Deuterium - Knowledge

7054: 608:) decay. The deuterium bottleneck in the formation of helium, together with the lack of stable ways for helium to combine with hydrogen or with itself (no stable nucleus has a mass number of 5 or 8) meant that an insignificant amount of carbon, or any elements heavier than carbon, formed in the Big Bang. These elements thus required formation in stars. At the same time, the failure of much nucleogenesis during the Big Bang ensured that there would be plenty of hydrogen in the later universe available to form long-lived stars, such as the Sun. 359: 617: 40: 4105: 3708:(GMWL). This plot allows samples of precipitation-originated water to be identified along with general information about the climate in which it originated. Evaporative and other processes in bodies of water, and also ground water processes, also differentially alter the ratios of heavy hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in fresh and salt waters, in characteristic and often regionally distinctive ways. The ratio of concentration of H to H is usually indicated with a delta as 8283: 3581:) in the following way. NMR ordinarily requires compounds of interest to be analyzed as dissolved in solution. Because of deuterium's nuclear spin properties which differ from the light hydrogen usually present in organic molecules, NMR spectra of hydrogen/protium are highly differentiable from that of deuterium, and in practice deuterium is not "seen" by an NMR instrument tuned for H. Deuterated solvents (including heavy water, but also compounds like deuterated 7036: 8247: 768: 3560: 7045: 3475: 8271: 8259: 2720: 1696: 498:, or 1.0002725. The energies of electronic spectra lines for H and H therefore differ by the ratio of these two numbers, which is 1.000272. The wavelengths of all deuterium spectroscopic lines are shorter than the corresponding lines of light hydrogen, by 0.0272%. In astronomical observation, this corresponds to a blue Doppler shift of 0.0272% of the 1718:(i.e. has an "even" or "positive" parity), and antisymmetric if the deuteron is antisymmetric under parity (i.e. has an "odd" or "negative" parity). The parity is fully determined by the total orbital angular momentum of the two nucleons: if it is even then the parity is even (positive), and if it is odd then the parity is odd (negative). 3904: 3704:) are enriched as a function of the environmental temperature of the region in which the precipitation falls (and thus enrichment is related to latitude). The relative enrichment of the heavy isotopes in rainwater (as referenced to mean ocean water), when plotted against temperature falls predictably along a line called the 2413: 2222: 3880:

The existence of nonradioactive isotopes of lighter elements had been suspected in studies of neon as early as 1913, and proven by mass spectrometry of light elements in 1920. At that time the neutron had not yet been discovered, and the prevailing theory was that isotopes of an element differ by the

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Another major producer of heavy water is India. All but one of India's atomic energy plants are pressurized heavy water plants, which use natural (i.e., not enriched) uranium. India has eight heavy water plants, of which seven are in operation. Six plants, of which five are in operation, are based on

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After World War II ended, the Allies discovered that Germany was not putting as much serious effort into the program as had been previously thought. The Germans had completed only a small, partly built experimental reactor (which had been hidden away) and had been unable to sustain a chain reaction.

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Hydrogen is an important and major component in all materials of organic chemistry and life science, but it barely interacts with X-rays. As hydrogen atoms (including deuterium) interact strongly with neutrons; neutron scattering techniques, together with a modern deuteration facility, fills a niche

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techniques particularly profit from availability of deuterated samples: The H and H cross sections are very distinct and different in sign, which allows contrast variation in such experiments. Further, a nuisance problem of normal hydrogen is its large incoherent neutron cross section, which is nil

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that creates deuterium. However, deuterium persists in the outer solar atmosphere at roughly the same concentration as in Jupiter, and this has probably been unchanged since the origin of the Solar System. The natural abundance of H seems to be a very similar fraction of hydrogen, wherever hydrogen

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of H–He is higher than that of most other fusion reactions; together with the scarcity of He, this makes it implausible as a practical power source, at least until DT and deuterium–deuterium (DD) fusion have been performed on a commercial scale. Commercial nuclear fusion is not yet an accomplished

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have been measured to contain more deuterium (about 200 atoms per million hydrogens), ratios which are enriched with respect to the presumed protosolar nebula ratio, probably due to heating, and which are similar to the ratios found in Earth seawater. The recent measurement of deuterium amounts of

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Through much of the few minutes after the Big Bang during which nucleosynthesis could have occurred, the temperature was high enough that the mean energy per particle was greater than the binding energy of weakly bound deuterium; therefore, any deuterium that was formed was immediately destroyed.

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13.8 billion years ago, as the basic or primordial ratio of H to H (≈26 atoms of deuterium per 10 hydrogen atoms) has its origin from that time. This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter. The analysis of deuterium–protium ratios (HHR) in comets found results very

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The amount inferred for normal abundance of deuterium was so small (only about 1 atom in 6400 hydrogen atoms in seawater ) that it had not noticeably affected previous measurements of (average) hydrogen atomic mass. This explained why it hadn't been suspected before. Urey was able to concentrate

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See below. Most stars, including the Sun, generate energy over most of their lives by fusing hydrogen into heavier elements; yet such fusion of light hydrogen (protium) has never been successful in the conditions attainable on Earth. Thus, all artificial fusion, including the hydrogen fusion in

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to humans. It is estimated that a 70 kg (154 lb) person might drink 4.8 litres (1.3 US gal) of heavy water without serious consequences. Small doses of heavy water (a few grams in humans, containing an amount of deuterium comparable to that normally present in the body) are

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as 26 atoms per million hydrogen atoms. ISO-SWS observations find 22 atoms per million hydrogen atoms in Jupiter. and this abundance is thought to represent close to the primordial Solar System ratio. This is about 17% of the terrestrial ratio of 156 deuterium atoms per million hydrogen atoms.

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estimated primordial ratio of about 27 atoms per million from the Big Bang. This has been interpreted to mean that less deuterium has been destroyed in star formation in the Milky Way galaxy than expected, or perhaps deuterium has been replenished by a large in-fall of primordial hydrogen from

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The deuteron wavefunction must be antisymmetric if the isospin representation is used (since a proton and a neutron are not identical particles, the wavefunction need not be antisymmetric in general). Apart from their isospin, the two nucleons also have spin and spatial distributions of their

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of the Universe. The observed ratios of hydrogen to helium to deuterium in the universe are difficult to explain except with a Big Bang model. It is estimated that the abundances of deuterium have not evolved significantly since their production about 13.8 billion years ago. Measurements of

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By the end of the war, the Germans did not even have a fifth of the amount of heavy water needed to run the reactor, partially due to the Norwegian heavy water sabotage operation. However, even if the Germans had succeeded in getting a reactor operational (as the U.S. did with

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Antisymmetric spin and antisymmetric under parity. In this case, the exchange of the two nucleons will multiply the deuterium wavefunction by (−1) from isospin exchange, (−1) from spin exchange and (−1) from parity (location exchange), again for a total of (−1) as needed for

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also easily differentiates many deuterated compounds, due to the large difference in IR absorption frequency seen in the vibration of a chemical bond containing deuterium, versus light hydrogen. The two stable isotopes of hydrogen can also be distinguished by using

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Symmetric spin and symmetric under parity. In this case, the exchange of the two nucleons will multiply the deuterium wavefunction by (−1) from isospin exchange, (+1) from spin exchange and (+1) from parity (location exchange), for a total of (−1) as needed for

1499: 3949:) in Washington, DC. The technique had previously been used to isolate heavy isotopes of neon. The cryogenic boiloff technique concentrated the fraction of the mass-2 isotope of hydrogen to a degree that made its spectroscopic identification unambiguous. 2715:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{j+1}}{\Bigl \langle }(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j\,{\Bigr |}\left({\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {l}}{g^{(l)}}_{p}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {s}}({g^{(s)}}_{p}+{g^{(s)}}_{n})\right)\cdot {\vec {\jmath }}\,{\Bigl |}\,(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j{\Bigr \rangle }} 1721:

The deuteron, being an isospin singlet, is antisymmetric under nucleons exchange due to isospin, and therefore must be symmetric under the double exchange of their spin and location. Therefore, it can be in either of the following two different states:

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and the geographic patterns of these values are plotted in maps termed as isoscapes. Stable isotopes are incorporated into plants and animals and an analysis of the ratios in a migrant bird or insect can help suggest a rough guide to their origins.

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outside the galaxy. In space a few hundred light years from the Sun, deuterium abundance is only 15 atoms per million, but this value is presumably influenced by differential adsorption of deuterium onto carbon dust grains in interstellar space.

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are somewhat stronger than the corresponding bonds in protium, and these differences are enough to cause significant changes in biological reactions. Pharmaceutical firms are interested in the fact that H is harder to remove from carbon than H.

4159:(160 kilograms in mass, if this volume had been completely filled). Then, a conventional atomic bomb (the "primary") at one end of the bomb was used to create the conditions of extreme temperature and pressure that were needed to set off the 465:

The reduced mass of the system in these equations is close to the mass of a single electron, but differs from it by a small amount about equal to the ratio of mass of the electron to the nucleus. For normal hydrogen, this amount is about

596:). At this point, there was a sudden burst of element formation (first deuterium, which immediately fused to helium). However, very shortly thereafter, at twenty minutes after the Big Bang, the Universe became too cool for any further 2043: 1294:. Deuterium, however, benefits from having its proton and neutron coupled to a spin-1 state, which gives a stronger nuclear attraction; the corresponding spin-1 state does not exist in the two-neutron or two-proton system, due to the 3296: 572:, a ratio that would remain stable even after nucleogenesis was over. This fraction was in favor of protons initially, primarily because the lower mass of the proton favored their production. As the Universe expanded, it cooled. 334:

Deuterium is destroyed in the interiors of stars faster than it is produced. Other natural processes are thought to produce only an insignificant amount of deuterium. Nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the

671:, and occasional absorption of naturally occurring neutrons by light hydrogen, but these are trivial sources. There is thought to be little deuterium in the interior of the Sun and other stars, as at these temperatures the 3891:. In this theory, the deuterium nucleus with mass two and charge one would contain two protons and one nuclear electron. However, it was expected that the element hydrogen with a measured average atomic mass very close to 1576: 3155: 1691:{\displaystyle \left({\begin{array}{ll}|{\uparrow \uparrow }\rangle \\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|{\uparrow \downarrow }\rangle +|{\downarrow \uparrow }\rangle )\\|{\downarrow \downarrow }\rangle \end{array}}\right)} 1083:

animals, with 25% substitution of the body water causing cell division problems and sterility, and 50% substitution causing death by cytotoxic syndrome (bone marrow failure and gastrointestinal lining failure).

1067:. There are differences in bond energy and length for compounds of heavy hydrogen isotopes compared to protium, which are larger than the isotopic differences in any other element. Bonds involving deuterium and 2319: 1146:. There is no such stable particle, but this virtual particle transiently exists during neutron–proton inelastic scattering, accounting for the unusually large neutron scattering cross-section of the proton. 736:

object), a ratio almost exactly that in Earth's oceans (155.76 ± 0.1, but in fact from 153 to 156 ppm), emphasizes the theory that Earth's surface water may be largely comet-derived. Most recently the HHR of

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Deuterium NMR spectra are especially informative in the solid state because of its relatively small quadrupole moment in comparison with those of bigger quadrupolar nuclei such as chlorine-35, for example.

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frequency (e.g. 61 MHz when protium is at 400 MHz) and is much less sensitive. Deuterated solvents are usually used in protium NMR to prevent the solvent from overlapping with the signal, though

3867:-dependent rhythms in the brain's hypothalamus. Experiments in hamsters also support the theory that deuterium acts directly on the suprachiasmatic nucleus to lengthen the free-running circadian period. 387:

allows both D and H, though H is preferred. A distinct chemical symbol is used for convenience because of the isotope's common use in various scientific processes. Also, its large mass difference with

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space probe, is about three times that of Earth water. This figure is the highest yet measured in a comet. HHR's thus continue to be an active topic of research in both astronomy and climatology.

