage: Sdu Uitgeverij Plantijnstraat.
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increased (with ration books). At times, the resistance would raid distribution centres to obtain ration cards to be distributed to those in hiding.
1390:, tried to disengage but were spotted by the Japanese in the following days and were eventually all destroyed. Many ABDA destroyers were also lost.
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Report of a study of Dutch government documents on the forced prostitution of Dutch women in the Dutch East Indies during the Japanese occupation.
1202:('under-divers'). Later in the war, this system of people-hiding was also used to protect downed Allied airmen. Reportedly, resistance doctors in
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1923:. The Dutch government had decided that too many people would die to justify the flooding. However, Hitler ordered for Fortress Holland (German:
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as well. Eventually, with the assistance of Dutch police and civil service, the majority of the Dutch Jews were deported to concentration camps.
258:
During the interwar period, the government undertook a significant increase in civil infrastructure projects and land reclamation, including the
30:
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and destroyed goods and property (destructions of the Amsterdam and Rotterdam ports, inundations), but others tried to mediate the situation.
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150:. Repression against the Jewish population intensified and thousands were deported to extermination camps. The "velvet glove" approach ended.
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136:
September 1939 to May 1940: After the war broke out, the Netherlands declared neutrality. The country was subsequently invaded and occupied.
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June 1941 to June 1944: As the war intensified, Germany demanded higher contributions from occupied territories, resulting in a decline of
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1279:, where Irene was christened on 31 May. Juliana later took Beatrix and Irene to Canada, where they remained for the duration of the war.
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Diederichs, Monika. "Stigma and Silence: Dutch Women, German Soldiers and their children", in Kjersti Ericsson and Eva Simonsen, eds.
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1749:("Mad Tuesday") since the Dutch began celebrating and believed that they were close to liberation. In September, the Allies launched
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Dutch civilians (some 100,000 in total), were arrested and interned in camps, and some were deported to Japan or sent to work on the
1336:
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768:, sound detection installations and later radar. The first German night-hunter squadron started its operations from the Netherlands.
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568:, which had come under French control, continued fighting alongside French forces until 17 May, when the bombardment of the town of
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had been allowed to provide relief efforts, and Allied forces were allowed to airdrop food over the German-occupied territories in
1927:) to be held at any price. Much of the northern Netherlands remained in German hands until the Rhine crossings in late March 1945.
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Moore, Bob. " Occupation, Collaboration and Resistance: Some Recent Publications on the Netherlands During the Second World War,"
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Dutch civilians, who suffered greatly during their internment, finally returned home to a land that had greatly suffered as well.
1406:. During the Japanese occupation, between 4 and 10 million Javanese were forced to work for the Japanese war effort. Some 270,000
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residential neighbourhood. At the time, the neighbourhood was more densely populated than usual with evacuees from The Hague and
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at which Doorman gave the order to engage. During the ensuing battle, the Allied fleet suffered heavy losses. The Dutch cruisers
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In February 1943, a Dutch resistance cell rang the doorbell of the former head of the Dutch general staff and now-collaborating
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Twomey, Christina (2009). "Double Displacement: Western Women's Return Home from Japanese Internment in the Second World War".
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had agreed to do in France. De Geer wanted to accept that invitation, but the Queen refused it and dismissed him in favour of
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The Dutch in Wartime, survivors remember â Dutch immigrants to Canada and the USA share their memories of war and occupation
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in June 1944, the Western Allies rapidly advanced in the direction of the Dutch border. Tuesday, 5 September, is known as
11234:
11199:
11184:
10998:
10587:
9735:
9558:
9173:
8238:
7695:
7027:
7013:
6219:
4956:
4647:
4016:
2796:
2716:
2657:
2347:
1131:
941:
The Netherlands included religion in its national records, which reduced the opportunity for Jews to mask their identity.
861:
205:
10715:
10446:
10308:
10298:
10288:
10189:
8447:
8316:
8194:
7765:
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7431:
7189:
6744:
5989:
5828:
5676:
5530:
5235:
5111:
4722:
2549:
2295:
granting 24,000 people an annual compensatory payment although that also includes victims from later wars, such as the
1398:
1178:
665:
63:
9241:
9092:
449:, was defeated by Dutch ground forces with heavy casualties. The Dutch succeeded in destroying significant numbers of
139:
May 1940 to June 1941: An economic boom caused by orders from Germany, combined with the "velvet glove" approach from
11507:
10892:
10836:
10597:
10592:
10488:
10478:
10463:
10369:
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9704:
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2624:
2553:
2221:
10801:
9896:
5704:
4432:
1828:
fought on both sides of the estuary during the month to clear the waterways. Large battles were fought to clear the
1350:. His objections on the matter were overruled. The ABDA fleet finally encountered the Japanese surface fleet at the
11420:
11343:
10955:
10757:
10473:
10293:
10278:
10253:
10124:
9965:
9613:
8727:
8600:
7751:
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6823:
6652:
5775:
5289:
5025:
4973:
4963:
4279:
4267:
2753:
2076:
1489:
918:
834:
805:, a gigantic coastal defence line built by the Germans along the entire European coast from southwestern France to
9409:
8663:
6329:
5223:
760:
The Netherlands turned into the first line of western air defence for Germany and its industrial heartland of the
533:
11425:
11010:
10740:
10710:
10623:
10564:
10493:
10424:
10414:
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7954:
7783:
7542:
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7394:
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6712:
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5851:
5819:
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4391:
3741:
3302:
2954:
2738:
2111:
2011:
1852:
410:
8910:
6499:
6067:
5158:
11328:
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10389:
9773:
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5267:
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4840:
2281:
2203:
2061:
1900:
1848:
1778:
1697:
1592:
1493:
1307:
633:
311:
290:
3869:
Georg Tessin, VerbĂ€nde und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen SS 1939â1945, Biblio Verlag, vol. 2 for
235:
Numerous fascist movements emerged in the Netherlands during the Great Depression era, which were inspired by
11502:
11390:
11094:
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10409:
10404:
10379:
9654:
9649:
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8385:
8210:
7709:
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7417:
7020:
6781:
6565:
5618:
5000:
4985:
4908:
4878:
4855:
4697:
3418:
2929:
World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with General Sources: A Handbook of Literature and Research
2732:
2526:
2379:
1657:
1272:
922:
595:
164:
9231:
3396:
2314:, and political prisoners during the war after the publication of a study that it had commissioned from the
11305:
11273:
10675:
10574:
10468:
10451:
10399:
10394:
10241:
10194:
9819:
9814:
9804:
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9523:
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9493:
9386:
8644:
8540:
7915:
7869:
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6616:
6601:
6528:
6507:
6325:
6003:
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5782:
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5477:
5436:
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5327:
5208:
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4888:
4774:
2879:
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2406:
1614:
1438:
1221:
715:
11370:
11348:
10902:
10720:
10660:
10633:
10549:
10458:
10359:
10347:
10226:
10169:
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9778:
9689:
8989:
8607:
7931:
7876:
7494:
7466:
7319:
6934:
6913:
6427:
6090:
5996:
5486:
5218:
5178:
4903:
4835:
4341:
3423:
2612:
2273:
who were killed were still the subject of legal proceedings more than 70 years after the end of the war.
1975:
1965:
1947:
1286:, was invited by the Germans to return to the country and to form a pro-German puppet government, as the
1086:. The Nederlandsche SS was primarily a political formation but also served as manpower reservoir for the
564:
On 15 May, the Netherlands officially signed the surrender with Germany. Dutch forces in the province of
11472:
11440:
11405:
11129:
10776:
10730:
10611:
10582:
10559:
10512:
10000:
9992:
9788:
9783:
9508:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9112:
9022:
8405:
7894:
7813:
7758:
7646:
7602:
7252:
6878:
6802:
6697:
6574:
6446:
6439:
6399:
6372:
6104:
6037:
5632:
5443:
5373:
5294:
5252:
5240:
5213:
5168:
5101:
4845:
4820:
4747:
4732:
4727:
2824:
2691:
2644:
2356:
2266:, the deportation of all holders of German passports from the Netherlands, numbering several thousand.
2140:
the total, who had fled to the Netherlands from other countries, seeking safety, the most famous being
2119:
1662:
1453:
294:
101:, at first carried out by a minority, grew in the course of the occupation. The occupiers deported the
35:
3846:
598:
and the Dutch government succeeded in escaping from the Netherlands before the surrender and formed a
509:
Fighting in Rotterdam had taken place since the first day of the campaign, when German infantrymen in
11459:
11380:
11151:
11099:
10638:
10534:
10498:
10013:
9719:
9405:
8307:
8224:
8009:
7862:
7834:
7667:
7572:
7362:
6795:
5862:
5516:
5230:
4995:
4815:
4769:
2743:
2516:
1888:
1576:
1257:
599:
481:
371:
79:
48:
6060:
4365:
3603:. Arnold Pomerans (translation). Wayne State University Press (reprint of 1968 translated edition).
3479:
3349:
11467:
11204:
11025:
10960:
10950:
10875:
10725:
10690:
10685:
9503:
8930:
8840:
8825:
8046:
8023:
7268:
7069:
7062:
6719:
6379:
6351:
6344:
5731:
5245:
5030:
5005:
4934:
4805:
3509:
3256:
2545:
2532:
1856:
1492:
on 15 August 1945, Indonesian nationalists, led by Sukarno declared Indonesian independence, and a
1452:
Many Dutch Army and Navy airmen escaped and, with aeroplanes provided by the Americans, formed the
694:
473:
417:
did not have comparable armoured forces and could mount only a limited number of armoured cars and
298:
106:
6076:
6053:
3144:
2091:
who were the first Allied troops to reach Friesland. The French successfully captured the crucial
11415:
11375:
11333:
11315:
11310:
11229:
11169:
11161:
11156:
11141:
11081:
10993:
10945:
10907:
10745:
10026:
9608:
9553:
9528:
8468:
8412:
8282:
8142:
7820:
7473:
7369:
7275:
6843:
6704:
6674:
6638:
6623:
6495:
6387:
6365:
6311:
6297:
6279:
5943:
5724:
5452:
5401:
5272:
5193:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5071:
5061:
4762:
4742:
4683:
4255:
3713:
3534:
Pack of Thieves: How Hitler and Europe Plundered the Jews and Committed the Greatest Theft in His
3030:
2393:
2288:
2192:
1750:
1729:
1553:
1165:
899:
880:
102:
4652:
2019:, the first major town in Netherlands to be liberated. Eindhoven was later bombed by the German
10927:
10441:
10114:
9259:
8860:
8160:
8053:
7848:
7799:
7702:
7595:
7565:
7348:
7236:
6962:
6753:
6337:
6318:
6288:
5835:
5805:
4929:
4883:
4800:
4752:
2472:
2364:
2131:
were abused and humiliated in public, usually by having their heads shaved and painted orange.
1737:
1716:
1368:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1127:
680:
414:
381:
159:
3532:
2927:
11174:
10975:
10529:
9440:
9002:
8974:
8651:
8374:
8217:
8113:
8083:
8039:
7908:
7772:
7737:
7730:
7653:
7551:
6992:
6969:
6816:
6420:
5957:
5697:
5683:
5366:
5035:
5010:
4968:
4737:
4707:
4042:
3707:
3636:
3584:
Vliegvelden in Oorlogstijd, Netherlands Institute for Military History (NIMH), The Hague 2009
3559:
2726:
2522:
2263:
2254:
1945 Dutch propaganda poster, depicting maximalist demands for "German soil without Germans".
1821:
1789:
1645:
1598:
1425:
350:
6255:
3136:
2900:
2676:
11283:
11136:
11124:
11114:
10980:
10935:
10785:
10221:
10139:
10119:
9932:
9891:
9854:
9583:
9364:
9017:
8979:
8900:
8895:
8815:
8475:
8330:
7981:
7938:
7901:
7827:
7637:
7616:
6535:
6012:
5690:
5045:
4602:
Canadian Newspapers and the Second World War â The Liberation of the Netherlands, 1944â1945
4316:
4148:
4141:
2507:
2477:
1681:
1267:
944:
Dutch authorities and the Dutch people were unusually co-operative with German authorities.
