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1070:(formerly known as mitochondrion-rich cells or as chloride cells) are responsible for maintaining optimal osmotic, ionic, and acid-base levels within the fish. Ionocytes are typically found within adult gills. However, embryonic and larval fishes often lack or have underdeveloped gills. Instead, ionocytes are found along the skin, yolk sac, and fins of the larva. As growth progresses and the gill becomes more developed, ionocytes can be found on the gill arch and gill filament. In larval fishes, the number, size, and density of ionocytes can be quantified as a relative ionocyte area, which has been proposed as a proxy for osmotic, ionic, and/or acid-base capacity of the organism. Ionocytes are also known to be plastic. Ionocyte's apical openings can widen during periods of high activity, and new ionocytes can develop along the gill lamellae during periods of environmental stress. Due to the abundant presence of
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1206:(MPAs) were established off the coast of Hawaii. Now, through the process of larval drift, fish from the MPAs are establishing themselves in different locations, and the fishery is recovering. "We've clearly shown that fish larvae that were spawned inside marine reserves can drift with currents and replenish fished areas long distances away," said one of the authors, the
1425:
2029:
801:
In addition to net tows, plankton is collected while the research vessel is moving using a
Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler, or CUFES. Water is pumped aboard the vessel from 3 m depth at 640 liters/min. The water is sent through a concentrator where it passes through a net, and the plankton is
694:
can be detected more rapidly and sensitively by monitoring the ichthyoplankton associated with them, compared to monitoring the adults themselves. It is also usually easier and more cost effective to sample trends in egg and larva populations than to sample trends in adult fish populations.
643:, meaning they cannot swim effectively under their own power, but must drift with the ocean currents. Fish eggs cannot swim at all, and are unambiguously planktonic. Early stage larvae swim poorly, but later stage larvae swim better and cease to be planktonic as they grow into
1198:, because when a larva of this fish find a suitable reef it stays in the general area for the rest of its life. Thus, it is only as drifting larvae that the fish can migrate significant distances from where they are born. The tropical yellow tang is much sought after by the
871:
Plankton pumps: Another method of collecting ichthyoplankton is to use a
Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler (see illustration). Water from a depth of about three metres is pumped onto the vessel and filtered with a net. This method can be used while the vessel is
663:(for nourishment) and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens. The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short (usually only several weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure (a process termed
1959:
Varsamos, Stamatis; Diaz, Jean Pierre; Charmantier, Guy; Flik, Gert; Blasco, Claudine; Connes, Robert (15 June 2002). "Branchial chloride cells in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) adapted to fresh water, seawater, and doubly concentrated seawater".
1845:
Varsamos, Stamatis; Diaz, Jean; Charmantier, Guy; Blasco, Claudine; Connes, Robert; Flik, Gert (1 June 2002). "Location and morphology of chloride cells during the post-embryonic development of the european sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax".
707:
in the sea, and that they could trap them with fine-mesh nets. They started describing these microorganisms and testing different net configurations. Ichthyoplankton research started in 1864 when the
Norwegian government commissioned the
1139:
in a herring spawning area with 20,000 herring eggs in their stomachs, and concluded that they could prey on half of the total egg production. Fish also cannibalise their own eggs. For example, separate studies found northern anchovy
1190:
at a distant location. This finding demonstrates, for the first time, what scientists have long suspected but have never proven, that fish populations can be connected to distant populations through the process of larval drift.
999:
The larval stage can be further subdivided into preflexion, flexion, and postflexion stages. In many species, the body shape and fin rays, as well as the ability to move and feed, develops most rapidly during the flexion
774:
654:
Fish can produce high numbers of eggs which are often released into the open water column. Fish eggs typically have a diameter of about 1 millimetre (0.039 in). The newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called
802:
diverted to a collector. While CUFES is running, a data logger is recording the date, time, and position for each sample as well as other environmental data from the ship's sensors (e.g. wind speed, direction, SST).
727:, living in the open water column like other plankton. Around the beginning of the twentieth century, research interest in ichthyoplankton became more general when it emerged that, if ichthyoplankton was sampled
1706:
Evans, David H.; Piermarini, Peter M.; Choe, Keith P. (January 2005). "The
Multifunctional Fish Gill: Dominant Site of Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regulation, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste".