3895:, the known mass of the proton, always has a nucleus composed of a single proton (a known particle), and could not contain a second proton. Thus, hydrogen was thought to have no heavy isotopes. 3977:'second', and the nucleus was to be called a "deuteron" or "deuton". Isotopes and new elements were traditionally given the name that their discoverer decided. Some British scientists, such as 3342:

But the slightly lower experimental number than that which results from simple addition of proton and (negative) neutron moments shows that deuterium is actually a linear combination of mostly

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similar to the mean ratio in Earth's oceans (156 atoms of deuterium per 10 hydrogen atoms). This reinforces theories that much of Earth's ocean water is of cometary origin. The HHR of comet

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galactic deuterium from ultraviolet spectral analysis show a ratio of as much as 23 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms in undisturbed gas clouds, which is only 15% below the

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moved their research on neutron moderation from France to Britain, smuggling the entire global supply of heavy water (which had been made in Norway) across in twenty-six steel drums.

3593:, are therefore routinely used in NMR spectroscopy, in order to allow only the light-hydrogen spectra of the compound of interest to be measured, without solvent-signal interference. 1088:

organisms, however, can survive and grow in pure heavy water, though they develop slowly. Despite this toxicity, consumption of heavy water under normal circumstances does not pose a

3674:, deuterium behaves somewhat similarly to ordinary hydrogen (with a few chemical differences, as noted). It can be distinguished from normal hydrogen most easily by its mass, using 3689:

spectroscopy, since the mass difference drastically affects the frequency of molecular vibrations; H–carbon bond vibrations are found in spectral regions free of other signals.

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are believed to be obsolete. In most modern ("boosted") thermonuclear weapons, fusion directly provides only a small fraction of the total energy. Fission of a natural

958:) 155.76 ± 0.1 atoms of deuterium per million atoms of all isotopes of hydrogen (about 1 atom of in 6420); that is, about 0.015% of all atoms of hydrogen (any isotope) 278:

of about one atom of deuterium in every 6,420 atoms of hydrogen. Thus, deuterium accounts for about 0.0156% by number (0.0312% by mass) of all hydrogen in the ocean:

7527: 7502: 7492: 3600:). For example, the configuration of hydrocarbon chains in lipid bilayers can be quantified using solid state deuterium NMR with deuterium-labelled lipid molecules. 2217:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{j+1}}{\bigl \langle }(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j\,{\bigr |}\,{\vec {\mu }}\cdot {\vec {\jmath }}\,{\bigl |}\,(l,s),j,m_{j}{=}j{\bigr \rangle }} 5934:

Wu R, Georgescu MM, Delpeyroux F, Guillot S, Balanant J, Simpson K, Crainic R (August 1995). "Thermostabilization of live virus vaccines by heavy water (D2O)".

4086:. The engineering process, even with maximal effort and funding, required about two and a half years (from first critical reactor to bomb) in both the U.S. and 1372:

Due to the similarity in mass and nuclear properties between the proton and neutron, they are sometimes considered as two symmetric types of the same object, a

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Thomas Junk and W. James Catallo. Hydrogen isotope exchange reactions involving C–H (D, T) bonds. Chem. Soc. Rev., 1997, 26, 401–406. DOI: 10.1039/CS9972600401

1415:), with a "down" state (↓) being a neutron and an "up" state (↑) being a proton. A pair of nucleons can either be in an antisymmetric state of isospin called 7987: 7803: 7738: 7678: 7606: 7512: 7406: 7276: 7231: 6902: 5360:

Pohl R, Nez F, Fernandes LM, Amaro FD, Biraben F, Cardoso JM, et al. (The CREMA Collaboration) (August 2016). "Laser spectroscopy of muonic deuterium".

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To summarize, the deuterium nucleus is antisymmetric in terms of isospin, and has spin 1 and even (+1) parity. The relative angular momentum of its nucleons

8067: 5231: 3187: 7532: 7376: 7346: 592:. The bottleneck delayed formation of any helium-4 until the Universe became cool enough to form deuterium (at about a temperature equivalent to 100 7462: 7442: 7115: 4910:

Linsky JL, Draine BT, Moos HW, Jenkins EB, Wood BE, Oliveira C, et al. (2006). "What is the Total Deuterium Abundance in the Local Galactic Disk?".

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Deuterium is produced for industrial, scientific and military purposes, by starting with ordinary water—a small fraction of which is naturally occurring

4555:"A two-dimensional model for the primordial nebula constrained by D/H measurements in the Solar system: Implications for the formation of giant planets" 3339:

state, which occurs with both nucleons spinning in the same direction, but their magnetic moments subtracting because of the neutron's negative moment.

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In theory, deuterium for heavy water could be created in a nuclear reactor, but separation from ordinary water is the cheapest bulk production process.

663:. Gamma radiation from ordinary nuclear fusion dissociates deuterium into protons and neutrons, and there are no known natural processes other than the 7487: 4661: 6464: 5921:"A Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of RT001 in Patients with Friedreich's Ataxia" 384: 1504: 7125: 6827: 6380:"WHAT KILLED FAMED CAL CHEMIST? / 20th century pioneer who failed to win a Nobel Prize may have succumbed to a broken heart, one admirer theorizes" 5616: 3325:

value obtained by simply adding moments of the proton and neutron. This suggests that the state of the deuterium is indeed to a good approximation

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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can also be used to obtain information about the deuteron's environment in isotopically labelled samples (

7482: 6811: 6028:"Heavy water slows the Gonyaulax clock: a test of the hypothesis that D2O affects circadian oscillations by diminishing the apparent temperature" 1306:

for the system, primarily due to increasing distance of the particles in the steep gradient of the nuclear force. In both cases, this causes the

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is about three times that of Earth water. This has caused renewed interest in suggestions that Earth's water may be partly of asteroidal origin.

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Within a few years, so-called "dry" hydrogen bombs were developed that did not need cryogenic hydrogen. Released information suggests that all

3997:, had prepared and characterized the first samples of pure heavy water in 1933. The discovery of deuterium, coming before the discovery of the 3946: 3494:

O, to slow neutrons without the high neutron absorption of ordinary hydrogen. This is a common commercial use for larger amounts of deuterium.

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Deuterium has also been observed to be concentrated over the mean solar abundance in other terrestrial planets, in particular Mars and Venus.

7698: 7095: 6319: 3062: 7246: 4331:

Hagemann R, Nief G, Roth E (1970). "Absolute isotopic scale for deuterium analysis of natural waters. Absolute D/H ratio for SMOW 1".

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tamper by fast neutrons produced from D–T fusion accounts for a much larger (i.e. boosted) energy release than the fusion reaction itself.

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Hébrard G, Péquignot D, Vidal-Madjar A, Walsh JR, Ferlet R (7 February 2000). "Detection of deuterium Balmer lines in the Orion Nebula".

5516: 3433: 6804: 6441: 2233: 4143:. The Ivy Mike bomb was a factory-like building, rather than a deliverable weapon. At its center, a very large cylindrical, insulated 8025: 7341: 1858:

The analysis just given is in fact only approximate, both because isospin is not an exact symmetry, and more importantly because the

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O), which is about 10.6% denser than normal water (so that ice made from it sinks in normal water). Heavy water is slightly toxic in

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The existence of deuterium at a low but constant primordial fraction in all hydrogen is another one of the arguments in favor of the

6498: 4226:, since such planets are thought to contain a lot of liquid metallic hydrogen, which may be responsible for their observed powerful 4074:

deuterium production/enrichment facility in Norway. At the time this was considered important to the potential progress of the war.

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of liquid, using the low-temperature physics laboratory that had recently been established at the National Bureau of Standards (now

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Kushner DJ, Baker A, Dunstall TG (February 1999). "Pharmacological uses and perspectives of heavy water and deuterated compounds".

5559:"Linking hydrogen (δ2H) isotopes in feathers and precipitation: Sources of variance and consequences for assignment to isoscapes" 4497:, de Val-Borro M, Biver N, Küppers M, et al. (October 2011). "Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2". 3574: 2739: 522: 6379: 1298:

which would require one or the other identical particle with the same spin to have some other different quantum number, such as

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Deuterium is thought to have played an important role in setting the number and ratios of the elements that were formed in the

4013:'s decision in 1934 and several high-ranking administrators at Berkeley believed this disappointment played a central role in 5242: 5215: 4891: 1142:, and none of the higher energy states are bound. The singlet deuteron is a virtual state, with a negative binding energy of 600:

and nucleosynthesis to occur. At this point, the elemental abundances were nearly fixed, with the only change as some of the

7938: 3628:, while often at a much lower cost than other isotopically labeled standards. Deuterated molecules are usually prepared via 328: 667:

that might have produced deuterium at anything close to its observed natural abundance. Deuterium is produced by the rare

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Deuterium has been shown to lengthen the period of oscillation of the circadian clock when dosed in rats, hamsters, and

3399:. While the order of magnitude is reasonable, since the deuteron radius is of order of 1 femtometer (see below) and its 832: 8190: 6524:

Massam T, Muller T, Righini B, Schneegans M, Zichichi A (1965). "Experimental observation of antideuteron production".

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and thus consists of three types of nuclei, which are supposed to be symmetric: a deuterium nucleus (actually a highly

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Halliwell, Barry; Gutteridge, John M.C. (2015). Free Radical Biology and Medicine (5th ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

4732: 1494:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\Big (}|{\uparrow \downarrow }\rangle -|{\downarrow \uparrow }\rangle {\Big )}.} 1291: 804: 8090: 5858: 5432: 5130: 988: 945: 851: 5448: 315: 6699: 6502: 4369: 4263: 3994: 3659: 2765: 955: 303: 8313: 8215: 6139:"Heavy water as a tool for study of the forces that control length of period of the 24-hour clock of the hamster" 5246: 3821: 1891: 1039: 879: 811: 1743:. The lower its orbital angular momentum, the lower its energy. Therefore, the lowest possible energy state has 5148: 4267: 4067: 789: 4131:" (thermonuclear bomb). In this context, it was the first bomb in which most of the energy released came from 3692:

Measurements of small variations in the natural abundances of deuterium, along with those of the stable heavy

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D–H exchange in ammonia gas. The other two plants extract deuterium from natural water in a process that uses

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Deuterium can be used to reinforce specific oxidation-vulnerable C–H bonds within essential or conditionally

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for this interaction is comparatively large, and deuterium was successfully used as a neutrino target in the

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While India is self-sufficient in heavy water for its own use, India also exports reactor-grade heavy water.

738: 341: 6353: 6090:"Interval timing is preserved despite circadian desynchrony in rats: Constant light and heavy water studies" 3700:, to trace the geographic origin of Earth's waters. The heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in rainwater ( 8175: 6475: 4737: 4673: 3612:

Deuterated (i.e. where all or some hydrogen atoms are replaced with deuterium) compounds are often used as

3429: 1338: 818: 5623:. Integrated Infrastructure Initiative for Neutron Scattering and Muon Spectroscopy (NMI3). Archived from 4602: 4494: 8323: 7371: 4976: 1377: 4005:; but when the neutron was reported, making deuterium's existence more explicable, Urey was awarded the 8333: 5624: 4797: 4174:

of deuterium and lithium in their secondary stages. The material that contains the deuterium is mostly

3793: 3705: 1867: 1859: 1381: 1114: 785: 676: 526: 17: 800: 8343: 8130: 8125: 7306: 6405: 5153: 3663: 3537: 1299: 1295: 426:. The isotope weight ratios within other chemical elements are largely insignificant in this regard. 4869: 4839: 4766: 1376:. While only the proton has an electric charge, this is often negligible due to the weakness of the 302:

tonnes of water. The abundance of H changes slightly from one kind of natural water to another (see

8170: 4895: 4127:

device built by the United States and exploded on 1 November 1952, was the first fully successful "

4006: 1353: 1322: 664: 543: 6329: 6198:"Heavy water lengthens the period of free-running rhythms in lesioned hamsters bearing SCN grafts" 5971:"Heavy water lengthens the period of free-running rhythms in lesioned hamsters bearing SCN grafts" 4278:, but as of 2019 antideuterium has not yet been created. The proposed symbol for antideuterium is 3505:

is used in cold sources to moderate neutrons to very low energies and wavelengths appropriate for

2349:, one must separate their contributions. Each gets half of the deuterium orbital angular momentum 1705:

of it), a nucleus with two protons, and a nucleus with two neutrons. These states are not stable.