711:
638:
525:, the Dutch commander-in-chief. That opened up the German advance into "Fortress Holland".
466:
458:
434:
362:
140:
8997:
3456:
2102:
Dutch civilians waving to allied bombers during the liberation of the Netherlands in 1945.
8:
11288:
11189:
11109:
11005:
10750:
10364:
10283:
10154:
10134:
10129:
9664:
9191:
9102:
9007:
8795:
8780:
8770:
8593:
8367:
8245:
8201:
7716:
6850:
6609:
6136:
5966:
5950:
5899:
4311:
3632:
3137:
2869:
2599:
2584:
2487:
2482:
2424:
2038:
1884:
1825:
1686:
1651:
1619:
1609:
1442:
1386:
1156:
771:
Some 30,000 Luftwaffe men and women were involved in the Netherlands throughout the war.
687:
thought very highly of the Dutch people, who were considered to be fellow members of the
580:, supported the Allies; the colonies were unaffected by the surrender. Many ships of the
569:
500:
306:
129:âa general strike (February 1941) to protest against the persecution of Jewish citizens.
90:. Princess Juliana and her children sought refuge in Ottawa, Canada until after the war.
4548:
4405:(3). Research and Documentation Center of the Netherlands Ministry of Justice: 474â499.
2968:(3). Research and Documentation Center of the Netherlands Ministry of Justice: 474â499.
2250:
1904:
857:
845:
11015:
10790:
10164:
10087:
9751:
9348:
9183:
9067:
9012:
8820:
8760:
8586:
8419:
8344:
8298:
8268:
8176:
8016:
7674:
7558:
7452:
7403:
7341:
7097:
7048:
6857:
6474:
6129:
5927:
4626:
4490:
4478:
Requiem for the Resistance: The Civilian Struggle Against Nazism in Holland and Germany
4462:
Foray, Jennifer L. "The 'Clean Wehrmacht' in the German-occupied Netherlands, 1940â5,"
4414:
4197:
4189:
4121:
4012:
3764:
3489:
3324:
3115:
3099:
3073:
2977:
2786:
2594:
2335:
2172:
being rounded up and publicly humiliated by resistance members following the Liberation
1872:
1674:
1638:
1628:
1566:
1244:, where 116 men were rounded up and executed at the site of the ambush and another 147
1229:
1210:
822:
147:
83:
9196:
3952:
2830:
Chronological overview of the liberation of Dutch cities and towns during World War II
318:
that would be flooded. From 1939, fortified positions were constructed, including the
11358:
10831:
10159:
10109:
10091:
9859:
8885:
8810:
8577:
8461:
8351:
8291:
8252:
8185:
8167:
8133:
8076:
8030:
7974:
7792:
7530:
7522:
7459:
7312:
6906:
6431:
5892:
5871:
5581:
4757:
4530:
4357:
4240:
Boersma, Bauke (29 February 2020). "Met Franse para's begon bevrijding van FryslĂąn".
4220:
4201:
4152:
4125:
4117:
4048:
3917:
3811:
3717:
3688:
3678:
3652:
3642:
3614:
3604:
3565:
3538:
3419:"Life During The Dutch Occupation â Part 2: May 1940, The Battle For The Netherlands"
3376:
3283:
3203:
3173:
3170:
Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940â1945
3148:
3077:
2933:
2906:
2589:
2540:
2536:
2467:
2462:
2145:
2072:
2068:
2042:
2034:
1793:
1740:
1691:
1668:
1583:
1325:
1276:
1261:
1213:
1074:
was formed as "Afdeling XI" (Department XI) of the NSB. It was the equivalent to the
704:
577:
488:
454:
377:
228:
between 1933 and 1934. Eventually, in 1936, the government was forced to abandon the
192:
10880:
8765:
4495:
Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation 1940â1945
4418:
3768:
3200:
International Business and War Interests: Unilever between Reich and Empire, 1939â45
2981:
425:. Sixty-five of the Dutch aircraft were destroyed on the first day of the campaign.
10985:
10940:
10680:
10149:
10100:
10035:
10008:
9927:
8805:
8775:
8693:
8496:
8489:
8433:
8097:
7855:
7841:
7744:
7681:
7632:
7445:
7298:
7245:
7055:
7006:
6920:
6143:
6120:
5653:
4712:
4512:
The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe
4467:
4406:
4181:
4113:
3792:
3756:
3065:
3005:
2969:
2834:
2512:
2411:
2384:
1769:. During Market Garden, substantial regions to the south were liberated, including
1766:
1571:
1374:
1340:
1291:
1283:
1216:
in the Hague. Seyffardt commanded the campaign to recruit Dutch volunteers for the
1182:
1161:
1147:
1070:
1005:
980:
581:
446:
302:
252:
213:
209:
98:
5662:
1275:
and key members of the Dutch government followed. The royal family were guests at
11400:
11059:
10333:
10216:
10095:
10067:
9593:
9211:
9201:
8830:
8719:
8519:
8231:
8146:
8104:
8002:
7945:
7806:
7588:
7579:
7108:
6683:
6659:
5913:
4990:
4610:
4583:
On to Victory: The Canadian Liberation of the Netherlands, March 23 â May 5, 1945
3598:
3594:
2854:
2442:
2303:
2276:
The end of the war also meant the final loss of the Dutch East Indies. After the
2049:
1971:
1829:
1604:
1561:
1380:
1346:. On February 27â28, 1942, Doorman was ordered to take the offensive against the
1321:
1029:
952:
hunted Jews in hiding in the different regions. In 2002, Ad Van Liempt published
884:
865:
746:
669:
646:
537:
522:
518:
504:
259:
236:
201:
126:
75:
44:
9498:
8631:
4621:
4561:, 18 essays by experts; focus on home front economics, society, Resistance, Jews
1506:
956:(Bounty: Dutch bounty hunters in search of Jews, 1943), published in English as
243:, but they never attracted enough members to be an effective mass movement. The
11278:
11221:
11071:
10897:
10144:
10082:
10077:
9633:
9568:
9206:
9027:
8526:
8062:
7988:
6026:
5885:
4500:
Hirschfeld, Gerhard. "Collaboration and Attentism in the Netherlands 1940â41,"
4185:
3069:
2763:
2500:
2452:
2285:
1896:
1411:
911:
781:
346:
323:
184:
4020:
1879:. The offensive after some resistance liberated most of region; the cities of
1753:, a failed attempt to advance from the Dutch-Belgian border across the rivers
1282:
Shortly after the German victory, the Dutch government, led by Prime Minister
947:
The flat, unforested Dutch landscape deprived Jews of potential hiding places.
11491:
11076:
10912:
10863:
10643:
10048:
9684:
9573:
8890:
8880:
8850:
8835:
8790:
8337:
6248:
6097:
5936:
4471:
4440:
Spirit of Resistance: Dutch Clandestine Literature during the Nazi Occupation
4361:
4044:
The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan
3692:
3656:
3139:
The Art of Staying Neutral: The Netherlands in the First World War, 1914â1918
2859:
2686:
2671:
2577:
2311:
2160:
1876:
1837:
1785:
1754:
1745:
1465:
1419:
1403:
1394:
1343:
1076:
1021:
989:
802:
661:
510:
450:
393:
263:
229:
217:
113:
killed in the course of World War IIâa much higher percentage than in either
4514:(2009) ch 3 is "Hunger: The Netherlands and the Politics of Food," pp 98â129
3618:
852:'s diary has been translated into some sixty languages since its publication
366:
Dutch soldiers guard the Holland Water Line shortly after mobilisation, 1939
11323:
11042:
10858:
10700:
10544:
9538:
8905:
8750:
8695:
8636:
8440:
6726:
6631:
6262:
5625:
5389:
5118:
4638:
De Oorlog â A NPS Documentary series about World War II and the Netherlands
4504:(1981) 16#3 pp 467â486. Focus on the "Netherlands Union" active in 1940â41
4284:
4172:
Banning, C. (1946). "Food Shortage and Public Health, First Half of 1945".
4068:
3998:
2864:
2839:
2696:
2557:
1996:
1987:
1758:
1725:
1721:
1469:
1287:
1241:
907:
814:
724:
684:
623:
573:
118:
60:
56:
985:
11047:
10849:
10263:
10030:
9981:
9844:
8865:
8800:
8275:
8261:
7923:
6585:
6406:
6391:
5745:
4429:
The Hunger Winter: Fighting Famine in the Occupied Netherlands, 1944â1945
4410:
3796:
3760:
3638:
The Ambiguity of Virtue: Gertrude van Tijn and the Fate of the Dutch Jews
3009:
2973:
2681:
2639:
2457:
2397:
2258:
The Dutch government initially developed plans to annex part of Germany (
2115:
2003:; 511 residents were killed and approximately 30,000 were left homeless.
1833:
1633:
1446:
1237:
1081:
1028:
in which he called for the Dutch to embrace the Germans and renounce the
1009:
821:
also included forcing the Dutch to work on these projects, but a form of
729:
679:
A long-term aim of the Nazis was to incorporate the Netherlands into the
477:
428:
The invading forces advanced rapidly but faced significant resistance. A
319:
267:
196:
67:
9578:
1164:, identified by their cloth armbands, with American paratroopers of the
1130:, with several soldiers receiving the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross,
714:
in June 1941 and the subsequent German defeats at Moscow and Stalingrad
10648:
9950:
9886:
8870:
8855:
8755:
7623:
7376:
7355:
6241:
5574:
5502:
4558:
4193:
3821:"De 102.000 Namen â Boek met alle namen vermoorde Joden, Sinti en Roma"
3056:
Hansen, Erik (1981). "Fascism and Nazism in the Netherlands, 1929â39".
2296:
2270:
2206: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2141:
2053:
1983:
1892:
1860:
1053:
849:
761:
688:
4505:
1847:
By 31 October, resistance south of the Scheldt had collapsed, and the
1433:
The Dutch submarines escaped and resumed the war effort from bases in
11338:
11298:
11293:
11104:
10735:
10628:
10524:
8952:
8785:
8745:
7886:
7291:
7088:
6899:
6690:
6645:
5066:
4939:
2306:
offered its âdeep apologiesâ for its failure to act to protect Jews,
2084:
2057:
2021:
2016:
2000:
1979:
1940:
1809:
1774:
1434:
1356:
1329:
1169:
1097:
1088:
993:
786:
741:
442:
438:
430:
418:
403:
398:
327:
315:
221:
122:
71:
40:
6166:
4091:
3999:"Digital Museum: The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund"
3916:(1st ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 182.
2181:
11146:
10917:
10539:
10104:
10053:
10044:
9901:
8845:
6150:
5878:
4392:"The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival'"
4147:(First paperback ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.
2955:"The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival'"
2416:
1920:
1798:
1770:
1025:
872:
673:
619:
385:
216:
pursued a programme of extensive cuts to maintain the value of the
4637:
4553:
Sellin, Thorsten, ed. "The Netherlands during German Occupation,"
3742:"The Holocaust in the Netherlands and the Rate of Jewish Survival"
2925:
1484:, and Indonesian forces had taken control of sizeable portions of
1429:
Liberated Dutch prisoners in Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) in 1945
132:
World War II occurred in four distinct phases in the Netherlands:
10072:
10022:
4682:
4340:
3985:
2447:
2401:
2088:
1935:
1880:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1485:
1481:
1245:
1203:
1153:
involvement in the resistance meant an immediate death sentence.
1126:
brigade participated in fighting on the Eastern Front during the
930:
813:, included the coastline of the Netherlands. Some towns, such as
806:
565:
545:
540:(centre), just after signing the Dutch capitulation, 15 May 1940.