866:
After the tow the plankton is flushed with a hose to the cod end (bottom) of the net for collection. The sample is then placed in preservative fluid prior to being sorted and identified in a laboratory.
881:
Ichthyoplankton researchers generally use the terminology and development stages introduced in 1984 by
Kendall and others. This consists of three main developmental stages and two transitional stages.
678:. For instance, most late stage larvae in ichthyoplankton have usually been preyed on, so ichthyoplankton tends to be dominated by eggs and early stage larvae. This means that when fish, such as
1265:
840:
tows and Tucker trawls utilize multiple nets that are mechanically opened and closed at discrete depths in order to provide insights into the vertical distribution of the plankton
830:
from a moving vessel. The net is often lowered to about 200 metres and then allowed to rise to the surface as it is towed. In this way, a sample can be collected across the whole
1159:
The most effective predators are about ten times as long as the larvae they prey on. This is true regardless of whether the predator is a crustacean, a jellyfish, or a fish.
823:
Ring net tows involve a nylon mesh net fitted to a circular frame. These have largely been replaced by bongo nets, which provide duplicate samples with their dual-net design.
794:
collect ichthyoplankton from the ocean using fine mesh nets. The vessels either tow the nets through the sea or pump sea water onboard and then pass it through the net.
690:, ichthyoplankton samples can reflect their spawning output and provide an index of relative population size for the fish. Increases or decreases in the number of adult
1643:
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Starts with all the fin rays being present and scale growth underway, and completes when the juvenile becomes sexually mature or starts interacting with other adults.
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3248:
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The PairoVET tow, used for collecting fish eggs, drops a net about 70 metres into the sea from a stationary research vessel and then drags it back to the vessel.
1281:
2068:
Purcell, J. E., and Grover, J. J. (1990) "Predation and food limitation as causes of mortality in larval herring at a spawning ground in
British Columbia".
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539:
942:
Salmon egg hatching. The larva has broken through and is discarding the egg envelope. In about 24hrs it will absorb the remaining yolk sac and become a
1183:
for short distances. Later they develop an ability to swim horizontally for much longer distances. These swimming developments affect their dispersal.
1127:. Because they are so abundant, marine invertebrates inflict high overall mortality rates. Adult fish also prey on fish eggs and larvae. For example,
1388:
1669:
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1210:
Mark Hixon. "This is a direct observation, not just a model, that successful marine reserves can sustain fisheries beyond their borders."
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that eat smaller plankton, while fish eggs carry their own food supply. Both eggs and larvae are themselves eaten by larger animals.
1750:
Varsamos, Stamatis; Nebel, Catherine; Charmantier, Guy (August 2005). "Ontogeny of osmoregulation in postembryonic fish: A review".
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2341:
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2419:
2250:"Epigenesis of an epigeneticist: the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes
4202:
1253:
1408:
703:
Interest in plankton originated in
Britain and Germany in the nineteenth century when researchers discovered there were
2523:
2135:"Vulnerability of fish eggs and larvae to predation: review of the influence of the relative size of prey and predator"
1792:"Ontogenetic changes in cutaneous and branchial ionocytes and morphology in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) larvae"
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2482:
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1664:
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stage because there are aspects, such as those to do with the egg envelope, that are not just embryonic aspects.
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2157:
443:
2106:
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Size-dependent vulnerability of marine fish larvae to predation: an individual-based numerical experiment"
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net tows are often made at or just below the surface using a nylon mesh net fitted to a rectangular frame
172:
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72:
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of fish is regulated by larval fish survival. Survival is regulated by prey abundance, predation, and
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667:) to become juveniles. During this transition larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on
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prey, a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density, starving many larvae.
519:
488:
165:
1790:
Kwan, Garfield T.; Wexler, Jeanne B.; Wegner, Nicholas C.; Tresguerres, Martin (February 2019).
1186:
In 2010, a group of scientists reported that fish larvae can drift on ocean currents and reseed
1099:. Fish eggs and larvae are eaten by many marine organisms. For example, they may be fed upon by
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2006:
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Cowen RK, CB Paris and A Srinivasan (2006) "Scaling of connectivity in marine populations".