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in late 1942), they would still have been at least several years away from the development of an

3864: 3817: 2035: 1334: 869: 778: 672: 161: 3840:, can be stabilized by deuterium, either alone or in combination with other stabilizers such as 2381: 2352: 455: 8105: 7070: 6980: 6857: 6852: 4789: 4160: 4063: 3825: 3761: 3655: 3302: 2028: 1977: 1046: 514: 5203: 3450:

contribution, but cannot be calculated without knowing the exact spatial form of the nucleons

8160: 8135: 7773: 7391: 6938: 6682: 6567:

Dorfan DE, Eades J, Lederman LM, Lee W, Ting CC (June 1965). "Observation of antideuterons".

5873:"Small amounts of isotope-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress lipid autoxidation" 5520: 4964: 3679: 3525: 1945: 1271: 1118: 506: 6474: 4989: 4718: 4115:, attached to instrumentation and cryogenic equipment. The 20-ft-tall bomb held a cryogenic 1581:

This is a nucleus with one proton and one neutron, i.e. a deuterium nucleus. The triplet is

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based on the temperature at the point that the universe cooled enough to allow formation of

8221: 8205: 7830: 7201: 7172: 7053: 6877: 6744: 6621: 6576: 6533: 6291: 6252: 6150: 6039: 5570: 5371: 5024: 4985: 4968: 4929: 4714: 4619: 4603:"Cometary science. 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, a Jupiter family comet with a high D/H ratio" 4566: 4506: 4454: 4406: 4342: 4307: 4191: 4167: 4099: 4054:

design. Such experiments were a source of concern because they might allow them to produce

3920: 3769: 1275: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1232: 346: 247: 215: 4601:, Balsiger H, Bar-Nun A, Berthelier JJ, Bieler A, Bochsler P, et al. (January 2015). 391:(H) confers non-negligible chemical differences with H compounds. Deuterium has a mass of 8: 8165: 8145: 7958: 7648: 7136: 7000: 6975: 6943: 6862: 4014: 3916: 3785: 3487: 3404: 3378: 1247: 709: 688: 6625: 6602:

Chardonnet P, Orloff J, Salati P (1997). "The production of anti-matter in our galaxy".

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Gant TG (May 2014). "Using deuterium in drug discovery: Leaving the label in the drug".

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Isoscapes: Understanding movement, pattern, and process on Earth through isotope mapping

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for H. The substitution of deuterium for normal hydrogen thus reduces scattering noise.

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until 1997, when the last heavy water plant was shut down. Canada uses heavy water as a

8308: 8263: 8185: 8155: 8100: 7977: 7953: 7452: 7386: 7251: 7211: 7062: 7025: 6985: 6964: 6907: 6882: 6637: 6611: 6549: 6469: 6227: 6119: 6008: 5897: 5872: 5801: 5720: 5671: 5593: 5558: 5460:

Seelig J (October 1971). "On the flexibility of hydrocarbon chains in lipid bilayers".

5405: 5056: 5048: 4945: 4919: 4814: 4787: 4704: 4643: 4530: 4354: 4255: 3841: 3809: 3721: 3641: 3567: 3506: 2332: 1279: 825: 660: 641: 510: 6633: 6173: 6138: 6062: 6027: 5099: 5074: 3291:{\displaystyle \mu =-{\frac {1}{4}}({g^{(s)}}_{p}+{g^{(s)}}_{n})+{\frac {3}{4}}=0.310} 8210: 7793: 7693: 7663: 7581: 7321: 7206: 7162: 7110: 6917: 6912: 6844: 6784: 6641: 6553: 6219: 6214: 6197: 6178: 6111: 6067: 6000: 5992: 5987: 5970: 5951: 5947: 5902: 5854: 5836: 5805: 5793: 5755: 5712: 5663: 5598: 5477: 5428: 5409: 5397: 5362: 5301: 5211: 5184: 5126: 5060: 5040: 5015: 4647: 4635: 4610: 4522: 4472: 4215: 4175: 4171: 4009:

only three years after the isotope's isolation. Lewis was deeply disappointed by the

3978: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3563: 3414:

state (which is the dominant one) and does get a contribution from a term mixing the

3391: 1251: 1123: 1042:(38.3 vs. 32.94 K) and a higher critical pressure (1.6496 vs. 1.2858 MPa). 883: 724: 556:

and the changes brought about by cosmic expansion, one can calculate the fraction of

435: 358: 271: 219: 118: 111: 55: 6796: 6714: 6231: 6012: 5724: 4949: 4818: 4214:

In August 2018, scientists announced the transformation of gaseous deuterium into a

757: 8287: 8275: 8195: 8095: 8000: 7948: 7381: 7256: 7221: 7142: 7130: 7090: 6995: 6928: 6629: 6584: 6541: 6299: 6260: 6209: 6168: 6158: 6123: 6101: 6057: 6047: 5982: 5943: 5892: 5884: 5828: 5785: 5747: 5702: 5675: 5655: 5588: 5578: 5469: 5387: 5379: 5176: 5032: 4993: 4937: 4806: 4627: 4574: 4534: 4514: 4462: 4418: 4384: 4350: 4190:(hydrogen-3) is produced, and then the deuterium and the tritium quickly engage in 4132: 3990: 3970: 3773: 3498: 3458: 3437: 3403:

is e, the above model does not suffice for its computation. More specifically, the

2751: 1863: 1715: 1287: 895: 451: 327:

in which the H had been highly concentrated. The discovery of deuterium won Urey a

65: 5920: 5871:

Hill S, Lamberson CR, Xu L, To R, Tsui HS, Shmanai VV, et al. (August 2012).

5832: 5494:

J. Atzrodt, V. Derdau, W. J. Kerr, M. Reid, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 3022.

4899: 1407:, so is completely analogous to it. The proton and neutron, each of which have iso 644:(HD or HH). Similarly, natural water contains deuterated molecules, almost all as 7883: 7858: 7396: 7336: 7120: 7020: 7005: 6990: 6897: 6887: 6324: 5583: 5271: 5036: 4998: 4598: 4136: 4051: 4032: 4002: 3935: 3797: 3747: 3400: 3374: 1813:

The same considerations lead to the possible states of an isospin triplet having

1326: 720: 645: 584:. However, forming helium-4 requires the intermediate step of forming deuterium. 568:. This calculation indicates seven protons for every neutron at the beginning of 372: 6588: 5330: 1049:

and other physical and chemical property differences from the protium analogs. H

8120: 8085: 7868: 7758: 7723: 7708: 7643: 7638: 7537: 7437: 7356: 7331: 7296: 7241: 7216: 7085: 6933: 6143:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6032:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4227: 4079: 3753: 3701: 3517: 1984: 1404: 1303: 597: 565: 553: 499: 459: 255: 194: 94: 3532:

yield of the deuterium–tritium (DT) reaction. There is an even higher-yield H–

1596: 1571:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\Big (}|pn\rangle -|np\rangle {\Big )}.} 8302: 8150: 8005: 7888: 7863: 7844: 7788: 7668: 7626: 7621: 7361: 7351: 7311: 7186: 7080: 7035: 7010: 6892: 6872: 6765: 6735: 6704: 6247: 6106: 6089: 5996: 5044: 4128: 4112: 3837: 3805: 3597: 3554: 1941: 1887: 1739:

is 1. It also has an even parity and therefore even orbital angular momentum

1702: 1416: 1358:

differences in the number and population of spin states and rotational levels

1210: 1191: 1106: 1035: 1031: 996: 887: 668: 569: 531: 505:

The differences are much more pronounced in vibrational spectroscopy such as

443: 407: 398: 171: 154: 77: 6052: 5383: 4810: 4631: 4050:

was known to be conducting experiments using heavy water as moderator for a

8226: 8080: 7933: 7873: 7853: 7825: 7753: 7633: 7616: 7571: 7522: 7427: 7147: 7100: 6948: 6410: 6304: 6279: 6163: 6115: 5906: 5840: 5797: 5759: 5716: 5667: 5602: 5401: 5188: 4743: 4639: 4526: 4476: 4368:

Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017).

4144: 4047: 4043: 4036: 3924: 3760:

atoms in the drug molecule have been replaced by deuterium. Because of the

3651: 3451: 1793: 1764:

is 0. It also has an odd parity and therefore odd orbital angular momentum

1420: 1412: 1263: 1102: 1026:

Compared to hydrogen in its natural composition on Earth, pure deuterium (H

967: 729: 652: 616: 580:

nuclei, and the protons and neutrons had a strong energetic reason to form

573: 518: 450:

of the atom, where the reduced mass appears in a simple calculation of the

439: 187: 39: 6223: 6071: 6004: 5955: 5481: 4104: 3969:

in an article published in 1934. The name is based in part on advice from

1760:

In the second case the deuteron is a spin singlet, so that its total spin

680:

is found, unless there are obvious processes at work that concentrate it.

8200: 8110: 8075: 8042: 7968: 7943: 7783: 7688: 7658: 7542: 7457: 7447: 7177: 7105: 6776: 6616: 6433: 6182: 5495: 5180: 4969:"The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observations" 4924: 4709: 4402: 4370:"The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" 4251: 4203: 4140: 4116: 4083: 4059: 4026: 3912: 3789: 3683: 1735:

In the first case the deuteron is a spin triplet, so that its total spin

1714:

wavefunction. The latter is symmetric if the deuteron is symmetric under

1085: 865: 733: 601: 380: 324: 320: 148: 6499:"Under pressure, hydrogen offers a reflection of giant planet interiors" 5789: 5473: 4585:— see fig. 7. for a review of D/H ratios in various astronomical objects 4518: 1117:

frequency of deuterium is significantly different from normal hydrogen.

286:

tonnes of deuterium – mainly as HOD (or HOH or HHO) and only rarely as D

8115: 8057: 8020: 7995: 7893: 7703: 7566: 6545: 5707: 5690: 5392: 5052: 4467: 4442: 4401: 4247: 4243: 4199: 3941: 3932: 3801: 3765: 3738:

hydrogen bombs, requires heavy hydrogen (deuterium, tritium, or both).

3582: 3578: 3550: 3395: 3385: 1283: 1224: 1080: 1045:

The physical properties of deuterium compounds can exhibit significant

447: 6264: 6083: 6081: 5751: 5013:

Hunten DM (1993). "Atmospheric evolution of the terrestrial planets".

4422: 4020: 3150:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{2}}({g^{(s)}}_{p}+{g^{(s)}}_{n})=0.879} 8047: 7748: 7552: 7432: 7286: 7261: 4759:"Equilibrium and change: The physics behind Big Bang nucleosynthesis" 4492: 4223: 4219: 4179: 4152: 4055: 3856: 3697: 3647: 1311: 693: 362:

Hydrogen (above) and deuterium (below) glowing in gas discharge tubes

128: 6245:

Brickwedde FG (1982). "Harold Urey and the discovery of deuterium".

5659: 3474: 1093:

routinely used as harmless metabolic tracers in humans and animals.