422:
389:
335:
331:
114:
4598:
The liberation of the Netherlands with photos and video footage.
1804:
At the same time, the Allies also advanced into the province of
672:
were urged by Dutch bishops to leave associations that had been
10040:
10018:
9333:
6767:
5358:
4616:
3401:. London: Belgian Ministry for Foreign Affairs. pp. 32â36.
2420:
2389:
2080:
1916:
1496:
between the Netherlands and the Indonesian nationalists began.
1477:
1233:
1095:
Between 22,000 and 25,000 Dutchmen volunteered to serve in the
856:
Shortly after it was established, the military regime began to
810:
750:
603:
469:
and force the Belgian army to withdraw from the German border.
240:
87:
4607:
Administrators of the German occupied Netherlands during WW II
4555:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
4454:
Holland at war against Hitler: Anglo-Dutch relations 1940â1945
4174:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1035:
11119:
6955:
4595:
2307:
2148:, either while fighting the Japanese or in camps as Japanese
2107:
2030:
1908:
1864:
1840:
Peninsula of German forces, primarily "stomach" units of the
1762:
3974:
Forgotten Campaign. The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941â1942
1335:
Dutch naval ships joined forces with the Allies to form the
1297:
255:, the NSB was already declining in both members and voters.
4019:. International Institute for Asian Studies. Archived from
1808:. At the start of October 1944, the Germans still occupied
1407:
765:
589:
480:, but their advance was slowed by the Dutch fortifications
262:. That resulted in the final draining of seawater from the
3791:, Volume CXXI, Issue 494, 1 December 2006, pp. 1562â1563,
3004:, Volume CXXI, Issue 494, 1 December 2006, pp. 1562â1563,
1112:
which saw action exclusively on the Eastern Front and the
954:
Kopgeld: Nederlandse premiejagers op zoek naar joden, 1943
384:. The attackers meant to draw Allied forces away from the
247:(Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging, NSB) supported by the
3900:
On to Victory: The Canadian Liberation of the Netherlands
2149:
1991:
1020:
were set free by German troops. In June 1940, NSB leader
631:
under German military control. The civil government, the
4642:
3953:"The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan"
3939:"Abdicating Dutch queen was a wartime Ottawa schoolgirl"
1320:
On 8 December 1941, the Netherlands declared war on the
3561:
Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe
3398:
Belgium: The Official Account of What Happened, 1939â40
2850:
Military history of the Netherlands during World War II
2095:. The region was successfully liberated shortly after.
1976:
bombed the densely populated Bezuidenhout neighbourhood
1820:. The crushing need for a large supply port forced the
1206:
concealed an entire hospital floor from German troops.
825:
took place there with people working slowly or poorly.
461:
in the Netherlands on the first day, which allowed the
421:. The air force had only 140 aircraft, mostly outdated
212:, which had begun in 1929. The incumbent government of
6020:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
4485:
Canada and the liberation of the Netherlands, May 1945
4217:
Canada and the liberation of the Netherlands, May 1945
3172:(1st English ed.). Oxford: Berg. pp. 12â14.
2316:
NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1080:
in Germany. In November 1942, its name was changed to
871:
Before the February strike, the Nazis had installed a
4307:"Dutch Red Cross apologizes for failing Jews in WWII"
1316:
Indonesian youths being trained by the Japanese Army.
1251:
472:
In the eastern Netherlands, the Germans succeeded in
4180:(The Netherlands during German Occupation): 93â110.
2325:
1982:. The British bomber crews had intended to bomb the
345:
In late 1939, with war already declared between the
3887:
History of the Holocaust: a handbook and dictionary
3530:
4383:(Mokeham Publishing, Oakville, Ontario 2011â2017)
4140:
4069:"Women made to become comfort women â Netherlands"
3370:
3277:
3143:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp.
2278:surrender of the Japanese in the Dutch East Indies
388:and to lure British and French forces deeper into
171:led to the final liberation of the whole country.
9182:
5021:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
4447:Children of World War II: The Hidden Enemy Legacy
3784:Hitler's Bounty Hunters: The Betrayal of the Jews
3600:Ashes in the Wind: the Destruction of Dutch Jewry
3371:Amersfoort, Herman; Kamphuis, Piet, eds. (2005),
3282:(in Dutch), Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers, p. 64,
3278:Amersfoort, Herman; Kamphuis, Piet, eds. (2005),
2997:Hitler's Bounty Hunters: The Betrayal of the Jews
2152:. Dutch civilians were also held in these camps.
1779:German counterattack against the Nijmegen salient
1536:
958:Hitler's Bounty Hunters: The Betrayal of the Jews
879:). This was a board of Jews, headed by Professor
93:German occupation lasted in some areas until the
74:(Case Yellow). On 15 May 1940, one day after the
11489:
11200:Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam
3557:
2926:Loyd E. Lee and Robin D. S. Higham, ed. (1997).
2898:
2845:List of Dutch military equipment of World War II
887:. Independent Jewish organisations, such as the
406:to launch air raids against the United Kingdom.
3344:
3342:
2667:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500â1815)
1324:. On 10 January 1942, the Japanese invaded the
774:
614:
559:Proclamation of General Winkelman, 14 May 1940.
402:needed to take over the Dutch airfields on the
392:and to pre-empt a possible British invasion in
31:Timeline of the Netherlands during World War II
10966:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
10833:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy
4634:, a project led by the Dutch National Archives
4566:The hunger winter: occupied Holland, 1944â1945
3914:The hunger Winter: Occupied Holland, 1944â1945
3373:Mei 1940 â De Strijd op Nederlands grondgebied
3280:Mei 1940 â De Strijd op Nederlands grondgebied
1959:
1337:American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Fleet
1266:The Dutch army's successful resistance in the
977:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
652:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
285:German guarantee of neutrality, 6 October 1939
245:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
143:, resulted in a comparatively mild occupation.
10817:
9966:
8679:
5374:
4684:History of World War II by region and country
4668:
4350:Handelingen Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal
3936:
3672:
3641:. Harvard University Press. pp. 98â100.
3412:
3410:
3408:
3161:
3089:
3087:
3031:"The Netherlands between the Wars, 1929â1940"
2804:
1522:
1119:which fought in Belgium and the Netherlands.
644:The German occupiers implemented a policy of
437:, aimed at capturing the Dutch government in
9749:
8950:
8725:
8717:
4527:Schepen van de Koninklijke Marine in W.O. II
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3339:
2902:The Dutch Under German Occupation, 1940â1945
2236:
1781:(the Island) was defeated in early October.
1372:. The other Allied cruisers, the Australian
1304:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
992:, leader of the NSB, speaking at a rally in
602:. Princess Juliana and her children went to
584:in Dutch waters fled to the United Kingdom.
4576:The Dutch under German Occupation 1940â1945
4379:Bijvoet, Tom and Van Arragon Hutten, Anne.
4282:[Deep apologies of the Red Cross].
4280:"Diepe verontschuldigingen' van Rode Kruis"
4047:. University of Chicago Press. p. 22.
3911:
3631:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3120:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2166:
1986:("Forest of the Hague") district where the
10824:
10810:
10207:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
9973:
9959:
8686:
8672:
5381:
5367:
4675:
4661:
4627:World War II: Dutch aftermath and recovery
3885:Abraham J. Edelheit and Hershel Edelheit,
3494:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3405:
3231:"Dutch Army Strategy and Armament in WWII"
3167:
3084:
2811:
2797:
1816:estuary and its approaches to the port of
1529:
1515:
457:. However, the German forces succeeded in
4268:World War II casualties#endnote Indonesia
3438:
3416:
3134:
2222:Learn how and when to remove this message
1298:Dutch East Indies and war in the Far East
9980:
4381:The Dutch in Wartime, Survivors Remember
3735:
3733:
3673:Rozett, Robert; Spector, Shmuel (2013).
3375:, Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers, p. 192,
3186:
2249:
2159:
2097:
2010:
1934:
1875:was launched in conjunction to liberate
1715:
1424:
1311:
1155:
1034:
984:
914:, were deported to concentration camps.
844:
693:
618:
532:
361:
249:National Socialist German Workers' Party
178:
34:
10202:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
4617:The invasion of the Netherlands in 1940
4239:
4214:
4171:
3593:
3587:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
1494:four-year armed and diplomatic struggle
1462:120 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadrons
1366:were lost, together with the destroyer
1101:. The most notable formations were the
906:In May 1942, Jews were ordered to wear
494:
14:
11490:
11021:Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists
9341:
9166:
8962:
8738:
7235:
7213:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
4103:
3986:Ministerie van Buitenlandse zaken 1994
3668:
3666:
3477:
3055:
2645:constituent country within the kingdom
841:History of the Jews in the Netherlands
453:that the Germans would need for their
220:, which resulted in workers' riots in
18:History of the Netherlands (1939-1945)
10805:
9954:
8667:
8091:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
7516:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
7162:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
7118:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
6216:Rape during the occupation of Germany
5362:
4656:
4389:
3739:
3730:
3705:
3699:
3202:. London: Routledge. pp. 61â62.
3093:
2952:
1792:, British and American forces during
1510:
7206:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
6231:Rape during the liberation of France
4524:
4138:
3941:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
3303:"Dutch Armoured Cars type Landsverk"
3295:
3216:
3197:
3014:
2204:adding citations to reliable sources
2175:
1871:After the offensive on the Scheldt,
1393:After Japanese troops had landed on
716:in the Eastern Front of World War II
626:from the German-occupied Netherlands
609:
78:, the Dutch forces surrendered. The
11185:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
4431:(Cambridge University Press, 2020)
4040:
3677:. Taylor and Francis. p. 119.
3663:
3394:
3255:. World War 2 Today. Archived from
2280:, Indonesian nationalists fought a
2015:Civilians dancing in the square of
1899:was taken by the Canadians and the
1141:
862:Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp
572:forced them to surrender also. The
24:
11395:
7432:German invasion of the Netherlands
5705:Weather events during World War II
4373:
3564:. Simon and Schuster. p. 33.
3417:Teeuwisse, Joeri (17 March 2006).
1895:were liberated by British forces.
1399:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
1252:Dutch government and army in exile
1179:Communist Party of the Netherlands
917:Concentration camps were built at
666:Catholic Church in the Netherlands
637:, was headed by the Austrian Nazi
528:
482:on the narrow Afsluitdijk Causeway
435:parachute assault on the first day
357:
169:German surrender at LĂŒneburg Heath
49:German invasion of the Netherlands
25:
11524:
11513:World War II occupied territories
10893:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
9121:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe
8070:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
4589:
4519:The Netherlands at war: 1940â1945
4442:(Rochester NY: Camden House 2010)
4342:Ministerie van Buitenlandse zaken
1414:; only 52,000 of those survived.
1220:and the German war effort on the
664:. The process was opposed by the
266:polder and the completion of the
10999:Russian People's Liberation Army
10956:National Committee of Azerbaijan
9609:Serbia (Commissioner Government)
8630:
5388:
4613: (archived January 24, 2004)
4118:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01566.x
3937:Janet Davison (April 29, 2013).
3537:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 103.
3253:"The Germans attack in the West"
3096:"Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression"
2780:
2363:
2328:
2180:
2114:, serving in the German army as
2075:. To support the advance of the
2071:, Allied troops advanced to the
1930:
1039:Dutch recruiting poster for the
970:
835:The Holocaust in the Netherlands
796:
793:of the job to keep it a secret.