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Christie MR, Tissot BN, Albins MA, Beets3 JP, Jia Y, Ortiz DL, Thompson SE, Hixon MA (2010)
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trade. By the late 1990s, their stocks were collapsing, so in an attempt to save them nine
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tows a net from a moving vessel along the surface of the water, collecting larvae, such as
423:
187:
49:
Fish produce many eggs, typically about 1mm across, and usually release them into the open
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8:
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Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
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234:
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2236:"Eggs and larvae of fishes and their role in systematic investigations in fisheries"
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encourage a spawning female and discharge sperm to externally fertilize her eggs
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Kwan, Garfield; Finnerty, Shane; Wegner, Nicholas; Tresguerres, Martin (2019).
1763:
1720:
1146:) were responsible for 28% of the mortality in their own egg population, while
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1981:
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1815:
1728:
1415:
1060:
1035:
1031:
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245:
177:
90:
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1915:
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2564:
2030:"Predation on eggs and larvae of marine fishes and the recruitment problem"
1989:
1942:
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207:
182:
109:
104:
50:
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Freshly hatched herring larva in a drop of water compared to a match head.
924:
eggs. The growing larvae can be seen through the transparent egg envelope.
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2281:
The Big Fish Bang: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Larval Fish
Conference
674:
Ichthyoplankton can be a useful indicator of the state and health of an
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150:
21:
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1973:
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eggs, drifting in the water. This established that fish eggs could be
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2158:
Larval
Connectivity in an Effective Network of Marine Protected Areas
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2532:
1272:
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with Na+/K+-ATPase immunostained in brown to identify its ionocytes
1050:
915:
687:
660:
255:
64:
2007:"The significance and prediction of predation in marine fisheries"
1899:"Quantification of Cutaneous Ionocytes in Small Aquatic Organisms"
1074:
in the basolateral membrane, ionocytes can often be located using
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4779:
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4730:
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4720:
4265:
4217:
4111:
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3723:
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3173:
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2315:
Chap. 4. pp. 88–111. In: L.A. Fuiman and R.G. Werner (eds.)
2265:
Tropical estuarine fishes: ecology, exploitation and conservation
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Drifting Fish Larvae Allow Marine Reserves to Rebuild Fisheries
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can drift more than 100 miles and reseed in a distant location.
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around the Norwegian coast. Sars found fish eggs, particularly
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212:
44:
2406:
Fishery science: the unique contributions of early life stages
2317:
Fishery Science: The unique contributions of early life stages
1595:
Allen, Dr. Larry G.; Horn, Dr. Michael H. (15 February 2006).
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4735:
4145:
3412:
1896:
1844:
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Fish larvae develop first an ability to swim up and down the
1124:
959:
Spawning to hatching. This stage is used instead of using an
656:
1598:
The Ecology of Marine Fishes: California and Adjacent Waters
4708:
4295:
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3223:
2501:
2105:
Santander, H.; Alheit, J.; MacCall, A.D.; Alamo, A. (1983)
1958:
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1481:
1399:
631:, less than 200 metres deep, which is sometimes called the
35:
1687:"Early life history stages of fishes and their characters"
4747:
4315:
3600:
3290:
1136:
720:
627:
of fish. They are mostly found in the sunlit zone of the
2351:
Page 286–295. In: JH Steele, SA Thorpe and KK Turekian,
1749:
3808:
3259:
2404:
Pages 183–205. In: Lee A. Fuiman and Robert G. Werner,
731:, then the samples could indicate the relative size or
1034:
is complete when the larva develops the features of a
16:
Eggs and larvae of fish that drift in the water column
2333:
Early life history and recruitment in fish population
2279:
Browman, Howard I. and Skiftesvik, Anne Berit (2003)
1690:
American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists
1287:
Within days, the vulnerable goldfish eggs hatch into
933:
Developmental stages according to Kendall et al. 1984
2449:
Recent advances in the study of fish eggs and larvae
2402:"Assemblages, Communities, and Species Interactions"
2239:
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes
1601:. University of California Press. pp. 269–319.