767: 8015: 7927: 7728: 7591: 7576: 7547: 7416: 7191: 7015: 6959: 6953: 6922: 6867: 6835: 6748: 6078: 5556: 4941: 4579: 4554: 4333: 4271: 4195: 4148: 4124: 4109: 4087: 3863:

O disrupts circadian rhythm by lengthening the circadian period of

3812:

that damage living cells. Deuterated ethyl ester of linoleic acid (

3764:, deuterium-containing drugs may have significantly lower rates of 3757: 3729:

in many studies of macromolecules in biology and many other areas.

3686: 3625: 3559: 3533: 2005:

is not well defined, and the deuteron is a superposition of mostly

1408: 1330: 1315: 1307: 684: 637: 581: 561: 549: 376: 336: 251: 323:

discovered deuterium in 1931. Urey and others produced samples of

8180: 8010: 7963: 7922: 7878: 7820: 7815: 7778: 7768: 7763: 7718: 7713: 7653: 7586: 7477: 7472: 7422: 7301: 7291: 7044: 6757: 5771: 5769: 4962: 4694: 4312: 4198:, and even more free neutrons. "Pure" fusion weapons such as the 4187: 4183: 3998: 3521: 3513: 2314:{\displaystyle {\vec {\mu }}=g^{(l)}{\vec {l}}+g^{(s)}{\vec {s}}} 1976:

state, even though the first component is much bigger. Since the

1922:. Parity is still constant in time, so these do not mix with odd 1385: 1373: 1246:

with an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons. (H,

1243: 1075:

Deuterium can replace H in water molecules to form heavy water (H

1068: 1054: 705: 605: 557: 388: 270:, whereas the far more common H has no neutrons. Deuterium has a 267: 5819:

Demidov VV (September 2007). "Heavy isotopes to avert ageing?".

4788:

IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (2001).

4597: 1302:. But orbital angular momentum of either particle gives a lower 8231: 8052: 8034: 7497: 7467: 6969: 4892:"Graph of deuterium with distance in our galactic neighborhood" 4668:. Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division. 4071: 3973:

who had proposed the name "deutium". The name comes from Greek

3693: 3529: 2725:

where subscripts p and n stand for the proton and neutron, and

1987:(it is a constant in time), both components must have the same 577: 454:

and Rydberg equation, but the reduced mass also appears in the

263: 6465:"Settling arguments about hydrogen with 168 giant lasers" 5766: 5208:

Elements and isotopes: formation, transformation, distribution

3709: 3461:

cannot be calculated by the above model, for similar reasons.

1423:. In terms of the "down" state and "up" state, the singlet is 7266: 7196: 6662: 6523: 6434:

The battle for heavy water: Three physicists' heroic exploits

5557:

Hobson KA, Van Wilgenburg SL, Wassenaar LI, Larson K (2012).

4669: 4156: 3928: 3813: 3479: 3443:

The latter contribution is dominant in the absence of a pure

1400: 1361: 1110: 1059: 521:

of the deuterium is markedly higher than that of protium. In

353: 275: 5933: 1708: 6658: 6378:

DelVecchio, Rick; Writer, Chronicle Staff (5 August 2006).

4865: 4259: 1384:. The symmetry relating the proton and neutron is known as 1214: 697: 656: 403: 4246:

counterpart of the nucleus of deuterium, consisting of an

3776:

became the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval.

655:(as confirmed by planetary probes), and in the spectra of 5776:

Schmidt C (June 2017). "First deuterated drug approved".

5646:

Sanderson K (March 2009). "Big interest in heavy drugs".

4862:"FUSE Satellite solves the case of the missing deuterium" 625: 624:

Deuterium occurs in trace amounts naturally as deuterium

593: 3952: 3911:

It was first detected spectroscopically in late 1931 by

3875: 3796:(PUFA), making them more resistant to oxidative damage. 1367: 438:, the energy levels of electrons in atoms depend on the 254:; the other is protium, or hydrogen-1, H. The deuterium 6025: 5335:

The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty

5276:

The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty

4909: 3903: 2341:

Since the proton and neutron have different values for

6601: 6566: 3482:

reactor giving off its characteristic pinkish-red glow

651:

The existence of deuterium on Earth, elsewhere in the

446:, the role of reduced mass is most simply seen in the 6826: 6354:"Today in Science History – March 23 – Gilbert Lewis" 6026:

McDaniel M, Sulzman FM, Hastings JW (November 1974).

5691:"Heavy drugs draw heavy interest from pharma backers" 5359: 5146:

Halford B (4 July 2016). "The deuterium switcheroo".

4790:"Names for muonium and hydrogen atoms and their ions" 4254:. The antideuteron was first produced in 1965 at the 3824:

and has successfully completed a Phase I/II trial in

3190: 3065: 2768: 2416: 2384: 2355: 2236: 2046: 1590: 1507: 1432: 482:, or 1.000545, and for deuterium it is even smaller: 6406:"Royal Society unearths top secret nuclear research" 6277: 5166: 3981:, wanted to call the isotope "diplogen", from Greek 6087: 4367: 2022: 1998:. This is the total spin of the deuterium nucleus. 1792:gives a stronger nuclear attraction, the deuterium 792:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 675:that consume deuterium happen much faster than the 5427:(3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 115. 4552: 3290: 3149: 3024: 2714: 2399: 2370: 2313: 2216: 1768:. Therefore, the lowest possible energy state has 1690: 1570: 1493: 5870: 4963:Lellouch E, Bézard B, Fouchet T, Feuchtgruber H, 3985:'double', and the nucleus to be called "diplon". 3885:in the nucleus accompanied by an equal number of 3859:dinoflagellates. In rats, chronic intake of 25% H 3850: 3779: 2750:, one gets the following result, in units of the 2707: 2657: 2493: 2443: 1560: 1522: 1483: 1447: 8300: 6377: 4593: 4591: 4330: 3520:reactor designs, especially in combination with 1149: 1129:The triplet deuteron nucleon is barely bound at 868:—and then separating out the heavy water by the 704:The abundance of deuterium in the atmosphere of 5331:"2022 CODATA Value: deuteron rms charge radius" 5169:Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 4842:. The European Space Agency (ESA). 2 April 2013 3989:water to show partial enrichment of deuterium. 909: 442:of the system of electron and nucleus. For the 6195: 5968: 5310:National Institute of Standards and Technology 5264: 5201: 4218:. This may help researchers better understand 4119:with room for 160 kg of liquid deuterium. 3947:National Institute of Standards and Technology 3756:medicinal product in which one or more of the 878:The world's leading supplier of deuterium was 604:products of Big Bang nucleosynthesis (such as 6812: 6675:ALSOS: The Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 5125:(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 4588: 4178:, with the lithium consisting of the isotope 3512:Experimentally, deuterium is the most common 3025:{\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {1}{4(j+1)}}\left} 3012: 2945: 2935: 2868: 2209: 2159: 2123: 2073: 2027:In order to find theoretically the deuterium 6491: 6456: 5731: 5682: 5639: 5449:neutron cross section#Typical cross sections 5323: 4182:. When the lithium-6 is bombarded with fast 3573:Deuterium is most commonly used in hydrogen 1677: 1657: 1641: 1609: 1555: 1538: 1478: 1462: 1290:, and therefore more strongly bound, due to 1002:Specific heat capacity at constant pressure 6351: 6088:Petersen CC, Mistlberger RE (August 2017). 4440: 4155:liquid deuterium in a volume of about 1000 4093: 4070:", the purpose of which was to destroy the 1855:, higher than that of the isospin singlet. 1321:The proton and neutron in deuterium can be 1154: 537: 6819: 6805: 6442:European Organization for Nuclear Research 6244: 5688: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4222:planets, such as Jupiter, Saturn and some 3658:, deuterium is used as a non-radioactive, 1411:, form an isospin doublet (analogous to a 1034:(18.72 K vs. 13.99 K), a higher 354:Differences from common hydrogen (protium) 38: 6615: 6303: 6213: 6172: 6162: 6105: 6061: 6051: 5986: 5896: 5706: 5645: 5592: 5582: 5391: 4997: 4923: 4894:. FUSE Satellite project. Baltimore, MD: 4708: 4578: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4488: 4486: 4466: 4361: 4021:"Heavy water" experiments in World War II 3524:, because of the large reaction rate (or 2662: 2654: 2490: 2164: 2156: 2128: 2120: 1709:Approximated wavefunction of the deuteron 852:Learn how and when to remove this message 44:Deuterium glowing in a gas discharge tube 6403: 6251:. Vol. 35, no. 9. p. 34. 5462:Journal of the American Chemical Society 5302:"Deuteron mass energy equivalent in MeV" 4103: 3902: 3558: 3473: 3428:states, because the electric quadrupole 1360:, which occur because the deuteron is a 728:161 atoms per million hydrogen in Comet 615: 357: 6697: 6278:Urey H, Brickwedde F, Murphy G (1932). 6196:Lesauter J, Silver R (September 1993). 6136: 5969:Lesauter J, Silver R (September 1993). 5818: 5775: 5272:"2022 CODATA Value: deuteron mass in u" 5210:. Dordrecht: Kluwer. pp. 111–112. 5145: 4429: 3696:isotopes O and O, are of importance in 3575:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 1862:between the two nucleons is related to 1841:. Thus, the state of lowest energy has 640:are bonded with H to form a gas called 523:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 14: 8301: 6671:"Annotated bibliography for deuterium" 5496:https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201708903 5459: 5422: 5416: 5012: 4553:Hersant F, Gautier D, Hure JM (2001). 4541: 4483: 4274:orbiting the nucleus, would be called 4001:in 1932, was an experimental shock to 3831: 3716: 3488:heavy water moderated fission reactors 1886:are not constant in time (they do not 1021: 462:for calculating atomic energy levels. 371:Deuterium is often represented by the 6800: 6712: 6700:"Desktop nuclear fusion demonstrated" 6462: 5243:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5204:"Physiological effect of heavy water" 5123:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3953:Naming of the isotope and Nobel Prize 3898: 3876:Suspicion of lighter element isotopes 3407:does not get a contribution from the 1368:Isospin singlet state of the deuteron 1242:Deuterium is one of only five stable 1159:The nucleus of deuterium is called a 1096: 319:, meaning "second". American chemist 5737: 5541: 5120: 3607: 3301:The measured value of the deuterium 1217:deuterium produce a smaller result: 954:Mean abundance in ocean water (from 790:adding citations to reliable sources 761: 620:Simplified chart of particle content 513:, and in rotational spectra such as 27:Isotope of hydrogen with one neutron 6352:Helmenstine, Todd (22 March 2018). 6280:"A hydrogen isotope of mass 2" 5889:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.004 5877:Free Radical Biology & Medicine 5245:. Fall 2004. 22.101. Archived from 4828:from the original on 25 April 2003. 4666:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry 4409:(1933). "A Name and Symbol for H". 4108:The "Sausage" device casing of the 3907:Harold Urey, deuterium's discoverer 3816:), developed by Retrotope, is in a 3544: 3469: 1038:(23.64 vs. 20.27 K), a higher 636:), but most deuterium atoms in the 534:on its own right is also possible. 24: 8191:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science 6371: 6328:. 19 February 1934. Archived from 4355:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb00540.x 4209: 3808:, slow down the chain reaction of 3732: 1501:, which can also be written : 1237: 872:, distillation, or other methods. 708:has been directly measured by the 366: 70:Deuterium, hydrogen-2, H, 2H, H-2, 25: 8355: 8091:Atomic and molecular astrophysics 6828:Molecules detected in outer space 6698:Mullins, Justin (27 April 2005). 6651: 5517:"Oxygen – Isotopes and Hydrology" 4756: 4135:stages that followed the primary 3356:state with a slight admixture of 1894:), and over time a state such as 1419:, or in a symmetric state called 1356:like diatomic hydrogen, but with 1286:, because the decay products are 576:and protons are less stable than 525:, deuterium has a very different 8281: 8269: 8257: 8246: 8245: 7052: 7043: 7034: 6715:"Missing gas found in Milky Way" 6503:Carnegie Institution for Science 5075:"Heavy water - Energy Education" 4264:Alternating Gradient Synchrotron 4233: 3624:species, such standards improve 2738:By using the same identities as 2023:Magnetic and electric multipoles 1364:with nuclear spin equal to one. 962:Data at approximately 18 K for H 766: 659:, is also an important datum in 383:2, it is also represented by H. 304:Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 33:Deuterium, hydrogen-2, H, H 8339:Subatomic particles with spin 1 8216:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 6713:Lloyd, Robin (21 August 2006). 6595: 6560: 6517: 6426: 6397: 6345: 6336: 6312: 6271: 6238: 6189: 6130: 6019: 5962: 5927: 5913: 5864: 5847: 5812: 5609: 5550: 5535: 5509: 5500: 5488: 5453: 5441: 5353: 5294: 5224: 5195: 5160: 5149:Chemical & Engineering News 5139: 5114: 5092: 5067: 5006: 4956: 4884: 4854: 4832: 4781: 4750: 4725: 3822:infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy 3682:. Deuterium can be detected by 3464: 1262:; the long-lived radionuclides 951:Atomic weight: 2.0141017926 Da. 880:Atomic Energy of Canada Limited 777:needs additional citations for 588:This situation is known as the 429: 5740:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 4688: 4654: 4395: 4324: 4298:, that is, D with an overbar. 4268:Brookhaven National Laboratory 4068:Norwegian heavy water sabotage 3851:Slowing circadian oscillations 3780:Reinforced essential nutrients 3266: 3254: 3248: 3226: 3220: 3210: 3138: 3126: 3120: 3098: 3092: 3082: 3007: 2995: 2986: 2974: 2965: 2953: 2930: 2918: 2909: 2897: 2888: 2876: 2863: 2851: 2845: 2823: 2817: 2807: 2796: 2784: 2675: 2663: 2648: 2631: 2619: 2613: 2591: 2585: 2575: 2569: 2538: 2532: 2519: 2460: 2448: 2391: 2362: 2305: 2294: 2288: 2274: 2263: 2257: 2243: 2177: 2165: 2150: 2135: 2090: 2078: 1948:(a linear combination) of the 1673: 1668: 1660: 1653: 1648: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1605: 1600: 1545: 1528: 1474: 1469: 1458: 1453: 13: 1: 8141:Extraterrestrial liquid water 6679:Washington and Lee University 6634:10.1016/S0370-2693(97)00870-8 6094:Journal of Biological Rhythms 5833:10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.07.007 5108:National Institutes of Health 4662:"Provisional Recommendations" 4389:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003 4318: 4194:, releasing abundant energy, 3993:, Urey's graduate advisor at 3457:Higher magnetic and electric 2034:, one uses the formula for a 1150:Nuclear properties (deuteron) 904: 758:Heavy water § Production 751: 648:HDO with only one deuterium. 418:, or twice protium's mass of 375:D. Since it is an isotope of 6215:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90255-E 5988:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90255-E 5948:10.1016/0264-410X(95)00068-C 5584:10.1371/journal.pone.0035137 5202:Vertes, Attila, ed. (2003). 5037:10.1126/science.259.5097.915 4977:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4742:. London, UK. Archived from 4738:London South Bank University 4672:. § IR-3.3.2. Archived from 3836:Live vaccines, such as oral 3536:fusion reaction, though the 1339:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory 1278:also occur naturally.) Most 910:Data for molecular deuterium 611: 7: 7372:Protonated hydrogen cyanide 6589:10.1103/PhysRevLett.14.1003 5232:"Neutron–proton scattering" 4733:"Water absorption spectrum" 4441:O'Leary D (February 2012). 4411:Journal of Chemical Physics 4301: 4062:. Ultimately it led to the 3794:polyunsaturated fatty acids 1378:electromagnetic interaction 10: 8360: 6463:Chang K (16 August 2018). 6414:. Situation Publishing Ltd 6404:Sherriff L (1 June 2007). 6358:Science Notes and Projects 5689:Katsnelson A (June 2013). 4999:10.1051/0004-6361:20010259 4798:Pure and Applied Chemistry 4697:Astronomy and Astrophysics 4383:(3): 030003-1–030003-442. 4270:. A complete atom, with a 4097: 4024: 3870: 3745: 3706:global meteoric water line 3639: 3635: 3548: 2400:{\displaystyle {\vec {s}}} 2371:{\displaystyle {\vec {l}}} 1860:strong nuclear interaction 1382:strong nuclear interaction 1230: 755: 541: 220:Complete table of nuclides 8240: 8131:Earliest known life forms 8126:Diffuse interstellar band 8066: 7986: 7911: 7802: 7737: 7677: 7605: 7597:Protonated cyanoacetylene 7511: 7405: 7367:Protonated carbon dioxide 7327:Hydromagnesium isocyanide 7275: 7061: 7032: 6843: 6834: 6202:Physiology & Behavior 6137:Richter CP (March 1977). 5975:Physiology & Behavior 5154:American Chemical Society 5121:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). 4912:The Astrophysical Journal 4559:The Astrophysical Journal 4170:built since then contain 3664:doubly labeled water test 3630:hydrogen isotope exchange 1296:Pauli exclusion principle 886:for the operation of the 739:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 342:67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 214: 193: 170: 160: 147: 127: 117: 110: 93: 76: 64: 54: 49: 37: 8176:Iron–sulfur world theory 8171:Photodissociation region 7874:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene 6107:10.1177/0748730417716231 4896:Johns Hopkins University 4443:"The deeds to deuterium" 4094:In thermonuclear weapons 4031:Shortly before the war, 4007:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 3881:existence of additional 3741: 3315:, which is 97.5% of the 1403:symmetry, like ordinary 1300:orbital angular momentum 1155:Deuteron mass and radius 1053:O, for example, is more 719:Cometary bodies such as 673:nuclear fusion reactions 665:Big Bang nucleosynthesis 544:Big Bang nucleosynthesis 538:Big Bang nucleosynthesis 8251:Category:Astrochemistry 7841:, fullerene, buckyball) 7528:Cyanobutadiynyl radical 7503:Silicon-carbide cluster 7493:Protonated formaldehyde 6569:Physical Review Letters 6342:Coffey (2008): 221–222. 