588:shipped to Britain and remained
301:'s conservative prime minister,
11011:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group
9589:Norway (Administrative Council)
4502:Journal of Contemporary History
4464:Journal of Contemporary History
4299:
4272:
4260:
4248:
4233:
4208:
4165:
4132:
4097:
4084:
4075:
4061:
4034:
4011:
4005:
3991:
3979:
3966:
3945:
3930:
3905:
3892:
3879:
3863:
3839:
3801:
3775:
3625:
3578:
3551:
3524:
3502:
3471:
3388:
3364:
3327:. Totally History. 12 June 2013
3317:
3271:
3245:
2191:needs additional citations for
1853:British 52nd (Lowland) Division
1538:
1177:in independent activities. The
1114:SS Volunteer Grenadier Brigade
465:to outflank the nearby Belgian
411:armed forces of the Netherlands
326:, to protect the key cities of
191:The Dutch colonies such as the
8317:Vietnamese famine of 1944â1945
6013:Territorial changes of Germany
5921:Indonesian National Revolution
4399:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
3912:Van der Zee, Henri A. (1998).
3749:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
3135:Abbenhuis, Maartje M. (2006).
3128:
3049:
2988:
2962:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
2946:
2919:
2892:
1849:Canadian 2nd Infantry Division
1308:Indonesian National Revolution
1248:prisoners executed elsewhere.
1004:. Others, like members of the
634:Reichskommissariat Niederlande
338:and Amsterdam, and creating a
293:, the Dutch government, under
195:(modern Indonesia) caused the
103:majority of the country's Jews
13:
1:
11095:Collaborationist Chinese Army
10227:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
9614:Serbia (Council of Ministers)
7710:Japanese invasion of Thailand
7661:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
7425:German invasion of Luxembourg
5799:Mediterranean and Middle East
4648:Liberation of the Netherlands
4632:Beeldbankwo2 (Photobank WWII)
4585:(D & M Publishers, 2010.)
4557:Vol. 245, May, 1946 pp iâ180
4390:Croes, Marnix (Winter 2006).
3740:Croes, Marnix (Winter 2006).
3675:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3098:. Vol. I. Archived from
2953:Croes, Marnix (Winter 2006).
2905:. Stanford UP. pp. 5â7.
2885:
2380:Prehistory of the Netherlands
2282:four-year war of independence
2144:. Another 30,000 died in the
2134:
2083:paratroopers were dropped in
2006:
1970:On 3 March 1945, the British
1540:Liberation of the Netherlands
1502:
1410:were taken to other parts of
896:Committee for Jewish Refugees
889:Committee for Jewish Refugees
864:. The Dutch reacted with the
273:
232:and to devalue the currency.
174:
9387:Army Group Rear Area Command
8694:Administrative divisions in
7617:Invasion of the Soviet Union
7306:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
6617:Independent State of Croatia
4568:(U of Nebraska Press, 1998)
4041:Soh, Chunghee Sarah (2008).
3531:Richard Z. Chesnoff (2011).
3168:Hirschfeld, Gerhard (1988).
2880:Liberation Day (Netherlands)
2875:Canada-Netherlands relations
1939:Malnourished Dutch child in
1901:Polish 1st Armoured Division
1706:Chronology of the liberation
1132:Nazi Germany's highest award
1032:, which had fled to London.
828:
775:Forced labour and resistance
735:
615:Life in occupied Netherlands
7:
11498:Netherlands in World War II
10903:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
9769:Belgium and Northern France
9392:Belgium and Northern France
8608:End of World War II in Asia
8448:Western invasion of Germany
7955:Chinese famine of 1942â1943
7932:Second Battle of El Alamein
7495:Hundred Regiments Offensive
7467:Battle of the Mediterranean
7320:Italian invasion of Albania
5487:Air warfare of World War II
4449:(Oxford U.P. 2005), 151â64.
3827:(in Dutch). 26 January 2018
3325:"Battle of the Netherlands"
2321:
2284:against Dutch and at first
1966:Bombing of the Bezuidenhout
1960:Bombing of the Bezuidenhout
1083:Germaansche SS in Nederland
489:German advance into Belgium
455:planned invasion of Britain
10:
11529:
11130:First Indian National Army
9993:Kingdom of the Netherlands
9271:Civil Administration Areas
8876:Southern HanoverâBrunswick
8534:Naval bombardment of Japan
7895:First Battle of El Alamein
7814:Battle of Christmas Island
7759:Japanese invasion of Burma
7523:Italian invasion of Greece
7439:German invasion of Belgium
7411:German invasion of Denmark
7384:1939â1940 Winter Offensive
7253:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
5510:Comparative military ranks
4545:European History Quarterly
4334:
4219:. Toronto: Dundurn Group.
4186:10.1177/000271624624500114
3709:Histories of the Holocaust
3070:10.1177/026569148101100304
3035:History of the Netherlands
2932:. Greenwood. p. 277.
2825:Netherlands in World War I
2749:Inventions and discoveries
2692:Whaling in the Netherlands
2357:History of the Netherlands
2155:
1963:
1945:
1454:Royal Australian Air Force
1301:
1255:
1145:
974:
838:
832:
764:, complete with extensive
498:
369:
314:", an area to the east of
295:Pieter Cort van der Linden
70:on 10 May 1940 as part of
28:
11219:
11196:Vietnamese collaborators
11100:Defenders of the Homeland
11058:
10857:
10847:
10843:
10770:
10619:
10610:
10573:
10520:
10511:
10355:
10346:
10319:RhineâMeuseâScheldt delta
10249:
10240:
10063:Development urban centers
9999:
9989:
9920:
9879:
9872:
9837:
9797:
9761:
9748:
9728:
9642:
9486:
9479:
9451:
9377:
9357:
9332:
9269:
9258:
9224:
9157:
9141:North Brabant and Limburg
9136:South Holland and Zeeland
9131:North Holland and Utrecht
9126:Gelderland and Overijssel
9111:
9040:
8988:
8949:
8919:
8716:
8703:
8623:
8455:BratislavaâBrno offensive
8395:
8386:Dutch famine of 1944â1945
8123:
8010:Allied invasion of Sicily
7964:
7863:Aleutian Islands campaign
7835:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
7782:
7773:Greek famine of 1941â1944
7668:Second Battle of Changsha
7573:German invasion of Greece
7541:
7418:Battle of ZaoyangâYichang
7393:
7331:
7226:
7107:
6833:
6743:
6584:
6287:
6278:
6036:
5861:
5753:North and Central Pacific
5714:
5476:
5469:
5396:
5303:
5054:
4917:
4871:
4793:
4690:
4017:"Japan's 'Comfort Women'"
3988:, pp. 6â9, 11, 13â14
3810:; Amsterdam: Boom, 2018.
3789:English Historical Review
3558:Samuel P. Oliner (1992).
3484:. London. pp. 24â25.
3002:English Historical Review
2899:Werner Warmbrunn (1963).
2056:. Previously the Swedish
1548:
1258:Dutch government-in-exile
592:for the rest of the war.
441:and the key airfields at
372:Battle of the Netherlands
342:(or "Fortress Holland").
11508:Politics of World War II
11181:Taiwanese collaborators
11026:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
10961:National Republican Army
10951:Latvian Auxiliary Police
10876:Albanian Fascist Militia
9379:Military administrations
8911:WĂŒrttemberg-Hohenzollern
8047:Allied invasion of Italy
8024:Solomon Islands campaign
7766:Third Battle of Changsha
7363:First Battle of Changsha
7269:Second Sino-Japanese War
6202:German military brothels
6068:United States war crimes
4472:10.1177/0022009410375178
4139:Ryan, Cornelius (1995).
3847:"Waffen-SS (in numbers)"
3094:TC-32 (6 October 1939).
2110:, nearly 800 men of the
1420:forced into prostitution
299:Anti-Revolutionary Party
107:Nazi concentration camps
11162:Royal Thai Armed Forces
11157:Manchukuo Imperial Army
11142:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
11082:Burma Independence Army
10994:Russian Liberation Army
10946:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
10908:Belarusian Home Defence
10872:Albanian collaborators
8469:Second Guangxi campaign
8324:Philippines (1944â1945)
7821:Battle of the Coral Sea
7724:Fall of the Philippines
7370:Battle of South Guangxi
7276:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
6675:Italian Social Republic
4622:Dutch Resistance Museum
4570:excerpt and text search
4547:(1991) 211 pp 109â118.
4529:. Alkmaar: De Alk b.v.
4458:excerpt and text search
4256:World War II casualties
4215:Goddard, Lance (2005).
3714:Oxford University Press
3058:European Studies Review
3037:. World History at KLMA
1948:Dutch famine of 1944â45
1751:Operation Market Garden
1730:Operation Market Garden
1166:101st Airborne Division
1068:In September 1940, the
900:Westerbork transit camp
698:Amsterdam in April 1944
459:crossing the Maas river
11166:Russian collaborators
11152:Malayan Volunteer Army
10990:Russian collaborators
10928:Finnish Defence Forces
10666:Decorations and medals
10115:Burgundian Netherlands
9750:
9480:Puppet administrations
9284:Carinthia and Carniola
8951:
8726:
8718:
8698:and German occupations
8054:Armistice of Cassibile
7849:Battle of Dutch Harbor
7800:Battle of the Java Sea
7703:Attack on Pearl Harbor
7603:SyriaâLebanon campaign
7596:Battle of South Shanxi
7566:Invasion of Yugoslavia
7349:Battle of the Atlantic
6963:Korean Liberation Army
6669:(until September 1943)
6626:(until September 1944)
6604:(until September 1944)
4564:van der Zee, Henri A.
4510:Hitchcock, William I.
4368:on September 27, 2007.
4288:(in Dutch). 2017-11-01
4090:Poelgeest, Bart van. "
3510:"The Royal Dutch Navy"
3481:The Netherlands at War
2787:Netherlands portal
2620:Sovereign Principality
2473:Burgundian Netherlands
2255:
2237:
2173:
2167:
2103:
2045:, both in April 1945.
2026:
1943:
1919:, which contained the
1907:liberated the city of
1733:
1430:
1352:Battle of the Java Sea
1348:Imperial Japanese Navy
1317:
1188:underground newspapers
1173:
1044:
997:
853:
699:
681:Greater Germanic Reich
627:
562:
541:
474:pushing the Dutch back
415:Royal Netherlands Army
367:
282:
188:
52:
11175:Russian Fascist Party
10976:Romanian Armed Forces
10971:Polish Wehrmacht Army
10923:Croatian Armed Forces
10661:Customs and etiquette
8931:Reichsfestung Belgrad
8218:Second Battle of Guam
8114:Bengal famine of 1943
8084:Second Battle of Kiev
8040:Battle of the Dnieper
7909:Kokoda Track campaign
7738:Battle of Wake Island
7610:East African campaign
7552:Battle of South Henan
7197:atrocities by Germans
6970:Korean Volunteer Army
5944:Occupation of Germany
5698:Music in World War II
4071:. Asian Women's Fund.
3478:Ashton, H.S. (1941).
2523:Dutch colonial empire
2269:The bank balances of
2264:Operation Black Tulip
2260:the Bakker-Schut Plan
2253:
2163:
2101:
2093:Stokersverlaat Bridge
2014:
1978:in the Dutch city of
1938:
1822:Battle of the Scheldt
1719:
1698:Manna & Chowhound
1428:
1339:, commanded by Dutch
1315:
1159:
1038:
1016:belonged to the NSB.
988:
848:
710:After the failure of
697:
622:
551:
536:
365:
278:
182:
38:
11503:Jewish Dutch history
11137:Inner Mongolian Army
11125:Indian National Army
10981:Royal Hungarian Army
10696:Orders of knighthood
10329:World Heritage Sites
10232:Coronavirus pandemic
10222:European debt crisis
10195:Dutch Liberation Day
10120:Habsburg Netherlands
9933:Strength Through Joy
9892:Weather Station Kurt
9594:Norway (Quisling II)
8841:MunichâUpper Bavaria
8826:March of Brandenburg
8504:Surrender of Germany
7982:Battle of West Hubei
7939:Guadalcanal campaign
7902:Battle of Stalingrad
7828:Battle of Madagascar
6595:Albania protectorate
6382:(formerly Swaziland)
6091:Wehrmacht war crimes
5907:Expulsion of Germans
5691:Art and World War II
5589:British contribution
5538:Governments in exile
4578:(Stanford U.P. 1963)
4525:Mark, Chris (1997).
