3577:" on 20 August 1949. The aristocrats were declared as "class enemies", and most of them interned to "social camps" – actually, forced labour camps – to work in the fields in the Great Hungarian Plain. Mass internal deportations occurred in 1950 and 1951. Almost all aristocrats were interned from Budapest to under-populated villages in eastern Hungary, primarily in HortobĂĄgy region within two months in MayâJuly 1951. Figures of a final report shows that 9 dukes, 163 counts, 121 barons and 8 knighted noblemen â altogether 301 aristocrats â and their families were deported from the capital during this period. The deportees were prohibited to leave the boundary of their assigned village and were under constant police surveillance. They were deprived of their belongings, properties and civil rights â they were prohibited to take part in elections. Most of them could work as manual workers in agriculture at state farms on a limited basis, but their deprivation was constant.
2022:
2270: – was never enacted, but it was consulted at the law courts for centuries. It summarized the noblemen's fundamental privileges in four points: noblemen were only subject to the monarch's authority and could only be arrested in a due legal process; furthermore, they were exempt from all taxes and were entitled to resist the king if he attempted to interfere with their privileges. WerbĆczy also implied that Hungary was actually a republic of nobles headed by a monarch, stating that all noblemen "are members of the Holy Crown" of Hungary. Quite anachronistically, he emphasized the idea of all noblemen's legal equality, but he had to admit that the high officers of the realm, whom he mentioned as "true barons", were legally distinguished from other nobles. He also mentioned the existence of a distinct group, who were barons "in name only", but without specifying their peculiar status.
2693:
2806:
58:
2848:. He ordered the first census in Hungary in 1784. According to its records, the nobility made up about 4.5 percent of the male population in the Lands of the Hungarian Crown (with 155,519 noblemen in Hungary proper, and 42,098 noblemen in Transylvania, Croatia and Slavonia). The nobles' proportion was significantly higher (sixâsixteen percent) in the northeastern and eastern counties, and less (three percent) in Croatia and Slavonia. Poor noblemen, who were mocked as "nobles of the seven plum trees" or "sandal-wearing nobles", made up almost 90 percent of the nobility. Previous investigations of nobility show that more than half of the noble families received their rank after 1550.
998:
1606:, expecting that the new owners would build stone castles there. BĂ©la's burdensome castle-building program was unpopular, but achieved his aim: almost 70 castles were built or reconstructed during his reign. More than half of the new or reconstructed castles were in noblemen's domains. Most new castles were erected on rocky peaks, mainly along the western and northern borderlands. The spread of stone castles profoundly changed the structure of landholding, because castles could not be maintained without proper income. Lands and villages were legally attached to each castle, and castles were thereafter always transferred and inherited along with these "
3056:
2857:
2453:(or Estates of the realm) in Transylvania, but they could rarely challenge the princes' authority. In Royal Hungary, the magnates successfully protected the noble privileges, because their vast domains were almost completely exempt from royal officials' authority. Their manors were fortified in the "Hungarian manner" (with walls made of earth and timber) in the 1540s. Noblemen in Royal Hungary could also count on the support of the Transylvanian princes against the Habsburg monarchs. Intermarriages among Austrian, Czech and Hungarian aristocrats gave rise to the development of a "supranational aristocracy" in the
1806:
11995:
2531:
3406:. The events of 1918â19 convinced them that only a "conservative democracy", dominated by the landed nobility, could secure stability. Most ministers and the majority of the members of the parliament were nobles. A conservative agrarian reform – limited to 8.5 percent of all arable lands – was introduced, but almost one third of the lands remained in the possession of about 400 magnate families. The two-chamber parliament was restored in 1926, with an Upper House dominated by the aristocrats, prelates and high-ranking officials.
3563:
3475:
1682:
1241:
3158:), declared that Hungary had lost its historic rights and the conservative Hungarian aristocrats could not persuade him to restore the old constitution. Noblemen who had remained loyal to the Habsburgs were appointed to high offices, but most new officials came from other provinces of the empire. The vast majority of noblemen opted for a passive resistance: they did not hold offices in state administration and tacitly obstructed the implementation of imperial decrees. An untitled nobleman from Zala County,
1416:
2179:
3517:(d. 1958), the Communist Minister of Agriculture, announced land reform on 17 March 1945. All domains of more than 5.75 km (1,420 acres) were confiscated and the owners of smaller estates could retain a maximum 0.58â1.73 km (140â430 acres) of land. The land reform, as Cartledge noted, destroyed the nobility and eliminated the "elements of feudalism, which had persisted for longer in Hungary than anywhere else in Europe". Similar land reforms were introduced in
1554:
766:
2245:
nobles held almost one third of the lands, but this group included 12â13,000 peasant-nobles who owned a single plot (or a part of it) and had no tenants. The Diets regularly compelled the peasant-nobles to pay tax on their plots. Average magnates held about 50 villages, but the regular division of inherited landed property could lead to the impoverishment of aristocratic families. Strategies applied to avoid this –
2070:), entered into a formal league with the aristocrats who had elected him king in early 1387. Initially, when his position was weak, he gave away more than half of the 150 royal castles to his supporters, although this abated when he strengthened his authority in the early 15th century. His favorites were foreigners, but old Hungarian families also took advantage of his magnanimity. The wealthiest noblemen, known as
10824:
3588:, few aristocrats took an active part. Many aristocrats left the country following the suppression of the 1956 revolt. During the 1960s and 1970s, people of aristocratic descent were mainly employed as blue-collar workers, and their children needed a special permit for studying at universities until 1962. Although official discrimination was abolished, former aristocrats were rarely appointed to higher positions.
1997: – a tax payable to the landowners – was to be collected from all tenants, thus preventing landowners from offering lower taxes to persuade tenants to move from other lords' lands to their estates. In 1328, all landowners were authorized to administer justice on their estates "in all cases except cases of theft, robbery, assault or arson" which remained under the jurisdiction of the
3114:
adult male population – were granted the right to vote in the parliamentary elections. The noblemen's exclusive franchise in county elections was confirmed, otherwise ethnic minorities could have easily dominated the general assemblies in many counties. Noblemen made up about one quarter of the members of the new parliament, which assembled after the general elections on 5 July.
2500: – noblemen who held a charter of ennoblement, but not a single plot of land – and peasant-nobles continued to pay taxes, for which they were collectively known as taxed nobility. Nobility could be purchased from the kings who were often in need of funds. Landowners also benefitted from the ennoblement of their serfs, because they could demand a fee for their consent.
2998:(d. 1860) demanded the abolition of the serfs' labour service and the entail system, stating that, "We, well-to-do landowners are the main obstacles to the progress and greater development of our fatherland". He established clubs in Pressburg and Pest and promoted horse racing, because he wanted to encourage the regular meetings of magnates, lesser noblemen and burghers. Széchenyi's friend, Baron
1137:, arrow-heads and bones of horses show that mounted warriors formed a significant group in the 10th century. The highest-ranking Hungarians were buried either in large cemeteries (where hundreds of their men were buried without weapons around their leader's burial place), or in small cemeteries with 25â30 graves. The wealthy warriors' burial sites yielded richly decorated horse harness, and
2761:(d. 1768), tried to speak "on behalf of the whole Romanian nation in Transylvania" at the Diet in 1737 but he could not finish the speech because other delegates stated that he could refer only to the Romanians or to the Romanian people for the Romanian Nation did not exist. Five years later, he unsuccessfully demanded the recognition of the Romanians as the fourth Nation on ethnic grounds.
3162:(d. 1876), became their leader around 1854. They tried to preserve an air of superiority, but their vast majority was assimilated to the local peasantry or petty bourgeoisie during the following decades. In contrast to them, the magnates, who retained about one quarter of all lands, could easily raise funds from the developing banking sector to modernize their estates.
2219:), who was elected king in 1458, rewarded further noblemen with the same title. FĂŒgedi states that 16 December 1487 was the "birthday of the estate of magnates in Hungary", because an armistice signed on this day listed 23 Hungarian "natural barons", contrasting them with the high officers of state, who were mentioned as "barons of office". Corvinus' successor,
1694:
about a dozen castles were erected on the royal demesne. Most castles consisted of a tower, surrounded by a fortified courtyard, but the tower could also be built into the walls. Noblemen who could not erect fortresses were occasionally forced to abandon their inherited estates or seek the protection of more powerful lords, even through renouncing their liberties.
1982:
verdict of 1346 declared that a noble woman who was given in marriage to a commoner should receive her inheritance "in the form of an estate in order to preserve the nobility of the descendants born of the ignoble marriage". According to the local customs of certain counties, her husband was also regarded as a nobleman – a noble by his wife.
2620:
could present documents, they were to pay a fee – a tenth of the value of the claimed property – as compensation for the costs of the liberation war. Few noblemen could meet the criteria and more than half of the recovered lands were distributed among foreigners. They were naturalized, but most of them never visited
Hungary.
1624:), to hold an assembly and confirm their collective privileges. Other groups of land-holding warriors could also be called nobles, but they were always distinguished from the true noblemen. They held their estates conditionally, as they were required to provide well-defined services to another lord, hence their groups are now collectively known as
903: – a frequently cited compilation of customary law published in 1514 – reinforced the idea that all noblemen were equal, the monarchs granted hereditary titles to powerful aristocrats, and the poorest nobles lost their tax exemption from the mid-16th century. In the early modern period, because of the expansion of the
2074:, built comfortable castles in the countryside which became important centers of social life. These fortified manor houses always contained a hall for representative purposes and a private chapel. Sigismund regularly invited the magnates to the royal council, even if they did not hold higher offices. He founded a new chivalric order, the
2844:), mocked as the "king in hat", was never crowned, because he wanted to avoid the coronation oath. He introduced reforms which clearly contradicted local customs. He replaced the counties with districts and appointed royal officials to administer them. He also abolished serfdom, securing all peasants the right to free movement after the
3206:
the majority of the members of parliament. Half of the seats in municipal assemblies were preserved for the greatest taxpayers. Noblemen also dominated the state administration, because tens of thousands of impoverished nobles took jobs at the ministries, or at the state-owned railways and post offices. They were ardent supporters of
1835:, restored royal power in the 1310s and 1320s. He seized the oligarchs' castles mainly by force, which again secured the preponderance of the royal demesne. He refuted the Golden Bull in 1318 and claimed that noblemen had to fight in his army at their own expense. He ignored customary law and regularly "
1981:
Royal charters customarily identified noblemen and landowners from the second half of the 14th century. A man who lived in his own house on his own estates was described as living "in the way of nobles", in contrast with those who did not own landed property and lived "in the way of peasants". A
1693:
The historian Erik FĂŒgedi noted that "castle bred castle" in the second half of the 13th century: if a landowner erected a fortress, his neighbors would also build one to defend their own estates. Between 1271 and 1320, noblemen or prelates built at least 155 new fortresses. In comparison, only
1545:
enacted royal servants' privileges. They were exempt from taxation; they were to fight in the royal army without proper compensation only if enemy forces invaded the kingdom; only the monarch or the palatine could judge their cases. According to the Golden Bull, only royal servants who died without a
3205:
The
Compromise strengthened the position of the traditional political elite. Only about six percent of the population could vote in the general elections. More than half of the prime ministers and one third of the ministers were appointed from among the magnates from 1867 to 1918. Landowners made up
2829:
with letters and dilettante poems. Count MiklĂłs PĂĄlffy (d. 1773) proposed to tax the nobles to finance a standing army. Most noblemen were unwilling to renounce their privileges. Lesser noblemen also insisted on their traditional way of life and lived in simple houses, made of timber or packed clay.
2286:
Demand for foodstuffs grew rapidly in
Western Europe in the 1490s. The landowners wanted to take advantage of the growing prices. They demanded labour service from their peasant tenants and started to collect the seigneurial taxes in kind. The Diets passed decrees that restricted the peasants' right
2244:
Differences in the nobles' wealth increased in the second half of the 15th century. About 30 families owned more than a quarter of the territory of the kingdom when
Corvinus died in 1490. A further tenth of all lands in the kingdom was in the possession of about 55 wealthy noble families. Other
3113:
remained intact. Although the peasant tenants received the ownership of their plots, a compensation was promised to the landowners. Adult men who owned more than 0.032 km (7.9 acres) of arable lands or urban estates with a value of at least 300 florins – about one quarter of the
2416:
Most noblemen fled from the central regions to the unoccupied territories. Peasants who lived along the borders paid taxes both to the
Ottomans and their former lords. Commoners were regularly recruited to serve in the royal army or in the magnates' retinues to replace the noblemen who had perished
2277:
regarded the kindred as the basic unit of nobility. A noble father exercised almost autocratic authority over his sons, because he could imprison them or offer them as a hostage for himself. His authority ended only if he divided his estates with his sons, but the division could rarely be enforced.
3628:
submitted a draft for the abolition of the ban but they withdrew it in two weeks. On the initiative of the former aristocrat JĂĄnos NyĂĄry, a private club, the
Association of Hungarian Noble Families, was established for people of noble descent in Budapest in 1994. The association became a member of
3612:
during the last years of the
Communist regime. Instead, monetary compensation was made available to the original owners and their descendants but its amount was limited to about US$ 70,000. In contrast, in kind restitution was the preferred method of restitution in Czechoslovakia, and the original
2938:
strengthened royal power. HajnĂłczy and other radical (or "Jacobin") noblemen, who had discussed the possibility of the abolition of all privileges in secret societies, were captured and executed or imprisoned in 1795. The Diets voted in favor of the taxes and the recruits that
Leopold's successor,
2747:
The Peace of SzatmĂĄr and the
Pragmatic Sanction maintained that the Hungarian nation consisted of the privileged groups, independent of their ethnicity, but the first debates along ethnic lines occurred in the early 18th century. The jurist Mihåly Bencsik claimed that the burghers of Trencsén
2619:
in 1699. Leopold set up a special committee to distribute the lands in the reconquered territories. The descendants of the noblemen who had held estates there before the
Ottoman conquest were required to provide documentary evidence to substantiate their claims to the ancestral lands. Even if they
1891:
also protected the Crown's interests: only kin within the third degree could inherit a nobleman's property and noblemen who had only more distant relatives could not dispose of their property without the king's consent. Louis I emphasized all noblemen enjoyed "one and the selfsame liberty" in
2507:
in Royal Hungary in 1608. All adult male members of the titled noble families had a seat in the Upper House. The lesser noblemen elected two or three delegates at the general assemblies of the counties to represent them in the Lower House. The Croatian and Slavonian magnates also had seats at the
2303:
and other leaders of the peasant war were tortured and executed, but most rebels received a pardon. The Diet punished the peasantry as a group, condemning them to perpetual servitude and depriving them of the right of free movement. The Diet also enacted the serfs' obligation to provide one day's
1666:
Most noble families failed to adopt a strategy to avoid the division of their inherited estates into dwarf-holdings through generations. Daughters could only demand the cash equivalent of the quarter of their father's estates, but younger sons rarely remained unmarried. Impoverished noblemen had
1662:
firmly protected their communal liberties, which prevented their leaders from exercising noble privileges in the Székely and Saxon territories in Transylvania. Székelys and Saxons could only enjoy the liberties of noblemen if they held estates outside the lands of the two privileged communities.
1571:
The clear definition of the royal servants' liberties distinguished them from all other privileged groups, whose military obligations remained theoretically unlimited. From the 1220s, the royal servants were regularly called noblemen and started to develop their own corporate institutions at the
1306:
The earliest royal decrees authorized landowners to dispose freely of their private estates, but customary law prescribed that inherited lands could only be transferred with the consent of the owner's kinsmen who could potentially inherit them. From the early 12th century, only family lands
1516:
Donations of such a large scale accelerated the development of a wealthy group of landowners, most descending from a high-ranking kindred. Some wealthy landowners could afford to build stone castles. Closely related aristocrats were distinguished from other lineages through a reference to their
1311:
to the Crown if their owner did not have offspring or brothers. Aristocratic families held their inherited domains in common for generations before the 13th century. Thereafter the division of inherited property became the standard practice. Even families descended from wealthy clans could
2160:
The Diet developed from a consultative body into an important institution of law making in the 1440s. The magnates were always invited to attend it in person. Lesser noblemen were also entitled to attend the Diet, but in most cases they were represented by delegates, who were almost always the
1382:
The term "noble" was rarely used and poorly defined before the 13th century: it could refer to a courtier, a landowner with judicial powers, or even to a common warrior. The existence of a diverse group of warriors, who were subjected to the monarch, royal officials or prelates is well
3243:
Jews were the prime movers of the development of the financial and industrial sectors. Jewish businessmen owned more than half of the companies and more than four-fifths of the banks in 1910. They also bought landed property and had acquired almost one-fifth of the estates of between
819:, from the 11th century until the mid-20th century. Initially, a diverse body of people were described as noblemen, but from the late 12th century only high-ranking royal officials were regarded as noble. Most aristocrats claimed ancestry from chieftains of the period
2752:
in Slovakia) should not send delegates to the Diet because their ancestors had been forced to yield to the conquering Magyars in the 890s. A priest, JĂĄn B. Magin, wrote a response, arguing that ethnic Slovaks and Hungarians enjoyed the same rights. In Transylvania, a bishop of the
3613:
owners could also claim in kind restitution in Romania and Poland. Hungarian aristocrats regained part of their former properties in Romania, and at least one Hungarian noble family also seized property in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia during the restitution process.
1733:
From the 1270s, the monarchs' coronation oath included a promise to respect the noblemen's liberties. The counties gradually transformed into an institution of the noblemen's local autonomy. Noblemen regularly discussed local matters at the counties' general assemblies. The
2145:, but the Diet proclaimed the coronation invalid, stating that "the crowning of kings is always dependent on the will of the kingdom's inhabitants, in whose consent both the effectiveness and the force of the crown reside". Vladislaus died fighting the Ottomans during the
1260:
in Hungary. Their descendants were labelled as newcomers for centuries, but intermarriage between natives and newcomers was not rare, which enabled their integration in two or three generations. The monarchs pursued an expansionist policy from the late 11th century.
3233:
Only nobleman who owned an estate of at least 1.15 km (280 acres) were regarded as prosperous, but the number of estates of that size quickly decreased. The magnates took advantage of lesser noblemen's bankruptcies and bought new estates during the same period. New
1125:
in the 10th century. Tents in use are only mentioned in 12th-century literary sources. No archeological finds evidence fortresses in the Carpathian Basin in the 10th century, but fortresses were also rare in Western Europe during the same period. A larger log
1898:
with true nobility for military merits. The vast majority of the Upper Hungarian "noble sons of servants" achieved the status of true noblemen without a formal royal act, because the memory of their conditional landholding fell into oblivion. Most of them preferred
2097:(now TimiÈoara in Romania) to strengthen the defence system. He confirmed the Golden Bull, but without the two provisions that limited the noblemen's military obligations and established their right to resist the monarchs. The Diet obliged all landowners to
835:
established their liberties, especially tax exemption and the limitation of military obligations. From the 1220s, royal servants were associated with the nobility and the highest-ranking officials were known as barons of the realm. Only those who owned
1697:
The lords of the castles had to hire a professional staff for the defence of the castle and the management of its appurtenances. They primarily employed nobles who held nearby estates, which gave rise to the development of a new institution, known as
3317:
setting the maximum size of the estates at 1.15 square kilometres (280 acres) and ordering the distribution of any excess among the local peasantry. KĂĄrolyi, whose inherited domains had been mortgaged to banks, was the first to implement the reform.
9995:
Nakazawa, Tatsuya (2007). "Slovak Nation as a Corporate Body: The Process of the Conceptual Transformation of a Nation without History into a Constitutional Subject during the Revolutions of 1848/49". In Hayashi, Tadayuki; Fukuda, Hiroshi (eds.).
2495:
The kings and the Transylvanian princes regularly ennobled commoners, but often without granting landed property to them. Jurisprudence maintained that only those who owned land cultivated by serfs could be regarded as fully fledged noblemen.
3584:, those who had been interned were allowed to leave the labour camps, but their former homes were not restored to them. Although Communist historians did their utmost to prove the aristocrats' preeminent role during the failed anti-Communist
1532:
The new owners of the transferred royal estates wanted to subjugate the freemen, castle warriors and other privileged groups of people living in or around their domains. The threatened groups wanted to achieve confirmation of their status as
3014:(d. 1894), became the leader of the most radical politicians in the 1840s. He declared that the Diets and the counties were the privileged groups' institutions, and that only a wider social movement could secure the development of Hungary.
2816:
Cultural differences between the magnates and lesser noblemen grew. The magnates adopted the lifestyle of the imperial aristocracy, moving between their summer palaces in Vienna and their newly built splendid residences in Hungary. Prince
1256:, Pecheneg or Slavic) chiefs, or from foreign knights who had migrated to the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. The foreign knights had been trained in the Western European art of war, which contributed to the development of
9498:(Translated and edited by Jånos M. Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney with an essay on previous editions by Andor Czizmadia, Second revised edition, In collaboration with Leslie S. Domonkos) (1999). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers.
3025:(d. 1803) about the inevitable assimilation of small peoples to a large linguistic group fanned the flames of linguistic nationalism. Although ethnic Hungarians made up only about 38 percent of the population, the official use of the
2282:
did not explicitly mention it, a nobleman's wife was also subject to his authority. She received her dower from her husband at the consummation of their marriage. If her husband died, she inherited his best coach-horses and clothes.
1781:
The barons took advantage of the weakening of royal authority and seized large, contiguous territories. The monarchs could not appoint and dismiss their officials at will anymore. The most powerful barons – known as
1141:
ornamented with precious metal plaques. Rich women's graves contained their braid ornaments and rings made of silver or gold and decorated with precious stones. The most widespread decorative motifs which can be regarded as tribal
3369:(d. 1957), was elected regent on 1 March 1920. Hungary had to acknowledge the loss of more than two thirds of its territory and more than 60 percent of its population (including one third of the ethnic Hungarians) in the
959:. The Habsburgs confirmed the nobles' privileges several times, but their attempts to strengthen royal authority regularly brought them into conflicts with the nobility, who represented nearly five percent of the population.