6320:"Deuterium v. Diplogen" 6053:10.1073/pnas.71.11.4389 5821:Trends in Biotechnology 5519:. SAHRA. Archived from 5384:10.1126/science.aaf2468 4990:2001A&A...370..610L 4811:10.1351/pac200173020377 4719:2000A&A...354L..79H 4632:10.1126/science.1261952 3957:Urey created the names 3919:. Urey's collaborator, 3865:suprachiasmatic nucleus 3818:compassionate use trial 3752:A deuterated drug is a 3478:Ionized deuterium in a 2036:nuclear magnetic moment 1292:nuclear pairing effects 1047:kinetic isotope effects 944:Density: 0.180 kg/m at 870:Girdler sulfide process 8314:Environmental isotopes 8264:Outer space portal 8106:Circumstellar envelope 7071:Aluminium(I) hydroxide 6981:Phosphorus mononitride 6858:Aluminium monofluoride 6853:Aluminium monochloride 6305:10.1103/PhysRev.39.164 6164:10.1073/pnas.74.3.1295 4967:, de Graauw T (2001). 4186:from the atomic bomb, 4161:thermonuclear reaction 4120: 4066:operation called the " 3933:cryogenically produced 3908: 3762:kinetic isotope effect 3662:, for example, in the 3660:stable isotopic tracer 3656:environmental sciences 3570: 3507:scattering experiments 3483: 3454:inside the deuterium. 3384:The measured electric 3303:magnetic dipole moment 3292: 3151: 3026: 2716: 2401: 2372: 2315: 2218: 2029:magnetic dipole moment 1978:total angular momentum 1944:of the deuterium is a 1908:may become a state of 1868:spin–orbit interaction 1692: 1572: 1495: 898:gas at high pressure. 677:proton–proton reaction 621: 515:microwave spectroscopy 363: 8161:Interplanetary medium 8136:Extraterrestrial life 7774:Octatetraynyl radical 7392:Tricarbon monosulfide 6939:Magnesium monohydride 6659:"Nuclear Data Center" 6332:on 15 September 2009. 4168:thermonuclear weapons 4107: 3906: 3768:, and hence a longer 3680:infrared spectrometry 3640:Further information: 3562: 3526:nuclear cross section 3490:, usually as liquid H 3486:Deuterium is used in 3477: 3293: 3152: 3027: 2717: 2402: 2373: 2316: 2219: 1870:that mixes different 1693: 1573: 1496: 1352:) has ortho and para 1344:Diatomic deuterium (D 1213:, measurements using 1119:Infrared spectroscopy 619: 507:infrared spectroscopy 502:, or 81.6 km/s. 361: 344:, as measured by the 8329:Nuclear fusion fuels 8319:Isotopes of hydrogen 8288:Chemistry portal 8276:Astronomy portal 8222:RNA world hypothesis 8206:PAH world hypothesis 7899:Heptatrienyl radical 7831:Buckminsterfullerene 7719:Methylcyanoacetylene 7227:Silicon carbonitride 7202:Methylidynephosphane 7168:Magnesium isocyanide 7076:Aluminium isocyanide 6878:Carbon monophosphide 5778:Nature Biotechnology 5181:10.1139/cjpp-77-2-79 4308:Isotopes of hydrogen 4216:liquid metallic form 4192:thermonuclear fusion 4100:Thermonuclear weapon 3921:Ferdinand Brickwedde 3622:isotopically labeled 3388:of the deuterium is 3188: 3063: 2766: 2742:and using the value 2414: 2382: 2353: 2234: 2044: 1588: 1505: 1430: 1354:nuclear spin isomers 1233:Proton radius puzzle 1040:critical temperature 1012:Solid: 2950 J/(kg·K) 999:at 300 K (gas phase) 786:improve this article 590:deuterium bottleneck 456:Schrödinger equation 216:Isotopes of hydrogen 8166:Interstellar medium 8146:Forbidden mechanism 7959:Hydrogen isocyanide 7649:Hexatriynyl radical 7232:c-Silicon dicarbide 7137:Hydrogen isocyanide 7001:Silicon monosulfide 6976:Phosphorus monoxide 6944:Methylidyne radical 6903:Fluoromethylidynium 6863:Aluminium(II) oxide 6626:1997PhLB..409..313C 6581:1965PhRvL..14.1003D 6538:1965NCimS..39...10M 6296:1932PhRv...39..164U 6257:1982PhT....35i..34B 6155:1977PNAS...74.1295R 6044:1974PNAS...71.4389M 5923:. 24 November 2020. 5790:10.1038/nbt0617-493 5575:2012PLoSO...735137H 5474:10.1021/ja00749a006 5425:Modern Spectroscopy 5376:2016Sci...353..669P 5029:1993Sci...259..915H 4934:2006ApJ...647.1106L 4902:on 5 December 2013. 4840:"Cosmic Detectives" 4624:2015Sci...347A.387A 4571:2001ApJ...554..391H 4519:10.1038/nature10519 4511:2011Natur.478..218H 4493:Hartogh P, Lis DC, 4459:2012NatCh...4..236O 4347:1970Tell...22..712H 3917:Columbia University 3832:Thermostabilization 3826:Friedreich's ataxia 3786:essential nutrients 3717:Contrast properties 3405:electric quadrupole 1194:of the deuteron is 1163:. It has a mass of 1022:Physical properties 689:Steady State theory 34: 8324:Neutron moderators 8186:Molecules in stars 8156:Intergalactic dust 8101:Circumstellar dust 8043:Naphthalene cation 7978:Trihydrogen cation 7954:Hydrogen deuteride 7879:Methyltriacetylene 7714:Hexapentaenylidene 7533:E-Cyanomethanimine 7453:Cyclopropenylidene 7387:Tricarbon monoxide 7377:Silicon tricarbide 7347:Methylene amidogen 7337:Isothiocyanic acid 7252:Thioxoethenylidene 7212:Trihydrogen cation 7026:Titanium(II) oxide 6986:Potassium chloride 6965:Sulfur mononitride 6908:Helium hydride ion 6883:Carbon monosulfide 6546:10.1007/BF02814251 6470:The New York Times 5708:10.1038/nm0613-656 5627:on 3 February 2019 5423:Hollas JM (1996). 5106:. compounds. U.S. 5079:energyeducation.ca 4769:on 8 February 2007 4676:on 27 October 2006 4468:10.1038/nchem.1273 4256:Proton Synchrotron 4172:chemical compounds 4121: 3909: 3899:Deuterium detected 3810:lipid peroxidation 3788:, such as certain 3722:Neutron scattering 3672:metabolic pathways 3668:chemical reactions 3642:Deuterated solvent 3614:internal standards 3571: 3568:deuterium arc lamp 3566:of an ultraviolet 3484: 3288: 3147: 3022: 2712: 2397: 2368: 2311: 2214: 1940:). Therefore, the 1688: 1682: 1674:↓ ↓ 1654:↓ ↑ 1638:↑ ↓ 1606:↑ ↑ 1568: 1491: 1475:↓ ↑ 1459:↑ ↓ 1329:interactions with 1097:Quantum properties 1015:Gas: 5200 J/(kg·K) 987:O: 1105.2 kg/m at 977:Liquid: 162.4 kg/m 948:(0 °C, 101325 Pa). 642:hydrogen deuteride 622: 511:Raman spectroscopy 402:, about twice the 364: 32: 8334:Nuclear materials 8296: 8295: 8211:Pseudo-panspermia 7907: 7906: 7854:Cyanodecapentayne 7794:N-Methylformamide 7769:Methyldiacetylene 7694:Aminoacetonitrile 7664:Methyl isocyanate 7582:Methyl isocyanide 7463:Isocyanoacetylene 7443:Cyanoformaldehyde 7322:Hydrogen peroxide 7207:Potassium cyanide 7163:Magnesium cyanide 7116:Disilicon carbide 7111:Dicarbon monoxide 6918:Hydrogen fluoride 6913:Hydrogen chloride 6795: 6794: 6677:. Lexington, VA: 6604:Physics Letters B 6575:(24): 1003–1006. 6501:(Press release). 6479:on 1 January 2022 6265:10.1063/1.2915259 6038:(11): 4389–4391. 5942:(12): 1058–1063. 5752:10.1021/jm4007998 5523:on 2 January 2007 5468:(20): 5017–5022. 5370:(6300): 669–673. 5239:mightylib.mit.edu 5217:978-1-4020-1314-0 5156:. pp. 32–36. 5023:(5097): 915–920. 4872:on 14 August 2020 4864:(Press release). 4618:(6220): 1261952. 4505:(7368): 218–220. 4495:Bockelée-Morvan D 4423:10.1063/1.1749326 4377:Chinese Physics C 4176:lithium deuteride 3979:Ernest Rutherford 3888:nuclear electrons 3676:mass spectrometry 3618:mass spectrometry 3608:Mass spectrometry 3564:Emission spectrum 3499:research reactors 3459:multipole moments 3280: 3208: 3080: 2800: 2651: 2572: 2561: 2522: 2511: 2439: 2407:. One arrives at 2394: 2365: 2338:of the nucleons. 2308: 2277: 2246: 2153: 2138: 2069: 1878:states. That is, 1626: 1625: 1518: 1517: 1443: 1442: 1124:mass spectrometry 1109:") and is thus a 1101:The deuteron has 884:neutron moderator 862: 861: 854: 836: 436:quantum mechanics 313:comes from Greek 272:natural abundance 225: 224: 119:Natural abundance 16:(Redirected from 8351: 8344:Medical isotopes 8286: 8285: 8284: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8249: 8248: 8196:Organic compound 8096:Chemical formula 8001:Dihydroxyacetone 7949:Hydrogen cyanide 7634:Cyanodiacetylene 7488:Propadienylidene 7382:Thioformaldehyde 7257:Titanium dioxide 7222:Sodium hydroxide 7143:Hydrogen sulfide 7131:Hydrogen cyanide 7091:Carbonyl sulfide 7056: 7047: 7038: 6996:Silicon monoxide 6929:Hydroxyl radical 6841: 6840: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6798: 6797: 6741:Deuterium is an 6729: 6728: 6722: 6709: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6681:. Archived from 6666: 6646: 6645: 6619: 6617:astro-ph/9705110 6610:(1–4): 313–320. 6599: 6593: 6592: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6526:Il Nuovo Cimento 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6505:. 15 August 2018 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6473:. Archived from 6460: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6217: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6176: 6166: 6149:(3): 1295–1299. 6134: 6128: 6127: 6109: 6085: 6076: 6075: 6065: 6055: 6023: 6017: 6016: 5990: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5900: 5868: 5862: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5773: 5764: 5763: 5746:(9): 3595–3611. 5735: 5729: 5728: 5710: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5596: 5586: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5542:West JB (2009). 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5395: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5306:Physics.nist.gov 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5251: 5241:(course notes). 5236: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4973: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4927: 4925:astro-ph/0608308 4918:(2): 1106–1124. 4903: 4898:. Archived from 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4868:. Archived from 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4794: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4765:. Archived from 4754: 4748: 4747: 4746:on 27 July 2017. 4729: 4723: 4722: 4712: 4710:astro-ph/0002141 4692: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4607: 4595: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4550: 4539: 4538: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4470: 4447:Nature Chemistry 4438: 4427: 4426: 4407:F. G. Brickwedde 4405:; G. M. Murphy; 4399: 4393: 4392: 4374: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4328: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4133:nuclear reaction 4017:a decade later. 3971:Gilbert N. Lewis 3944: 3894: 3800:polyunsaturated 3774:deutetrabenazine 3545:NMR spectroscopy 3470:Nuclear reactors 3449: 3438:angular momentum 3427: 3420: 3413: 3398: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3314: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3281: 3273: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3209: 3201: 3180: 3173: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3081: 3073: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3015: 2949: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2872: 2871: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2801: 2799: 2776: 2752:nuclear magneton 2749: 2734: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2661: 2660: 2653: 2652: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2574: 2573: 2565: 2562: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2524: 2523: 2515: 2512: 2504: 2497: 2496: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2424: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2203: 2198: 2197: 2163: 2162: 2155: 2154: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2077: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2054: 2018: 2011: 1997: 1991:, and therefore 1975: 1968: 1961: 1954: 1939: 1932: 1926:states (such as 1921: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1864:angular momentum 1854: 1847: 1840: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1809: 1802: 1791: 1781: 1774: 1756: 1749: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1671: 1656: 1651: 1640: 1635: 1627: 1621: 1617: 1608: 1603: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1548: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1477: 1472: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1380:relative to the 1282:are unstable to 1227: 1222: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1066: 995:Viscosity: 12.6 940: 939: 938: 930: 929: 920: 896:hydrogen sulfide 857: 850: 846: 843: 837: 835: 794: 770: 762: 687:theory over the 497: 495: 494: 491: 488: 481: 479: 478: 475: 472: 452:Rydberg constant 425: 423: 417: 415: 401: 396: 301: 299: 285: 283: 246:) is one of two 242:, also known as 209: 207: 203: 186: 184: 180: 140: 103: 86: 72:hydrogen-2, D, H 42: 35: 31: 21: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8270: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8236: 8062: 8038: 8029: 7982: 7972: 7915: 7903: 7884:Propionaldehyde 7859:Ethylene glycol 7848: 7840: 7836: 7807: 7805: 7798: 7754:Cyanohexatriyne 7740: 7733: 7680: 7673: 7608: 7601: 7561: 7514: 7507: 7478:Methoxy radical 7408: 7401: 7397:Thiocyanic acid 7278: 7271: 7181: 7121:Ethynyl radical 7057: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7030: 7021:Sulfur monoxide 7006:Sodium chloride 6991:Silicon carbide 6898:Diatomic carbon 6888:Carbon monoxide 6830: 6825: 6788: 6780: 6769: 6755: 6742: 6733: 6726: 6688: 6686: 6669: 6657: 6654: 6649: 6600: 6596: 6565: 6561: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6444:. 25 March 2002 6432: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6337: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6284:Physical Review 6276: 6272: 6243: 6239: 6194: 6190: 6135: 6131: 6086: 6079: 6024: 6020: 5967: 5963: 5932: 5928: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5869: 5865: 5852: 5848: 5817: 5813: 5774: 5767: 5736: 5732: 5695:Nature Medicine 5687: 5683: 5660:10.1038/458269a 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5555: 5551: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5421: 5417: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5252:on 21 July 2011 5249: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5200: 5196: 5165: 5161: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5119: 5115: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5011: 5007: 4971: 4961: 4957: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4792: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4763:Einstein Online 4755: 4751: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4693: 4689: 4679: 4677: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4605: 4596: 4589: 4551: 4542: 4491: 4484: 4439: 4430: 4400: 4396: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4236: 4228:magnetic fields 4212: 4210:Modern research 4137:nuclear fission 4102: 4096: 4090:, for example. 