1150:
were responsible for 10% and South African anchovy (
2466:
Guides and keys to larval and early juvenile fishes
2234:Ahlstrom, Elbert H. and Moser, H. Geoffrey (1976)
2111:) caused by cannibalism and predation by sardines (
1705:
2369:Identification of Eggs and Larvae of Marine Fishes
2138:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
979:has started (squamation). A key event is when the
4951:
659:. They are usually poorly formed, carry a large
2383:Miller, Bruce S. and Kendall, Arthur W. (2009)
2212:
2210:
2208:
2152:
2150:
1685:Kendall Jr AW, Ahlstrom EH and Moser HG (1984)
1259:Salmon eggs in different stages of development.
2294:Finn, Roderick Nigel and Kapoor, B. G. (2008)
2085:Johannessen, A. (1980) "Predation on herring (
3824:
3275:
2517:
581:
2493:Salmon Eggs Hatching at the Seymour Hatchery
2205:
2147:
1022:From hatching to absorption of the yolk-sac
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1194:The fish they chose to investigate was the
3831:
3817:
3282:
3268:
2524:
2510:
1530:. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall College.
907:. The black spots are the eyes developing.
588:
574:
4376:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
2048:Cowan Jr JH, Houde ED and Rose KA (1996)
2024:
2022:
1932:
1914:
1681:
1679:
1621:
1594:
2133:Paradis AR, Pepin P and Brown JA (1996)
1577:
1473:– an online database for ichthyoplankton
1232:eggs about one month after fertilization
1166:
1131:were observed satiating themselves with
1054:
1015:
952:
937:
796:
20:
2107:Egg mortality of the Peruvian anchovy (
2028:Bailey, K. M., and Houde, E. D. (1989)
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1525:
1135:eggs back in 1922. Another study found
876:
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2311:Cowan, J.H., Jr. and R.F. Shaw (2002)
2101:
2099:
2019:
2001:
1999:
1676:
1549:
1547:
807:There are many types of plankton tows:
3812:
3263:
2505:
2468:Warner College of Natural Resources,
1954:
1952:
826:The bongo tow drags nets shaped like
3791:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1667:Southwest Fisheries Science Center,
1649:
834:where most ichthyoplankton is found.
4932:
4203:Electroreception and electrogenesis
2485:Presentation by Yoshinobu Konishi,
2386:Early life history of marine fishes
2268:John Wiley and Sons, Page 153–156.
2096:
1996:
1796:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
1544:
742:
13:
2483:Ichthyoplankton Survey Methodology
2420:Ichthyoplankton Information System
2330:Chambers RC and Trippel EA (1997)
1949:
1615:
1561:. 3 September 2007. Archived from
1559:Southwest Fisheries Science Center
1394:Early stage herring larvae imaged
14:
4991:
2476:
1778:
1044:
991:side of the spinal cord develops
4931:
4920:
4919:
4902:
4901:
3927:
3790:
3779:
3778:
2628:
2389:University of California Press.
1665:Ichthyoplankton sampling methods
1423:
1407:
1387:
1375:
1370:eggs, with a newly hatched larva
1360:
1343:
1328:
1313:
1298:
1280:
1264:
1252:
1237:
1220:
914:
892:
773:
761:
749:
555:
554:
71:
3887:Environmental impact of fishing
2177:
2127:
2079:
2062:
2042:
1962:Journal of Experimental Zoology
1890:
1838:
2366:Kendall Jr., Arthur W. (2011)
2283:Institute of Marine Research.
2070:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2010:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1743:
1699:
1519:
1291:, and rapidly develop into fry
975:are present and the growth of
647:. Fish larvae are part of the
1:
2560:High lipid content microalgae
2262:Blaber, Stephen J. M. (2000)
2228:
1030:From larva to juvenile. This
444:Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt
3972:intramembranous ossification
2531:
2173:10.1371/journal.pone.0015715
1451:Continuous Plankton Recorder
1162:
1026:
1018:
1005:
967:
955:
780:Retrieving a plankton sample
615:
609:
7:
3159:Fish diseases and parasites
2670:Photosynthetic picoplankton
2433:American Fisheries Society
1555:"What are Ichthyoplankton?"
1438:
1081:
173:Photosynthetic picoplankton
10:
4996:
4351:Fin and flipper locomotion
4321:Sequential hermaphroditism
4208:Jamming avoidance response
3925:
3149:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
2650:Heterotrophic picoplankton
2430:Early life history section
2253:Guelph Ichthyology Reviews
2089:) eggs and young larvae".