4087:
at a repair shop by his co-workers. In Romania, at least five former aristocrats were sentenced to prison for "conspiracy against the state" in connection with demonstrations organized to express sympathy for the Hungarian
2278:
The "betrayal of fraternal blood" (that is, a kinsman's "deceitful, sly, and fraudulent ... disinheritance") was a serious crime, which was punished by loss of honor and the confiscation of all property. Although the
867:
system and enacted the principle of "one and the selfsame liberty" of all noblemen, but legal distinctions between true noblemen and conditional nobles prevailed. The most powerful nobles employed lesser noblemen as their
1023:
when they first appear in written sources from the mid-9th century. Muslim merchants described them as wealthy nomadic warriors, but they also noticed the Magyars had extensive arable lands. The Magyars crossed the
3894:
The Tyrolian Count Pyrcho von Arco (who married the Hungarian Margit Széchy) was naturalized in Hungary in 1559; the Hungarian Baron Simon Forgåch (who married the Austrian Ursula Pemfflinger) received citizenship in
1216:
in 1000 or 1001, defeated the last resisting tribal chieftains. Earthen forts were built throughout the kingdom and most of them developed into centers of royal administration. About 30 administrative units, known as
2119:), was elected king in early 1438, but only after he promised always to make important decisions with the consent of the royal council. After he died in 1439, a civil war broke out between the partisans of his son,
3607:
of former property was an important political issue in most new democracies in the early 1990s. In Hungary, in kind restitution was excluded because many pieces of formerly confiscated property had already been
1178:
written around 1200, claimed that dozens of noble kindred flourishing in the late 12th century had been descended from tribal leaders, but most modern scholars do not regard this list as a reliable source.
3244:
1.15â5.75 km (280â1,420 acres) by 1913. The most prominent Jewish burghers were awarded with nobility and there were 26 aristocratic families and 320 noble families of Jewish origin in 1918. Many of them
2287:
to free movement and increased their burdens. The peasants' grievances unexpectedly culminated in a rebellion in May 1514. The rebels captured manor houses and murdered dozens of noblemen, especially on the
967:. Most noblemen lost their estates after the emancipation of their serfs, but the aristocrats preserved their distinguished social status. State administration employed thousands of impoverished noblemen in
1667:
little chance to receive land grants from the kings, because they were unable to participate in the monarchs' military campaigns, but commoners who bravely fought in the royal army were regularly ennobled.
9484:(Edited and translated by JĂĄnos M. Bak, PĂ©ter BanyĂł and Martyn Rady, with an introductory study by LĂĄszlĂł PĂ©ter) (2005). Charles Schlacks, Jr.; Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University.
927:
in Royal Hungary, but prevented the Transylvanian noblemen from challenging their own authority. Ennoblement of whole groups of people was not unusual in the 17th century. Examples include the 10,000
2961:. Agricultural bloom encouraged the landowners to borrow money and to buy new estates or to establish mills during the war, but most of them went bankrupt after peace was restored in 1814. The concept of
1550:. The final article of the Golden Bull authorized the bishops, barons and other nobles to resist the monarch if he ignored its provisions. Most provisions of the Golden Bull were first confirmed in 1231.
3357:(d. 1951) formed a coalition government with the support of the Allied Powers on 6 August. The Bolsheviks' nationalization program was abolished. The Hungarian Social Democratic Party boycotted the
2623:
The Habsburg administration doubled the amount of the taxes to be collected in Hungary and demanded almost one third of the taxes (1.25 million florins) from the clergy and the nobility. The palatine,
1505:), decided to "alter the conditions" of his realm and "distribute castles, counties, lands and other revenues" to his officials, as he narrated in a document in 1217. Instead of granting the estates in
3495:
reached the Hungarian borders and took possession of the Great Hungarian Plain by 6 December 1944. Delegates from the region's towns and villages established the Provisional National Assembly in
1337:, built on artificial mounds and protected by a ditch and a palisade that appeared in the 12th century, as the centers of private estates. Most wealthy landowners' domains consisted of scattered
2967:
prevented both the creditors from collecting their money and the debtors from selling their estates. Radical nobles played a crucial role in the reform movements of the early 19th century.
2628:(d. 1713), convinced the monarch to reduce the noblemen's tax burden to 0.25 million florins, but the difference was to be paid by the peasantry. Leopold did not trust the Hungarians, because a
2734: – the most important administrative office – also employed lesser noblemen. In practice, Protestants were excluded from public offices after a royal decree, the
3537:
972:
2782:
of the nobility was crucial at the beginning of the war. Grateful for their support, Maria Theresa strengthened the links between the Hungarian nobility and the monarch. She established the
3456:
with the local authorities' assistance. The wealthiest business magnates of Jewish origin were forced to renounce their companies and banks to redeem their own and their relatives' lives.
1252:
The kings from the ĂrpĂĄd dynasty appointed their officials from among the members of about 110 aristocratic clans. These aristocrats were descended either from native (that is, Magyar,
890:
the kings could promote "a daughter to a son", allowing her to inherit her father's lands. Noblewomen who had married a commoner could also claim their inheritance – the
11500:
3504:
3536:
on 1 February 1946. An opinion poll showed that more than 75 percent of men and 66 percent of women were opposed to the use of noble titles in 1946. The parliament adopted an
1839:", granting her the right to inherit her father's estates. The King reorganized the royal household, appointing pages and knights to form his permanent retinue. He established the
3240:
were created which enabled the magnates to preserve the entailment of their landed wealth. Aristocrats were regularly appointed to the boards of directors of banks and companies.
11789:
3214:(d. 1947) wrote her novels in English in the United Kingdom. She had left Hungary with her parents when farm workers fearing of losing their job set the Orczy manor on fire at
2934:), convoked the Diet and confirmed the liberties of the Estates of the realm, emphasizing Hungary was a "free and independent" realm, governed by its own laws. News about the
2007:
execute or mutilate criminals who were captured in their estates. The most influential noblemen's estates were also exempted of the jurisdiction of the counties' law courts.
1513:, in reward for the grantee's previous acts. The great officers who were the principal beneficiaries of his grants were mentioned as barons of the realm from the late 1210s.
859:(parliaments). The wealthiest barons built stone castles allowing them to control vast territories, but royal authority was restored in the early 14th century. In 1351,
2727:
2488:
and the most prominent aristocratic families converted to Catholicism in Royal Hungary in the 1630s. The Calvinist princes of Transylvania supported their co-religionists.
3287:
1859:(d. 1363) recorded it in about 1350, were "neither hereditary nor lifelong", but Charles rarely dismissed his most trusted barons. Each baron was required to hold his own
11899:
3129:(d. 1859), to invade Hungary proper in September. A new war of independence broke out and the Hungarian parliament dethroned the Habsburg dynasty on 14 April 1849.
2810:
2787:
2632:
had conspired against him in the 1670s. Mercenaries replaced the Hungarian garrisons, and they frequently plundered the countryside. The monarch also supported Cardinal
1473:
The regular alienation of royal estates is well-documented from the 1170s. The monarchs granted immunities, exempting the grantee's estates from the jurisdiction of the
2923:(d. 1795) published its Hungarian translation. To appease the Hungarian nobility, Joseph II revoked almost all his reforms on his deathbed in 1790. His successor,
2588:, the Diet abolished the noblemen's right to resist the monarch for the defense of their liberties. In 1688, the Diet authorized the aristocrats to establish a special
3525:. In both countries, ethnic Hungarian aristocrats were sentenced to death or prison as alleged war criminals. Hungarian aristocrats could retain their estates only in
971:. Prominent (mainly Jewish) bankers and industrialists were awarded with nobility, but their social status remained inferior to traditional aristocrats. Noble titles
9953:
Makkai, LĂĄszlĂł (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172â1526)". In Köpeczi, BĂ©la; Barta, GĂĄbor; BĂłna, IstvĂĄn; Makkai, LĂĄszlĂł; SzĂĄsz, ZoltĂĄn; Borus, Judit (eds.).
3257:
11759:
11574:
3029:
spread from the late 18th century. Kossuth declared that all who wanted to enjoy the liberties of the nation should learn Hungarian. In contrast, the Slovak
2101:
on their domains to serve in the royal army. Sigismund granted large estates in Hungary to neighboring Orthodox rulers to secure their alliance. They established
1642:(or royal governor). Most warriors known as the "noble sons of servants" were descended from freemen or liberated serfs who received estates from BĂ©la IV in
3917:
3642:
3033:(d. 1856) stated that the Hungarian nation consisted of many nationalities and their loyalty could be strengthened by the official use of their languages. Count
11599:
11493:
8527:
2892:
1613:
The royal servants were legally identified as nobles in 1267. That year "the nobles of all Hungary, called royal servants" persuaded BĂ©la IV and his son,
11539:
4067:
11959:
3854:
2913:
2833:
Maria Theresa did not hold Diets after 1764. She regulated the relationship of landowners and their serfs in a royal decree in 1767. Her son and successor,
1712:
was a nobleman who entered into the service of a wealthier landowner in exchange for a fixed salary or a portion of revenue, or rarely for the ownership or
11844:
11974:
11679:
9848:(2011). "The Slovak political programme: from Hungarian patriotism to the CzechoâSlovak State". In Teich, MikulĂĄĆĄ; KovĂĄÄ, DuĆĄan; Brown, Martin D. (eds.).
12406:
4059:
2904:
11819:
11799:
11744:
11654:
11614:
3785:
3603:(d. 1993) offered positions in state administration to aristocrats who returned to Hungary, but the aristocracy did not regain its former position. The
4014:
The Chorins, Weisses and Kornfelds granted twenty-five-year leases to the German authorities on their properties in return for a free pass to Portugal.
3532:
Soviet military authorities controlled the general elections and the formation of a coalition government in late 1945. The new parliament declared the
3076:
2150:
1881:) confirmed all provisions of the Golden Bull, save the one that authorized childless noblemen to freely will their estates. Instead, he introduced an
1576:
asked Andrew II to authorize them "to judge and do justice", stating that the county had slipped into anarchy. The king granted their request and
11979:
11969:
11729:
11714:
11669:
3955:
1233:
noted, the "royal household was the greatest provider of largesse in the kingdom" where the royal family owned more than two thirds of all lands. The
11984:
11894:
11809:
11486:
4024:
3789:
2655:(1701â1715) provided an opportunity for the discontented Hungarians to rise against Leopold. They regarded one of the wealthiest aristocrats, Prince
11879:
11779:
11664:
11549:
1221:, were established before 1040; more than 40 new counties were organized during the next centuries. Each county was headed by a royal official, the
11949:
11924:
11909:
11774:
11704:
11624:
11544:
1907:. Other groups of conditional nobles remained distinguished from true noblemen. They developed their own institutions of self-government, known as
1529:
fabricated genealogies for them and emphasized that they could never be excluded from "the honor of the realm", that is from state administration.
77:
11749:
11609:
1892:
his realms and secured all privileges that nobles owned in Hungary proper to their Slavonian and Transylvanian peers. He rewarded dozens of Vlach
1126:
cabin – measuring five by five metres (16 ft Ă 16 ft) – which was built on a foundation of stones in
1044:
in the 900s. According to some scholarly theories, at least three Hungarian noble clans were descended from Moravian aristocrats who survived the
12899:
11939:
11934:
11684:
11659:
11644:
11629:
840: – lands free of obligations – were regarded as true noblemen, but other privileged groups of landowners, known as
287:
4062:(d. 1982) completed the school of the Hungarian Communist Party but she was called back from the Hungarian Embassy in Washington. Born into the
2425:
foot-soldiers – mainly runaway serfs and dispossessed noblemen – became important elements of the defence forces.
11954:
11929:
11869:
11719:
11559:
11534:
10206:
SzakĂĄly, Ferenc (1994). "The Early Ottoman Period, Including Royal Hungary, 1526â1606". In Sugar, Peter F.; HanĂĄk, PĂ©ter; Frank, Tibor (eds.).
3835:
For instance, Stephen BĂĄnffy of Losonc (d. 1459) held 68 villages in 1459, but the same villages were divided among his 14 descendants in 1526.
2600:, with royal consent to prevent the distribution of their landed wealth among their descendants. In accordance with the traditional concept of
11554:
1994:
1786:
in modern historiography – appropriated royal prerogatives, combining private lordship with their administrative powers. When
1365:
served as burial places for their founders and the founders' descendants, who were regarded as the co-owners, or from the 13th century,
1343:, in several villages. Due to the scarcity of documentary evidence, the size of the private estates cannot be determined. The descendants of
2465:
in the Habsburgs' other realms. The Habsburg kings rewarded the most powerful magnates with hereditary titles such as baron from the 1530s.
12591:
12094:
10727:
4070:(d. 1957) was sentenced to death on trumped-up charges and executed although he had served as a high-ranking officer in the Communist army.
2406:
1885:
system, prescribing that childless noblemen's landed property "should descend to their brothers, cousins and kinsmen". This new concept of
912:
794:
542:
382:
307:
10104:"De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
9430:(Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and Låszló Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, Låszló; Bak, Jånos M. (2010);
10455:
9453:
2861:
2021:
1746:
or their deputies, but they consisted of four (in Slavonia and Transylvania, two) elected local noblemen, known as judges of the nobles.
10229:
Széchenyi, Kinga (2023). "Deportations and Hungarian Aristocracy during the Communist Period". In Botos, Måté; Fejérdy, Gergely (eds.).
4040:
Baron Zsigmond Kemény was imprisoned for initiating the execution of 191 Jews in Romania, although he had actually brought food to them.
1855:(or office fiefs), distributing most counties and royal castles among his highest-ranking officials. These "baronies", as the historian
2497:
1840:
1810:
1045:
1002:
147:
3580:
Some leftist aristocrats tried to cooperate with the new regime but the Communist leaders did not trust them. As a consequence of the
3121:
at their assembly in May. Similar demands were adopted at the Romanian delegates' meeting. Ferdinand V's advisors persuaded the
2484:
views, but most Unitarian noblemen perished in battles in the early 1600s. The Habsburgs remained staunch supporters of the Catholic
2446:
in seven villages and exempted them from taxation in 1605, which was the "largest collective ennoblement" in the history of Hungary.
1647:
10021:"Rang nĂ©lkĂŒl: rehabilitĂĄlatlan magyar arisztokratĂĄk, 1945â? [Without a rank: unrehabilitated Hungarian aristocrats, 1945â?]"
12369:
12026:
3390:("brave"). They were also granted parcels of land, which renewed the "medieval link between land tenure and service to the crown" (
1985:
The peasants' legal position had been standardized in almost the entire kingdom by the 1350s. The free peasant tenants were to pay
1904:
1768:(or parliament) declared the fifteen-year-old monarch to be of age in an attempt to put en end to the anarchy. In the early 1280s,
1333:
was a piece of land (either a whole village or part of it) with well-marked borders. Archaeologist MĂĄria Wolf identifies the small
3140:) intervened on the legitimist side and Russian troops overpowered the Hungarian army, forcing it to surrender on 13 August.
1760:) in the early 1270s. To restore public order, the prelates convoked the barons and the delegates of the noblemen and the nomadic
12823:
10780:
10391:"Nobilitashungariae: List of Historical Surnames of the Hungarian Nobility / A magyar történelmi nemesség csalådneveinek liståja"
2845:
522:
3971:
Count Ferenc Zichy (d. 1900) had a seat in the Imperial Council, Count Ferenc NĂĄdasdy was made the Imperial Minister of Justice.
3176:
DeĂĄk and his followers knew the great powers did not support the disintegration of the Austrian Empire. Austria's defeat in the
10767:
2196:
Hunyadi was the first noble to receive a hereditary title from a Hungarian king, when Ladislaus the Posthumous granted him the
1908:
192:
1387:, who were exempt from taxation, held hereditary landed property around the royal castles. Lightly armored horsemen, known as
12099:
10610:
10423:
10356:
10325:
10283:
10238:
10111:
10092:
10066:
10009:
9943:
9924:
9915:
LukaÄka, JĂĄn (2011). "The Beginnings of the Nobility in Slovakia". In Teich, MikulĂĄĆĄ; KovĂĄÄ, DuĆĄan; Brown, Martin D. (eds.).
9861:
9763:
9649:
9623:
9598:
9443:
4001:(d. 1901), who established the first Hungarian insurance company, was ennobled in 1868 and received the title baron in 1897;
3844:
From among the 36 wealthiest families of the late 1430s, 27 families survived until 1490, and only eight families until 1570.
3358:
3345:
on 21 March. All estates of over 0.43 km (110 acres) and all private companies employing more than 20 workers were
3083:(d. 1849) was appointed the first prime minister of Hungary. The Diet quickly enacted the majority of the Twelve Points, and
2660:
1307:
traceable back to a grant made by Stephen I could be inherited by the deceased owner's distant relatives; other estates
372:
257:
3599:
collapsed in the late 1980s, and Hungary was proclaimed a republic in 1989. The first prime minister of the democratic era,
3017:
Since the end of the Age of Enlightenment, nationality was more and more associated with the vernacular. Predictions by the
1117:
The Magyars lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic life but archaeological research shows that most settlements consisted of small
12413:
10802:
3690:, LĂĄd and Szemere clans regarded themselves as descendants of one of the legendary seven leaders of the conquering Magyars.
3428:
movements, but most aristocrats disdained the radicalism of "petty officers and housekeepers". Hungary participated in the
2692:
1797:), the last male member of the ĂrpĂĄd dynasty, died in 1301, about a dozen lords held sway over most parts of the kingdom.
12914:
12308:
12260:
12250:
11152:
10578:
3768:
3185:
3171:
2711:
432:
12172:
3941:(d. 1811), wrote pamphlets about the importance of education and the cultivation of the Hungarian language in the 1770s.
12909:
12904:
12437:
12167:
12129:
12089:
12079:
12074:
3980:
The number of estates of between 1.15â5.75 km (280â1,420 acres) decreased from 20,000 to 10,000 from 1867 to 1900.
3362:
3283:
3261:
2551:
2324:
1565:
1534:
1192:
1188:
852:
828:
711:
502:
482:
347:
222:
182:
1577:
12849:
12634:
12509:
12423:
12313:
12039:
10379:
10302:
10264:
10219:
10196:
10183:
Schimert, Peter (1995). "The Hungarian Nobility in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries". In Scott, H. M. (ed.).
10173:
10154:
9985:
9962:
9835:
9816:
9793:
9740:
9721:
9698:
9675:
9572:
9549:
9526:
9489:
9475:
9461:
3193:
1299:
in 1102. Both realms retained their own customs, and Hungarians rarely received land grants in Croatia. According to
10185:
The European Nobilites in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Volume Two: Northern, Central and Eastern Europe
12534:
12389:
12154:
11341:
10720:
10667:
9750:
FĂŒgedi, Erik; Bak, JĂĄnos M. (2012). "Foreign Knights and Clerks in Early Medieval Hungary". In Berend, Nora (ed.).
3279:
3188:. Hungary proper and Transylvania were united and the autonomy of Hungary was restored within the Dual Monarchy of
2481:
1588:
1394:
787:
212:
11754:
9351:
3353:
and their leaders fled from Hungary on 1 August. After a short-lived temporary government, the industrialist
963:
noblemen demanded the abolition of noble privileges from the 1790s, but their program was enacted only during the
10553:
10448:
9974:
Calvinism on the Frontier, 1600-1660: International Calvinims and the Reformed Church in Hungary and Transylvania
3617:
2349:
1949:(leaders) to employ Orthodox priests. The king granted the Transylvanian district of Fogaras (around present-day
1707:
1654:
in Slavonia were required to provide food and fodder to high-ranking royal officials. Two privileged groups, the
1591:
in 1241 proved the importance of well-fortified locations and heavily armored cavalry. In the following decades,
1419:
920:
871:
827:
also held landed property and served in the royal army. From the 1170s, most privileged laymen called themselves
691:
17:
10314:
Muslim Sources on the Magyars in the Second Half of the 9th Century: The Magyar Chapter of the JayhÄnÄ« Tradition
4126:, Romania). The KĂĄlnokys also regained formerly confiscated property in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia.
3716:
For instance, the families from the Aba clan had an eagle on their coat-of-arms, and the CsĂĄks adopted the lion.
2818:
2722:, who visited Hungary in 1728, regarded the relationship between the king and the Diet as a good example of the
12182:
12144:
9883:
9733:
The ElefĂĄnthy: The Hungarian Nobleman and His Kindred (Edited by Damir KarbiÄ, with a foreword by JĂĄnos M. Bak)
3621:
3553:
3271:
2940:
2924:
2775:
2754:
2668:
1740:(the counties' law courts) became important elements in the administration of justice. They were headed by the
1159:
746:
706:
587:
452:
10123:
Supplex Libellus Valachorum or The Political Struggle of the Romanians in Transylvania during the 18th century
12768:
12758:
12524:
11397:
11364:
11316:
11211:
10692:
10585:
3518:
3306:
2834:
2652:
2574:
2102:
2060:
2045:
1783:
1676:
1490:) was the first Hungarian monarch to give away a whole county to a nobleman: he granted Modrus in Croatia to
1155:
656:
337:
137:
11478:
1523:("from the kindred"). Families descending from the same kindred adopted similar insignia. The author of the
12614:
12486:
12359:
12149:
12104:
12019:
10774:
10084:
9470:(Edited and translated by LĂĄszlĂł VeszprĂ©my and Frank Schaer with a study by JenĆ SzƱcs) (1999). CEU Press.
3585:
3469:
3118:
3050:
2633:
1774:
1303:, Croatians could not be obliged to cross the river Drava to fight in the royal army at their own expense.
1237: – the head of the royal household – was the highest-ranking royal official.
1154: – were rarely applied in Hungarian heraldry in the following centuries. Defeats during the
964:
823:
around 1000; others were descended from western European knights who settled in Hungary. The lower-ranking
597:
402:
12270:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12818:
12808:
12763:
12558:
12401:
12275:
12177:
10845:
10790:
10713:
10256:
10001:
9785:
9435:
4098:
3522:
2971:(d. 1822) attributed the backwardness of the local economy to the peasants' serfdom already around 1800.
2825:. Count JĂĄnos Fekete (d. 1803), a fierce protector of noble privileges, bombarded the French philosopher
2420:
1218:
931:
780:
716:
701:
57:
37:
3573:
The Communists took full control of the government between 1947 and 1949, and Hungary was proclaimed a "
3159:
2805:
2625:
2397:), in return for a yearly tribute. His decision divided Hungary into three parts: the Ottomans occupied
12695:
12688:
12654:
12379:
12318:
12286:
12197:
12084:
11194:
10441:
9853:
9590:
4080:
3760:
3350:
3310:
2715:
2016:
686:
232:
2778:. The noble delegates offered their "lives and blood" for their new "king" and the declaration of the
2241:), formally began to reward important persons of their government with the hereditary title of baron.