4052:nuclear reactor 4033:Hans von Halban 4029: 4023: 4011:Nobel Committee 3955: 3939: 3936:liquid hydrogen 3915:, a chemist at 3901: 3892: 3878: 3873: 3862: 3853: 3845: 3834: 3782: 3750: 3748:Deuterated drug 3744: 3735: 3733:Nuclear weapons 3719: 3644: 3638: 3610: 3592: 3588: 3557: 3547: 3538:breakeven point 3504: 3493: 3472: 3467: 3444: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3401:electric charge 3389: 3375:electric dipole 3364: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3306: 3272: 3260: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3200: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3132: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3104: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3072: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3050: 3043: 3036: 3011: 3010: 2944: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2867: 2866: 2857: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2829: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2780: 2775: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2747: 2743: 2732: 2726: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2656: 2655: 2643: 2642: 2625: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2597: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2564: 2563: 2553: 2544: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2514: 2513: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2442: 2441: 2428: 2423: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2300: 2299: 2287: 2283: 2269: 2268: 2256: 2252: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2208: 2207: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2158: 2157: 2145: 2144: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2121: 2112: 2106: 2102: 2072: 2071: 2058: 2053: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2025: 2013: 2006: 1992: 1983:is also a good 1970: 1963: 1956: 1949: 1934: 1927: 1916: 1909: 1902: 1895: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1804: 1797: 1786: 1776: 1769: 1751: 1744: 1711: 1681: 1680: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1652: 1647: 1636: 1631: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1559: 1558: 1544: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1468: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1370: 1351: 1347: 1327:neutral current 1240: 1238:Spin and energy 1235: 1220: 1218: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1182:1.875 GeV/ 1181: 1177: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1157: 1152: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1130: 1099: 1078: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1030:) has a higher 1029: 1024: 1007: 986: 980:Gas: 0.452 kg/m 965: 937: 934: 933: 932: 928: 925: 924: 923: 922: 919: 915: 912: 907: 858: 847: 841: 838: 795: 793: 783: 771: 760: 754: 741:as measured by 721:Comet Hale-Bopp 646:semiheavy water 635: 631: 614: 546: 540: 492: 489: 486: 485: 483: 476: 473: 470: 469: 467: 432: 421: 419: 413: 411: 394: 392: 373:chemical symbol 369: 367:Chemical symbol 356: 297: 295: 293: 289: 281: 279: 262:, contains one 248:stable isotopes 218: 205: 201: 199: 182: 178: 176: 138: 131: 123:0.0156% (Earth) 97: 80: 71: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8357: 8347: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8278: 8266: 8254: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8121:Cosmochemistry 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8086:Astrochemistry 8083: 8078: 8072: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7992: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7939:Formyl radical 7936: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7917: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7869:Methyl acetate 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7759:Dimethyl ether 7756: 7751: 7745: 7743: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7726: 7724:Methyl formate 7721: 7716: 7711: 7709:Glycolaldehyde 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7644:Glycolonitrile 7641: 7639:Ethylene oxide 7636: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7619: 7613: 7611: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7538:Cyclopropenone 7535: 7530: 7525: 7519: 7517: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7438:Cyanoacetylene 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7413: 7411: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7357:Methyl radical 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7332:Isocyanic acid 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7297:Isocyanic acid 7294: 7289: 7283: 7281: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7242:Sulfur dioxide 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7217:Sodium cyanide 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7126:Formyl radical 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7086:Carbon dioxide 7083: 7078: 7073: 7067: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6934:Iron(II) oxide 6931: 6926: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6847: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6824: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6801: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6773: 6762: 6761: 6752: 6739: 6724: 6723: 6710: 6695: 6667: 6653: 6652:External links 6650: 6648: 6647: 6594: 6559: 6516: 6490: 6455: 6425: 6396: 6370: 6344: 6335: 6311: 6290:(1): 164–165. 6270: 6237: 6208:(3): 599–604. 6188: 6129: 6100:(4): 295–308. 6077: 6018: 5981:(3): 599–604. 5961: 5926: 5912: 5883:(4): 893–906. 5863: 5846: 5827:(9): 371–375. 5811: 5784:(6): 493–494. 5765: 5730: 5681: 5638: 5608: 5549: 5534: 5508: 5499: 5487: 5452: 5440: 5433: 5415: 5352: 5322: 5293: 5263: 5223: 5216: 5194: 5159: 5138: 5131: 5113: 5100:"Deuterium, H" 5091: 5066: 5005: 4984:(2): 610–622. 4955: 4942:10.1086/505556 4908: 4907: 4883: 4853: 4831: 4805:(2): 377–380. 4780: 4749: 4724: 4687: 4653: 4587: 4580:10.1086/321355 4565:(1): 391–407. 4540: 4482: 4428: 4417:(7): 512–513. 4394: 4360: 4341:(6): 712–715. 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4293: 4283: 4235: 4232: 4211: 4208: 4098:Main article: 4095: 4092: 4080:Chicago Pile-1 4025:Main article: 4022: 4019: 3954: 3951: 3900: 3897: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3860: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3833: 3830: 3781: 3778: 3754:small molecule 3746:Main article: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3718: 3715: 3702:meteoric water 3637: 3634: 3609: 3606: 3590: 3586: 3546: 3543: 3502: 3491: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3321: 3311: 3299: 3298: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3158: 3157: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3033: 3032: 3020: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2757: 2745: 2730: 2723: 2722: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2600: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2518: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2393: 2390: 2364: 2361: 2322: 2321: 2307: 2304: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2225: 2224: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2075: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2024: 2021: 1985:quantum number 1962:state and the 1733: 1732: 1728: 1710: 1707: 1699: 1698: 1686: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1579: 1578: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1399:Isospin is an 1392:(or sometimes 1369: 1366: 1349: 1345: 1304:binding energy 1280:odd–odd nuclei 1239: 1236: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1134: 1098: 1095: 1076: 1061: 1050: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1005: 1000: 993: 992: 991: 984: 981: 978: 963: 960: 959: 952: 949: 935: 926: 917: 911: 908: 906: 903: 860: 859: 774: 772: 765: 756:Main article: 753: 750: 725:Halley's Comet 633: 629: 613: 610: 598:nuclear fusion 554:thermodynamics 542:Main article: 539: 536: 500:speed of light 460:Dirac equation 431: 428: 368: 365: 355: 352: 291: 287: 244:heavy hydrogen 223: 222: 212: 211: 197: 195:Binding energy 191: 190: 174: 168: 167: 164: 158: 157: 153:2.01410177811 151: 145: 144: 141: 136: 125: 124: 121: 115: 114: 108: 107: 104: 91: 90: 87: 74: 73: 68: 62: 61: 58: 52: 51: 47: 46: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8356: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8289: 8279: 8277: 8267: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8151:Homochirality 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8033: 8031: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8006:Methoxyethane 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7889:Butyronitrile 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7864:Ethyl formate 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7843: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7801: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7789:Propionitrile 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7669:Vinyl alcohol 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7627:Vinyl cyanide 7625: 7624: 7623: 7622:Acrylonitrile 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7587:Pentynylidyne 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483:Methylenimine 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7362:Propynylidyne 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7352:Methyl cation 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7312:Fulminic acid 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7187:Nitrous oxide 7185: 7183: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7081:Amino radical 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7011:Sodium iodide 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6893:Cyano radical 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6873:Carbon cation 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6815: 6810: 6808: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6791: 6786: 6783: 6781:of deuterium 6779: 6778: 6774: 6772: 6767: 6766:Decay product 6764: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6720: 6716: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6705:New Scientist 6701: 6696: 6685:on 5 May 2010 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6459: 6443: 6439: 6438:CERN Bulletin 6435: 6429: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6400: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6359: 6355: 6348: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6248:Physics Today 6241: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6082: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5859:9780198717485 5856: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5770: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5654:(7236): 269. 5653: 5649: 5642: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5617:"Deuteration" 5612: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5569:(4): e35137. 5568: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5538: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5436: 5434:0-471-96523-5 5430: 5426: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5142: 5134: 5132:0-8493-0486-5 5128: 5124: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4841: 4835: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4791: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4487: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4299: 4277: 4276:antideuterium 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234:Antideuterium 4231: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4139:stage of the 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129:hydrogen bomb 4126: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3868: 3866: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3839: 3838:polio vaccine 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3806:linoleic acid 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3739: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3620:. Like other 3619: 3615: 3605: 3601: 3599: 3598:deuterium NMR 3594: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3555:Deuterium NMR 3552: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3481: 3476: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3320: 3310: 3304: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3261: 3251: 3244: 3238: 3233: 3223: 3216: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3181:), we obtain 3178: 3171: 3164: 3144: 3141: 3133: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3105: 3095: 3088: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3056:), we obtain 3053: 3046: 3039: 3018: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2940: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2858: 2848: 2841: 2835: 2830: 2820: 2813: 2803: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2741: 2736: 2729: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2598: 2588: 2581: 2566: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2535: 2528: 2516: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2388: 2359: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2302: 2291: 2284: 2280: 2271: 2260: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2147: 2141: 2132: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2047: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1966: 1959: 1952: 1947: 1946:superposition 1943: 1942:quantum state 1937: 1930: 1925: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1731:antisymmetry. 