4385:The Dutch in Wartime
4344:(January 24, 1994).
3633:Wasserstein, Bernard
3457:"May 14 â Rotterdam"
3102:on 27 September 2013
2478:Habsburg Netherlands
2200:improve this article
1488:and Java. After the
1268:Battle for The Hague
963:A 2018 publication,
908:Star of David badges
712:Operation Barbarossa
639:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
576:, in particular the
495:Bombing of Rotterdam
206:Netherlands were hit
141:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
76:bombing of Rotterdam
11190:Takasago Volunteers
11110:Gando Special Force
11068:Arakan Defense Army
11006:Security Battalions
10304:Mountains and hills
10155:Batavian Revolution
10135:Spanish Netherlands
10130:Seventeen Provinces
9752:Reichskommissariats
9584:Norway (Quisling I)
9514:Chechnya-Ingushetia
9174:Bohemia and Moravia
9159:Partial annexations
8970:DanzigâWest Prussia
8594:Potsdam Declaration
8483:Italy (Spring 1945)
8246:Liberation of Paris
7696:Siege of Sevastopol
6707:(until August 1944)
6610:Wang Jingwei regime
6432:from September 1943
6392:from September 1944
6330:from September 1944
6190:Romanian war crimes
6181:Persecution of Jews
6167:Croatian war crimes
6137:Japanese war crimes
5951:Occupation of Japan
5900:First Indochina War
5612:Military production
5524:Declarations of war
5133:Carpathian Ruthenia
4574:Warmbrunn, Werner.
4497:(Oxford U.P., 1998)
4491:Hirschfeld, Gerhard
4476:Friedhoff, Herman.
4452:Foot, Michael, ed.
4427:De Zwarte, Ingrid.
4312:The Times of Israel
4013:Soh, Chunghee Sarah
3875:Landstorm Nederland
3706:Stone, Dan (2010).
3512:. Waroverholland.nl
3459:. Waroverholland.nl
3352:. Waroverholland.nl
3305:. Waroverholland.nl
3233:. Waroverholland.nl
2870:Maurice Frankenhuis
2600:First French Empire
2585:Batavian Revolution
2488:Spanish Netherlands
2483:Seventeen Provinces
2039:Battle of Groningen
2029:After crossing the
1826:First Canadian Army
1741:landing in Normandy
1384:, and the American
1116:Landstorm Nederland
689:Aryan "master race"
668:, and in 1941, all
600:government-in-exile
501:Battle of Rotterdam
312:New Dutch Waterline
11016:Slovene Home Guard
10555:Telecommunications
10165:Kingdom of Holland
9184:General Government
8861:Schleswig-Holstein
8587:Surrender of Japan
8420:Battle of Iwo Jima
8269:Belgrade offensive
7675:Siege of Leningrad
7559:Battle of Shanggao
7488:British Somaliland
7453:Dunkirk evacuation
7404:Norwegian campaign
7342:Invasion of Poland
7169:Japanese prisoners
6130:Italian war crimes
6061:British war crimes
5976:Soviet occupations
5760:South-West Pacific
5647:Allied cooperation
5605:Military equipment
4723:French West Africa
4703:British Somaliland
4596:Canada and Holland
4411:10.1093/hgs/dcl022
4106:Gender and History
3797:10.1093/ehr/cel364
3782:Tim Cole, Review:
3761:10.1093/hgs/dcl022
3259:on 21 January 2015
3198:Wubs, Ben (2008).
3010:10.1093/ehr/cel364
2995:Tim Cole, Review:
2974:10.1093/hgs/dcl022
2677:Amsterdam EntrepĂŽt
2595:Kingdom of Holland
2336:Netherlands portal
2256:
2174:
2164:Collaborators and
2104:
2027:
1944:
1873:Operation Pheasant
1812:and dominated the
1734:
1490:Japanese surrender
1431:
1404:Thai-Burma Railway
1318:
1230:Hanns Albin Rauter
1211:Lieutenant general
1174:
1056:or Maybugs, where
1045:
998:
903:mass deportation.
858:persecute the Jews
854:
823:passive resistance
700:
628:
542:
451:transport aircraft
368:
291:During World War I
189:
167:". On 5 May 1945,
53:
11485:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11464:
11320:
11215:
11214:
11086:Chin Defense Army
11062:collaborationists
11038:Wehrmacht foreign
11033:Waffen-SS foreign
10932:
10866:collaborationists
10799:
10798:
10766:
10765:
10606:
10605:
10507:
10506:
10484:Political parties
10420:Foreign relations
10342:
10341:
10212:Same-sex marriage
10160:Batavian Republic
10140:Eighty Years' War
10110:Holy Roman Empire
9948:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9868:
9867:
9838:Other occupations
9833:
9832:
9744:
9743:
9459:Adriatic Littoral
9452:Operational Zones
9373:
9372:
9254:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9220:
9219:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9036:
9035:
8945:
8944:
8661:
8660:
8619:
8618:
8462:Battle of Okinawa
8361:Burma (1944â1945)
8195:Mariana and Palau
7975:Tunisian campaign
7793:Fall of Singapore
7717:Fall of Hong Kong
7460:Battle of Britain
7313:Operation Himmler
7222:
7221:
6886:Dutch East Indies
6522:Southern Rhodesia
6274:
6273:
6174:Genocide of Serbs
6077:German war crimes
6054:Soviet war crimes
6047:Allied war crimes
5893:Division of Korea
5872:Chinese Civil War
5670:Strategic bombing
5582:Manhattan Project
5356:
5355:
4947:Dutch East Indies
4785:Southern Rhodesia
4718:French Somaliland
4319:. 1 November 2017
4054:978-0-226-76777-2
3723:978-0-19-956680-8
3209:978-0-415-41667-2
2821:
2820:
2590:Batavian Republic
2508:Eighty Years' War
2468:Holy Roman Empire
2463:Lower Lotharingia
2232:
2231:
2224:
2146:Dutch East Indies
2106:On the island of
2077:II Canadian Corps
2073:North Netherlands
2069:Operation Amherst
2043:Battle of Otterlo
1794:Operation Aintree
1732:, September 1944.
1713:
1712:
1326:Dutch East Indies
1277:Buckingham Palace
1262:Free Dutch Forces
1214:Hendrik Seyffardt
1103:4th SS Volunteer
1024:held a speech in
705:Battle of Britain
610:German occupation
578:Dutch East Indies
307:national spending
193:Dutch East Indies
99:Active resistance
16:(Redirected from
11520:
11462:
11318:
10986:Royal Iraqi Army
10930:
10855:
10854:
10845:
10844:
10826:
10819:
10812:
10803:
10802:
10779:
10617:
10616:
10588:Public transport
10518:
10517:
10353:
10352:
10247:
10246:
10073:Frankish Kingdom
10036:Migration Period
9975:
9968:
9961:
9952:
9951:
9877:
9876:
9759:
9758:
9755:
9484:
9483:
9471:Alpine Foothills
9339:
9338:
9289:Gebiet Bialystok
9267:
9266:
9180:
9179:
9164:
9163:
9109:
9108:
9023:TyrolâVorarlberg
8986:
8985:
8960:
8959:
8956:
8901:Westphalia-South
8896:Westphalia-North
8816:Magdeburg-Anhalt
8736:
8735:
8731:
8723:
8714:
8713:
8688:
8681:
8674:
8665:
8664:
8654:
8647:
8640:
8637:World portal
8635:
8634:
8610:
8603:
8596:
8589:
8580:
8573:
8566:
8557:
8550:
8543:
8536:
8529:
8522:
8513:
8506:
8499:
8497:Prague offensive
8492:
8490:Battle of Berlin
8485:
8478:
8471:
8464:
8457:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8434:Vienna offensive
8429:
8422:
8415:
8413:Battle of Manila
8408:
8388:
8379:
8370:
8363:
8354:
8347:
8340:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8312:
8303:
8294:
8287:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8248:
8241:
8234:
8227:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8197:
8190:
8181:
8172:
8163:
8156:
8154:KorsunâCherkassy
8149:
8138:
8116:
8107:
8100:
8093:
8086:
8079:
8072:
8065:
8056:
8049:
8042:
8035:
8026:
8019:
8012:
8005:
7998:
7996:Bombing of Gorky
7991:
7984:
7977:
7957:
7950:
7941:
7934:
7927:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7897:
7890:
7879:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7856:Battle of Midway
7851:
7844:
7842:Battle of Gazala
7837:
7830:
7823:
7816:
7809:
7802:
7795:
7775:
7768:
7761:
7754:
7752:Battle of Borneo
7747:
7745:Malayan campaign
7740:
7733:
7726:
7719:
7712:
7705:
7698:
7691:
7689:Bombing of Gorky
7684:
7682:Battle of Moscow
7677:
7670:
7663:
7656:
7649:
7642:
7626:
7619:
7612:
7605:
7598:
7591:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7534:
7525:
7518:
7511:
7504:
7497:
7490:
7483:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7446:Battle of France
7441:
7434:
7427:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7386:
7379:
7372:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7344:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7301:
7299:Munich Agreement
7294:
7287:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7255:
7248:
7233:
7232:
7215:
7208:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7184:Soviet prisoners
7178:
7171:
7164:
7155:
7148:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7124:German prisoners
7120:
7100:
7091:
7084:
7077:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6677:
6670:
6662:
6655:
6653:French Indochina
6648:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6597:
6577:
6568:
6561:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6500:from August 1944
6491:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6383:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6285:
6284:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6226:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6192:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6144:Nanjing Massacre
6139:
6132:
6123:
6121:Nuremberg trials
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5854:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5725:Asia and Pacific
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5656:
5654:Mulberry harbour
5649:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5496:
5489:
5474:
5473:
5462:
5455:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5360:
5359:
5107:Military history
4861:Native Americans
4677:
4670:
4663:
4654:
4653:
4540:
4517:Maas, Walter B.
4483:Goddard, Lance.
4466:2010 45:768â787
4438:Dewulf, Jeroen.
4422:
4396:
4369:
4364:. Archived from
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4146:
4143:A Bridge Too Far
4136:
4130:
4129:
4101:
4095:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3909:
3903:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3808:De 102.000 namen
3805:
3799:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3493:
3485:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3453:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3424:Armchair General
3414:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3195:
3184:
3183:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3142:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3027:
3012:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2959:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2896:
2835:Dutch resistance
2813:
2806:
2799:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2727:Colonial history
2717:Military history
2658:Economic history
2513:Dutch Golden Age
2448:Frankish Kingdom
2412:Migration Period
2367:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2240:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2184:
2176:
2170:
1885:'s-Hertogenbosch
1767:Battle of Arnhem
1593:Nijmegen salient
1543:
1541:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1464:, equipped with
1292:Pieter Gerbrandy
1288:Vichy government
1284:Dirk Jan de Geer
1273:Queen Wilhelmina
1183:Wim Schermerhorn
1172:, September 1944
1162:Dutch Resistance
1148:Dutch resistance
1142:Dutch resistance
1071:Nederlandsche SS
1006:Henneicke Column
981:Nederlandsche SS
965:De 102.000 namen
898:established the
596:Queen Wilhelmina
582:Royal Dutch Navy
560:
303:Hendrikus Colijn
286:
253:Second World War
214:Hendrikus Colijn
210:Great Depression
183:A bunker of the
148:living standards
95:German surrender
80:Dutch government
57:Dutch neutrality
21:
11528:
11527:
11523:
11522:
11521:
11519:
11518:
11517:
11488:
11487:
11486:
11477:
11240:Italian Albania
11211:
11054:
10862:
10839:
10830:
10800:
10795:
10782:
10775:
10762:
10716:Public holidays
10602:
10569:
10503:
10338:
10334:Zuiderzee Works
10236:
10217:Great Recession
10096:Frisian Freedom
10068:Frisian Kingdom
10009:Germanic tribes
9995:
9985:
9979:
9949:
9940:
9936:holiday resorts
9916:
9864:
9829:
9793:
9740:
9724:
9638:
9475:
9447:
9369:
9353:
9328:
9261:
9246:
9216:
9178:
9145:
9107:
9032:
8984:
8941:
8915:
8796:Halle-Merseburg
8781:Electoral Hesse
8771:Eastern Hanover
8708:
8706:
8699:
8692:
8662:
8657:
8650:
8643:
8629:
8627:
8615:
8606:
8599:
8592:
8585:
8576:
8569:
8562:
8553:
8548:Atomic bombings
8546:
8539:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8509:
8502:
8495:
8488:
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8297:
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8274:
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8260:
8251:
8244:
8239:Eastern Romania
8237:
8232:Warsaw Uprising
8230:
8225:Tannenberg Line
8223:
8216:
8211:Western Ukraine
8209:
8200:
8193:
8184:
8175:
8166:
8159:
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8015:
8008:
8003:Battle of Kursk
8001:
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7807:St Nazaire Raid
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7589:Anglo-Iraqi War
7587:
7580:Battle of Crete
7578:
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7509:Eastern Romania
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7070:Western Ukraine
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7019:
7014:Northeast China
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6713:Slovak Republic
6711:
6703:
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6689:
6684:Empire of Japan
6682:
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6196:Sexual violence
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5348:Pacific Islands
5343:Solomon Islands
5323:Gilbert Islands
5305:
5299:
5278:Channel Islands
5050:
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4867:
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4681:
4611:Wayback Machine
4592:
4581:Zuehlke, Mark.