12432:
12396:
12300:
12139:
11619:
11000:
10914:
10020:
3666:
3533:
3507:
soon promised land reform, along with the abolishment of all "anti-democratic" laws. The last German
3465:
3342:
3334:
3148:
3064:
2402:
2332:
976:
577:
472:
277:
267:
82:
2387:
12798:
12733:
12599:
12570:
12472:
12467:
12384:
12293:
12119:
11279:
11186:
10211:
3453:
3449:
3075:
reached Pest on 15 March 1848. Young intellectuals proclaimed a radical program, known as the
2364:
2220:
2131:
2120:
1954:
1285:
997:
736:
617:
462:
9380:
4118:, Romania), and Tibor Kålnoky who seized his ancestors' castles at Miklósvår and Sepsiköröspatak (
3726:
3305:(d. 1955), prime minister on 31 October. After the Lower House dissolved itself, Hungary was
12803:
12682:
12649:
12580:
12544:
12514:
12478:
12374:
12364:
12349:
12224:
12134:
12069:
12012:
11049:
11043:
11036:
10398:
10371:
9874:(March 1997). "Restitution of Private Property: Re-privatization in Central and Eastern Europe".
3541:
3022:
3003:
2897:
2656:
2612:
were always held by one person, but he was responsible for the proper boarding of his relatives.
2539:
2292:
1832:
1750:
1546:
son could freely will their estates, but even in this case, their daughters were entitled to the
1334:
1057:
992:
820:
726:
666:
552:
172:
12504:
4005:(d. 1909), who was the "Hungarian financial and industrial giant of the age", was created baron.
3376:
Horthy was never crowned king, and therefore could not grant nobility, but he established a new
2758:
12644:
12114:
11293:
10563:
10390:
9871:
9667:
3900:
3429:
3409:
3084:
3030:
2999:
2430:
2253: – led to the extinction of most aristocratic families after a few generations.
1944:
1852:
1358:
1354:
1262:
442:
11824:
2918:
2359:), were elected kings. Ferdinand tried to reunite Hungary after ZĂĄpolya died in 1540, but the
1480:
1436:
Official documents from the end of the 12th century only mentioned court dignitaries and
12813:
12753:
12629:
12609:
12344:
12202:
11594:
11115:
10495:
9452:(Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romilly J. H. Jenkins) (1967).
3801:
3322:
3196:
restored the union of Hungary proper and Croatia, but secured the competence of the Croatian
3143:
Hungary, Croatia (and Slavonia) and Transylvania were incorporated as separate realms in the
2995:
2687:
2559:
2288:
2142:
1787:
1547:
1467:
1428:
1007:
891:
681:
10416:
The ĂrpĂĄds and Their People. An Introduction to the History of Hungary from cca. 900 to 1301
10345:
Neumann, Tibor (2016). "Hercegek a középkorvégi Magyarorszågon ". In Zsoldos, Attila (ed.).
3616:
The Hungarian act banning the use of noble ranks and styles has not been abolished, and the
3055:
1847:
in Europe. Charles I was the first Hungarian monarch to grant coats of arms (or rather
1592:
1494:
in 1193, stipulating that the grantee was to equip warriors for the royal army. BĂ©la's son,
12778:
12639:
12585:
12539:
12418:
12354:
12280:
12238:
12059:
11331:
10785:
10652:
9708:
FĂŒgedi, Erik (1986b). "The aristocracy in medieval Hungary (theses)". In Bak, J. M. (ed.).
9690:
3589:
3574:
3445:
3433:
3330:
3291:
3130:
3034:
2865:
2856:
2791:
2723:
2585:
2257:
2197:
2189:
2109:
2086:
1821:
1614:
1573:
1537:, emphasizing that they were only to serve the king. BĂ©la III issued the first extant
1495:
1202:
1025:
988:
960:
731:
392:
72:
10293:
Wolf, MĂĄria (2003). "10thâ11th century settlements; Earthen forts". In Visy, Zsolt (ed.).
9536:
Bak, JĂĄnos (1993). ""Linguistic pluralism" in Medieval Hungary". In Meyer, Marc A. (ed.).
2664:
1357:
remained wealthy landowners even after he donated 360 households to the newly established
8:
12659:
12519:
12332:
12255:
11994:
11914:
11299:
11245:
11181:
11110:
11072:
10662:
10642:
10627:
9541:
3764:
3302:
3245:
3177:
3072:
2976:
2731:
2616:
2504:
2485:
2458:
2450:
2231:
2090:
2075:
1659:
1651:
1557:
1542:
1234:
1067:
955:
in the late 17th century, Transylvania and Ottoman Hungary were integrated into the
937:
832:
751:
532:
202:
117:
11814:
9845:
4102:
3938:
3812:
3739:
3354:
2338:
2030:
12842:
12773:
12740:
12674:
12624:
12529:
12455:
12265:
12187:
12047:
11864:
11510:
11359:
11204:
11199:
11176:
11021:
10935:
10882:
10762:
10687:
10525:
10146:
9903:
9778:
9755:
9638:
4063:
3326:
3126:
3026:
3018:
2994:
From the 1820s, a new generation of reformist noblemen dominated political life. Count
2984:
2968:
2790:
for young Hungarian noblemen. Both institutions enabled the spread of the ideas of the
2629:
2379:
2313:
1871:
1805:
1491:
1463:
1362:
1245:
1163:
860:
808:
676:
671:
661:
512:
327:
46:
11794:
10297:. Ministry of National Cultural Heritage, Teleki LĂĄszlĂł Foundation. pp. 326â331.
10253:
The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809â1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and AustriaâHungary
10168:. Ministry of National Cultural Heritage, Teleki LĂĄszlĂł Foundation. pp. 338â343.
10164:
Révész, Låszló (2003). "The cemeteries of the Conquest period". In Zsolt, Visy (ed.).
9891:
9538:
The Culture of Christendom: Essays in Medieval History in Memory of Denis L. T. Bethel
9513:Ă. Varga, LĂĄszlĂł (1989). "hitbizomĂĄny" [fideicommissum]. In BĂĄn, PĂ©ter (ed.).
3592:(d. 2016) became a celebrated writer during the last decades of the Communist regime.
3080:
3060:
1934:
855:
developed into institutions of noble autonomy, and the nobles' delegates attended the
12713:
12708:
12604:
12491:
12207:
12124:
11739:
11306:
11284:
11274:
11269:
11240:
11235:
10909:
10807:
10637:
10558:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10464:
10419:
10402:
10375:
10352:
10321:
10298:
10279:
10260:
10234:
10215:
10192:
10169:
10150:
10126:
10107:
10088:
10062:
10035:
10005:
9981:
9958:
9939:
9920:
9895:
9857:
9831:
9812:
9789:
9759:
9736:
9717:
9713:
9694:
9671:
9645:
9619:
9616:
9594:
9568:
9545:
9522:
9485:
9471:
9457:
9439:
4002:
3857:(d. 1556) by her three husbands established close family links between the Hungarian
3662:
3557:
3421:
3370:
3219:
3038:
2888:
2547:
2525:
2480:
was the dominant religion in Transylvania and other regions. John Sigismund promoted
2454:
2300:
2209:
1926:
1912:
1635:
1625:
1581:
1423:
1094:(now "lord"), as it is suggested by Hungarian terms deriving from this word, such as
956:
952:
924:
841:
607:
492:
11884:
11834:
11784:
11734:
11639:
11584:
4123:
3959:
3921:
3781:
3399:
3381:
2730: – the supreme body of royal administration – and the
1072:(or chieftains) also endured. Neither of these hypotheses are universally accepted.
12858:
12788:
12783:
12664:
12575:
12496:
11694:
11351:
11346:
11250:
11170:
11138:
11121:
11105:
10930:
10859:
10677:
10672:
10647:
10568:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10480:
10317:
10054:
9887:
9587:
Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300
4084:
3878:
3816:
3478:
3437:
3275:
2641:
2555:
2449:
In addition to the Székely and Saxon leaders, the noblemen formed one of the three
2341:. Louis II died fleeing from the battlefield and two claimants, John ZĂĄpolya (
2146:
2098:
2034:
2026:
1967:
1848:
1169:
1061:
1041:
886:, only males inherited noble estates, but under the Hungarian royal prerogative of
651:
317:
11944:
11889:
11724:
11709:
4114:
Examples include, Farkas BĂĄnffy who regained the BĂĄnffys' former castle at Fugad (
3925:
3862:
3858:
3743:
3600:
3366:
2530:
1769:
1361:
in 1061. The establishment of monasteries by wealthy individuals was common. Such
1090:", and each had its own "prince". The tribal leaders most probably bore the title
848:
12793:
12748:
12726:
12219:
12192:
12109:
11904:
11874:
11689:
11321:
11147:
11099:
10967:
10590:
10573:
10485:
10248:
9977:
9805:Ăsszetört cĂmerek: a magyar arisztokrĂĄcia sorsa Ă©s az 1945 utĂĄni megprĂłbĂĄltatĂĄsok
9608:
3870:
3747:
3596:
3581:
3403:
3391:
3346:
3267:
3215:
3189:
3144:
2980:
2972:
2935:
2563:
2489:
2426:
2398:
2328:
2246:
2205:
1930:
1844:
1814:
1765:
1686:
1296:
1213:
1103:
1076:
968:
916:
856:
816:
721:
422:
412:
297:
127:
11849:
11699:
11649:
11579:
9809:
Broken Coats-of-Arms: The Hungarian Aristocrats' Fate and the Scourge after 1945
4508:
3998:
3683:
3544:, also banning their use. The new act came into force on 14 February 1947.
2296:
1950:
1646:
on the condition that they were to equip jointly a fixed number of knights. The
12863:
12719:
11919:
11769:
11589:
11564:
11311:
11229:
11165:
11159:
11055:
10995:
10866:
10682:
10632:
10548:
10515:
10490:
9773:
3951:
3866:
3679:
3377:
3122:
2987:(d. 1849), who was a commoner, ridiculed the conservative noblemen in his poem
2958:
2909:
2645:
2595:
2462:
2409:; and the Habsburg monarchs preserved the northern and western territories (or
2360:
2082:
1856:
1764:
who had settled in Hungary to a general assembly near Pest in 1277. This first
1384:
1020:
904:
824:
770:
11854:
11061:
5054:
5052:
4028:
3567:
3448:
on 19 March 1944. Hundreds of thousands of Jews and tens of thousands of
3333:
almost as far as the Tisza on 26 February 1919. KĂĄrolyi resigned and the
2059:
Royal power quickly declined after Louis I died in 1382. His son-in-law,
936:
who received nobility as a group in 1605. After the Diet was divided into two
894:(that is one-quarter of their father's possessions) – in land.
12878:
12703:
11569:
11508:
11457:
11066:
10406:
10130:
10076:
10039:
9899:
3896:
3609:
3207:
3011:
2799:
2764:
2637:
2615:
The liberation of central Hungary continued, and the Ottomans were forced to
2410:
2260:(d. 1541) completed the task, presenting a law-book at the Diet in 1514. His
1964:) in fief in 1366. In his new duchy, Vladislav donated estates to Wallachian
1643:
1561:
1538:
1447:
1300:
1257:
1107:
1087:
1037:
1033:
940:
in Royal Hungary in 1608, noblemen with a hereditary title had a seat in the
908:
883:
11964:
11634:
5694:
4544:
4119:
3620:
declared, in 2009 and 2010, that the ban was fully in line with the revised
3562:
3395:
3181:
2696:
1922:
1166:
had decimated the leading families by the end of the 10th century. The
11604:
11452:
9633:
5684:
5682:
5049:
4484:
3725:
According to a 15th-century land-register, many ecclesiastic nobles in the
3500:
3441:
3415:
3007:
2869:
2822:
2779:
2749:
2535:
2154:
1900:
1607:
1281:
11804:
9659:
9482:
The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517)
6784:
The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517)
6736:
The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517)
4835:
4833:
4831:
4776:
4774:
3913:
3767:(d. 1414) held nine castles and 140 villages in northeastern Hungary; and
2700:
1344:
1229:. The royal court provided further career opportunities. As the historian
1032:
invaded their lands in 894 or 895. They settled in the lowlands along the
11859:
11529:
11434:
11389:
11026:
10138:
10059:
The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century
9582:
9295:
9293:
9239:
4049:
The BatthyĂĄny, BatthyĂĄnyâStrattman, ErdĆdy, EsterhĂĄzy and Zichy families.
3882:
3729:
were descended from true noblemen who had sought the bishops' protection.
3604:
3314:
3210:, denying the use of minority languages. An emigrant aristocrat Baroness
2795:
2783:
2741:
2719:
2712:
Kingdom of Hungary, and the Parts, Kingdoms and Provinces thereto annexed
2473:
2469:
2262:
2184:
2071:
1986:
1639:
1230:
1102:("to rule"). The Emperor noted the Magyars spoke both Hungarian and "the
945:
941:
899:
10125:. Publishing House of the Academy of the Socialist Republic of Romania.
9907:
5718:
5679:
4199:
4175:
4139:
4097:
The conductor MiklĂłs LukĂĄcs (d. 1980) was appointed the director of the
3420:
law limited the admission of Jewish students in the universities. Count
3338:
2663:
lasted from 1703 to 1711. Although the rebels were forced to yield, the
2201:
2094:
1681:
1655:
851:
was the first to claim that noblemen held authority in the kingdom. The
741:
12619:
11426:
10615:
10603:
9205:
9203:
8528:"Beat it Batman â this foppish baronet was the world's first superhero"
5308:
5253:
5229:
5139:
4998:
4893:
4857:
4828:
4771:
4556:
4370:
4295:
3704:
3700:
3526:
3474:
3211:
3098:
3041:
should replace Latin as the official language in Croatia and Slavonia.
2710:
Charles III again confirmed the privileges of the Estates of the "
2004:
1836:
1716:(right to enjoyment) of a piece of land. Unlike a conditional noble, a
1240:
1138:
1122:
1118:
1016:
887:
10231:
Honore et Virtute. A közép-európai arisztokråcia sorsa a XX. szåzadban
9290:
4460:
4083:; Maximilian Königsegg-Rottenfels (d. 1997) was elected a member of a
4079:
KĂĄroly Khuen-HĂ©dervĂĄry (d. 1960) initiated the re-organization of the
3499:, which elected a new government on 22 December. Three prominent
3365:, but without restoring the Habsburgs. Instead, a Calvinist nobleman,
2256:
The Diet ordered the compilation of customary law in 1498. The jurist
1127:
11408:
10812:
10705:
10433:
9227:
3874:
3514:
3508:
3223:
2589:
2516:(or Diet) of Croatia and Slavonia sent delegates to the Lower House.
2477:
1862:
1175:
1111:
1053:
1029:
10951:
9200:
2991:, contrasting their anachronistic pride and their idle way of life.
2726:. The magnates almost monopolized the highest offices, but both the
2704:
1990:
1315:
Medieval documents mention the basic unit of estate organization as
1312:
become impoverished through the regular divisions of their estates.
12064:
12004:
11674:
11336:
10854:
10797:
10747:
10736:
10657:
10472:
10351:(in Hungarian). VĂĄrosi LevĂ©ltĂĄr Ă©s KutatĂłintĂ©zet. pp. 95â112.
9137:
9091:
9089:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9006:
9004:
4163:
4115:
3989:
In 1905, 88 counts and 66 barons had a seat in boards of directors.
3792:
families were among the native beneficiaries of Sigismund's grants.
3496:
3492:
3227:
2954:
2873:
2826:
2678:), promised to respect the privileges of the Estates of the realm.
2268:
The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts
2250:
2178:
1713:
1541:
about the grant of this rank to a castle warrior. Andrew II's
1479:, or even renouncing royal revenues that had been collected there.
1459:
1443:
1366:
1273:
812:
11463:
10276:
Hungarian Culture and Politics in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1711â1848
8592:
6285:
4101:, and JĂĄnos MerĂĄn became the head of an industrial cooperative at
2606:, inherited estates could not be subject to the trust. Estates in
2141:). Ladislaus the Posthumous was crowned without election with the
1778:, emphasizing that the community of noblemen held real authority.
1404:
1224:
12035:
11380:
11031:
10973:
10598:
10188:
9356:
9305:
9263:
7484:
2667:
granted a general amnesty for them and the new Habsburg monarch,
1725:
1603:
1455:
1370:
1308:
1147:
627:
9664:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895â1526
9149:
9125:
9086:
9069:
9001:
8909:
7981:
7979:
6249:
3742:, dominated more than a dozen counties in northwestern Hungary;
2983:, fearing the disappearance of the Hungarian language. The poet
2953:
The last general levy of the nobility was declared in 1809, but
1749:
Hungary fell into a state of anarchy because of the minority of
1509:, with an obligation to render future services, he gave them as
10957:
10823:
9354:[Victims of troubled times: returning noble families].
6261:
6129:
3630:
3625:
3180:
of 1866 accelerated the rapprochement between the king and the
2170:
1938:
1882:
1761:
1451:
1143:
1049:
864:
107:
11764:
6639:
6425:
5933:
3763:(d. 1435) became the greatest landowner in Slavonia; the Pole
3687:
1921:
could hold landed property in the district of KarĂĄnsebes (now
1553:
1379:, but other plots were hired out in return for in-kind taxes.
11829:
11444:
9317:
9188:
9101:
8933:
8640:
8311:
7976:
7898:
7835:
7130:
7094:
6583:
6581:
5616:
5504:
5502:
5368:
3440:
in late June. Fearing the defection of Hungary from the war,
3222: – "the first character who could be called a
2774:) succeeded Charles III in 1740, which gave rise to the
2511:
2383:
1510:
1415:
1277:
1253:
1134:
837:
9329:
9047:
9045:
9043:
8979:
8977:
8952:
8950:
8948:
8791:
8789:
8787:
8760:
8669:
8667:
8582:
8580:
8578:
8565:
8563:
8550:
8548:
8497:
8495:
8493:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8129:
7697:
7636:
7634:
7450:
7448:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7404:
7382:
7380:
7106:
6968:
6568:
6566:
6093:
3329:
to occupy new territories and ordered the withdrawal of the
2153:
to administer the kingdom. The talented military commander,
1130:
was tentatively identified as the local leader's household.
11416:
10944:
8921:
8813:
8679:
8628:
8377:
7859:
7777:
7775:
7621:
7619:
7496:
7293:
7291:
7263:
7261:
6910:
6908:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6505:
6503:
6069:
5996:
5994:
5810:
5808:
4223:
3425:
2375:
2299:, annihilated their main army at TemesvĂĄr on 15 July.
1903:
even in the 14th century, showing that they spoke the
1506:
1151:
87:
9428:
Anonymus, Notary of King BĂ©la: The Deeds of the Hungarians
8750:
8748:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8616:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8367:
8365:
8352:
8350:
8258:
8256:
8092:
8090:
7915:
7913:
7876:
7874:
7750:
7748:
7675:
7673:
7658:
7556:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7118:
7072:
7070:
6656:
6654:
6578:
6539:
6367:
6365:
6363:
5577:
5499:
5183:
5181:
5110:
Anonymus, Notary of King BĂ©la: The Deeds of the Hungarians
4946:
4944:
831:
to emphasize their direct connection to the monarchs. The
11839:
9399:
9280:
9278:
9251:
9215:
9161:
9113:
9040:
9028:
9016:
8974:
8945:
8897:
8873:
8861:
8825:
8784:
8772:
8715:
8703:
8691:
8664:
8652:
8604:
8575:
8560:
8545:
8490:
8425:
8413:
8401:
8389:
8335:
8292:
8280:
8268:
8205:
8126:
8114:
8102:
8039:
8015:
8003:
7964:
7952:
7886:
7823:
7733:
7721:
7631:
7604:
7580:
7532:
7508:
7460:
7445:
7433:
7416:
7377:
7303:
7278:
7276:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7009:
7007:
6992:
6741:
6666:
6563:
6437:
6413:
6297:
6213:
6177:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5873:
5837:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5793:
5628:
5565:
5463:
5332:
1772:
associated the Hungarian nation with the nobility in his
1650:
formed the armed retinue of the wealthiest prelates. The
10000:. Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University. pp.
9581:
8181:
8145:
8063:
7942:
7940:
7772:
7760:
7646:
7616:
7392:
7348:
7288:
7258:
7231:
7219:
7055:
7043:
7019:
6956:
6905:
6895:
6893:
6825:
6765:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6500:
6490:
6488:
6348:
6326:
6324:
6225:
6023:
6021:
5991:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5945:
5805:
5759:
5757:
5724:
5700:
5688:
5553:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5314:
5296:
5284:
5259:
5235:
5145:
5069:
5067:
5058:
5004:
4956:
4899:
4863:
4839:
4780:
4684:
4657:
4562:
4550:
4514:
4490:
4411:
4409:
4376:
4301:
4271:
4205:
4181:
4145:
3402:(d. 1946), were the most influential politicians in the
1972:; their legal status was similar to the position of the
1730:
an independent landholder, only subject to the monarch.
9998:
Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Present
9710:
Kings, Bishops, Nobles and Burghers in Medieval Hungary
9585:; UrbaĆczyk, PrzemysĆaw; Wiszewski, PrzemysĆaw (2013).
9057:
8989:
8962:
8885:
8849:
8837:
8801:
8739:
8727:
8466:
8454:
8437:
8362:
8347:
8323:
8253:
8241:
8217:
8169:
8157:
8087:
8051:
8027:
7991:
7925:
7910:
7871:
7847:
7811:
7745:
7709:
7685:
7670:
7568:
7360:
7327:
7315:
7248:
7246:
7207:
7166:
7142:
7067:
6932:
6842:
6690:
6651:
6527:
6515:
6473:
6461:
6389:
6360:
6336:
6309:
6105:
6081:
6033:
5657:
5655:
5606:
5604:
5429:
5427:
5205:
5178:
5010:
4941:
4881:
4737:
4735:
4472:
4343:
4235:
4211:
3643:
List of titled noble families in the Kingdom of Hungary
3248:, but other nobles did not regard them as their peers.
2802:
were also open to untitled noblemen and professionals.
2718:
which established his daughters' right to succeed him.
1933:
in other territories of the kingdom. Even the Catholic
9496:
The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000â1301
9275:
8507:
8478:
7472:
7273:
7190:
7178:
7154:
7082:
7031:
7004:
6980:
6944:
6141:
6057:
5974:
5820:
5667:
5640:
5589:
5519:
5517:
5414:
5412:
5380:
5356:
5168:
5166:
5091:
5039:
5037:
4973:
4971:
4929:
4905:
4818:
4816:
4803:
4801:
4759:
4674:
4672:
4612:
4585:
4583:
4450:
4448:
4360:
4358:
4283:
3079:, demanding equal civil rights to all citizens. Count
10418:. Arpadiana IV., Research Centre for the Humanities.