2033:Advances in Marine Biology
1764:10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.01.013
1721:10.1152/physrev.00050.2003
1414:A 2.7mm long larva of the
1213:
1085:
1048:
859:which live at the surface.
784:
698:
142:Heterotrophic picoplankton
26:Diagram of a fish egg: A.
4915:
4839:
4772:
4679:
4641:
4632:
4571:
4502:
4389:
4341:
4251:
4176:
3936:
3846:
3774:
3649:
3496:
3461:
3370:
3332:
3306:
3297:
3204:Marine primary production
3101:
3049:
2986:
2977:
2920:
2875:
2780:
2771:
2693:
2637:
2626:
2539:
2470:Colorado State University
2442:Colorado State University
2422:Alaska Fisheries Center,
1860:10.1007/s00429-002-0231-3
1808:10.1007/s00360-018-1187-9
1673:. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
1629:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1528:Introductory Oceanography
1029:
1021:
1010:
958:
936:
931:
886:
499:Marine primary production
3838:
3289:
3124:Algal nutrient solutions
2866:Thalassiosira pseudonana
2738:Flavobacterium columnare
2725:Enteric redmouth disease
2248:Balon, Eugene K. (1990)
1513:
971:From hatching until all
613:, "fish"; and πλαγκτός,
4965:Biological oceanography
4867:Glossary of ichthyology
4429:Diel vertical migration
3144:Diel vertical migration
2660:Microphyte (microalgae)
2645:Eukaryotic picoplankton
2590:Paradox of the plankton
2408:, John Wiley and Sons.
2319:, John Wiley and Sons.
2197:10.1126/science.1122039
1916:10.21769/BioProtoc.3227
1526:Thurman, H. V. (1997).
1507:Video plankton recorder
1502:Stable ocean hypothesis
520:Paradox of the plankton
489:Diel vertical migration
4233:Surface wave detection
4198:Hydrodynamic reception
3872:Diseases and parasites
3006:Gelatinous zooplankton
2439:Larval Fish Laboratory
2297:Fish larval physiology
1848:Anatomy and Embryology
1692:, Special publication
1204:marine protected areas
1176:
1153:Engraulis encrasicolus
1064:
1019:Yolk-sac larval stage
947:
803:
639:. Ichthyoplankton are
367:Gelatinous zooplankton
53:
4371:Undulatory locomotion
4188:Ampullae of Lorenzini
3199:Marine microorganisms
2969:Velvet (fish disease)
2704:Aeromonas salmonicida
2570:Marine microorganisms
2124:(2-3): 443–453. Rome.
1709:Physiological Reviews
1477:Marine larval ecology
1170:
1088:Marine larval ecology
1059:Three-day-old larval
1058:
1027:Transformation stage
941:
800:
619:, "drifter") are the
24:
4599:Genetically modified
3684:Egg drop competition
2951:Pfiesteria piscicida
2751:Marine bacteriophage
2655:Marine microplankton
2455:4 March 2016 at the
2118:FAO Fisheries Report
1101:marine invertebrates
1076:immunohistochemistry
1016:Transitional stages
995:(becomes flexible).
983:associated with the
877:Developmental stages
424:Cyanobacterial bloom
188:Marine microplankton
4404:Aquatic respiration
4291:Life history theory
3194:Ocean acidification
3129:Artificial seawater
2896:Coscinodiscophyceae
2762:Streptococcus iniae
2745:Pelagibacter ubique
2300:Science Publishers.
2222:, 26 December 2010.
1565:on 18 February 2018
508:Ocean fertilization
429:Harmful algal bloom
347:Freshwater plankton
59:Part of a series on
40:perivitelline space
4243:Weberian apparatus
3679:Egg-and-spoon race
3506:List of egg dishes
3319:Fish and amphibian
3300:List of egg topics
2355:, Academic Press.
1177:
1171:The larvae of the
1148:Peruvian anchoveta
1065:
948:
804:
449:Great Calcite Belt
54:
38:D. oil globule E.