4537:
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4374:Further reading
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4242:Friesch Dagblad
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3902:, (2010) p. 187
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2443:Frisian Kingdom
2438:
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2385:Germanic tribes
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2327:
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2304:Dutch Red Cross
2228:
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2211:
2208:
2197:
2185:
2158:
2137:
2112:Georgian Legion
2062:Operation Manna
2050:Hotel de Wereld
2009:
1972:Royal Air Force
1968:
1962:
1950:
1933:
1925:Festung Holland
1903:led by General
1830:Breskens Pocket
1777:. A subsequent
1714:
1709:
1703:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1505:
1322:Japanese Empire
1310:
1302:Main articles:
1300:
1264:
1254:
1192:Prince Bernhard
1160:Members of the
1150:
1144:
1128:Battle of Narva
1105:Panzergrenadier
983:
973:
885:Abraham Asscher
866:February strike
843:
837:
831:
799:
777:
747:Deelen Air Base
738:
670:Roman Catholics
658:Gleichschaltung
647:Gleichschaltung
617:
612:
561:
558:
538:Henri Winkelman
531:
529:Dutch surrender
523:Henri Winkelman
519:Rotterdam Blitz
507:
505:Rotterdam Blitz
497:
467:Fort Ăben-Ămael
374:
360:
358:German invasion
340:Vesting Holland
324:Peel-Raam Lines
288:
284:
276:
260:Zuiderzee Works
237:Italian fascism
202:First World War
187:, built in 1939
177:
127:February strike
33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11526:
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11235:German Albania
11226:
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11222:Axis countries
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11205:Vanguard Youth
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11072:Armistice Army
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10900:
10898:Armistice Army
10895:
10890:
10889:
10888:
10883:
10881:Balli Kombëtar
10878:
10869:
10867:
10852:
10841:
10840:
10837:Imperial Japan
10829:
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10656:Cultural icons
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10598:Road transport
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10593:Rail transport
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10489:Prime Minister
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10464:Municipalities
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10372:
10370:Climate change
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10274:Extreme points
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10180:United Kingdom
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10145:Dutch Republic
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10083:Lower Lorraine
10080:
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9634:Zuyev Republic
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9524:Czechoslovakia
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8821:Main Franconia
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8761:CologneâAachen
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8733:
8711:
8705:Administrative
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8564:South Sakhalin
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8006:
7999:
7992:
7989:Battle of Attu
7985:
7978:
7970:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7958:
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7942:
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7928:
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7776:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7734:
7731:Battle of Guam
7727:
7720:
7713:
7706:
7699:
7692:
7685:
7678:
7671:
7664:
7657:
7654:Battle of Kiev
7650:
7643:
7629:
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7606:
7599:
7592:
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7165:
7158:
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7153:United Kingdom
7149:
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7105:
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6550:British Empire
6543:United Kingdom
6539:
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6511:
6504:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6464:
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6403:
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6359:Czechoslovakia
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6301:
6293:
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6276:
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6269:
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6256:Rape of Manila
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6027:United Nations
6023:
6016:
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6000:
5993:
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5963:
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5886:Decolonization
5882:
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5559:United Kingdom
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5280:
5275:
5270:
5268:British Empire
5263:United Kingdom
5260:
5255:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5236:Basque Country
5228:
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5112:Basque Country
5109:
5099:
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5089:
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5082:Czechoslovakia
5079:
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4645:
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4604:
4599:
4591:
4590:External links
4588:
4587:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4562:
4551:
4549:Online at Sage
4541:
4535:
4522:
4515:
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4131:
4112:(3): 670â684.
4096:
4083:
4074:
4060:
4053:
4033:
4004:
3990:
3978:
3965:
3944:
3929:
3922:
3904:
3898:Mark Zuehlke,
3891:
3878:
3873:, vol. 14 for
3862:
3838:
3818:. Reviewed in
3800:
3774:
3755:(3): 474â499.
3729:
3722:
3716:. p. 42.
3698:
3683:
3662:
3647:
3624:
3609:
3595:Presser, Jacob
3586:
3577:
3570:
3550:
3543:
3523:
3501:
3470:
3437:
3404:
3387:
3381:
3363:
3350:"Capitulation"
3338:
3316:
3294:
3288:
3270:
3244:
3215:
3208:
3185:
3178:
3160:
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3127:
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2630:Modern history
2627:
2625:United Kingdom
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2602:
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2453:Middle Francia
2450:
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2179:
2157:
2154:
2136:
2133:
2129:"Moffenmeiden"
2035:Wesel and Rees
2008:
2005:
1990:had installed
1964:Main article:
1961:
1958:
1946:Main article:
1932:
1929:
1897:Bergen Op Zoom
1711:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1658:Kapelsche Veer
1655:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1595:
1590:
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1549:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1470:P-40 Kittyhawk
1447:New Zealanders
1412:Southeast Asia
1378:, the British
1299:
1296:
1253:
1250:
1146:Main article:
1143:
1140:
1030:Dutch Monarchy
972:
969:
949:
948:
945:
942:
931:mixed marriage
912:Titus Brandsma
873:Jewish Council
833:Main article:
830:
827:
819:Arbeitseinsatz
798:
795:
782:Arbeitseinsatz
776:
773:
737:
734:
616:
613:
611:
608:
556:
530:
527:
496:
493:
370:Main article:
359:
356:
347:British Empire
277:
275:
272:
226:a naval mutiny
185:Peel-Raam Line
176:
173:
156:
155:
151:
144:
137:
125:organised the
45:German bombing
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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11247:Baltic states
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11170:Asano Brigade
11168:
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11118:
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11115:Golden Square
11113:
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11101:
11098:
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11077:Black Columns
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10936:Golden Square
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10913:Blue Division
10911:
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10899:
10896:
10894:
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10887:
10886:Cham Albanian
10884:
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10474:Republicanism
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10279:Flood control
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10190:Nazi invasion
10188:
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10170:Incorporation
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9919:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9878:
9875:
9871:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9840:
9836:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9802:
9800:
9796:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9760:
9757:
9754:
9753:
9747:
9737:
9734:
9733:
9731:
9727:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9695:Russia (KONR)
9693:
9691:
9690:Russia (ODNR)
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9641:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9485:
9482:
9478:
9472:
9469:
9465:
9462:
9461:
9460:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9450:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9411:
9410:zone réservée
9407:
9406:Atlantic Wall
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9384:
9382:
9380:
9376:
9366:
9363:
9362:
9360:
9356:
9350:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9331:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9257:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9232:Burgundy (SS)
9230:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9181:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9169:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9156:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9039:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8993:
8991:
8987:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8948:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8918:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8886:Upper Silesia
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8811:Lower Silesia
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8729:
8722:
8721:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8702:
8697:
8689:
8684:
8682:
8677:
8675:
8670:
8669:
8666:
8653:
8649:
8646:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8626:
8625:
8622:
8609:
8605:
8602:
8598:
8595:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8584:
8579:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8571:Kuril Islands
8568:
8565:
8561:
8556:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8542:
8538:
8535:
8531:
8528:
8524:
8521:
8517:
8512:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8480:
8477:
8473:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8459:
8456:
8452:
8449:
8445:
8442:
8438:
8435:
8431:
8428:
8424:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8410:
8407:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8387:
8383:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8358:
8353:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8342:
8339:
8338:Syrmian Front
8335:
8332:
8328:
8325:
8321:
8318:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8284:Market Garden
8280:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8266:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8247:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8222:
8219:
8215:
8212:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8151:
8148:
8144:
8143:Monte Cassino
8140:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8126:
8122:
8115:
8111:
8106:
8102:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8060:
8055:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8044:
8041:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8028:
8025:
8021:
8018:
8014:
8011:
8007:
8004:
8000:
7997:
7993:
7990:
7986:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7963:
7956:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7940:
7936:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7920:
7917:
7913:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7857:
7853:
7850:
7846:
7843:
7839:
7836:
7832:
7829:
7825:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7808:
7804:
7801:
7797:
7794:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7774:
7770:
7767:
7763:
7760:
7756:
7753:
7749:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7728:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7714:
7711:
7707:
7704:
7700:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7676:
7672:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7658:
7655:
7651:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7630:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7614:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7600:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7586:
7581:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7556:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7524:
7520:
7517:
7513:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7502:Baltic states
7499:
7496:
7492:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7478:
7475:
7471:
7468:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7450:
7447:
7443:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7408:
7405:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7392:
7385:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7367:
7364:
7360:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7330:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7254:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7214:
7210:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7194:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7159:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7146:United States
7143:
7138:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7099:
7095:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7082:Quá»c dĂąn ÄáșŁng
7079:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7039:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6990:
6987:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6918:
6915:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6782:Liechtenstein
6779:
6776:
6772:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6735:
6734:Collaboration
6731:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6576:
6572:
6567:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:United States
6556:
6551:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6533:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6249:Comfort women
6246:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6233: /
6232:
6228:
6225:
6222: /
6221:
6218: /
6217:
6213:
6210:
6209:Camp brothels
6206:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:The Holocaust
6095:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6084:forced labour
6081:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5937:Marshall Plan
5934:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5790:Eastern Front
5787:
5784:
5783:Western Front
5780:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5677:Puppet states
5674:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5619:Naval history
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5566:United States
5563:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5379:
5377:
5372:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5159:Liechtenstein
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:Latin America
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:South America
4870:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4831:United States
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:North America
4792:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:Belgian Congo
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4666:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4536:9789060135228
4532:
4528:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4243:
4236:
4228:
4226:1-55002-547-3
4222:
4218:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4158:0-684-80330-5
4154:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4087:
4078:
4070:
4064:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4037:
4023:on 2013-11-06
4022:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3954:
3948:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3923:0-8032-9618-5
3919:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3895:
3889:(1994) p. 411
3888:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3816:9789024419739
3813:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3684:9781135969509
3680:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3648:9780674281387
3644:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3610:9780814320365
3606:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3581:
3573:
3571:9781439105382
3567:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3544:9780307766946
3540:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3511:
3505:
3497:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3391:
3384:
3382:90-12-08959-X
3378:
3374:
3367:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3326:
3320:
3304:
3298:
3291:
3289:90-12-08959-X
3285:
3281:
3274:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3179:0-85496-146-1
3175:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3154:90-5356-818-2
3150:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3064:(3): 33â385.