9450:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
9178:
9176:
8229:
8193:
8075:
7937:
7799:
7787:
7592:
7544:
7520:
6920:
6890:
6878:
6866:
6854:
6813:
6801:
6789:
6753:
6702:
6678:
6622:
6610:
6593:
6551:
6485:
6449:
6377:
6321:
6273:
6237:
6201:
6165:
6153:
6117:
6018:
6006:
5957:
5909:
5897:
5885:
5849:
5781:
5769:
5754:
5742:
5730:
5529:
5392:
5344:
5320:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5064:
4988:
4986:
4786:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4624:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4568:
4532:
4433:
4406:
4326:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
4187:
4151:
3459:
3251:
2558:
on the Ottomans at Vienna in 1683. The Ottomans were
2519:
1867:(or armed retinue), distinguished by his own banner.
1442:
as noblemen. This group had adopted most elements of
1422:, an early 11th-century ancestor of the aristocratic
7243:
6401:
5921:
5861:
5652:
5601:
5424:
5217:
5151:
4917:
4732:
4696:
3962:(d. 1899) were the leading conservative aristocrats.
3258:
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918â1920)
1851:) to his subjects. He based royal administration on
1517:(actual or presumed) common ancestor with the words
1064:
in the late 9th century propose that the Vlach
876:(retainers) but this private link did not sever the
10347:Hercegek és hercegségek a középkori Magyarorszågon
10295:
Hungarian Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium
10166:
Hungarian Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium
9352:"Zavaros korok åldozatai: hazatért nemesi csalådok"
6189:
6045:
5706:
5541:
5514:
5487:
5475:
5451:
5439:
5409:
5241:
5193:
5163:
5034:
5022:
4968:
4869:
4845:
4813:
4798:
4747:
4720:
4708:
4669:
4580:
4520:
4496:
4445:
4394:
4382:
4355:
4307:
4259:
3853:The marriages of the children and grandchildren of
3361:. The new one-chamber Diet of Hungary restored the
2905:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2887:The few reformist noblemen greeted the news of the
2798:became popular, especially among the magnates, but
1446:culture. They regularly named their children after
9828:Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary
9777:
9752:The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages
9687:Castle and Society in Medieval Hungary (1000-1437)
9637:
9521:] (in Hungarian). Gondolat. pp. 188â189.
9173:
5265:
5127:
5115:
5079:
4983:
4636:
4595:
4421:
4331:
3669:clans among the noble kindred of Moravian descent.
78:The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest
10081:The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology
10061:. Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications.
9802:
9311:
9299:
9269:
9245:
9233:
9209:
9155:
9143:
9131:
9095:
9080:
9010:
4247:
3412:was a leading ideology in the 1920s and 1930s. A
2130:), and the supporters of the child king's rival,
1086:) wrote that the Hungarians were organized into "
882:' direct subjection to the monarch. According to
27:Privileged social class in the Kingdom of Hungary
12876:
9640:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500â1250
3928:families were the first converts to Catholicism.
3624:. In December 2010, two members of the rightist
3424:(d. 1946) was one of the leading figures of the
3044:
2740:, obliged all candidates to take an oath on the
2307:
2157:(d. 1456), was elected the sole regent in 1446.
1915:. Louis decreed that only Catholic noblemen and
1670:
9360:(in Hungarian). PrĂma Press Kft. 19 August 2020
3771:(d. 1440) was appointed to administer counties.
3482:
3385:
3384:. Its members received the hereditary title of
2441:
2418:
2382:(d. 1559), to rule the lands east of the river
2337:The Ottomans annihilated the royal army at the
2085:reached the southern frontiers in the 1390s. A
2078:, in 1408 to reward his most loyal supporters.
1741:
1474:
1437:
1398:
1388:
1348:
1284: – in the 1090s. His successor,
1276: – the plains between the river
1222:
929:
10143:Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary
9919:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30â37.
3197:
2509:
12020:
11494:
10721:
10449:
10368:Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2014
3487:) in Austria, still held by the AlmĂĄsy family
3341:(d. 1938) announced the establishment of the
2714:" in 1723 in return for the enactment of the
2681:
2648:were settled in the reconquered territories.
2476:in the western regions of Royal Hungary, but
2378:in 1541. The sultan allowed ZĂĄpolya's widow,
2093:in 1396. Next year, Sigismund held a Diet in
1860:
1572:county level. In 1232, the royal servants of
788:
3503:aristocrats had a seat in the assembly. The
3202:in internal affairs, education and justice.
3101:abolished the nobles' tax-exemption and the
2468:The aristocrats supported the spread of the
1110:), showing that at least their leaders were
9803:Gudenus, JĂĄnos; Szentirmay, LĂĄszlĂł (1989).
9454:Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies
9346:
9344:
3413:
3235:
3119:demanded autonomy for all ethnic minorities
3108:
3102:
2962:
2821:(d. 1790) employed the celebrated composer
2809:Tivadar Kubinyi (d. 1880), a member of the
2735:
2607:
2601:
2593:
2492:granted nobility to all Calvinist pastors.
2162:
2099:equip one archer for every 20 peasant plots
1998:
1973:
1965:
1942:
1916:
1893:
1886:
1735:
1723:
1717:
1705:
1699:
1629:
1524:
1518:
1374:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1167:
1065:
923:supported the noblemen's fight against the
877:
869:
12027:
12013:
11501:
11487:
10728:
10714:
10456:
10442:
9468:Simon of KĂ©za: The Deeds of the Hungarians
8525:
3746:was the actual ruler of Translyvania; and
3511:troops left Hungary on 4 April 1945.
3230:) – was published in 1905.
2868:through the marriage of her granddaughter
2304:labour service for their lords each week.
2003:. The kings started to grant noblemen the
1989:taxes, but were rarely obliged to provide
821:preceding the establishment of the kingdom
795:
781:
10228:
9870:
9772:
9749:
9613:The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary
9607:
9335:
9323:
9257:
9221:
9194:
9167:
9119:
9107:
9051:
9034:
9022:
8983:
8956:
8939:
8903:
8879:
8867:
8831:
8795:
8778:
8721:
8709:
8697:
8673:
8658:
8646:
8610:
8586:
8569:
8554:
8501:
8419:
8407:
8395:
8341:
8317:
8305:
8286:
8274:
8211:
8139:
8120:
8108:
8045:
8021:
8009:
7985:
7970:
7958:
7904:
7892:
7841:
7829:
7739:
7727:
7640:
7586:
7454:
7439:
7427:
7386:
7309:
7297:
7061:
6974:
6962:
6914:
6836:
6723:
6509:
6354:
6231:
6000:
5814:
5187:
5016:
4962:
4690:
4663:
4478:
4241:
3826:), received more than a dozen of castles.
3394:). Two Transylvanian aristocrats, Counts
2503:The Diet was officially divided into two
2457:. Foreign aristocrats regularly received
1929:landowners were not forced to convert to
1638:were obliged to fight in the army of the
815:class of individuals, most of whom owned
10182:
9994:
9512:
9341:
8187:
8151:
8069:
7781:
7766:
7703:
7652:
7625:
7514:
7490:
7410:
7398:
7354:
7267:
7237:
7225:
7049:
7025:
3561:
3473:
3054:
2855:
2846:revolt of Romanian serfs in Transylvania
2804:
2691:
2529:
2177:
2020:
1804:
1680:
1552:
1414:
1239:
1048:. Historians who are convinced that the
996:
907:, Hungary was divided into three parts:
10311:
10205:
10034:(1). Magyar Törtnelmi TĂĄrsulat: 35â38.
10018:
9971:
9914:
9825:
9707:
9684:
9405:
9284:
9063:
8995:
8968:
8927:
8915:
8891:
8855:
8843:
8819:
8807:
8766:
8754:
8733:
8685:
8634:
8472:
8460:
8448:
8383:
8371:
8356:
8329:
8262:
8247:
8223:
8175:
8163:
8096:
8057:
8033:
7997:
7931:
7919:
7880:
7865:
7853:
7817:
7754:
7715:
7691:
7679:
7574:
7502:
7371:
7342:
7321:
7213:
7201:
7184:
7172:
7160:
7148:
7088:
7076:
7013:
6998:
6986:
6950:
6938:
6848:
6696:
6660:
6572:
6533:
6521:
6479:
6467:
6395:
6371:
6342:
6315:
6255:
6063:
5985:
5831:
5673:
5646:
5634:
5595:
5583:
5571:
5386:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5338:
5326:
5290:
5073:
4229:
4217:
4169:
3699:Andronicus Aba built a stone castle at
3218:in 1868. Her first novel featuring the
1602:) gave away large parcels of the royal
1584:for properties before their community.
14:
12900:Transylvania in the Kingdom of Hungary
12877:
10735:
10463:
10273:
10247:
10163:
10120:
10053:
9952:
9730:
9378:
8622:
8513:
8484:
7805:
7793:
7664:
7610:
7598:
7562:
7478:
7282:
7136:
7124:
7112:
7100:
7037:
6819:
6807:
6795:
6771:
6759:
6747:
6587:
6171:
6159:
6135:
5968:
5855:
5725:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
5701:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
5689:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
5559:
5535:
5508:
5315:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
5260:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
5236:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
5157:
5146:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
5059:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
5005:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4900:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4864:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4840:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4781:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4563:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4551:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4515:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4491:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4415:
4377:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4302:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4206:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4182:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
4146:Berend, UrbaĆczyk & Wiszewski 2013
3707:in Austria) was erected by Pousa SzĂĄk.
3703:, and the stone castle at Kabold (now
3547:
3280:the left-liberal Party of Independence
3002:(d. 1850), demanded the creation of a
2089:ended with a catastrophic defeat near
1870:In 1351, Charles's son and successor,
1800:
975:, months after Hungary was proclaimed
12008:
11482:
10709:
10437:
10075:
9957:. AkadĂ©miai KiadĂł. pp. 178â243.
9933:
9844:
9735:. Central European University Press.
9658:
9632:
8598:
8526:Hodgkinson, Thomas W (9 March 2022).
8431:
8235:
8199:
8081:
7946:
7550:
7538:
7526:
7466:
6926:
6899:
6884:
6872:
6860:
6711:
6684:
6672:
6645:
6633:
6616:
6604:
6557:
6545:
6494:
6455:
6443:
6431:
6419:
6383:
6330:
6303:
6291:
6279:
6267:
6243:
6219:
6207:
6183:
6123:
6027:
6012:
5939:
5915:
5903:
5891:
5879:
5843:
5799:
5787:
5775:
5763:
5748:
5736:
5469:
5433:
5403:
5302:
5247:
5223:
5199:
5172:
5097:
5043:
5028:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4887:
4875:
4822:
4807:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4726:
4714:
4702:
4678:
4618:
4589:
4526:
4454:
4400:
4388:
4313:
4289:
4277:
4193:
4157:
3147:. The advisors of the young emperor,
2851:
2617:acknowledge the loss of the territory
2318:
1993:. In 1351, the king ordered that the
1462:and other heroes of Western European
944:, other nobles sent delegates to the
12034:
10292:
10137:
9876:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
9558:
9504:
9182:
7252:
6407:
6195:
6147:
6087:
6075:
6051:
5951:
5927:
5867:
5712:
5661:
5622:
5610:
5547:
5523:
5493:
5481:
5457:
5445:
5418:
5278:
5211:
5133:
5121:
5085:
4992:
4977:
4950:
4851:
4792:
4651:
4630:
4606:
4574:
4538:
4502:
4466:
4439:
4427:
4364:
4349:
4265:
3349:. The Bolsheviks could not stop the
2461:, and Hungarian noblemen were often
10389:Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven (2010).
10101:
9535:
6111:
6099:
6039:
4337:
4253:
3881:, and the Austrian or German Arco,
3631:European Commission of the Nobility
3186:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
3172:Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
2950:), demanded between 1792 and 1811.
2149:in 1444 and the Diet elected seven
2010:
24:
10337:
9419:
4469:, pp. 12â13, 185 (notes 7â8).
3538:act that abolished all noble ranks
3460:The fall of the Hungarian nobility
3252:Revolutions and counter-revolution
3165:
2573:), acknowledged the suzerainty of
2520:Liberation and war of independence
1820:Ladislaus IV's great-nephew,
1564:summarizing the privileges of the
1133:More than a 1,000 graves yielding
1075:Around 950, the Byzantine Emperor
951:After the Ottomans' defeat in the
25:
12926:
10233:. L'Harmattan. pp. 211â219.
9515:Magyar törtĂ©nelmi fogalomtĂĄr, AâL
9383:[Barons, counts, dukes].
2957:easily defeated the noble troops
2171:Birth of titled nobility and the
1941:in Romania) authorized his Vlach
433:Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen
11993:
10822:
9567:] (in Hungarian). Atheneum.
9372:
8519:
6777:
6729:
4108:
4091:
4073:
4052:
4043:
4034:
4017:
4008:
3992:
3983:
3974:
3965:
3944:
3931:
3906:
3888:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3795:
3774:
3753:
3732:
3719:
3661:Historian JĂĄn LukaÄka lists the
3301:), to appoint the radical Count
3278: – a movement of
2864:(d. 1841), an ancestress of the
2577:, who was also king of Hungary (
1589:first Mongol invasion of Hungary
1470:were held around the same time.
764:
56:
9387:(in Hungarian). JogĂĄszoknak Kft
9379:AndrĂĄs, Sereg (19 April 2013).
5103:
4319:
3821:
3806:
3710:
3693:
3672:
3618:Constitutional Court of Hungary
3566:Ruined aristocratic mansion at
3505:Provisional National Government
3359:general elections in early 1920
3296:
3153:
3135:
3089:
2945:
2929:
2878:
2839:
2769:
2673:
2579:
2568:
2435:
2392:
2369:
2354:
2343:
2236:
2225:
2214:
2136:
2125:
2114:
2065:
2050:
2039:
1959:
1876:
1826:
1792:
1755:
1634:who had landed property in the
1619:
1597:
1578:Bartholomew, Bishop of Veszprém
1500:
1485:
1426:kindred (from the 14th-century
1410:
1290:
1267:
1207:
1081:
1077:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
1003:conquering the Carpathian Basin
9884:University of California Press
9830:. Atlantisz Publishing House.
9811:] (in Hungarian). Mozaik.
9644:. Cambridge University Press.
9519:Thesaurus of Hungarian History
4027:(d. 2000), MihĂĄly KĂĄrolyi and
3655:
3622:Hungarian Constitution of 1949
3272:dissolution of Austria-Hungary
3262:Kingdom of Hungary (1920â1946)
2776:War of the Austrian Succession
2755:Romanian Greek Catholic Church
2566:, the prince of Transylvania (
2552:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
2405:developed into the autonomous
2325:Kingdom of Hungary (1526â1867)
1689:in Austria), built before 1300
1197:
1193:Kingdom of Hungary (1301â1526)
1189:Kingdom of Hungary (1000â1301)
1182:
13:
1:
9892:10.1016/S0967-067X(96)00025-6
9312:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
9300:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
9270:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
9246:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
9234:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
9210:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
9156:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
9144:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
9132:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
9096:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
9081:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
9011:Gudenus & Szentirmay 1989
4172:, pp. 160, 306â308, 359.
4133:
3432:in April 1941 and joined the
3194:CroatianâHungarian Settlement
3045:Revolution and neo-absolutism
2661:RĂĄkĂłczi's War of Independence
2653:War of the Spanish Succession
2640:rights. Tens of thousands of
2584:), in 1687. Grateful for the
2417:during fights. The irregular
2386:on behalf of her infant son,
2308:Early modern and modern times
2132:Vladislaus III of Poland
1978:in other regions of Hungary.
1955:Vladislav I of Wallachia
1677:Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)
1671:Self-government and oligarchs
1212:), who was crowned the first
1156:Hungarian invasions of Europe
1019:(or Hungarians) lived in the
373:RĂĄkĂłczi's War of Independence
338:Principality of Upper Hungary
138:Hungarian invasions of Europe
12095:Principality of Transylvania
10085:Wayne State University Press
8601:, pp. 290â292, 369â370.
6294:, pp. 204â205, 211â213.
4058:Known as the "Red Duchess",
3937:The former royal bodyguard,
3811:) was awarded with Fogaras;
3738:The most powerful oligarch,
3586:Hungarian revolution of 1956
3470:Soviet occupation of Hungary
3434:war against the Soviet Union
3290: – persuaded
3123:ban (or governor) of Croatia
3094:) sanctioned them in April.
3051:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
2659:(d. 1735), as their leader.
2636:'s attempts to restrict the
2634:Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch
2538:(d. 1703), mother of Prince
2407:Principality of Transylvania
2182:The Croatian version of the
1837:promoted a daughter to a son
965:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
383:Principality of Transylvania
308:Principality of Transylvania
7:
12130:Interwar Kingdom of Hungary
10366:Thompson, Wayne C. (2014).
10257:University of Chicago Press
9786:Ohio State University Press
4099:Hungarian State Opera House
3750:ruled Croatia and Dalmatia.
3636:
3554:Hungarian People's Republic
3430:Axis invasion of Yugoslavia
3284:the Social Democratic Party
3037:(d. 1856) recommended that
2728:Hungarian Court Chancellery
2472:. Most noblemen adhered to
2374:), intervened and captured
2204:in Romania) with the title
973:were abolished only in 1947
588:Hungarian People's Republic
523:Governorate of Subcarpathia
463:Hungarian People's Republic
193:Personal union with Croatia
10:
12931:
12915:Social history of Slovakia
9854:Cambridge University Press
9591:Cambridge University Press
9414:
3551:
3463:
3311:Hungarian National Council
3255:
3169:
3048:
2685:
2682:Cooperation and absolutism
2560:expelled from Buda in 1686
2523:
2322:
2311:
2200:district of Bistritz (now
2087:large anti-Ottoman crusade
2014:
1831:), who was a scion of the
1674:
1403:(or guards), defended the
1186:
986:
982:
213:Mongol invasion of Hungary
12910:Social history of Croatia
12905:Social history of Hungary
12836:
12673:
12592:Universities and colleges
12566:
12557:
12463:
12454:
12340:
12331:
12246:
12237:
12163:
12055:
12046:
11991:
11518:
11443:
11425:
11407:
11388:
11379:
11260:
11222:
11131:
11092:
11085:
11011:
10985:
10923:
10902:
10895:
10875:
10838:
10831:
10820:
10755:
10744:
10524:
10471:
9432:Anonymus and Master Roger
9381:"BĂĄrĂłk, grĂłfok, hercegek"
6270:, pp. 201, 204, 212.
3865:, the Croatian-Hungarian
3769:Frederick of Hohenzollern
3534:Second Hungarian Republic
3529:(in Austria) after 1945.
3466:Second Hungarian Republic
3343:Hungarian Soviet Republic
3335:Hungarian Communist Party
3309:on 16 November. The
3246:converted to Christianity
3131:Nicholas I of Russia
3065:Prime Minister of Hungary
2902:(d. 1795) translated the
2811:Royal Hungarian Bodyguard
2788:Royal Hungarian Bodyguard
2403:eastern Hungarian Kingdom
2333:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
1925:in Romania) in 1366, but
578:Second Hungarian Republic
473:Hungarian Soviet Republic
423:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
278:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
12571:Anti-Hungarian sentiment
12251:Administrative divisions
10414:Zsoldos, Attila (2020).
10372:Rowman & Littlefield
10312:Zimonyi, IstvĂĄn (2016).
10212:Indiana University Press
10102:Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013).
9972:Murdock, Graeme (2000).
9826:Kontler, LĂĄszlĂł (1999).
9780:The Romanians: A History
8918:, pp. 347â348, 365.
7493:, pp. 127, 152â154.
6648:, pp. 338, 340â341.
6434:, pp. 232â233, 337.
6258:, pp. 102, 104â105.
6138:, pp. 191â192, 230.
6102:, pp. 470â471, 475.
5942:, pp. 151â153, 342.
5625:, pp. 112â113, 200.
4517:, pp. 149, 207â208.
3648:
3454:Nazi concentration camps
3444:occupied the country in
2936:Jacobin terror in France
2365:Suleiman the Magnificent
2230:), and Vladislaus' son,
2208:in 1453. Hunyadi's son,
2121:Ladislaus the Posthumous
2108:Sigismund's son-in-law,
1393:(or archers), and armed
618:Third Hungarian Republic
12479:Hungarian National Bank
12110:Austro-Hungarian Empire
10746:(*) : state where
10399:Purdue University Press
10019:NĂ©methy, Zsolt (2016).
9955:History of Transylvania
9936:Croatia Through History
9716:. pp. IV.1âIV.14.
9248:, pp. 76, 116â119.
4081:Catholic People's Party
3288:Radical Citizens' Party
3107:, but the magnates' 31
3023:Johann Gottfried Herder
3004:constitutional monarchy
2657:Francis II RĂĄkĂłczi
2540:Francis II RĂĄkĂłczi
2399:the central territories
2293:voivode of Transylvania
2061:Sigismund of Luxembourg
2029:in Serbia), granted to
2025:GalambĂłc Fortress (now
1905:local Slavic vernacular
1833:Capetian House of Anjou
1775:Deeds of the Hungarians
1593:BĂ©la IV of Hungary
1373:cultivated part of the
1363:proprietary monasteries
1005:(from the 14th-century
993:Principality of Hungary
921:princes of Transylvania
667:History of Transylvania
173:Principality of Hungary
12635:International rankings
12510:Science and technology
12390:Chief of General Staff
12085:OttomanâHungarian wars
11509:Noble kindreds in the
10274:Vermes, GĂĄbor (2014).
10121:Prodan, David (1971).
10106:. Peter Lang Edition.
9934:MagaĆĄ, Branka (2007).
9685:FĂŒgedi, Erik (1986a).
9668:I.B. Tauris Publishers
9565:Old Hungarian Families
7139:, pp. 86â88, 366.
7103:, pp. 86â87, 366.
6078:, pp. 84, 89, 93.
3570:
3488:
3483:
3414:
3386:
3236:
3198:
3109:
3103:
3068:
3006:and the protection of
2963:
2884:
2813:
2736:
2707:
2608:
2602:
2594:
2575:Emperor Leopold I
2543:
2510:
2442:
2431:Prince of Transylvania
2419:
2193:
2163:
2056:
2017:OttomanâHungarian wars
1999:
1974:
1966:
1943:
1917:
1894:
1887:
1861:
1843:, which was the first
1817:
1742:
1736:
1724:
1718:
1706:
1700:
1690:
1630:
1568:
1525:
1519:
1475:
1438:
1433:
1399:
1389:
1375:
1359:Zselicszentjakab Abbey
1349:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1249:
1223:
1168:
1146: – the
1066:
1012:
930:
878:
870:
12080:Late Medieval Kingdom
12075:High Medieval Kingdom
9872:Kozminski, Andrzej K.