1729: 1727:antisymmetry. 1725: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1706: 1704: 1703:excited state 1684: 1644: 1622: 1618: 1592: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1565: 1552: 1549: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1514: 1510: 1488: 1465: 1439: 1435: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1335:cross section 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1216: 1212: 1211:proton radius 1207: 1193: 1192:charge radius 1188: 1185: 1162: 1147: 1139:2.23 MeV 1133: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107:triplet state 1104: 1094: 1091: 1090:health threat 1087: 1082: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1056: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1036:boiling point 1033: 1032:melting point 1014: 1011: 1010: 1008: 1001: 998: 994: 990: 982: 979: 976: 975: 973: 972: 971: 969: 957: 953: 950: 947: 943: 942: 941: 902: 899: 897: 891: 889: 888:CANDU reactor 885: 881: 876: 873: 871: 867: 856: 853: 845: 842:February 2024 834: 831: 827: 824: 820: 817: 813: 810: 806: 803: – 802: 798: 797:Find sources: 791: 787: 781: 780: 775:This article 773: 769: 764: 763: 759: 749: 746: 744: 740: 735: 731: 726: 722: 717: 714: 712: 707: 702: 699: 695: 690: 686: 681: 678: 674: 670: 669:cluster decay 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 627: 618: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 585: 583: 579: 575: 574:Free neutrons 571: 570:nucleogenesis 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 545: 535: 533: 532:deuterium NMR 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 444:hydrogen atom 441: 437: 427: 409: 408:atomic weight 405: 400: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 360: 351: 349: 348: 343: 338: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 317: 312: 307: 305: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 221: 217: 213: 198: 196: 192: 189: 175: 173: 172:Excess energy 169: 165: 163: 159: 156: 152: 150: 146: 142: 135: 130: 126: 122: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 75: 69: 67: 63: 59: 57: 53: 48: 41: 36: 30: 19: 8244: 8227:Spectroscopy 8081:Astrobiology 7934:Formaldehyde 7912: 7826:Benzonitrile 7617:Acetaldehyde 7572:Methanethiol 7523:Acetonitrile 7428:Carbodiimide 7307:Formaldehyde 7302:Cyanoethynyl 7153:Iron cyanide 7148:Hydroperoxyl 6949:Nitric oxide 6789: 6775: 6770: 6756: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6718: 6703: 6687:. Retrieved 6683:the original 6674: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6532:(1): 10–14. 6529: 6525: 6519: 6507:. Retrieved 6493: 6481:. Retrieved 6476:the original 6468: 6458: 6446:. Retrieved 6437: 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6411:The Register 6409: 6399: 6387:. Retrieved 6383: 6373: 6361:. Retrieved 6357: 6347: 6338: 6330:the original 6323: 6314: 6287: 6283: 6273: 6246: 6240: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6097: 6093: 6035: 6031: 6021: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5915: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5849: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5781: 5777: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5698: 5694: 5684: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5629:. Retrieved 5625:the original 5620: 5611: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5543: 5537: 5527:10 September 5525:. Retrieved 5521:the original 5511: 5502: 5490: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5443: 5424: 5418: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5343:. Retrieved 5334: 5325: 5313:. Retrieved 5305: 5296: 5284:. Retrieved 5275: 5266: 5254:. Retrieved 5247:the original 5238: 5226: 5207: 5197: 5175:(2): 79–88. 5172: 5168: 5162: 5147: 5141: 5122: 5116: 5103: 5094: 5082:. Retrieved 5078: 5069: 5020: 5014: 5008: 4981: 4975: 4958: 4915: 4911: 4900:the original 4886: 4876:12 September 4874:. Retrieved 4870:the original 4856: 4844:. Retrieved 4834: 4802: 4796: 4783: 4771:. Retrieved 4767:the original 4762: 4752: 4744:the original 4740:(lsbu.ac.uk) 4736: 4727: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4678:. Retrieved 4674:the original 4665: 4656: 4615: 4609: 4562: 4558: 4502: 4498: 4450: 4446: 4414: 4410: 4397: 4380: 4376: 4363: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4275: 4240:antideuteron 4239: 4237: 4213: 4165: 4145:vacuum flask 4122: 4076: 4048:Nazi Germany 4044:World War II 4041: 4037:Lew Kowarski 4030: 3987: 3982: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3956: 3910: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3854: 3835: 3783: 3751: 3736: 3727: 3720: 3691: 3652:biochemistry 3645: 3611: 3602: 3595: 3572: 3541:technology. 3511: 3496: 3485: 3465:Applications 3456: 3452:wavefunction 3445: 3442: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3390:0.2859 3383: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3318: 3308: 3300: 3176: 3169: 3162: 3159: 3051: 3044: 3037: 3034: 2754: 2737: 2727: 2724: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2226: 2031: 2026: 2014: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1980: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1935: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1794:ground state 1787: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1720: 1712: 1700: 1580: 1413:spin doublet 1398: 1393: 1389: 1388:and denoted 1371: 1343: 1341:experiment. 1320: 1241: 1208: 1189: 1183: 1175:(15) Da 1160: 1158: 1144:~60 keV 1131: 1128: 1100: 1074: 1057:than normal 1044: 1025: 1003: 968:triple point 961: 913: 900: 892: 877: 874: 863: 848: 839: 829: 822: 815: 808: 796: 784:Please help 779:verification 776: 747: 742: 730:103P/Hartley 718: 710: 703: 682: 653:Solar System 650: 623: 589: 586: 552:. Combining 547: 519:reduced mass 517:because the 504: 464: 440:reduced mass 433: 430:Spectroscopy 370: 345: 333: 314: 310: 308: 259: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226: 149:Isotope mass 133: 112:Nuclide data 99: 82: 29: 8201:Outer space 8111:Cosmic dust 8076:Abiogenesis 7988:Unconfirmed 7944:Heavy water 7784:Ethanethiol 7699:Cyanoallene 7689:Acetic acid 7659:Methylamine 7543:Diacetylene 7458:Formic acid 7448:Cyanomethyl 7106:Diazenylium 7096:CCP radical 6972:(molecular) 6956:(molecular) 6925:(molecular) 6777:Decay chain 6689:26 November 6322:. Science. 5546:. Springer. 5393:10316/80061 5256:23 November 4773:24 February 4403:Harold Urey 4252:antineutron 4204:uranium-238 4141:atomic bomb 4123:The 62-ton 4117:Dewar flask 4084:atomic bomb 4060:atomic bomb 4027:Heavy water 4015:his suicide 3913:Harold Urey 3802:fatty acids 3790:amino acids 3772:. In 2017, 3684:femtosecond 3632:reactions. 3528:) and high 3317:0.879 3307:0.857 1892:Hamiltonian 1323:dissociated 1180:(just over 1086:Prokaryotic 983:Liquified D 866:heavy water 801:"Deuterium" 734:Kuiper belt 713:space probe 602:radioactive 381:mass number 329:Nobel Prize 325:heavy water 321:Harold Urey 274:in Earth's 258:, called a 8303:Categories 8116:Cosmic ray 8058:Silylidyne 8021:Hemolithin 7996:Anthracene 7913:Deuterated 7894:Pyrimidine 7704:Ethanimine 7567:Ketenimine 7423:Butadiynyl 7247:Thioformyl 7101:Chloronium 6736:hydrogen-1 6448:2 November 6440:(Report). 5701:(6): 656. 5631:23 January 5341:. May 2024 5282:. May 2024 5084:8 February 4965:Encrenaz T 4453:(3): 236. 4319:References 4248:antiproton 4244:antimatter 4224:exoplanets 4200:Tsar Bomba 3804:, such as 3798:Deuterated 3766:metabolism 3583:chloroform 3579:proton NMR 3551:Proton NMR 3549:See also: 3501:, liquid H 3386:quadrupole 2012:with some 1796:is in the 1284:beta decay 1231:See also: 1223:(78) 1081:eukaryotic 905:Properties 812:newspapers 752:Production 732:(a former 458:, and the 448:Bohr model 232:hydrogen-2 18:Hydrogen-2 8309:Deuterium 8048:Phosphine 7916:molecules 7849:fullerene 7749:Acetamide 7553:Formamide 7433:Cyanamide 7287:Acetylene 7262:Tricarbon 7173:Methylene 7158:Isoformyl 7063:Triatomic 6836:Molecules 6754:Heavier: 6732:Lighter: 6719:Space.com 6642:118919611 6554:122952224 6509:19 August 6483:18 August 5997:0031-9384 5806:205269152 5410:206647315 5061:178360068 5045:0036-8075 4757:Weiss A. 4680:3 October 4648:206563296 4599:Altwegg K 4220:gas giant 4180:lithium-6 4153:cryogenic 4056:plutonium 3963:deuterium 3925:distilled 3893:1 Da 3857:Gonyaulax 3770:half-life 3698:hydrology 3648:chemistry 3432:does not 3198:− 3192:μ 3067:μ 2990:− 2892:− 2770:μ 2649:→ 2646:ȷ 2640:⋅ 2570:→ 2520:→ 2418:μ 2392:→ 2378:and spin 2363:→ 2306:→ 2275:→ 2244:→ 2241:μ 2151:→ 2148:ȷ 2142:⋅ 2136:→ 2133:μ 2048:μ 1890:with the 1678:⟩ 1658:⟩ 1642:⟩ 1610:⟩ 1556:⟩ 1542:− 1539:⟩ 1479:⟩ 1466:− 1463:⟩ 1331:neutrinos 1312:dineutron 1288:even–even 1209:Like the 1204:10 m 974:Density: 914:Formula: 694:Milky Way 661:cosmology 612:Abundance 406:hydrogen 331:in 1934. 311:deuterium 309:The name 234:, symbol 228:Deuterium 129:Half-life 8035:Linear C 8016:Graphene 7928:Ammonium 7729:Acrolein 7592:Propynal 7577:Methanol 7548:Ethylene 7417:Ammonium 7192:Nitroxyl 7016:Sulfanyl 6960:Imidogen 6954:Nitrogen 6923:Hydrogen 6868:Argonium 6845:Diatomic 6749:hydrogen 6363:6 August 6232:32466816 6116:28651478 6013:32466816 5907:22705367 5841:17681625 5798:28591114 5760:24294889 5725:29789127 5717:23744136 5668:19295573 5603:22509393 5563:PLOS ONE 5402:27516595 5189:10535697 4950:14461382 4906:See also 4846:15 April 4823:Archived 4819:97138983 4640:25501976 4527:21976024 4477:22354440 4302:See also 4272:positron 4262:and the 4196:helium-4 4184:neutrons 4149:cryostat 4125:Ivy Mike 4110:Ivy Mike 4088:U.S.S.R. 3995:Berkeley 3975:deuteros 3758:hydrogen 3687:infrared 3626:accuracy 3516:used in 3430:operator 3421:and the 3379:as usual 3377:is zero 3160:For the 3035:For the 2708:⟩ 2444:⟨ 2336:-factors 2210:⟩ 2074:⟨ 1409:spin-1/2 1325:through 1316:unstable 1308:diproton 1244:nuclides 1161:deuteron 890:design. 685:Big Bang 638:Universe 582:helium-4 562:neutrons 550:Big Bang 424: Da 416: Da 377:hydrogen 337:Big Bang 316:deuteros 294:O) – in 266:and one 260:deuteron 252:hydrogen 95:Neutrons 8181:Kerogen 8068:Related 8011:Glycine 7964:Propyne 7923:Ammonia 7821:Benzene 7816:Acetone 7808:or more 7779:Propene 7764:Ethanol 7654:Propyne 7473:Methane 7342:Ketenyl 7292:Ammonia 6758:Tritium 6745:isotope 6622:Bibcode 6577:Bibcode 6534:Bibcode 6389:9 March 6292:Bibcode 6253:Bibcode 6224:8415956 6151:Bibcode 6124:4633617 6072:4530989 6040:Bibcode 6005:8415956 5956:7491812 5936:Vaccine 5898:3437768 5676:4343676 5621:nmi3.eu 5594:3324428 5571:Bibcode 5482:4332660 5372:Bibcode 5363:Science 5308:. U.S. 5104:PubChem 5053:2880608 5025:Bibcode 5016:Science 4986:Bibcode 4930:Bibcode 4715:Bibcode 4703:: L79. 4620:Bibcode 4611:Science 4567:Bibcode 4535:3139621 4507:Bibcode 4455:Bibcode 4343:Bibcode 4313:Tokamak 4250:and an 4242:is the 4188:tritium 4151:, held 4058:for an 4042:During 3999:neutron 3983:diploos 3967:tritium 3959:protium 3940:1 3883:protons 3871:History 3636:Tracing 3589:or CHCl 3522:tritium 3514:nuclide 3434:commute 3370:state. 3174:state ( 3049:state ( 1888:commute 1810:state. 1421:triplet 1417:singlet 1386:isospin 1374:nucleon 1178:‍ 1069:tritium 1055:viscous 826:scholar 743:Rosetta 711:Galileo 706:Jupiter 606:tritium 558:protons 496:⁠ 484:⁠ 480:⁠ 468:⁠ 389:protium 347:Rosetta 290:O (or H 268:neutron 256:nucleus 78:Protons 50:General 8232:Tholin 8053:Pyrene 7498:Silane 7468:Ketene 6970:Oxygen 6790:Stable 6785:Decays 6640: 6552: 6418:3 June 6384:SFGate 6230: 6222: 6183:265574 6181: 6174:430671 6171: 6122: 6114: 6070: 6063:433889 6060: 6011: 6003: 5995: 5954: 5905: 5895: 5857: 5839: 5804: 5796: 5758: 5723: 5715: 5674: 5666: 5648:Nature 5601: 5591: 5480: 5431: 5408: 5400: 5345:18 May 5315:30 May 5286:18 May 5214: 5187: 5129: 5059: 5051: 5043: 4948: 4817: 4646: 4638: 4533: 4525: 4499:Nature 4475: 4334:Tellus 4157:liters 4113:H bomb 4072:Vemork 4064:Allied 4003:theory 3965:, and 3929:liters 3694:oxygen 3585:, CDCl 3530:energy 3518:fusion 1825:= even 1785:Since 1716:parity 1333:. The 1314:to be 1215:muonic 1113:. The 828: 821: 814: 807: 799: 578:helium 566:nuclei 397: 276:oceans 264:proton 143:stable 56:Symbol 8218:(PAH) 7806:atoms 7741:atoms 7681:atoms 7679:Eight 7609:atoms 7607:Seven 7515:atoms 7409:atoms 7279:atoms 7267:Water 7197:Ozone 7139:(HNC) 7133:(HCN) 6663:KAERI 6638:S2CID 6612:arXiv 6550:S2CID 6228:S2CID 6120:S2CID 6009:S2CID 5802:S2CID 5721:S2CID 5672:S2CID 5406:S2CID 5250:(PDF) 5235:(PDF) 5057:S2CID 5049:JSTOR 4972:(PDF) 4946:S2CID 4920:arXiv 4826:(PDF) 4815:S2CID 4793:(PDF) 4705:arXiv 4670:IUPAC 4644:S2CID 4606:(PDF) 4531:S2CID 4373:(PDF) 3991:Lewis 3927:five 3814:RT001 3792:, or 3742:Drugs 3666:. In 3480:fusor 3436:with 3305:, is 3286:0.310 3145:0.879 2227:with 1839:= odd 1401:SU(2) 1362:boson 1219:2.125 1196:2.127 1165:2.013 1111:boson 1105:+1 (" 997:μPa·s 956:VSMOW 833:JSTOR 819:books 657:stars 420:1.007 412:1.007 393:2.014 385:IUPAC 379:with 185:0.001 66:Names 7739:Nine 7407:Five 7317:HCCN 7277:Four 7237:SiNC 6787:to: 6768:of: 6691:2019 6511:2018 6485:2018 6450:2015 6420:2007 6391:2019 6365:2020 6325:Time 6220:PMID 6179:PMID 6112:PMID 6068:PMID 6001:PMID 5993:ISSN 5952:PMID 5903:PMID 5855:ISBN 5837:PMID 5794:PMID 5756:PMID 5713:PMID 5664:PMID 5633:2012 5599:PMID 5529:2007 5478:PMID 5447:See 5429:ISBN 5398:PMID 5347:2024 5339:NIST 5317:2024 5288:2024 5280:NIST 5258:2011 5212:ISBN 5185:PMID 5127:ISBN 5086:2023 5041:ISSN 4878:2013 4866:NASA 4848:2013 4775:2007 4682:2007 4636:PMID 4523:PMID 4473:PMID 4260:CERN 4035:and 3842:MgCl 3670:and 3654:and 3553:and 3373:The 2740:here 2345:and 2331:are 2327:and 1882:and 1874:and 1405:spin 1348:or H 1310:and 1200:(27) 1190:The 1103:spin 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