3063:
3059:
3052:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2939:9780313293252
2935:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2912:9780804701525
2908:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Jan de Hartog
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Flood control
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Dutch disease
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Dutch guilder
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:French period
2574:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:In 2017, the
2300:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2226:
2223:
2215:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2189:This section
2187:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1931:Hunger Winter
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:North Brabant
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:Zuid-Beveland
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:North Brabant
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1746:Dolle dinsdag
1742:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:Sherman tanks
1718:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:Market Garden
1551:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:B-25 Mitchell
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:Karel Doorman
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:Eastern Front
1219:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1134:for bravery.
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1077:Allgemeine SS
1073:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:Anton Mussert
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
990:Anton Mussert
987:
982:
978:
971:Collaboration
968:
966:
961:
959:
955:
946:
943:
940:
939:
938:
934:
932:
926:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
904:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
851:
847:
842:
836:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:Atlantic Wall
797:Atlantic Wall
794:
790:
788:
784:
783:
772:
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
752:
748:
743:
733:
731:
727:
726:
719:
717:
713:
708:
706:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:pillarisation
659:
655:
653:
649:
648:
642:
640:
636:
635:
625:
624:Ration stamps
621:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
591:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
555:
550:
547:
539:
535:
526:
524:
520:
515:
512:
506:
502:
492:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
432:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
400:
395:
394:North Holland
391:
387:
383:
379:
373:
364:
355:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
281:
271:
269:
265:
264:Wieringermeer
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
230:gold standard
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
194:
186:
181:
172:
170:
166:
165:Hunger Winter
161:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
110:
108:
104:
100:
97:in May 1945.
96:
91:
89:
86:relocated to
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
50:
46:
42:
37:
32:
27:
19:
11431:Soviet Union
11319:(until 1944)
11043:Afrika Korps
10931:(until 1944)
10741:Coat of arms
10711:Prostitution
10624:Architecture
10565:Trade unions
10545:Polder model
10530:Central bank
10499:Water boards
10425:Human rights
10415:Homelessness
10385:Demographics
10375:Constitution
10185:World War II
10184:
10175:Principality
9991:Part of the
9897:SchatzgrÀber
9319:West Prussia
9299:Lower Styria
9237:Holland (SS)
9008:Upper Danube
9003:Lower Danube
8806:Hesse-Nassau
8776:East Prussia
8746:Baden-Alsace
8709:Nazi Germany
8707:divisions of
8696:Nazi Germany
8645:Bibliography
8628:
8441:Project Hula
8406:VistulaâOder
8375:
8308:
8299:
8283:
8253:
8202:
8186:
8177:
8168:
8134:
8031:
7946:
7922:
7885:
7636:
7529:
7474:North Africa
7176:Soviet Union
7130:Soviet Union
7056:Soviet Union
6824:Vatican City
6727:Vichy France
6632:German Reich
6529:Soviet Union
6515:South Africa
6508:Sierra Leone
6461:Newfoundland
6280:Participants
6263:Marocchinate
5967:
5958:
5928:
5806:North Africa
5767:Indian Ocean
5626:Nazi plunder
5517:Cryptography
5390:World War II
5290:Vatican City
5209:Soviet Union
5173:
4957:West Sumatra
4826:Newfoundland
4780:South Africa
4775:Sierra Leone
4753:North Africa
4582:
4575:
4565:
4554:
4544:
4526:
4518:
4511:
4501:
4494:
4484:
4477:
4463:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4428:
4402:
4398:
4380:
4366:the original
4353:
4352:(in Dutch).
4349:
4321:. Retrieved
4310:
4301:
4290:. Retrieved
4285:De Telegraaf
4283:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4241:
4235:
4216:
4210:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4142:
4134:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4086:
4077:
4063:
4043:
4036:
4025:. Retrieved
4021:the original
4007:
3993:
3981:
3973:
3968:
3957:. Retrieved
3947:
3932:
3913:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3886:
3881:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3854:. Retrieved
3850:
3841:
3829:. Retrieved
3825:Historiek.nl
3824:
3807:
3803:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3752:
3748:
3708:
3701:
3674:
3637:
3627:
3599:
3589:
3580:
3560:
3553:
3533:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3504:
3480:
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3428:. Retrieved
3422:
3397:
3390:
3372:
3366:
3354:. Retrieved
3329:. Retrieved
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3297:
3279:
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3257:the original
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3199:
3169:
3163:
3138:
3130:
3104:. Retrieved
3100:the original
3061:
3057:
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3034:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2965:
2961:
2948:
2928:
2921:
2901:
2894:
2865:Philip Slier
2840:Englandspiel
2721:List of wars
2697:Polder model
2635:World War II
2634:
2565:List of wars
2301:
2293:
2289:Commonwealth
2275:
2268:
2257:
2243:
2235:
2233:
2218:
2209:
2198:Please help
2193:verification
2190:
2168:moffenmeiden
2165:
2138:
2128:
2125:
2105:
2066:
2047:
2028:
2020:
1997:Bezuidenhout
1969:
1954:Hongerwinter
1953:
1951:
1924:
1913:
1870:
1868:to Antwerp.
1846:
1841:
1803:
1783:
1744:
1735:
1726:Valkenswaard
1704:
1696:
1675:
1667:
1650:
1639:
1620:
1597:
1584:
1577:
1562:Joe's Bridge
1554:
1552:
1498:
1474:
1468:bombers and
1451:
1432:
1416:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1341:Rear Admiral
1334:
1319:
1281:
1265:
1242:Woeste Hoeve
1225:
1217:
1208:
1200:onderduikers
1199:
1196:
1175:
1151:
1136:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1018:
1014:
1001:
999:
964:
962:
957:
953:
950:
935:
927:
916:
905:
893:
876:
870:
855:
818:
815:Scheveningen
800:
791:
780:
778:
770:
759:
755:
739:
725:Hongerwinter
723:
720:
709:
701:
685:Adolf Hitler
678:
657:
656:
645:
643:
632:
629:
606:for safety.
594:
586:
574:Dutch Empire
563:
552:
543:
516:
508:
486:
471:
462:
429:
427:
408:
397:
375:
344:
339:
289:
283:
279:
257:
234:
190:
157:
131:
111:
92:
84:royal family
61:Nazi Germany
54:
51:in May 1940.
39:The city of
26:
11436:Byelorussia
11406:Philippines
11396:Netherlands
11048:Ostlegionen
10850:Axis forces
10758:Terminology
10706:Pornography
10447:Enforcement
10437:Immigration
10410:Health care
10390:Drug policy
10269:Earthquakes
10264:Delta Works
10125:Renaissance
10031:Cananefates
9982:Netherlands
9774:Netherlands
9574:Netherlands
9314:Sudetenland
9262:occupations
9098:Vistulaland
8975:Sudetenland
8927:Prinz-Eugen
8831:Mecklenburg
8376:Bodenplatte
8262:Gothic Line
7481:West Africa
7028:Philippines
7007:Netherlands
6872:Czech lands
6810:Switzerland
6754:Afghanistan
6698:Philippines
6566:Puerto Rico
6482:Philippines
6468:New Zealand
6454:Netherlands
6407:Free France
6158:Prosecution
5959:Osoaviakhim
5829:West Africa
5813:East Africa
5460:Conferences
5338:New Zealand
5304:Oceania and
5258:Switzerland
5219:Byelorussia
5174:Netherlands
5016:Philippines
4856:Puerto Rico
4811:El Salvador
3972:L. Klemen,
3851:www.niod.nl
3430:27 December
3106:31 December
2682:Tulip mania
2640:Netherlands
2541:Cape Colony
2537:East Indies
2458:Lotharingia
2398:Cananefates
1974:mistakenly
1921:main cities
1857:Westkapelle
1834:Woensdrecht
1646:Broekhuizen
1610:Hoogerheide
1238:Putten raid
1054:Cockchafers
1010:death camps
881:David Cohen
877:Joodse Raad
749:, north of
730:Nero Decree
517:During the
478:Grebbe Line
268:Afsluitdijk
197:Netherlands
68:Netherlands
47:during the
11492:Categories
11386:Luxembourg
10681:Literature
10671:Irreligion
10479:Parliament
10405:Euthanasia
10380:Corruption
10150:Golden Age
9907:Bassgeiger
9887:New Swabia
9855:San Marino
9680:Montenegro
9604:Montenegro
9426:Luxembourg
9304:Luxembourg
9088:Vandalland
9053:Beskidland
8980:Wartheland
8953:Reichsgaus
8766:DĂŒsseldorf
8476:West Hunan
8309:Pointblank
7638:Silver Fox
7624:Summer War
7377:Winter War
7356:Phoney War
7137:Azerbaijan
7098:Yugoslavia
6993:Luxembourg
6835:Resistance
6575:Yugoslavia
6440:Luxembourg
6242:Sook Ching
6038:War crimes
5640:Technology
5633:Opposition
5575:Lend-Lease
5552:Australian
5545:Home front
5503:Blitzkrieg
5453:Casualties
5444:Commanders
5416:Operations
5333:New Guinea
5313:Antarctica
5306:Antarctica
5295:Yugoslavia
5214:Azerbaijan
5169:Luxembourg
4952:New Guinea
4851:New Mexico
4841:California
4748:Madagascar
4733:Gold Coast
4728:The Gambia
4323:2018-10-14
4292:2018-10-14
4027:2013-11-08
3959:2009-10-05
3856:2023-11-27
3831:31 January
2886:References
2759:Healthcare
2744:Literature
2297:Korean War
2271:Dutch Jews
2212:March 2017
2142:Anne Frank
2135:Casualties
2116:Osttruppen
2054:Wageningen
2007:Liberation
1984:Haagse Bos
1893:Roosendaal
1889:Willemstad
1861:Vlissingen
1736:After the
1682:2nd Arnhem
1572:1st Arnhem
1503:Final year
1443:New Guinea
1397:, and the
1256:See also:
975:See also:
923:Amersfoort
850:Anne Frank
839:See also:
762:Ruhrgebiet
570:Middelburg
499:See also:
382:Luxembourg
274:Neutrality
239:or German
175:Background
154:situation.
43:after the
29:See also:
11463:(limited)
11366:Indonesia
11344:Indochina
11294:Manchukuo
11262:Lithuania
11220:Lists by
11105:Gakutotai
10848:Lists by
10676:Languages
10575:Transport
10525:AEX index
10469:Provinces
10452:Law Firms
10400:Elections
10395:Education
10324:Volcanoes
10284:Gas field
10242:Geography
10014:Roman Era
9928:Nordstern
9912:Edelweiss
9820:Turkestan
9810:Don-Volga
9710:Turkestan
9660:Cossackia
9599:Macedonia
9559:Lithuania
9464:Ljubljana
9349:Bialystok
9334:Districts
8998:Carinthia
8891:Weser-Ems
8881:Thuringia
8851:Pomerania
8836:Moselland
8791:Franconia
8541:Manchuria
8427:Indochina
8203:Bagration
7647:Lithuania
7292:Anschluss
7089:Viet Minh
6986:Lithuania
6928:Hong Kong
6691:Manchukuo
6646:Azad Hind
6305:Australia
6105:Aftermath
5968:Paperclip
5863:Aftermath
5663:Total war
5531:Diplomacy
5494:In Europe
5318:Australia
5283:Gibraltar
5241:Catalonia
5164:Lithuania
5026:Singapore
4974:Indochina
4964:Hong Kong
4940:Manchuria
4909:Venezuela
4879:Argentina
4816:Greenland
4770:Nyasaland
4362:0921-7371
4202:145169282
4126:143970869
3955:. ibiblio
3871:Nederland
3693:869091747
3657:861478330
3490:cite book
3395:Various.