9731:FĂŒgedi, Erik (1998).
9559:BĂĄnĂł, Attila (2004).
7115:, pp. 72, 86â88.
5377:, pp. 65, 73â74.
4963:FĂŒgedi & Bak 2012
4691:FĂŒgedi & Bak 2012
4664:FĂŒgedi & Bak 2012
4232:, pp. 31, 33â36.
3802:Mircea I of Wallachia
3727:Bishopric of Veszprém
3565:
3477:
3307:proclaimed a republic
3117:The Slovak delegates
3063:(d. 1849), the first
3058:
3010:. A lesser nobleman,
2859:
2808:
2695:
2688:Hungarian nationalism
2686:Further information:
2626:Prince Paul EsterhĂĄzy
2533:
2524:Further information:
2508:Upper House, and the
2459:Hungarian citizenship
2350:Ferdinand of Habsburg
2323:Further information:
2289:Great Hungarian Plain
2181:
2143:Holy Crown of Hungary
2081:The expansion of the
2024:
1841:Order of Saint George
1813:, the first European
1811:Order of Saint George
1808:
1684:
1675:Further information:
1556:
1429:Illuminated Chronicle
1418:
1243:
1158:and clashes with the
1104:tongue of the Chazars
1008:Illuminated Chronicle
1000:
692:Transylvanian Princes
543:Revisions of Délvidék
328:Wesselényi conspiracy
108:Kingdom of the Gepids
12824:World Heritage Sites
12696:Palaces and mansions
12060:Hungarian prehistory
10623:Hungary and Slovakia
10544:Austria and Slovenia
10208:A History of Hungary
10191:. pp. 144â182.
9856:. pp. 120â136.
9758:. pp. 319â331.
9561:RĂ©gi magyar csalĂĄdok
9544:. pp. 269â280.
9302:, pp. 143, 145.
8769:, pp. 339, 345.
6548:, pp. 288, 293.
4553:, pp. 149, 210.
3885:and Ungnad families.
3452:were transferred to
3446:Operation Margarethe
3331:Royal Hungarian Army
2979:(d. 1845) initiated
2866:British royal family
2792:Age of Enlightenment
2759:InocenÈiu Micu-Klein
2724:separation of powers
2651:The outbreak of the
2564:Michael I Apafi
2103:Basilite monasteries
1648:nobles of the Church
1369:, of the monastery.
1026:Carpathian Mountains
989:Hungarian prehistory
393:Hungarian Reform Era
73:Hungarian prehistory
10808:South Africa (Zulu)
9917:Slovakia in History
9850:Slovakia in History
9542:The Hambledon Press
9326:, pp. 490â501.
9236:, pp. 116â119.
9197:, pp. 214â216.
9110:, pp. 417â418.
8942:, pp. 395â396.
8930:, pp. 377â378.
8822:, pp. 345â346.
8688:, pp. 333â334.
8649:, pp. 303â304.
8637:, pp. 328â329.
8625:, pp. 244â251.
8434:, pp. 297â298.
8386:, pp. 270â271.
8320:, pp. 220â221.
7988:, pp. 166â167.
7907:, pp. 159â160.
7868:, pp. 221â222.
7844:, pp. 144â145.
7706:, pp. 175â176.
7667:, pp. 94, 136.
7565:, pp. 143â155.
7541:, pp. 121â122.
7505:, pp. 196â197.
7469:, pp. 187â188.
7413:, pp. 170â171.
7127:, pp. 85, 366.
6675:, pp. 349â350.
6590:, pp. 109â110.
6446:, pp. 337â338.
6422:, pp. 232â233.
6306:, pp. 343â344.
6222:, pp. 179â180.
6186:, pp. 174â175.
6114:, pp. 256â257.
6042:, pp. 198â212.
5954:, pp. 146â147.
5882:, pp. 178â179.
5846:, pp. 141â142.
5802:, pp. 126â127.
5703:, pp. 431â432.
5511:, pp. 208â209.
5472:, pp. 104â105.
5305:, pp. 103â105.
5214:, pp. 40, 103.
5061:, pp. 426â427.
4953:, pp. 128â129.
4493:, pp. 148â150.
4352:, pp. 326â327.
4280:, pp. 117â118.
3765:Stibor of Stiboricz
3548:Unofficial nobility
3184:, which led to the
3178:Austro-Prussian War
3073:Revolutions of 1848
2732:Lieutenancy Council
2486:Counter-Reformation
2401:; John Sigismund's
2192:(published in 1574)
2076:Order of the Dragon
1801:Age of the Angevins
1652:nobles of Turopolje
1558:Golden Bull of 1222
1543:Golden Bull of 1222
833:Golden Bull of 1222
533:Second Vienna Award
118:Ostrogothic Kingdom
12895:Kingdom of Croatia
12890:Kingdom of Hungary
12885:Hungarian nobility
12774:Hungarian language
12625:Hungarian diaspora
12525:Telecommunications
12150:Revolution of 1956
12105:Revolution of 1848
11511:Kingdom of Hungary
10564:Estonia and Latvia
10473:Present monarchies
10465:Nobility of Europe
10214:. pp. 83â99.
9756:Ashgate Publishing
9617:C. Hurst & Co.
9338:, pp. 97â104.
9212:, pp. 97â100.
7613:, pp. 33, 61.
6977:, pp. 83, 94.
6750:, pp. 32, 34.
6090:, pp. 89, 93.
5586:, pp. 54, 82.
5341:, pp. 52, 56.
4890:, pp. 81, 87.
4085:council of workers
4064:Pallavicini family
3571:
3489:
3426:national socialist
3382:Order of Gallantry
3363:Hungarian monarchy
3270:brought about the
3069:
3027:Hungarian language
2969:Gergely Berzeviczy
2885:
2852:National awakening
2814:
2737:Carolina Resolutio
2716:Pragmatic Sanction
2708:
2699:, a palace of the
2586:liberation of Buda
2544:
2440:), settled 10,000
2380:Isabella Jagiellon
2319:Tripartite Hungary
2314:Kingdom of Hungary
2266: –
2221:Vladislaus II
2194:
2110:Albert of Habsburg
2105:on their estates.
2057:
1818:
1691:
1628:. The noble Vlach
1626:conditional nobles
1569:
1548:daughters' quarter
1492:Bartholomew of Krk
1464:chivalric romances
1434:
1250:
1246:Kingdom of Hungary
1098:(now "realm") and
1013:
892:daughters' quarter
842:conditional nobles
809:Kingdom of Hungary
771:Hungary portal
672:Hungarian language
662:History of Hungary
598:Revolution of 1956
513:First Vienna Award
503:Kingdom of Hungary
483:Hungarian Republic
403:Revolution of 1848
348:Kingdom of Hungary
223:Kingdom of Hungary
183:Kingdom of Hungary
148:Hungarian conquest
12872:
12871:
12832:
12831:
12615:Human trafficking
12553:
12552:
12450:
12449:
12414:Political parties
12360:Foreign relations
12327:
12326:
12233:
12232:
12145:People's Republic
12125:Treaty of Trianon
12002:
12001:
11476:
11475:
11472:
11471:
11375:
11374:
11289:Baltic countries
11081:
11080:
10891:
10890:
10703:
10702:
10526:Former monarchies
10425:978-963-416-226-1
10358:978-963-8406-13-2
10327:978-90-04-21437-8
10285:978-963-386-019-9
10240:978-963-414-829-6
10113:978-3-631-64866-7
10094:978-0-8143-2561-2
10068:978-0-88033-633-8
10011:978-4-938637-43-9
9945:978-0-86356-775-9
9926:978-0-521-80253-6
9863:978-0-521-80253-6
9765:978-1-4094-2245-7
9714:Variorum Reprints
9651:978-0-521-89452-4
9625:978-1-84904-112-6
9600:978-0-521-78156-5
9505:Secondary sources
9444:978-963-9776-95-1
9408:, pp. 36â37.
9146:, pp. 27â28.
7001:, pp. 88â89.
6774:, pp. 21â22.
6150:, pp. 59â60.
5637:, pp. 77â78.
5574:, pp. 72â73.
5562:, pp. 41â42.
5293:, pp. 78â80.
5100:, pp. 86â87.
4938:, pp. 73â74.
4914:, pp. 71â72.
4795:, pp. 25â26.
4768:, pp. 76â77.
4633:, pp. 28â29.
4621:, pp. 85â86.
4577:, pp. 16â17.
4541:, pp. 18â19.
4442:, pp. 12â13.
4328:(ch. 39), p. 175.
4292:, pp. 8, 20.
4220:, pp. 33â36.
4208:, pp. 76â78.
4196:, pp. 12â13.
4184:, pp. 76â77.
4160:, pp. 8, 17.
4148:, pp. 71â73.
4060:Margit Odescalchi
4003:Zsigmond Kornfeld
3877:, PernĆĄtejn, and
3575:people's republic
3558:Goulash Communism
3371:Treaty of Trianon
3351:Romanian invasion
3220:Scarlet Pimpernel
3192:. Next year, the
3000:Miklós Wesselényi
2891:with enthusiasm.
2889:French Revolution
2784:Theresian Academy
2665:Treaty of SzatmĂĄr
2630:group of magnates
2548:Holy Roman Empire
2526:Great Turkish War
2455:Habsburg monarchy
2210:Matthias Corvinus
2151:captains in chief
1751:Ladislaus IV
1685:LĂ©ka Castle (now
1636:Banate of Severin
1040:and defeated the
957:Habsburg monarchy
953:Great Turkish War
861:King Louis I
805:
804:
636:
635:
608:Goulash Communism
561:
560:
493:Treaty of Trianon
356:
355:
241:
240:
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
12922:
12852:
12845:
12743:
12736:
12729:
12722:
12698:
12691:
12594:
12564:
12563:
12501:
12481:
12461:
12460:
12440:
12426:
12338:
12337:
12303:
12296:
12289:
12261:Cities and towns
12244:
12243:
12090:Habsburg Kingdom
12053:
12052:
12029:
12022:
12015:
12006:
12005:
11997:
11513:(9â14th century)
11503:
11496:
11489:
11480:
11479:
11435:Marshall Islands
11386:
11385:
11261:Central, Eastern
11090:
11089:
10900:
10899:
10836:
10835:
10826:
10730:
10723:
10716:
10707:
10706:
10458:
10451:
10444:
10435:
10434:
10429:
10410:
10385:
10362:
10331:
10308:
10289:
10270:
10249:Taylor, A. J. P.
10244:
10225:
10202:
10179:
10160:
10134:
10117:
10098:
10072:
10050:
10048:
10046:
10030:(in Hungarian).
10025:
10015:
9991:
9968:
9949:
9930:
9911:
9867:
9841:
9822:
9799:
9783:
9769:
9746:
9727:
9704:
9681:
9655:
9643:
9629:
9609:Cartledge, Bryan
9604:
9578:
9555:
9532:
9409:
9403:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9392:
9376:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9365:
9348:
9339:
9333:
9327:
9321:
9315:
9309:
9303:
9297:
9288:
9282:
9273:
9267:
9261:
9255:
9249:
9243:
9237:
9231:
9225:
9219:
9213:
9207:
9198:
9192:
9186:
9180:
9171:
9165:
9159:
9153:
9147:
9141:
9135:
9129:
9123:
9117:
9111:
9105:
9099:
9093:
9084:
9078:
9067:
9061:
9055:
9049:
9038:
9032:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9008:
8999:
8993:
8987:
8981:
8972:
8966:
8960:
8954:
8943:
8937:
8931:
8925:
8919:
8913:
8907:
8901:
8895:
8889:
8883:
8877:
8871:
8865:
8859:
8853:
8847:
8841:
8835:
8829:
8823:
8817:
8811:
8805:
8799:
8793:
8782:
8776:
8770:
8764:
8758:
8752:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8713:
8707:
8701:
8695:
8689:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8662:
8656:
8650:
8644:
8638:
8632:
8626:
8620:
8614:
8608:
8602:
8596:
8590:
8584:
8573:
8567:
8558:
8552:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8523:
8517:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8488:
8482:
8476:
8470:
8464:
8458:
8452:
8446:
8435:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8411:
8405:
8399:
8393:
8387:
8381:
8375:
8369:
8360:
8354:
8345:
8339:
8333:
8327:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8303:
8290:
8284:
8278:
8272:
8266:
8260:
8251:
8245:
8239:
8233:
8227:
8221:
8215:
8209:
8203:
8197:
8191:
8185:
8179:
8173:
8167:
8161:
8155:
8149:
8143:
8137:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8106:
8100:
8094:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7983:
7974:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7944:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7908:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7869:
7863:
7857:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7833:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7770:
7764:
7758:
7752:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7629:
7623:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7488:
7482:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7425:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7384:
7375:
7369:
7358:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7325:
7319:
7313:
7307:
7301:
7295:
7286:
7280:
7271:
7265:
7256:
7250:
7241:
7235:
7229:
7223:
7217:
7211:
7205:
7199:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7116:
7110:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6903:
6897:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6786:(1.39.), p. 105.
6781:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6700:
6694:
6688:
6682:
6676:
6670:
6664:
6658:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6620:
6614:
6608:
6602:
6591:
6585:
6576:
6575:, p. IV.14.
6570:
6561:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6498:
6492:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6369:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6334:
6328:
6319:
6313:
6307:
6301:
6295:
6289:
6283:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6016:
6010:
6004:
5998:
5989:
5983:
5972:
5966:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5818:
5812:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5752:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5710:
5704:
5698:
5692:
5686:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5650:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5512:
5506:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5422:
5416:
5407:
5401:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5176:
5170:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5112:(ch. 6.), p. 19.
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5062:
5056:
5047:
5041:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4981:
4975:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4826:
4820:
4811:
4805:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4593:
4587:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4127:
4112:
4106:
4095:
4089:
4077:
4071:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4032:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4006:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3963:
3948:
3942:
3939:György Bessenyei
3935:
3929:
3910:
3904:
3892:
3886:
3855:Magdolna Székely
3851:
3845:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3824: 1389â1427
3823:
3817:Despot of Serbia
3813:Stefan LazareviÄ
3810:
3809: 1386â1418
3808:
3799:
3793:
3778:
3772:
3761:Hermann of Celje
3757:
3751:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3708:
3697:
3691:
3678:Among them, the
3676:
3670:
3659:
3597:one-party system
3486:
3484:BorostyĂĄnkĆ vĂĄra
3479:Bernstein Castle
3438:bombing of Kassa
3419:
3389:
3373:on 4 June.
3355:IstvĂĄn Friedrich
3300:
3299: 1916â1918
3298:
3276:Aster Revolution
3239:
3201:
3157:
3156: 1848â1916
3155:
3139:
3138: 1825â1855
3137:
3112:
3106:
3093:
3092: 1835â1848
3091:
3085:Ferdinand V
2996:Istvån Széchenyi
2989:The Magyar Noble
2966:
2949:
2948: 1792â1835
2947:
2933:
2932: 1790â1792
2931:
2922:
2914:JĂĄnos Laczkovics
2901:
2882:
2881: 1910â1936
2880:
2843:
2842: 1780â1790
2841:
2819:MiklĂłs EsterhĂĄzy
2773:
2772: 1740â1780
2771:
2739:
2677:
2676: 1711â1740
2675:
2669:Charles III
2642:Catholic Germans
2611:
2605:
2599:
2583:
2582: 1657â1705
2581:
2572:
2571: 1661â1690
2570:
2546:Forces from the
2515:
2445:
2439:
2438: 1605â1606
2437:
2424:
2396:
2395: 1540â1571
2394:
2373:
2372: 1520â1566
2371:
2358:
2357: 1526â1564
2356:
2347:
2346: 1526â1540
2345:
2339:Battle of MohĂĄcs
2240:
2239: 1516â1526
2238:
2229:
2228: 1490â1516
2227:
2218:
2217: 1458â1490
2216:
2166:
2147:Crusade of Varna
2140:
2139: 1440â1444
2138:
2129:
2128: 1440â1457
2127:
2118:
2117: 1438â1439
2116:
2069:
2068: 1387â1437
2067:
2054:
2053: 1387â1437
2052:
2043:
2042: 1389â1427
2041:
2035:Despot of Serbia
2031:Stefan LazareviÄ
2027:Golubac Fortress
2011:Emerging estates
2002:
1977:
1971:
1963:
1962: 1364â1377
1961:
1948:
1927:Eastern Orthodox
1920:
1897:
1890:
1880:
1879: 1342â1382
1878:
1866:
1830:
1829: 1301â1342
1828:
1809:Insignia of the
1796:
1795: 1290â1301
1794:
1759:
1758: 1272â1290
1757:
1745:
1739:
1729:
1721:
1711:
1703:
1633:
1623:
1622: 1270â1272
1621:
1601:
1600: 1235â1270
1599:
1528:
1526:Gesta Hungarorum
1522:
1504:
1503: 1205â1235
1502:
1489:
1488: 1172â1196
1487:
1478:
1441:
1402:
1392:
1383:documented. The
1378:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1294:
1293: 1095â1116
1292:
1271:
1270: 1077â1095
1269:
1263:Ladislaus I
1228:
1211:
1209:
1173:
1170:Gesta Hungarorum
1160:paramount rulers
1085:
1083:
1071:
1062:Carpathian Basin
935:
925:Habsburg dynasty
881:
875:
844:, also existed.
797:
790:
783:
769:
768:
767:
574:
573:
369:
368:
318:Bocskai uprising
254:
253:
169:
168:
104:
103:
60:
50:
32:
31:
21:
12930:
12929:
12925:
12924:
12923:
12921:
12920:
12919:
12875:
12874:
12873:
12868:
12855:
12848:
12841:
12828:
12739:
12732:
12725:
12718:
12694:
12687:
12669:
12655:Public holidays
12590:
12549:
12499:
12477:
12446:
12438:
12424:
12380:Law enforcement
12323:
12299:
12292:
12285:
12229:
12159:
12140:Second Republic
12042:
12033:
12003:
11998:
11989:
11514:
11507:
11477:
11468:
11439:
11421:
11403:
11371:
11262:
11256:
11218:
11160:The Netherlands
11127:
11077:
11007:
10981:
10919:
10887:
10871:
10827:
10818:
10751:
10740:
10734:
10704:
10699:
10520:
10467:
10462:
10432:
10426:
10413:
10388:
10382:
10365:
10359:
10344:
10340:
10338:Further reading
10335:
10334:
10328:
10305:
10286:
10267:
10241:
10222:
10199:
10176:
10157:
10114:
10095:
10069:
10044:
10042:
10023:
10012:
9988:
9978:Clarendon Press
9965:
9946:
9927:
9864:
9838:
9819:
9796:
9774:Georgescu, Vlad
9766:
9743:
9724:
9701:
9691:Akadémiai Kiadó
9678:
9652:
9626:
9601:
9575:
9552:
9529:
9507:
9502:
9501:
9422:
9420:Primary sources
9417:
9412:
9404:
9400:
9390:
9388:
9377:
9373:
9363:
9361:
9350:
9349:
9342:
9334:
9330:
9322:
9318:
9310:
9306:
9298:
9291:
9283:
9276:
9268:
9264:
9256:
9252:
9244:
9240:
9232:
9228:
9220:
9216:
9208:
9201:
9193:
9189:
9181:
9174:
9166:
9162:
9154:
9150:
9142:
9138:
9130:
9126:
9118:
9114:
9106:
9102:
9094:
9087:
9079:
9070:
9062:
9058:
9050:
9041:
9033:
9029:
9021:
9017:
9009:
9002:
8994:
8990:
8982:
8975:
8967:
8963:
8955:
8946:
8938:
8934:
8926:
8922:
8914:
8910:
8902:
8898:
8890:
8886:
8878:
8874:
8866:
8862:
8854:
8850:
8842:
8838:
8830:
8826:
8818:
8814:
8806:
8802:
8794:
8785:
8777:
8773:
8765:
8761:
8753:
8740:
8732:
8728:
8720:
8716:
8708:
8704:
8696:
8692:
8684:
8680:
8672:
8665:
8657:
8653:
8645:
8641:
8633:
8629:
8621:
8617:
8609:
8605:
8597:
8593:
8585:
8576:
8568:
8561:
8553:
8546:
8536:
8534:
8524:
8520:
8512:
8508:
8500:
8491:
8483:
8479:
8471:
8467:
8459:
8455:
8447:
8438:
8430:
8426:
8418:
8414:
8406:
8402:
8394:
8390:
8382:
8378:
8370:
8363:
8355:
8348:
8340:
8336:
8328:
8324:
8316:
8312:
8304:
8293:
8285:
8281:
8273:
8269:
8261:
8254:
8246:
8242:
8234:
8230:
8222:
8218:
8210:
8206:
8198:
8194:
8186:
8182:
8174:
8170:
8162:
8158:
8150:
8146:
8138:
8127:
8119:
8115:
8107:
8103:
8095:
8088:
8080:
8076:
8068:
8064:
8056:
8052:
8044:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8020:
8016:
8008:
8004:
7996:
7992:
7984:
7977:
7969:
7965:
7957:
7953:
7945:
7938:
7930:
7926:
7918:
7911:
7903:
7899:
7891:
7887:
7879:
7872:
7864:
7860:
7852:
7848:
7840:
7836:
7828:
7824:
7816:
7812:
7804:
7800:
7792:
7788:
7780:
7773:
7765:
7761:
7753:
7746:
7738:
7734:
7726:
7722:
7714:
7710:
7702:
7698:
7690:
7686:
7678:
7671:
7663:
7659:
7651:
7647:
7639:
7632:
7624:
7617:
7609:
7605:
7597:
7593:
7585:
7581:
7573:
7569:
7561:
7557:
7549:
7545:
7537:
7533:
7525:
7521:
7517:, p. 2007.
7513:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7489:
7485:
7477:
7473:
7465:
7461:
7453:
7446:
7438:
7434:
7426:
7417:
7409:
7405:
7397:
7393:
7385:
7378:
7370:
7361:
7353:
7349:
7341:
7328:
7320:
7316:
7308:
7304:
7296:
7289:
7281:
7274:
7266:
7259:
7251:
7244:
7236:
7232:
7224:
7220:
7212:
7208:
7200:
7191:
7183:
7179:
7171:
7167:
7159:
7155:
7147:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7123:
7119:
7111:
7107:
7099:
7095:
7087:
7083:
7075:
7068:
7060:
7056:
7048:
7044:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7020:
7012:
7005:
6997:
6993:
6985:
6981:
6973:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6937:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6913:
6906:
6898:
6891:
6883:
6879:
6871:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6847:
6843:
6835:
6826:
6818:
6814:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6782:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6758:
6754:
6746:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6722:
6718:
6710:
6703:
6695:
6691:
6683:
6679:
6671:
6667:
6659:
6652:
6644:
6640:
6632:
6623:
6615:
6611:
6603:
6594:
6586:
6579:
6571:
6564:
6556:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6508:
6501:
6493:
6486:
6478:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6454:
6450:
6442:
6438:
6430:
6426:
6418:
6414:
6406:
6402:
6394:
6390:
6382:
6378:
6370:
6361:
6353:
6349:
6341:
6337:
6329:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6302:
6298:
6290:
6286:
6278:
6274:
6266:
6262:
6254:
6250:
6242:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6218:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6194:
6190:
6182:
6178:
6170:
6166:
6158:
6154:
6146:
6142:
6134:
6130:
6122:
6118:
6110:
6106:
6098:
6094:
6086:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6026:
6019:
6011:
6007:
5999:
5992:
5984:
5975:
5967:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5890:
5886:
5878:
5874:
5866:
5862:
5854:
5850:
5842:
5838:
5830:
5821:
5813:
5806:
5798:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5735:
5731:
5723:
5719:
5711:
5707:
5699:
5695:
5687:
5680:
5672:
5668:
5660:
5653:
5645:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5621:
5617:
5609:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5558:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5410:
5402:
5393:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5333:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5285:
5277:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5234:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5179:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5084:
5080:
5072:
5065:
5057:
5050:
5042:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4991:
4984:
4976:
4969:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4838:
4829:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4760:
4752:
4748:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4677:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4650:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4596:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4113:
4109:
4096:
4092:
4078:
4074:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4025:Gyula Dessewffy
4022:
4018:
4013:
4009:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3949:
3945:
3936:
3932:
3911:
3907:
3899:in 1568 and in
3893:
3889:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3779:
3775:
3758:
3754:
3737:
3733:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3698:
3694:
3677:
3673:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3639:
3590:PĂ©ter EsterhĂĄzy
3582:Khrushchev Thaw
3560:
3550:
3472:
3462:
3416:numerus clausus
3404:interwar period
3392:Bryan Cartledge
3295:
3292:Charles IV
3268:First World War
3264:
3254:
3190:Austria-Hungary
3174:
3168:
3166:Austria-Hungary
3152:
3145:Austrian Empire
3134:
3088:
3081:Lajos BatthyĂĄny
3061:Lajos BatthyĂĄny
3053:
3047:
3035:Janko DraĆĄkoviÄ
3019:German Romantic
2981:language reform
2973:Ferenc Kazinczy
2944:
2928:
2925:Leopold II
2916:
2895:
2893:JĂłzsef HajnĂłczy
2877:
2862:Claudine Rhédey
2854:
2838:
2768:
2690:
2684:
2672:
2578:
2567:
2556:crushing defeat
2528:
2522:
2490:Gabriel Bethlen
2434:
2427:Stephen Bocskai
2391:
2368:
2353:
2342:
2335:
2329:Ottoman Hungary
2321:
2316:
2310:
2258:IstvĂĄn WerbĆczy
2247:family planning
2235:
2224:
2213:
2206:perpetual count
2190:IstvĂĄn WerbĆczy
2176:
2135:
2124:
2113:
2064:
2049:
2038:
2019:
2013:
1958:
1953:in Romania) to
1935:bishop of VĂĄrad
1875:
1845:chivalric order
1825:
1815:chivalric order
1803:
1791:
1788:Andrew III
1754:
1687:Burg Lockenhaus
1679:
1673:
1618:
1596:
1499:
1484:
1413:
1397:, mentioned as
1385:castle warriors
1297:king of Croatia
1295:), was crowned
1289:
1266:
1214:king of Hungary
1210: 997â1038
1206:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1080:
1058:already present
1046:Magyar conquest
995:
985:
969:Austria-Hungary
917:Ottoman Hungary
825:castle warriors
817:landed property
801:
765:
763:
758:
757:
756:
687:Hungarian Kings
646:
638:
637:
622:1989–2012
612:1956–1989
592:1949–1989
582:1946–1949
571:
563:
562:
557:1941–1945
527:1939–1945
507:1920–1946
487:1919–1920
467:1918–1919
457:1918–1941
453:Interwar period
447:1914–1918
437:1867–1918
427:1867–1918
413:Hungarian State
407:1848–1849
397:1825–1848
387:1711–1867
377:1703–1711
366:
358:
357:
352:1699–1867
342:1682–1685
332:1664–1671
322:1604–1606
312:1570–1711
302:1541–1699
298:Ottoman Hungary
292:1526–1699
282:1526–1570
272:1526–1699
251:
243:
242:
237:1366–1526
227:1301–1526
217:1241–1242
197:1102–1918
187:1000–1301
166:
158:
157:
101:
93:
92:
68:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
18:Hungarian noble
15:
12:
11:
5:
12928:
12918:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12870:
12869:
12867:
12866:
12861:
12854:
12853:
12846:
12838:
12837:
12834:
12833:
12830:
12829:
12827:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12745:
12744:
12737:
12730:
12723:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12700:
12699:
12692:
12679:
12677:
12671:
12670:
12668:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12596:
12595:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12567:
12561:
12555:
12554:
12551:
12550:
12548:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12515:Stock exchange
12512:
12507:
12502:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12483:
12482:
12470:
12464:
12458:
12452:
12451:
12448:
12447:
12445:
12444:
12443:
12442:
12433:Prime Minister
12430:
12429:
12428:
12416:
12411:
12410:
12409:
12399:
12394:
12393:
12392:
12382:
12377:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12352:
12347:
12341:
12335:
12329:
12328:
12325:
12324:
12322:
12321:
12316:
12314:National parks
12311:
12306:
12305:
12304:
12297:
12290:
12278:
12273:
12271:Extreme points
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12247:
12241:
12235:
12234:
12231:
12230:
12228:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12211:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12164:
12161:
12160:
12158:
12157:
12155:Third Republic
12152:
12147:
12142:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12120:First Republic
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12056:
12050:
12044:
12043:
12032:
12031:
12024:
12017:
12009:
12000:
11999:
11992:
11990:
11988:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11790:Kökényesradnót
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11526:
11524:
11516:
11515:
11506:
11505:
11498:
11491:
11483:
11474:
11473:
11470:
11469:
11467:
11466:
11461:
11455:
11453:Samoan Islands
11449:
11447:
11441:
11440:
11438:
11437:
11431:
11429:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11413:
11411:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11401:
11394:
11392:
11383:
11377:
11376:
11373:
11372:
11370:
11369:
11368:
11367:
11362:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11303:
11302:
11297:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11266:
11264:
11258:
11257:
11255:
11254:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11226:
11224:
11220:
11219:
11217:
11216:
11215:
11214:
11212:United Kingdom
11209:
11208:
11207:
11202:
11197:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11171:United Kingdom
11168:
11163:
11157:
11156:
11155:
11150:
11142:
11135:
11133:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11125:
11119:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11096:
11094:
11087:
11083:
11082:
11079:
11078:
11076:
11075:
11070:
11064:
11059:
11053:
11047:
11041:
11040:
11039:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11015:
11013:
11009:
11008:
11006:
11005:
11004:
11003:
10998:
10989:
10987:
10983:
10982:
10980:
10979:
10978:
10977:
10970:
10962:
10961:
10960:
10955:
10948:
10938:
10933:
10927:
10925:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10912:
10906:
10904:
10897:
10893:
10892:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10885:
10879:
10877:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10869:
10864:
10863:
10862:
10860:post-Columbian
10857:
10849:
10842:
10840:
10833:
10829:
10828:
10821:
10819:
10817:
10816:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10794:
10793:
10783:
10778:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10759:
10757:
10753:
10752:
10745:
10742:
10741:
10733:
10732:
10725:
10718:
10710:
10701:
10700:
10698:
10697:
10696:
10695:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10619:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10582:
10581:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10530:
10528:
10522:
10521:
10519:
10518:
10513:
10511:United Kingdom
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10477:
10475:
10469:
10468:
10461:
10460:
10453:
10446:
10438:
10431:
10430:
10424:
10411:
10395:Clcweb Library
10386:
10380:
10363:
10357:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10333:
10332:
10326:
10309:
10303:
10290:
10284:
10271:
10265:
10245:
10239:
10226:
10220:
10203:
10197:
10180:
10174:
10161:
10155:
10135:
10118:
10112:
10099:
10093:
10077:Patai, Raphael
10073:
10067:
10051:
10016:
10010:
9992:
9986:
9969:
9963:
9950:
9944:
9931:
9925:
9912:
9868:
9862:
9842:
9836:
9823:
9817:
9800:
9794:
9770:
9764:
9747:
9741:
9728:
9722:
9705:
9699:
9682:
9676:
9656:
9650:
9630:
9624:
9605:
9599:
9579:
9573:
9556:
9550:
9533:
9527:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9493:
9479:
9465:
9447:
9424:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9410:
9398:
9371:
9340:
9336:Kozminski 1997
9328:
9324:Cartledge 2011
9316:
9314:, p. 145.
9304:
9289:
9274:
9272:, p. 138.
9262:
9260:, p. 218.
9258:Széchenyi 2023
9250:
9238:
9226:
9224:, p. 435.
9222:Cartledge 2011
9214:
9199:
9195:Széchenyi 2023
9187:
9172:
9170:, p. 423.
9168:Cartledge 2011
9160:
9148:
9136:
9124:
9122:, p. 421.
9120:Cartledge 2011
9112:
9108:Cartledge 2011
9100:
9085:
9068:
9066:, p. 394.
9056:
9054:, p. 414.
9052:Cartledge 2011
9039:
9037:, p. 412.
9035:Cartledge 2011
9027:
9025:, p. 411.
9023:Cartledge 2011
9015:
9000:
8998:, p. 391.
8988:
8986:, p. 409.
8984:Cartledge 2011
8973:
8971:, p. 386.
8961:
8959:, p. 398.
8957:Cartledge 2011
8944:
8940:Cartledge 2011
8932:
8920:
8908:
8906:, p. 354.
8904:Cartledge 2011
8896:
8894:, p. 348.
8884:
8882:, p. 353.
8880:Cartledge 2011
8872:
8870:, p. 340.
8868:Cartledge 2011
8860:
8858:, p. 353.
8848:
8846:, p. 347.
8836:
8834:, p. 351.
8832:Cartledge 2011
8824:
8812:
8810:, p. 345.
8800:
8798:, p. 352.
8796:Cartledge 2011
8783:
8781:, p. 334.
8779:Cartledge 2011
8771:
8759:
8757:, p. 339.
8738:
8736:, p. 338.
8726:
8724:, p. 309.
8722:Cartledge 2011
8714:
8712:, p. 308.
8710:Cartledge 2011
8702:
8700:, p. 307.
8698:Cartledge 2011
8690:
8678:
8676:, p. 305.
8674:Cartledge 2011
8663:
8661:, p. 304.
8659:Cartledge 2011
8651:
8647:Cartledge 2011
8639:
8627:
8615:
8613:, p. 259.
8611:Cartledge 2011
8603:
8591:
8589:, p. 258.
8587:Cartledge 2011
8574:
8572:, p. 256.
8570:Cartledge 2011
8559:
8557:, p. 255.
8555:Cartledge 2011
8544:
8518:
8516:, p. 186.
8506:
8504:, p. 257.
8502:Cartledge 2011
8489:
8487:, p. 185.
8477:
8475:, p. 285.
8465:
8463:, p. 305.
8453:
8451:, p. 281.
8436:
8424:
8422:, p. 232.
8420:Cartledge 2011
8412:
8410:, p. 158.
8408:Georgescu 1991
8400:
8398:, p. 231.
8396:Cartledge 2011
8388:
8376:
8374:, p. 268.
8361:
8359:, p. 270.
8346:
8344:, p. 222.
8342:Cartledge 2011
8334:
8332:, p. 266.
8322:
8318:Cartledge 2011
8310:
8308:, p. 221.
8306:Cartledge 2011
8291:
8289:, p. 219.
8287:Cartledge 2011
8279:
8277:, p. 217.
8275:Cartledge 2011
8267:
8265:, p. 257.
8252:
8250:, p. 253.
8240:
8238:, p. 230.
8228:
8226:, p. 250.
8216:
8214:, p. 155.
8212:Georgescu 1991
8204:
8202:, p. 126.
8192:
8190:, p. 163.
8180:
8178:, p. 251.
8168:
8166:, p. 248.
8156:
8154:, p. 189.
8144:
8142:, p. 196.
8140:Cartledge 2011
8125:
8123:, p. 194.
8121:Cartledge 2011
8113:
8111:, p. 191.
8109:Cartledge 2011
8101:
8099:, p. 247.
8086:
8084:, p. 202.
8074:
8072:, p. 160.
8062:
8060:, p. 179.
8050:
8048:, p. 179.
8046:Cartledge 2011
8038:
8036:, p. 242.
8026:
8024:, p. 153.
8022:Cartledge 2011
8014:
8012:, p. 168.
8010:Cartledge 2011
8002:
8000:, p. 235.
7990:
7986:Cartledge 2011
7975:
7973:, p. 164.
7971:Cartledge 2011
7963:
7961:, p. 162.
7959:Cartledge 2011
7951:
7949:, p. 373.
7936:
7934:, p. 228.
7924:
7922:, p. 226.
7909:
7905:Cartledge 2011
7897:
7895:, p. 159.
7893:Cartledge 2011
7885:
7883:, p. 223.
7870:
7858:
7856:, p. 221.
7846:
7842:Cartledge 2011
7834:
7832:, p. 143.
7830:Cartledge 2011
7822:
7820:, p. 220.
7810:
7798:
7786:
7784:, p. 149.
7771:
7769:, p. 148.
7759:
7757:, p. 217.
7744:
7742:, p. 140.
7740:Cartledge 2011
7732:
7730:, p. 139.
7728:Cartledge 2011
7720:
7718:, p. 210.
7708:
7696:
7694:, p. 218.
7684:
7682:, p. 206.
7669:
7657:
7655:, p. 174.
7645:
7643:, p. 151.
7641:Cartledge 2011
7630:
7628:, p. 176.
7615:
7603:
7591:
7589:, p. 130.
7587:Cartledge 2011
7579:
7577:, p. 197.
7567:
7555:
7553:, p. 122.
7543:
7531:
7529:, p. 121.
7519:
7507:
7495:
7483:
7481:, p. 135.
7471:
7459:
7457:, p. 127.
7455:Cartledge 2011
7444:
7442:, p. 123.
7440:Cartledge 2011
7432:
7430:, p. 116.
7428:Cartledge 2011
7415:
7403:
7401:, p. 170.
7391:
7389:, p. 115.
7387:Cartledge 2011
7376:
7374:, p. 185.
7359:
7357:, p. 188.
7347:
7345:, p. 184.
7326:
7324:, p. 183.
7314:
7312:, p. 113.
7310:Cartledge 2011
7302:
7298:Cartledge 2011
7287:
7285:, p. 178.
7272:
7270:, p. 167.
7257:
7255:, p. 155.
7242:
7240:, p. 158.
7230:
7228:, p. 166.
7218:
7216:, p. 156.
7206:
7189:
7177:
7175:, p. 152.
7165:
7153:
7151:, p. 151.
7141:
7129:
7117:
7105:
7093:
7081:
7079:, p. 167.
7066:
7062:Cartledge 2011
7054:
7052:, p. 162.
7042:
7040:, p. 231.
7030:
7028:, p. 161.
7018:
7003:
6991:
6979:
6975:Cartledge 2011
6967:
6963:Cartledge 2011
6955:
6943:
6941:, p. 139.
6931:
6929:, p. 370.
6919:
6915:Cartledge 2011
6904:
6902:, p. 364.
6889:
6887:, p. 363.
6877:
6875:, p. 362.
6865:
6863:, p. 357.
6853:
6851:, p. 129.
6841:
6837:Cartledge 2011
6824:
6812:
6800:
6788:
6776:
6764:
6752:
6740:
6738:(1.4.), p. 53.
6728:
6724:Cartledge 2011
6716:
6714:, p. 351.
6701:
6699:, p. 135.
6689:
6687:, p. 350.
6677:
6665:
6663:, p. 134.
6650:
6638:
6636:, p. 341.
6621:
6619:, p. 339.
6609:
6607:, p. 338.
6592:
6577:
6562:
6560:, p. 311.
6550:
6538:
6536:, p. 117.
6526:
6524:, p. 116.
6514:
6510:Cartledge 2011
6499:
6497:, p. 281.
6484:
6482:, p. 113.
6472:
6470:, p. 112.
6460:
6458:, p. 279.
6448:
6436:
6424:
6412:
6410:, p. 150.
6400:
6398:, p. 104.
6388:
6386:, p. 205.
6376:
6374:, p. 103.
6359:
6355:Cartledge 2011
6347:
6345:, p. 123.
6335:
6333:, p. 342.
6320:
6318:, p. 143.
6308:
6296:
6284:
6282:, p. 213.
6272:
6260:
6248:
6246:, p. 199.
6236:
6232:Cartledge 2011
6224:
6212:
6210:, p. 180.
6200:
6188:
6176:
6164:
6152:
6140:
6128:
6126:, p. 165.
6116:
6104:
6092:
6080:
6068:
6056:
6044:
6032:
6030:, p. 175.
6017:
6015:, p. 178.
6005:
6001:Cartledge 2011
5990:
5973:
5956:
5944:
5932:
5930:, p. 137.
5920:
5918:, p. 151.
5908:
5906:, p. 147.
5896:
5894:, p. 146.
5884:
5872:
5870:, p. 108.
5860:
5848:
5836:
5819:
5815:Cartledge 2011
5804:
5792:
5790:, p. 126.
5780:
5778:, p. 125.
5768:
5766:, p. 124.
5753:
5751:, p. 122.
5741:
5739:, p. 108.
5729:
5727:, p. 273.
5717:
5705:
5693:
5691:, p. 432.
5678:
5666:
5664:, p. 110.
5651:
5639:
5627:
5615:
5613:, p. 112.
5600:
5588:
5576:
5564:
5552:
5540:
5528:
5513:
5498:
5486:
5474:
5462:
5450:
5438:
5423:
5408:
5406:, p. 120.
5391:
5379:
5367:
5355:
5343:
5331:
5319:
5317:, p. 430.
5307:
5295:
5283:
5264:
5262:, p. 431.
5252:
5240:
5238:, p. 429.
5228:
5226:, p. 177.
5216:
5204:
5192:
5188:Cartledge 2011
5177:
5162:
5150:
5148:, p. 426.
5138:
5126:
5114:
5102:
5090:
5078:
5063:
5048:
5033:
5021:
5017:Cartledge 2011
5009:
5007:, p. 286.
4997:
4982:
4980:, p. 129.
4967:
4965:, p. 328.
4955:
4940:
4928:
4926:, p. 401.
4916:
4904:
4902:, p. 201.
4892:
4880:
4868:
4866:, p. 297.
4856:
4854:, p. 331.
4844:
4842:, p. 299.
4827:
4812:
4797:
4785:
4783:, p. 298.
4770:
4758:
4746:
4744:, p. 266.
4731:
4719:
4707:
4705:, p. 267.
4695:
4693:, p. 326.
4683:
4668:
4666:, p. 324.
4656:
4635:
4623:
4611:
4594:
4579:
4567:
4565:, p. 193.
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4507:
4505:, p. 330.
4495:
4483:
4479:Cartledge 2011
4471:
4459:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4418:, p. 341.
4405:
4393:
4381:
4379:, p. 107.
4369:
4367:, p. 327.
4354:
4342:
4340:, p. 273.
4330:
4318:
4306:
4304:, p. 105.
4294:
4282:
4270:
4268:, p. 329.
4258:
4246:
4242:Georgescu 1991
4234:
4222:
4210:
4198:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4124:Valea CriÈului
4107:
4090:
4072:
4068:Antal PĂĄlinkĂĄs
4051:
4042:
4033:
4016:
4007:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3960:György Apponyi
3958:(d. 1896) and
3952:Emil Dessewffy
3943:
3930:
3905:
3887:
3846:
3837:
3828:
3794:
3773:
3752:
3731:
3718:
3709:
3692:
3671:
3665:, Miskolc and
3653:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3595:The Communist
3549:
3546:
3523:Czechoslovakia
3461:
3458:
3400:IstvĂĄn Bethlen
3398:(d. 1941) and
3378:order of merit
3303:MihĂĄly KĂĄrolyi
3253:
3250:
3167:
3164:
3046:
3043:
2977:JĂĄnos BatsĂĄnyi
2975:(d. 1831) and
2853:
2850:
2835:Joseph II
2800:masonic lodges
2683:
2680:
2646:Orthodox Serbs
2609:fideicommissum
2596:fideicommissum
2521:
2518:
2388:John Sigismund
2361:Ottoman Sultan
2320:
2317:
2309:
2306:
2175:
2169:
2083:Ottoman Empire
2046:King Sigismund
2012:
2009:
1991:labour service
1857:Matteo Villani
1822:Charles I
1802:
1799:
1672:
1669:
1566:royal servants
1535:royal servants
1496:Andrew II
1412:
1409:
1203:Stephen I
1199:
1196:
1184:
1181:
1106:" (a powerful
1084: 913â959
1036:, annihilated
1021:Pontic steppes
984:
981:
905:Ottoman Empire
863:introduced an
847:In the 1280s,
829:royal servants
803:
802:
800:
799:
792:
785:
777:
774:
773:
760:
759:
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
634:
633:
630:
624:
623:
620:
614:
613:
610:
604:
603:
600:
594:
593:
590:
584:
583:
580:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
558:
555:
549:
548:
545:
539:
538:
535:
529:
528:
525:
519:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
499:
498:
495:
489:
488:
485:
479:
478:
475:
469:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
449:
448:
445:
439:
438:
435:
429:
428:
425:
419:
418:
415:
409:
408:
405:
399:
398:
395:
389:
388:
385:
379:
378:
375:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
354:
353:
350:
344:
343:
340:
334:
333:
330:
324:
323:
320:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
300:
294:
293:
290:
284:
283:
280:
274:
273:
270:
264:
263:
260:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
238:
235:
229:
228:
225:
219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
205:
199:
198:
195:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
177:895–1000
175:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
153:
150:
144:
143:
142:~800–970
140:
134:
133:
130:
128:Avar Khaganate
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
110:
102:
100:Early medieval
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
85:
83:Roman Pannonia
80:
75:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
43:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12927:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12882:
12880:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12856:
12851:
12847:
12844:
12840:
12839:
12835:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12742:
12738:
12735:
12731:
12728:
12724:
12721:
12717:
12716:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12697:
12693:
12690:
12686:
12685:
12684:
12681:
12680:
12678:
12676:
12672:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12600:Family policy
12598:
12593:
12589:
12588:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12568:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12556:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12480:
12476:
12475:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12465:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12453:
12441:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12431:
12427:
12422:
12421:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12408:
12405:
12404:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12391:
12388:
12387:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12342:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12330:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12302:
12298:
12295:
12291:
12288:
12284:
12283:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12248:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12236:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12195:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12188:ĂrpĂĄd dynasty
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12165:
12162:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12100:RĂĄkĂłczi's War
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12057:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12045:
12041:
12037:
12030:
12025:
12023:
12018:
12016:
12011:
12010:
12007:
11996:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11504:
11499:
11497:
11492:
11490:
11485:
11484:
11481:
11465:
11462:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11450:
11448:
11446:
11442:
11436:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11428:
11424:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11412:
11410:
11406:
11399:
11396:
11395:
11393:
11391:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11378:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11295:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11259:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11231:
11228:
11227:
11225:
11221:
11213:
11210:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11192:
11190:
11188:
11187:Great Britain
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11161:
11158:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11137:
11136:
11134:
11130:
11123:
11120:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11101:
11098:
11097:
11095:
11091:
11088:
11084:
11074:
11071:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11057:
11054:
11051:
11048:
11045:
11042:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11019:
11017:
11016:
11014:
11010:
11002:
11001:Indo-European
10999:
10997:
10994:
10993:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10984:
10976:
10975:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10965:
10963:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10953:
10949:
10947:
10946:
10942:
10941:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10922:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10901:
10898:
10894:
10884:
10881:
10880:
10878:
10874:
10868:
10865:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10855:pre-Columbian
10853:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10841:
10837:
10834:
10830:
10825:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10776:
10773:
10769:
10766:
10765:
10764:
10761:
10760:
10758:
10754:
10749:
10743:
10738:
10731:
10726:
10724:
10719:
10717:
10712:
10711:
10708:
10694:
10691:
10690:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
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10602:
10601:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10572:
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10567:
10565:
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10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
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10545:
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10532:
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10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10459:
10454:
10452:
10447:
10445:
10440:
10439:
10436:
10427:
10421:
10417:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10387:
10383:
10381:9781475812244
10377:
10373:
10369:
10364:
10360:
10354:
10350:
10348:
10343:
10342:
10329:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10310:
10306:
10304:963-86291-8-5
10300:
10296:
10291:
10287:
10281:
10278:. CEU Press.