3116:cite news
3078:144805335
2527:evolution
2407:Roman era
2244:Waffen-SS
2238:Wehrmacht
2085:Friesland
2058:Red Cross
2022:Luftwaffe
2017:Eindhoven
2001:Wassenaar
1980:The Hague
1941:The Hague
1842:Wehrmacht
1824:in which
1810:Walcheren
1775:Eindhoven
1724:liberate
1687:Groningen
1652:Blackcock
1621:Infatuate
1615:Walcheren
1439:Fremantle
1435:Australia
1369:Kortenaer
1363:De Ruyter
1330:Indonesia
1218:Waffen-SS
1170:Eindhoven
1124:Nederland
1109:Nederland
1098:Waffen-SS
1089:Waffen-SS
1050:meikevers
1041:Waffen-SS
1002:Waffen-SS
994:The Hague
829:Holocaust
787:rationing
742:Luftwaffe
736:Luftwaffe
511:seaplanes
476:from the
463:Wehrmacht
443:Ockenburg
439:The Hague
431:Wehrmacht
419:tankettes
404:North Sea
399:Luftwaffe
328:Dordrecht
316:Amsterdam
222:Amsterdam
123:Amsterdam
72:Fall Gelb
41:Rotterdam
11468:Thailand
11448:Chechnya
11426:Slovakia
11349:Cambodia
11299:Mongolia
11274:Bulgaria
11147:Makapili
11090:Chinilpa
11060:Japanese
10918:Chetniks
10786:Category
10721:Religion
10634:Cannabis
10550:Taxation
10540:Euronext
10494:Military
10360:Abortion
10348:Politics
10105:Guelders
10088:Flanders
10054:Dorestad
10045:Frisians
9921:Proposed
9902:Holzauge
9805:Caucasia
9798:Proposed
9736:Brittany
9729:Proposed
9720:Wallonia
9705:Slovakia
9655:Bulgaria
9629:Wallonia
9619:Slovakia
9534:Flanders
9416:Slovakia
9365:Brussels
9358:Proposed
9324:Zichenau
9294:Lorraine
9242:Lombardy
9225:Proposed
9113:Westland
9103:Wallonia
9083:Nordmark
9078:Gothland
9068:Flanders
9063:Burgundy
9041:Proposed
9013:Salzburg
8920:Proposed
8906:Westmark
8846:NSDAP/AO
8751:Bayreuth
8728:Altreich
8652:Category
8601:document
8511:document
8368:Ardennes
8352:Budapest
8300:Crossbow
8178:Overlord
8017:Smolensk
7228:Timeline
7063:Slovakia
7049:Thailand
6900:Ethiopia
6865:Bulgaria
6789:Portugal
6720:Thailand
6602:Bulgaria
6380:Eswatini
6373:Ethiopia
6326:Bulgaria
6151:Unit 731
6112:Response
5929:Keelhaul
5879:Cold War
5852:Americas
5843:timeline
5836:Atlantic
5716:Theaters
5204:Slovenia
5199:Slovakia
5189:Portugal
5077:Bulgaria
5031:Thailand
5006:Mongolia
4979:Cambodia
4899:Suriname
4889:Colombia
4713:Ethiopia
4559:in JSTOR
4506:in JSTOR
4419:37573804
3976:(1999).
3769:37573804
3635:(2014).
3619:17551064
3597:(1988).
2982:37573804
2769:Religion
2764:Heraldry
2733:Language
2613:Monarchy
2550:Americas
2517:painting
2501:Republic
2437:Medieval
2417:Frisians
2348:a series
2346:Part of
2322:See also
2120:rebelled
2041:and the
1836:and the
1799:Overloon
1771:Nijmegen
1720:British
1692:Otterloo
1676:Keystone
1640:Pheasant
1629:Overloon
1605:Breskens
1567:Nijmegen
1437:such as
1408:Javanese
1228:General
1107:Brigade
1026:Lunteren
875:(Dutch:
674:Nazified
557:â
447:Ypenburg
423:biplanes
386:Ardennes
82:and the
55:Despite
11453:Ukraine
11441:Belarus
11416:Romania
11359:Vietnam
11334:Hungary
11316:Finland
11311:Denmark
11306:Croatia
11269:Belgium
11252:Estonia
11230:Albania
10864:Italian
10777:Outline
10731:Symbols
10644:Cuisine
10612:Culture
10583:Cycling
10560:Tourism
10513:Economy
10459:Monarch
10365:Cabinet
10309:Regions
10299:Mammals
10289:Islands
10101:Brabant
10092:Holland
10058:Utrecht
10023:Chamavi
10001:History
9880:Founded
9860:Tunisia
9845:Finland
9815:Muscovy
9789:Ukraine
9784:Ostland
9762:Founded
9715:Ukraine
9685:Romania
9675:Hungary
9650:Belarus
9624:Ukraine
9549:Hungary
9529:Denmark
9519:Croatia
9509:Belarus
9504:Austria
9494:Albania
9487:Founded
9397:Croatia
9342:Founded
9192:Galicia
9167:Founded
9073:Galicia
9058:Brabant
8990:Austria
8963:Founded
8937:Holland
8866:Silesia
8801:Hamburg
8739:Founded
8578:Shumshu
8345:Hungary
8292:Estonia
8276:Lapland
8254:Dragoon
8187:Neptune
8169:Ichi-Go
8135:Tempest
8077:Changde
8032:Cottage
7924:Jubilee
7633:Finland
7531:Compass
7237:Prelude
7190:Finland
7076:Vietnam
7042:Romania
6914:Germany
6893:Estonia
6879:Denmark
6858:Belgium
6851:Austria
6844:Albania
6775:Ireland
6761:Andorra
6745:Neutral
6705:Romania
6639:Hungary
6624:Finland
6496:Romania
6388:Finland
6366:Denmark
6312:Belgium
6298:Algeria
6004:Romania
5990:Hungary
5746:Pacific
5470:General
5424:Leaders
5409:Battles
5402:Outline
5246:Galicia
5224:Ukraine
5194:Romania
5144:Ireland
5139:Iceland
5129:Hungary
5119:Germany
5097:Finland
5092:Estonia
5087:Denmark
5072:Belgium
5067:Austria
5062:Albania
4904:Uruguay
4836:Arizona
4763:Morocco
4758:Tunisia
4743:Liberia
4609:at the
4456:(1990)
4335:Sources
4194:1024809
2554:Guianas
2402:Chamavi
2286:British
2156:Postwar
2089:Drenthe
2067:During
1988:Germans
1917:polders
1881:Tilburg
1818:Antwerp
1814:Scheldt
1806:Zeeland
1790:Limburg
1788:and in
1728:during
1669:Amherst
1599:Scheldt
1585:Pegasus
1486:Sumatra
1482:Sukarno
1458:Nos. 18
1387:Houston
1246:Gestapo
1204:Heerlen
996:in 1941
807:Denmark
566:Zeeland
546:Utrecht
390:Belgium
378:Belgium
336:Haarlem
332:Utrecht
218:guilder
208:by the
115:Belgium
64:invaded
11473:Taiwan
11421:Serbia
11411:Poland
11401:Norway
11391:Malaya
11329:Greece
11324:France
11284:Ceylon
11257:Latvia
10859:German
10791:Portal
10736:Anthem
10701:People
10639:Cinema
10535:Energy
10314:Rivers
10259:Cities
10049:Franks
10041:Saxons
10027:Batavi
10019:Frisii
9850:Monaco
9779:Norway
9700:Serbia
9670:Greece
9665:France
9643:Exiled
9544:Greece
9539:France
9436:Serbia
9431:Poland
9421:Greece
9402:France
9279:Alsace
9260:German
9212:Warsaw
9202:Lublin
9197:KrakĂłw
9093:Venice
9028:Vienna
9018:Styria
8871:Swabia
8856:Saxony
8756:Berlin
8555:Debate
8527:Taipei
8520:Borneo
8098:Tarawa
7285:Europe
7246:Africa
7035:Poland
7021:Norway
7000:Malaya
6979:Latvia
6921:Greece
6907:France
6803:Sweden
6768:Bhutan
6489:Poland
6475:Norway
6447:Mexico
6414:Greece
6400:France
6338:Canada
6319:Brazil
6289:Allies
6235:Serbia
6224:Poland
5997:Poland
5983:Baltic
5776:Europe
5478:Topics
5430:Allied
5253:Sweden
5184:Poland
5179:Norway
5154:Latvia
5124:Greece
5102:France
5055:Europe
5041:Turkey
5001:Malaya
4930:Ceylon
4884:Brazil
4846:Nevada
4821:Mexico
4801:Canada
4691:Africa
4533:
4521:(1970)
4487:(2005)
4480:(1989)
4433:online
4417:
4360:
4223:
4200:
4192:
4155:
4149:26, 39
4124:
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3920:
3814:
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3720:
3691:
3681:
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3463:7 July
3379:
3356:7 July
3331:7 July
3309:6 July
3286:
3263:6 July
3237:6 July
3206:
3176:
3151:
3076:
3041:6 July
2980:
2936:
2909:
2711:Topics
2558:Brazil
2425:Saxons
2421:Franks
2394:Batavi
2390:Frisii
2350:on the
2081:French
1905:Maczek
1738:Allied
1634:Putten
1578:Berlin
1478:Borneo
1381:Exeter
1234:Putten
811:Norway
751:Arnhem
604:Canada
396:. The
351:France
320:Grebbe
241:Nazism
160:Allies
119:France
88:London
11460:Spain
11381:Korea
11376:Italy
11339:India
11289:China
11279:Burma
11120:Heiho
10726:Sport
10691:Music
10686:Media
10294:Lakes
10254:Birds
9873:Other
9569:Lokot
9564:Lepel
9554:Italy
9441:Banat
9309:Posen
9207:Radom
9048:Banat
8786:Essen
8331:Leyte
8161:Narva
8147:Anzio
8105:Makin
8063:Burma
7947:Torch
7916:Rzhev
7870:Kiska
6956:Korea
6942:Japan
6935:Italy
6817:Tibet
6796:Spain
6667:Italy
6428:Italy
6421:India
6345:China
6220:Japan
5820:Italy
5732:China
5684:Women
5328:Nauru
5273:Wales
5231:Spain
5149:Italy
5036:Tibet
5011:Nepal
4996:Japan
4969:India
4935:China
4925:Burma
4738:Kenya
4708:Egypt
4415:S2CID
4395:(PDF)
4356:(1).
4354:23607
4198:S2CID
4190:JSTOR
4122:S2CID
3765:S2CID
3745:(PDF)
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3074:S2CID
2978:S2CID
2958:(PDF)
2374:Early
2308:Sinti
2108:Texel
2031:Rhine
1909:Breda
1865:Veere
1763:Rhine
1755:Meuse
1663:Texel
1375:Perth
1328:(now
919:Vught
11371:Iraq
11354:Laos
10941:Hiwi
10835:and
10751:Lion
10746:Flag
10649:Wine
10430:LGBT
9825:Ural
9579:Nias
9499:Asch
8720:Gaus
8397:1945
8125:1944
7966:1943
7887:Blue
7877:Attu
7784:1942
7543:1941
7395:1940
7333:1939
7262:Asia
7109:POWs
6949:Jews
6660:Iraq
6586:Axis
6536:Tuva
6352:Cuba
5437:Axis
5046:Tuva
4991:Iraq
4986:Iran
4918:Asia
4806:Cuba
4531:ISBN
4358:ISSN
4266:See
4254:See
4221:ISBN
4153:ISBN
4049:ISBN
3918:ISBN
3833:2018
3812:ISBN
3718:ISBN
3689:OCLC
3679:ISBN
3653:OCLC
3643:ISBN
3615:OCLC
3605:ISBN
3566:ISBN
3539:ISBN
3518:2013
3496:link
3465:2013
3432:2015
3377:ISBN
3358:2013
3333:2013
3311:2013
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3265:2013
3239:2013
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3122:link
3108:2012
3043:2013
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10442:Law
4468:doi
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4317:AFP
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