10277:
10272:
10268:
10266:0-226-79145-9
10262:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10236:
10232:
10227:
10223:
10221:963-7081-01-1
10217:
10213:
10209:
10204:
10200:
10198:0-582-08071-1
10194:
10190:
10186:
10181:
10177:
10175:963-86291-8-5
10171:
10167:
10162:
10158:
10156:0-333-80085-0
10152:
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10017:
10013:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9993:
9989:
9987:0-19-820859-6
9983:
9979:
9975:
9970:
9966:
9964:963-05-6703-2
9960:
9956:
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9913:
9909:
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9869:
9865:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9837:963-9165-37-9
9833:
9829:
9824:
9820:
9818:963-02-6114-6
9814:
9810:
9806:
9801:
9797:
9795:0-8142-0511-9
9791:
9787:
9782:
9781:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9761:
9757:
9753:
9748:
9744:
9742:963-9116-20-3
9738:
9734:
9729:
9725:
9723:0-86078-177-1
9719:
9715:
9711:
9706:
9702:
9700:963-05-3802-4
9696:
9692:
9688:
9683:
9679:
9677:1-86064-061-3
9673:
9669:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9653:
9647:
9642:
9641:
9635:
9634:Curta, Florin
9631:
9627:
9621:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9574:963-9471-47-X
9570:
9566:
9562:
9557:
9553:
9551:1-85285-064-7
9547:
9543:
9539:
9534:
9530:
9528:963-282-203-X
9524:
9520:
9516:
9511:
9510:
9497:
9494:
9491:
9490:1-884445-40-3
9487:
9483:
9480:
9477:
9476:963-9116-31-9
9473:
9469:
9466:
9463:
9462:0-88402-021-5
9459:
9455:
9451:
9448:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9407:
9402:
9386:
9382:
9375:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9347:
9345:
9337:
9332:
9325:
9320:
9313:
9308:
9301:
9296:
9294:
9287:, p. 36.
9286:
9281:
9279:
9271:
9266:
9259:
9254:
9247:
9242:
9235:
9230:
9223:
9218:
9211:
9206:
9204:
9196:
9191:
9184:
9179:
9177:
9169:
9164:
9158:, p. 27.
9157:
9152:
9145:
9140:
9134:, p. 28.
9133:
9128:
9121:
9116:
9109:
9104:
9098:, p. 73.
9097:
9092:
9090:
9083:, p. 75.
9082:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9065:
9060:
9053:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9036:
9031:
9024:
9019:
9013:, p. 43.
9012:
9007:
9005:
8997:
8992:
8985:
8980:
8978:
8970:
8965:
8958:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8941:
8936:
8929:
8924:
8917:
8912:
8905:
8900:
8893:
8888:
8881:
8876:
8869:
8864:
8857:
8852:
8845:
8840:
8833:
8828:
8821:
8816:
8809:
8804:
8797:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8780:
8775:
8768:
8763:
8756:
8751:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8743:
8735:
8730:
8723:
8718:
8711:
8706:
8699:
8694:
8687:
8682:
8675:
8670:
8668:
8660:
8655:
8648:
8643:
8636:
8631:
8624:
8619:
8612:
8607:
8600:
8595:
8588:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8571:
8566:
8564:
8556:
8551:
8549:
8533:
8529:
8522:
8515:
8510:
8503:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8486:
8481:
8474:
8469:
8462:
8457:
8450:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8433:
8428:
8421:
8416:
8409:
8404:
8397:
8392:
8385:
8380:
8373:
8368:
8366:
8358:
8353:
8351:
8343:
8338:
8331:
8326:
8319:
8314:
8307:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8288:
8283:
8276:
8271:
8264:
8259:
8257:
8249:
8244:
8237:
8232:
8225:
8220:
8213:
8208:
8201:
8196:
8189:
8188:Nakazawa 2007
8184:
8177:
8172:
8165:
8160:
8153:
8152:Ă. Varga 1989
8148:
8141:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8130:
8122:
8117:
8110:
8105:
8098:
8093:
8091:
8083:
8078:
8071:
8070:Nakazawa 2007
8066:
8059:
8054:
8047:
8042:
8035:
8030:
8023:
8018:
8011:
8006:
7999:
7994:
7987:
7982:
7980:
7972:
7967:
7960:
7955:
7948:
7943:
7941:
7933:
7928:
7921:
7916:
7914:
7906:
7901:
7894:
7889:
7882:
7877:
7875:
7867:
7862:
7855:
7850:
7843:
7838:
7831:
7826:
7819:
7814:
7808:, p. 32.
7807:
7802:
7796:, p. 31.
7795:
7790:
7783:
7782:Schimert 1995
7778:
7776:
7768:
7767:Schimert 1995
7763:
7756:
7751:
7749:
7741:
7736:
7729:
7724:
7717:
7712:
7705:
7704:Schimert 1995
7700:
7693:
7688:
7681:
7676:
7674:
7666:
7661:
7654:
7653:Schimert 1995
7649:
7642:
7637:
7635:
7627:
7626:Schimert 1995
7622:
7620:
7612:
7607:
7601:, p. 33.
7600:
7595:
7588:
7583:
7576:
7571:
7564:
7559:
7552:
7547:
7540:
7535:
7528:
7523:
7516:
7515:Nakazawa 2007
7511:
7504:
7499:
7492:
7491:Schimert 1995
7487:
7480:
7475:
7468:
7463:
7456:
7451:
7449:
7441:
7436:
7429:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7412:
7411:Schimert 1995
7407:
7400:
7399:Schimert 1995
7395:
7388:
7383:
7381:
7373:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7356:
7355:Ă. Varga 1989
7351:
7344:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7323:
7318:
7311:
7306:
7300:, p. 95.
7299:
7294:
7292:
7284:
7279:
7277:
7269:
7268:Schimert 1995
7264:
7262:
7254:
7249:
7247:
7239:
7238:Schimert 1995
7234:
7227:
7226:Schimert 1995
7222:
7215:
7210:
7204:, p. 34.
7203:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7187:, p. 20.
7186:
7181:
7174:
7169:
7163:, p. 12.
7162:
7157:
7150:
7145:
7138:
7133:
7126:
7121:
7114:
7109:
7102:
7097:
7091:, p. 89.
7090:
7085:
7078:
7073:
7071:
7064:, p. 91.
7063:
7058:
7051:
7050:Schimert 1995
7046:
7039:
7034:
7027:
7026:Schimert 1995
7022:
7016:, p. 92.
7015:
7010:
7008:
7000:
6995:
6989:, p. 88.
6988:
6983:
6976:
6971:
6965:, p. 83.
6964:
6959:
6953:, p. 85.
6952:
6947:
6940:
6935:
6928:
6923:
6917:, p. 72.
6916:
6911:
6909:
6901:
6896:
6894:
6886:
6881:
6874:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6850:
6845:
6839:, p. 71.
6838:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6822:, p. 25.
6821:
6816:
6810:, p. 24.
6809:
6804:
6798:, p. 26.
6797:
6792:
6785:
6780:
6773:
6768:
6762:, p. 20.
6761:
6756:
6749:
6744:
6737:
6732:
6726:, p. 70.
6725:
6720:
6713:
6708:
6706:
6698:
6693:
6686:
6681:
6674:
6669:
6662:
6657:
6655:
6647:
6642:
6635:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6618:
6613:
6606:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6589:
6584:
6582:
6574:
6569:
6567:
6559:
6554:
6547:
6542:
6535:
6530:
6523:
6518:
6512:, p. 57.
6511:
6506:
6504:
6496:
6491:
6489:
6481:
6476:
6469:
6464:
6457:
6452:
6445:
6440:
6433:
6428:
6421:
6416:
6409:
6404:
6397:
6392:
6385:
6380:
6373:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6357:, p. 44.
6356:
6351:
6344:
6339:
6332:
6327:
6325:
6317:
6312:
6305:
6300:
6293:
6288:
6281:
6276:
6269:
6264:
6257:
6252:
6245:
6240:
6234:, p. 42.
6233:
6228:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6204:
6198:, p. 57.
6197:
6192:
6185:
6180:
6174:, p. 47.
6173:
6168:
6162:, p. 45.
6161:
6156:
6149:
6144:
6137:
6132:
6125:
6120:
6113:
6108:
6101:
6096:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6066:, p. 37.
6065:
6060:
6054:, p. 89.
6053:
6048:
6041:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6022:
6014:
6009:
6003:, p. 40.
6002:
5997:
5995:
5988:, p. 97.
5987:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5971:, p. 34.
5970:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5953:
5948:
5941:
5936:
5929:
5924:
5917:
5912:
5905:
5900:
5893:
5888:
5881:
5876:
5869:
5864:
5858:, p. 52.
5857:
5852:
5845:
5840:
5834:, p. 89.
5833:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5817:, p. 34.
5816:
5811:
5809:
5801:
5796:
5789:
5784:
5777:
5772:
5765:
5760:
5758:
5750:
5745:
5738:
5733:
5726:
5721:
5715:, p. 42.
5714:
5709:
5702:
5697:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5676:, p. 76.
5675:
5670:
5663:
5658:
5656:
5649:, p. 78.
5648:
5643:
5636:
5631:
5624:
5619:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5598:, p. 87.
5597:
5592:
5585:
5580:
5573:
5568:
5561:
5556:
5550:, p. 48.
5549:
5544:
5538:, p. 28.
5537:
5532:
5526:, p. 46.
5525:
5520:
5518:
5510:
5505:
5503:
5496:, p. 81.
5495:
5490:
5484:, p. 83.
5483:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5460:, p. 91.
5459:
5454:
5448:, p. 79.
5447:
5442:
5436:, p. 84.
5435:
5430:
5428:
5421:, p. 86.
5420:
5415:
5413:
5405:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5389:, p. 74.
5388:
5383:
5376:
5371:
5365:, p. 60.
5364:
5359:
5353:, p. 56.
5352:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5329:, p. 51.
5328:
5323:
5316:
5311:
5304:
5299:
5292:
5287:
5281:, p. 41.
5280:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5261:
5256:
5250:, p. 96.
5249:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5225:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5202:, p. 95.
5201:
5196:
5190:, p. 21.
5189:
5184:
5182:
5175:, p. 94.
5174:
5169:
5167:
5160:, p. 35.
5159:
5154:
5147:
5142:
5136:, p. 36.
5135:
5130:
5124:, p. 35.
5123:
5118:
5111:
5106:
5099:
5094:
5088:, p. 23.
5087:
5082:
5076:, p. 48.
5075:
5070:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5046:, p. 92.
5045:
5040:
5038:
5031:, p. 93.
5030:
5025:
5019:, p. 20.
5018:
5013:
5006:
5001:
4995:, p. 31.
4994:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4964:
4959:
4952:
4947:
4945:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4913:
4908:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4884:
4878:, p. 81.
4877:
4872:
4865:
4860:
4853:
4848:
4841:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4825:, p. 80.
4824:
4819:
4817:
4810:, p. 87.
4809:
4804:
4802:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4756:, p. 51.
4755:
4750:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4729:, p. 48.
4728:
4723:
4717:, p. 33.
4716:
4711:
4704:
4699:
4692:
4687:
4681:, p. 86.
4680:
4675:
4673:
4665:
4660:
4654:, p. 29.
4653:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4632:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4609:, p. 28.
4608:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4592:, p. 40.
4591:
4586:
4584:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4552:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4529:, p. 73.
4528:
4523:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4492:
4487:
4481:, p. 11.
4480:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4457:, p. 85.
4456:
4451:
4449:
4441:
4436:
4430:, p. 12.
4429:
4424:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4403:, p. 17.
4402:
4397:
4391:, p. 16.
4390:
4385:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4351:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4316:, p. 20.
4315:
4310:
4303:
4298:
4291:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4256:, p. 40.
4255:
4250:
4244:, p. 40.
4243:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4195:
4190:
4183:
4178:
4171:
4166:
4159:
4154:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4011:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3986:
3977:
3968:
3961:
3957:
3956:Antal Szécsen
3953:
3947:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3897:Lower Austria
3891:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3818:
3814:
3803:
3798:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3749:
3745:
3744:Ladislaus KĂĄn
3741:
3735:
3728:
3722:
3713:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3668:
3667:BogĂĄt-RadvĂĄny
3664:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3601:JĂłzsef Antall
3598:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:MiklĂłs Horthy
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:Allied Powers
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:in 1918. The
3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3237:fideicommissa
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:Magyarization
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3127:Josip JelaÄiÄ
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3110:fideicommissa
3105:
3100:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3077:Twelve Points
3074:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3012:Lajos Kossuth
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:SĂĄndor PetĆfi
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2942:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2875:
2874:King George V
2872:(d. 1953) to
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2766:
2765:Maria Theresa
2762:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2576:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2412:
2411:Royal Hungary
2408:
2404:
2400:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2366:
2362:
2351:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2233:
2232:Louis II
2222:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2133:
2122:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2062:
2047:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1770:Simon of KĂ©za
1767:
1763:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:Upper Hungary
1641:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1608:appurtenances
1605:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1562:royal charter
1559:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1539:royal charter
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1481:BĂ©la III
1477:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:Paris of Troy
1445:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:Somogy County
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1301:customary law
1298:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1259:
1258:heavy cavalry
1255:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1204:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1164:ĂrpĂĄd dynasty
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:steppe people
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Middle Danube
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
934:
933:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:Royal Hungary
906:
902:
901:
897:Although the
895:
893:
889:
885:
884:customary law
880:
874:
873:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Simon of KĂ©za
845:
843:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
779:
778:
776:
775:
772:
762:
761:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
677:ĂrpĂĄd dynasty
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
642:
641:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
609:
606:
605:
601:
599:
596:
595:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
579:
576:
575:
567:
566:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
484:
481:
480:
476:
474:
471:
470:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
444:
441:
440:
436:
434:
431:
430:
426:
424:
421:
420:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
404:
401:
400:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
381:
380:
376:
374:
371:
370:
362:
361:
351:
349:
346:
345:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
289:
288:Royal Hungary
286:
285:
281:
279:
276:
275:
271:
269:
266:
265:
261:
259:
256:
255:
247:
246:
236:
234:
231:
230:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
214:
211:
210:
206:
204:
201:
200:
196:
194:
191:
190:
186:
184:
181:
180:
176:
174:
171:
170:
162:
161:
152:862–895
151:
149:
146:
145:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:567–822
131:
129:
126:
125:
122:469–553
121:
119:
116:
115:
112:454–567
111:
109:
106:
105:
97:
96:
89:
88:Hunnic Empire
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
67:Early history
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
45:
44:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
12683:Architecture
12650:Prostitution
12581:Demographics
12545:Unemployment
12535:Trade unions
12370:Intelligence
12365:Human rights
12350:Constitution
12225:Coat of arms
12214:
12183:List of wars
12168:Christianity
12135:World War II
12070:Principality
11900:SzentemĂĄgĂłcs
11740:Hont-PĂĄzmĂĄny
11620:BogĂĄtradvĂĄny
11600:Becsegergely
11520:
11326:
11294:Ritterschaft
11292:
11263:and Caucasus
10972:
10950:
10943:
10750:still exists
10622:
10616:Early Modern
10516:Vatican City
10415:
10394:
10367:
10349:
10346:
10313:
10294:
10275:
10252:
10230:
10207:
10184:
10165:
10142:
10139:Rady, Martyn
10122:
10103:
10080:
10058:
10055:PĂĄlffy, GĂ©za
10043:. Retrieved
10031:
10027:
9997:
9973:
9954:
9935:
9916:
9879:
9875:
9849:
9846:KovĂĄÄ, DuĆĄan
9827:
9808:
9804:
9779:
9751:
9732:
9709:
9686:
9663:
9639:
9612:
9586:
9583:Berend, Nora
9564:
9560:
9537:
9518:
9514:
9495:
9481:
9467:
9449:
9431:
9427:
9406:NĂ©methy 2016
9401:
9389:. Retrieved
9384:
9374:
9362:. Retrieved
9355:
9331:
9319:
9307:
9285:NĂ©methy 2016
9265:
9253:
9241:
9229:
9217:
9190:
9185:, p. 7.
9163:
9151:
9139:
9127:
9115:
9103:
9064:Kontler 1999
9059:
9030:
9018:
8996:Kontler 1999
8991:
8969:Kontler 1999
8964:
8935:
8928:Kontler 1999
8923:
8916:Kontler 1999
8911:
8899:
8892:Kontler 1999
8887:
8875:
8863:
8856:Kontler 1999
8851:
8844:Kontler 1999
8839:
8827:
8820:Kontler 1999
8815:
8808:Kontler 1999
8803:
8774:
8767:Kontler 1999
8762:
8755:Kontler 1999
8734:Kontler 1999
8729:
8717:
8705:
8693:
8686:Kontler 1999
8681:
8654:
8642:
8635:Kontler 1999
8630:
8618:
8606:
8594:
8535:. Retrieved
8532:The Guardian
8531:
8521:
8509:
8480:
8473:Kontler 1999
8468:
8461:Kontler 1999
8456:
8449:Kontler 1999
8427:
8415:
8403:
8391:
8384:Kontler 1999
8379:
8372:Kontler 1999
8357:Kontler 1999
8337:
8330:Kontler 1999
8325:
8313:
8282:
8270:
8263:Kontler 1999
8248:Kontler 1999
8243:
8231:
8224:Kontler 1999
8219:
8207:
8195:
8183:
8176:Kontler 1999
8171:
8164:Kontler 1999
8159:
8147:
8116:
8104:
8097:Kontler 1999
8077:
8065:
8058:Kontler 1999
8053:
8041:
8034:Kontler 1999
8029:
8017:
8005:
7998:Kontler 1999
7993:
7966:
7954:
7932:Kontler 1999
7927:
7920:Kontler 1999
7900:
7888:
7881:Kontler 1999
7866:Kontler 1999
7861:
7854:Kontler 1999
7849:
7837:
7825:
7818:Kontler 1999
7813:
7801:
7789:
7762:
7755:Kontler 1999
7735:
7723:
7716:Kontler 1999
7711:
7699:
7692:Kontler 1999
7687:
7680:Kontler 1999
7660:
7648:
7606:
7594:
7582:
7575:Kontler 1999
7570:
7558:
7546:
7534:
7522:
7510:
7503:Kontler 1999
7498:
7486:
7474:
7462:
7435:
7406:
7394:
7372:Kontler 1999
7350:
7343:Kontler 1999
7322:Kontler 1999
7317:
7305:
7233:
7221:
7214:Kontler 1999
7209:
7202:Murdock 2000
7185:Murdock 2000
7180:
7173:Kontler 1999
7168:
7161:Murdock 2000
7156:
7149:Kontler 1999
7144:
7132:
7120:
7108:
7096:
7089:SzakĂĄly 1994
7084:
7077:Kontler 1999
7057:
7045:
7033:
7021:
7014:SzakĂĄly 1994
6999:SzakĂĄly 1994
6994:
6987:SzakĂĄly 1994
6982:
6970:
6958:
6951:SzakĂĄly 1994
6946:
6939:Kontler 1999
6934:
6922:
6880:
6868:
6856:
6849:Kontler 1999
6844:
6815:
6803:
6791:
6783:
6779:
6767:
6755:
6743:
6735:
6731:
6719:
6697:Kontler 1999
6692:
6680:
6668:
6661:Kontler 1999
6641:
6612:
6573:FĂŒgedi 1986b
6553:
6541:
6534:Kontler 1999
6529:
6522:Kontler 1999
6517:
6480:Kontler 1999
6475:
6468:Kontler 1999
6463:
6451:
6439:
6427:
6415:
6403:
6396:Kontler 1999
6391:
6379:
6372:Kontler 1999
6350:
6343:FĂŒgedi 1986a
6338:
6316:FĂŒgedi 1986a
6311:
6299:
6287:
6275:
6263:
6256:Kontler 1999
6251:
6239:
6227:
6215:
6203:
6191:
6179:
6167:
6155:
6143:
6131:
6119:
6107:
6095:
6083:
6071:
6064:LukaÄka 2011
6059:
6047:
6035:
6008:
5986:Kontler 1999
5947:
5935:
5923:
5911:
5899:
5887:
5875:
5863:
5851:
5839:
5832:Kontler 1999
5795:
5783:
5771:
5744:
5732:
5720:
5708:
5696:
5674:Kontler 1999
5669:
5647:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5642:
5635:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5630:
5618:
5596:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5591:
5584:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5579:
5572:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5567:
5555:
5543:
5531:
5489:
5477:
5465:
5453:
5441:
5387:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5382:
5375:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5370:
5363:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5358:
5351:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5346:
5339:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5334:
5327:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5322:
5310:
5298:
5291:Kontler 1999
5286:
5255:
5243:
5231:
5219:
5207:
5195:
5153:
5141:
5129:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5093:
5081:
5074:FĂŒgedi 1986a
5024:
5012:
5000:
4958:
4931:
4919:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4871:
4859:
4847:
4788:
4761:
4749:
4722:
4710:
4698:
4686:
4659:
4626:
4614:
4570:
4558:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4498:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4435:
4423:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4345:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4309:
4297:
4285:
4273:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4230:LukaÄka 2011
4225:
4218:LukaÄka 2011
4213:
4201:
4189:
4177:
4170:Zimonyi 2016
4165:
4153:
4141:
4110:
4093:
4075:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4019:
4010:
3999:Henrik LĂ©vay
3994:
3985:
3976:
3967:
3946:
3933:
3908:
3890:
3869:, the Czech
3849:
3840:
3831:
3797:
3776:
3759:The Styrian
3755:
3740:Matthew CsĂĄk
3734:
3721:
3712:
3695:
3674:
3663:Hont-PĂĄzmĂĄny
3657:
3626:Jobbik Group
3615:
3594:
3579:
3572:
3540:and related
3531:
3513:
3490:
3442:Nazi Germany
3422:Fidél Pålffy
3410:Antisemitism
3408:
3375:
3347:nationalized
3320:
3265:
3242:
3232:
3204:
3175:
3149:Franz Joseph
3142:
3116:
3096:
3071:News of the
3070:
3031:ÄœudovĂt Ć tĂșr
3021:philosopher
3016:
3008:civil rights
2993:
2988:
2952:
2903:
2886:
2870:Mary of Teck
2832:
2823:Joseph Haydn
2815:
2780:general levy
2763:
2746:
2709:
2650:
2638:Protestants'
2622:
2614:
2554:inflicted a
2545:
2536:Ilona Zrinyi
2502:
2494:
2467:
2448:
2415:
2336:
2301:György Dózsa
2297:John ZĂĄpolya
2285:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2243:
2195:
2183:
2172:
2159:
2155:John Hunyadi
2107:
2080:
2058:
1984:
1980:
1901:Slavic names
1872:Louis I
1869:
1819:
1780:
1773:
1748:
1732:
1701:familiaritas
1696:
1692:
1665:
1612:
1586:
1570:
1560:, the first
1531:
1515:
1472:
1466:. The first
1435:
1427:
1424:Hont-PĂĄzmĂĄny
1411:Golden Bulls
1381:
1314:
1305:
1282:Dinaric Alps
1251:
1248:in the 1090s
1201:
1132:
1116:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1074:
1014:
1006:
1001:The Magyars
950:
913:Transylvania
898:
896:
846:
806:
727:Coat of arms
712:Christianity
707:List of Wars
696:
570:Contemporary
553:World War II
268:Ottoman Wars
250:Early modern
233:Ottoman Wars
29:
12799:Spa culture
12630:Irredentism
12468:Agriculture
12397:Nationality
12115:World War I
11825:NĂĄnabeszter
11760:KadarkalĂĄsz
11575:Balogsemjén
11390:Australasia
11166:Switzerland
11062:Philippines
11018:Indonesia*
10683:Switzerland
10491:Netherlands
8623:Taylor 1976
8514:Taylor 1976
8485:Taylor 1976
7806:Vermes 2014
7794:Vermes 2014
7665:Vermes 2014
7611:Vermes 2014
7599:Vermes 2014
7563:Prodan 1971
7479:Vermes 2014
7283:PĂĄlffy 2009
7137:PĂĄlffy 2009
7125:PĂĄlffy 2009
7113:PĂĄlffy 2009
7101:PĂĄlffy 2009
7038:PĂĄlffy 2009
6820:FĂŒgedi 1998
6808:FĂŒgedi 1998
6796:FĂŒgedi 1998
6772:FĂŒgedi 1998
6760:FĂŒgedi 1998
6748:FĂŒgedi 1998
6588:PĂĄlffy 2009
6172:FĂŒgedi 1998
6160:FĂŒgedi 1998
6136:Makkai 1994
5969:FĂŒgedi 1998
5856:FĂŒgedi 1998
5560:FĂŒgedi 1998
5536:FĂŒgedi 1998
5509:Makkai 1994
5158:FĂŒgedi 1998
4416:Révész 2003
4103:Körösladåny
4088:revolution.
4029:GĂ©za Teleki
3954:(d. 1866),
3605:restitution
3568:Lovasberény
3491:The Soviet
3325:authorized
3315:land reform
3160:Ferenc DeĂĄk
2917: [
2896: [
2796:Freemasonry
2742:Virgin Mary
2720:Montesquieu
2592:, known as
2474:Lutheranism
2470:Reformation
2463:naturalized
2280:Tripartitum
2275:Tripartitum
2263:Tripartitum
2185:Tripartitum
2173:Tripartitum
1987:seigneurial
1931:Catholicism
1580:, sued one
1574:Zala County
1468:tournaments
1405:borderlands
1395:castle folk
1335:motte forts
1231:Martyn Rady
1198:Development
1183:Middle Ages
1150:, wolf and
1139:sabretaches
946:lower house
942:upper house
900:Tripartitum
443:World War I
365:Late modern
258:Reformation
203:Golden Bull
47:History of
12879:Categories
12814:Television
12779:Literature
12769:Inventions
12620:Hungarians
12610:Healthcare
12500:(currency)
12402:Parliament
12203:Holy Crown
11519:Kindreds (
11427:Micronesia
11332:Montenegro
11280:Azerbaijan
10798:Madagascar
10653:Montenegro
9886:: 95â106.
9660:Engel, PĂĄl
9385:Jogi FĂłrum
8599:Patai 2015
8432:MagaĆĄ 2007
8236:MagaĆĄ 2007
8200:KovĂĄÄ 2011
8082:MagaĆĄ 2007
7947:Patai 2015
7551:KovĂĄÄ 2011
7539:KovĂĄÄ 2011
7527:KovĂĄÄ 2011
7467:MagaĆĄ 2007
6927:Engel 2001
6900:Engel 2001
6885:Engel 2001
6873:Engel 2001
6861:Engel 2001
6712:Engel 2001
6685:Engel 2001
6673:Engel 2001
6646:Engel 2001
6634:Engel 2001
6617:Engel 2001
6605:Engel 2001
6558:Engel 2001
6546:Engel 2001
6495:Engel 2001
6456:Engel 2001
6444:Engel 2001
6432:Engel 2001
6420:Engel 2001
6384:Engel 2001
6331:Engel 2001
6304:Engel 2001
6292:Engel 2001
6280:Engel 2001
6268:Engel 2001
6244:Engel 2001
6220:Engel 2001
6208:Engel 2001
6184:Engel 2001
6124:Engel 2001
6028:Engel 2001
6013:Engel 2001
5940:Engel 2001
5916:Engel 2001
5904:Engel 2001
5892:Engel 2001
5880:Engel 2001
5844:Engel 2001
5800:Engel 2001
5788:Engel 2001
5776:Engel 2001
5764:Engel 2001
5749:Engel 2001
5737:Engel 2001
5470:Engel 2001
5434:Engel 2001
5404:Engel 2001
5303:Engel 2001
5248:Engel 2001
5224:Engel 2001
5200:Engel 2001
5173:Engel 2001
5098:Engel 2001
5044:Engel 2001
5029:Engel 2001
4936:Engel 2001
4924:Curta 2006
4912:Engel 2001
4888:Engel 2001
4876:Engel 2001
4823:Engel 2001
4808:Engel 2001
4766:Engel 2001
4754:MagaĆĄ 2007
4742:Curta 2006
4727:MagaĆĄ 2007
4715:Engel 2001
4703:Curta 2006
4679:Engel 2001
4619:Engel 2001
4590:Engel 2001
4527:Engel 2001
4455:Engel 2001
4401:Engel 2001
4389:Engel 2001
4314:Engel 2001
4290:Engel 2001
4278:Engel 2001
4194:Engel 2001
4158:Engel 2001
4134:References
4120:MicloÈoara
4031:(d. 1983).
3748:Paul Ć ubiÄ
3705:Kobersdorf
3610:privatized
3552:See also:
3527:Burgenland
3464:See also:
3436:after the
3396:PĂĄl Teleki
3313:adopted a
3256:See also:
3216:AbĂĄdszalĂłk
3212:Emma Orczy
3182:DeĂĄk Party
3170:See also:
3104:aviticitas
3099:April Laws
3049:See also:
2964:aviticitas
2701:EsterhĂĄzys
2697:EszterhĂĄza
2603:aviticitas
2312:See also:
2164:familiares
2161:magnates'
2015:See also:
1923:CaransebeÈ
1888:aviticitas
1719:familiaris
1708:familiaris
1367:co-patrons
1187:See also:
1123:log cabins
1119:pit-houses
1028:after the
987:See also:
977:a republic
888:prefection
879:familiaris
872:familiares
732:Literature
682:Holy Crown
652:Hungarians
632:since 2012
12759:Festivals
12640:Languages
12586:Education
12540:Transport
12487:Companies
12419:President
12355:Elections
12309:Mountains
12281:Hydrology
12239:Geography
11805:MezĆpilis
11590:BĂĄr-KalĂĄn
11445:Polynesia
11409:Melanesia
11398:Australia
11360:Ruthenian
11300:Lithuania
11012:Southeast
10739:by nation
10643:Lithuania
10407:1923-9580
10131:955936263
10040:1216-7258
9900:0967-067X
9183:BĂĄnĂł 2004
7253:Rady 2000
6408:Rady 2000
6196:Rady 2000
6148:Rady 2000
6088:Rady 2000
6076:Rady 2000
6052:Rady 2000
5952:Rady 2000
5928:Rady 2000
5868:Rady 2000
5713:Rady 2000
5662:Rady 2000
5623:Rady 2000
5611:Rady 2000
5548:Rady 2000
5524:Rady 2000
5494:Rady 2000
5482:Rady 2000
5458:Rady 2000
5446:Rady 2000
5419:Rady 2000
5279:Rady 2000
5212:Rady 2000
5134:Rady 2000
5122:Rady 2000
5086:Rady 2000
4993:Rady 2000
4978:Rady 2000
4951:Rady 2000
4852:Wolf 2003
4793:Rady 2000
4652:Rady 2000
4631:Rady 2000
4607:Rady 2000
4575:Rady 2000
4539:Rady 2000
4503:Wolf 2003
4467:Rady 2000
4440:Rady 2000
4428:Rady 2000
4365:Wolf 2003
4350:Wolf 2003
4266:Wolf 2003
3918:Illéshåzy
3914:BatthyĂĄny
3875:Lobkowicz
3680:BĂĄr-KalĂĄn
3633:in 2007.
3515:Imre Nagy
3509:Wehrmacht
3501:Anti-Nazi
3224:superhero
2959:near GyĆr
2860:Countess
2542:(d. 1735)
2534:Countess
2498:Armalists
2482:Unitarian
2478:Calvinism
2091:Nicopolis
1913:districts
1863:banderium
1784:oligarchs
1722:remained
1615:Stephen V
1520:de genere
1444:chivalric
1345:Otto GyĆr
1309:escheated
1272:) seized
1176:chronicle
1162:from the
1112:bilingual
1100:uralkodni
1054:Romanians
1042:Bavarians
1030:Pechenegs
961:Reformist
12859:Category
12764:Folklore
12741:Sausages
12660:Religion
12520:Taxation
12505:Industry
12385:Military
12333:Politics
12256:Counties
12215:Nobility
12198:Monarchs
12178:Military
12173:Economic
12065:Pannonia
12040:articles
11960:Veszkény
11815:MonoszlĂł
11695:Gutkeled
11675:Dorozsma
11595:Båsztély
11356:Ukraine
11246:Portugal
11230:Holy See
11191:Ireland
11182:Scotland
11067:Thailand
11056:Cambodia
11044:Malaysia
11032:Javanese
11022:Balinese
10968:Nobility
10936:Mongolia
10832:Americas
10781:Ethiopia
10775:Eswatini
10748:monarchy
10737:Nobility
10663:Portugal
10611:Medieval
10251:(1976).
10147:Palgrave
10141:(2000).
10079:(2015).
10057:(2009).
10045:15 March
9938:. SAQI.
9908:45302002
9776:(1991).
9662:(2001).
9636:(2006).
9611:(2011).
9391:15 March
9364:15 March
8537:27 March
6112:Pop 2013
6100:Pop 2013
6040:Pop 2013
4338:Bak 1993
4254:Pop 2013
4116:Ciuguzel
3903:in 1581.
3879:RoĆŸmberk
3871:Kolowrat
3790:Rozgonyi
3637:See also
3497:Debrecen
3493:Red Army
3339:BĂ©la Kun
3286:and the
3228:Stan Lee
3125:, Baron
3039:Croatian
2955:Napoleon
2827:Voltaire
2786:and the
2757:, Baron
2550:and the
2505:chambers
2251:celibacy
2202:BistriÈa
2095:TemesvĂĄr
2072:magnates
2005:right to
1945:voivodes
1714:usufruct
1656:Székelys
1582:Ban Oguz
1460:Lancelot
1376:praedium
1330:praedium
1324:allodium
1318:praedium
1280:and the
1274:Slavonia
1235:palatine
1219:counties
938:chambers
853:counties
752:Budapest
742:Székelys
702:Military
697:Nobility
657:Timeline
165:Medieval
38:a series
36:Part of
12843:Outline
12819:Theatre
12809:Symbols
12754:Fashion
12714:Cuisine
12689:Castles
12675:Culture
12559:Society
12530:Tourism
12497:Forint
12456:Economy
12407:Speaker
12345:Cabinet
12319:Regions
12287:Islands
12276:Geology
12266:Climate
12048:History
12036:Hungary
11985:Zsombor
11975:ZsadĂĄny
11925:Tolcsva
11905:Szolnok
11895:Szemere
11875:Smaragd
11810:Miskolc
11795:LĆrinte
11755:Kacsics
11690:Geregye
11680:GĂĄrdony
11464:Hawaiâi
11381:Oceania
11365:Galicia
11342:Romania
11327:Hungary
11322:Germany
11317:Georgia
11312:Bohemia
11307:Croatia
11285:Austria
11275:Armenia
11270:Albania
11200:Ireland
11177:England
11148:Kingdom
11144:France
11139:Belgium
11111:Iceland
11106:Finland
11100:Denmark
11073:Vietnam
11027:Chinese
10996:Princes
10974:Yangban
10940:Japan*
10910:Lebanon
10851:Mexico
10813:Morocco
10803:Somalia
10786:Nigeria
10768:Mamluks
10693:Galicia
10688:Ukraine
10668:Romania
10633:Ireland
10628:Iceland
10599:Ancient
10595:Greece
10591:Germany
10586:Georgia
10569:Finland
10559:Croatia
10549:Bohemia
10539:Armenia
10534:Albania
10486:Denmark
10481:Belgium
10189:Longman
10002:155â181
9438:Press;
9415:Sources
9357:Kronika
4023:Counts
3950:Counts
3922:NĂĄdasdy
3901:Moravia
3867:Zrinski
3786:Perényi
3782:BĂĄthory
3519:Romania
3337:leader
3327:Romania
3067:in 1848
2941:Francis
2750:TrenÄĂn
2451:nations
1951:FÄgÄraÈ
1726:de jure
1604:demesne
1456:Tristan
1340:praedia
1286:Coloman
1148:griffin
1060:in the
1056:) were
1038:Moravia
1017:Magyars
983:Origins
811:held a
717:Economy
628:Hungary
49:Hungary
12864:Portal
12734:Dishes
12709:Cinema
12605:Health
12492:Energy
12301:Rivers
12208:Regent
12038:
11950:Tyukod
11920:Tibold
11915:Tétény
11910:Tekele
11885:SzalĂłk
11835:NĂ©meti
11820:NĂĄdasd
11800:LudĂĄny
11785:KoppĂĄn
11775:Kartal
11770:Kaplon
11745:IgmĂĄnd
11735:HermĂĄn
11730:Herény
11705:Gyovad
11655:CsanĂĄd
11640:Budmér
11625:Borics
11615:BikĂĄcs
11585:BĂĄncsa
11565:Atyusz
11545:Ajtony
11540:ĂgmĂĄnd
11521:genera
11352:Serbia
11347:Russia
11337:Poland
11205:Norman
11195:Gaelic
11153:Empire
11122:Sweden
11116:Norway
11086:Europe
11050:Brunei
10992:India
10964:Korea
10952:DaimyĆ
10915:Turkey
10883:Brazil
10846:Canada
10791:Rulers
10756:Africa
10678:Serbia
10673:Russia
10658:Poland
10604:Attica
10579:Empire
10574:France
10554:Bosnia
10506:Sweden
10496:Norway
10422:
10405:
10378:
10355:
10324:
10301:
10282:
10263:
10255:. The
10237:
10218:
10195:
10172:
10153:
10129:
10110:
10091:
10065:
10038:
10008:
9984:
9961:
9942:
9923:
9906:
9898:
9860:
9834:
9815:
9792:
9762:
9739:
9720:
9697:
9674:
9648:
9622:
9597:
9571:
9548:
9525:
9488:
9474:
9460:
9442:
3926:ThurzĂł
3863:ThurzĂł
3859:Széchy
3542:styles
3450:Romani
3380:, the
3059:Count
2912:, and
2705:FertĆd
2443:hajdĂșs
2348:) and
2331:, and
2291:. The
2000:sedria
1975:knezes
1968:boyars
1939:Oradea
1918:knezes
1895:knezes
1883:entail
1853:honors
1849:crests
1762:Cumans
1743:ispĂĄns
1737:sedria
1660:Saxons
1631:knezes
1511:allods
1476:ispĂĄns
1452:Hector
1439:ispĂĄns
1347:, the
1144:totems
1135:sabres
1128:Borsod
1096:orszĂĄg
1088:tribes
1068:knezes
1050:Vlachs
919:. The
865:entail
838:allods
645:Topics
40:on the
12850:Index
12804:Sport
12794:Names
12789:Music
12784:Media
12749:Dance
12665:Women
12576:Crime
12473:Banks
12294:Lakes
11980:ZsidĂł
11970:ZoĂĄrd
11945:TĂŒrje
11940:Turul
11935:Tomaj
11890:Szécs
11865:RĂĄtĂłt
11845:ĂrsĂșr
11830:Negol
11725:HĂ©der
11720:Hanva
11715:HĂĄnta
11710:HahĂłt
11685:Gatal
11670:Divék
11660:Csolt
11645:Csabi
11630:Borsa
11570:Balog
11458:Tonga
11251:Spain
11241:Malta
11236:Italy
11223:South
11093:North
11037:Malay
10986:South
10958:Meiji
10931:China
10876:South
10839:North
10763:Egypt
10648:Malta
10638:Italy
10501:Spain
10318:BRILL
10028:Turul
10024:(PDF)
9904:JSTOR
9882:(1).
9807:[
9563:[
9517:[
3701:FĂŒzĂ©r
3649:Notes
3387:vitéz
3199:sabor
2921:]
2910:Latin
2908:into
2900:]
2748:(now
2590:trust
2512:sabor
2421:hajdĂș
2384:Tisza
2198:Saxon
2044:) by
1995:ninth
1937:(now
1909:seats
1390:lövĆk
1371:Serfs
1350:ispĂĄn
1278:Drava
1254:Kabar
1225:ispĂĄn
932:hajdĂș
857:Diets
813:noble
737:Music
12727:Beer
12720:Wine
12645:LGBT
12439:list
12425:list
12220:Flag
12193:King
11955:Ugra
11930:Told
11880:SzĂĄk
11870:Rosd
11850:PĂĄpa
11780:KĂĄta
11700:GyĆr
11665:CsĂłr
11650:CsĂĄk
11605:Bejc
11580:BĂĄna
11560:Apor
11550:Ăkos
11535:Acsa
11417:Fiji
11132:West
10945:Kuge
10924:East
10903:West
10896:Asia
10867:Cuba
10420:ISBN
10403:ISSN
10376:ISBN
10353:ISBN
10322:ISBN
10299:ISBN
10280:ISBN
10261:ISBN
10235:ISBN
10216:ISBN
10193:ISBN
10170:ISBN
10151:ISBN
10127:OCLC
10108:ISBN
10089:ISBN
10063:ISBN
10047:2023
10036:ISSN
10006:ISBN
9982:ISBN
9959:ISBN
9940:ISBN
9921:ISBN
9896:ISSN
9858:ISBN
9832:ISBN
9813:ISBN
9790:ISBN
9760:ISBN
9737:ISBN
9718:ISBN
9695:ISBN
9672:ISBN
9646:ISBN
9620:ISBN
9595:ISBN
9569:ISBN
9546:ISBN
9523:ISBN
9486:ISBN
9472:ISBN
9458:ISBN
9440:ISBN
9393:2023
9366:2023
8539:2023
4122:and
3924:and
3912:The
3883:Salm
3861:and
3788:and
3780:The
3684:CsĂĄk
3629:the
3556:and
3521:and
3468:and
3321:The
3266:The
3260:and
3097:The
2644:and
2376:Buda
2273:The
2249:and
1766:Diet
1704:. A
1658:and
1587:The
1507:fief
1420:Hunt
1400:Ćrök
1327:. A
1244:The
1191:and
1174:, a
1152:hind
1121:and
1052:(or
1015:The
991:and
915:and
807:The
747:Jews
722:Flag
602:1956
547:1941
537:1940
517:1938
497:1920
477:1919
417:1849
262:1520
207:1222
12704:Art
12375:Law
11965:ZĂĄh
11860:Pok
11855:PĂ©c
11840:Osl
11765:KĂĄn
11750:JĂĄk
11610:BĂ©l
11555:Apc
11530:Aba
9888:doi
9436:CEU
3688:KĂĄn
3226:" (
2703:at
2413:).
2188:by
1911:or
1640:ban
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1353:of
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11635:BĆ
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