28:vitelline membrane
4970:Fish reproduction
4947:
4946:
4857:Fish common names
4768:
4767:
4399:Aquatic predation
4223:Capacity for pain
3952:Age determination
3806:
3805:
3739:Ovo vegetarianism
3257:
3256:
3097:
3096:
3084:Siphonostomatoida
3079:Poecilostomatoida
3031:Crustacean larvae
2935:Choanoflagellates
2916:
2915:
2906:Bacillariophyceae
2901:Fragilariophyceae
2820:Emiliania huxleyi
2665:Nanophytoplankton
2585:Milky seas effect
2414:978-0-632-05661-3
2400:Miller TJ (2002)
2395:978-0-520-24972-1
2378:978-4-486-03758-3
2361:978-0-08-096480-5
2342:978-0-412-64190-9
2325:978-0-632-05661-3
2289:978-82-7461-059-0
2274:978-0-632-05655-2
2191:(5760): 522–527.
2109:Engraulis ringens
2053:ICES J. Mar. Sci.
1974:10.1002/jez.10099
1537:978-0-13-262072-7
1456:Crustacean larvae
1229:Coregonus maraena
1042:
1041:
1001:
676:aquatic ecosystem
598:
597:
454:Milky seas effect
161:Nanophytoplankton
4987:
4935:
4934:
4923:
4922:
4905:
4904:
4639:
4638:
3931:
3862:Ethnoichthyology
3833:
3826:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3794:
3793:
3782:
3781:
3536:Custard desserts
3284:
3277:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3011:Hunting copepods
2984:
2983:
2809:Chaetocerotaceae
2778:
2777:
2695:Bacterioplankton
2632:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2347:Houde ED (2010)
2223:
2214:
2203:
2181:
2175:
2154:
2145:
2131:
2125:
2103:
2094:
2083:
2077:
2066:
2060:
2046:
2040:
2026:
2017:
2003:
1994:
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1956:
1947:
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1936:
1918:
1894:
1888:
1887:
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1836:
1835:
1787:
1776:
1775:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1703:
1697:
1683:
1674:
1662:
1647:
1644:Google Translate
1641:
1639:
1637:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1592:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1523:
1497:Spawning trigger
1427:
1411:
1391:
1379:
1368:Atlantic herring
1364:
1347:
1332:
1317:
1302:
1284:
1268:
1256:
1241:
1224:
1208:marine biologist
1143:Engraulis mordax
998:
918:
896:
884:
883:
792:Research vessels
777:
765:
753:
743:Sampling methods
710:marine biologist
618:
612:
590:
583:
576:
563:
558:
557:
219:coccolithophores
156:Microzooplankton
115:Bacterioplankton
75:
56:
55:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4960:Aquatic ecology
4950:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4911:
4835:
4764:
4675:
4628:
4567:
4498:
4391:
4385:
4337:
4281:Ichthyoplankton
4247:
4179:
4172:
4168:Digital Library
4163:Teleost leptins
4102:Shark cartilage
4026:pharyngeal slit
4021:pharyngeal arch
3957:Anguilliformity
3942:
3940:
3932:
3923:
3842:
3837:
3807:
3802:
3770:
3645:
3492:
3457:
3393:Ichthyoplankton
3366:
3328:
3302:
3293:
3288:
3258:
3253:
3184:Marine mucilage
3139:Biological pump
3093:
3045:
3016:Ichthyoplankton
2973:
2940:Dinoflagellates
2912:
2871:
2842:Nannochloropsis
2826:Eustigmatophyte
2814:Coccolithophore
2767:
2689:
2633:
2624:
2555:CLAW hypothesis
2535:
2530:
2479:
2457:Wayback Machine
2372:東海大学出版会, 2011.
2245:(3-4): 379–398.
2231:
2226:
2215:
2206:
2182:
2178:
2155:
2148:
2144::(6) 1226–1235.
2132:
2128:
2113:Sardinops sagax
2104:
2097:
2087:Clupea harengus
2084:
2080:
2067:
2063:
2047:
2043:
2027:
2020:
2004:
1997:
1957:
1950:
1895:
1891:
1843:
1839:
1788:
1779:
1748:
1744:
1704:
1700:
1684:
1677:
1663:
1650:
1635:
1633:
1622:Geir Hestmark.
1620:
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1609:
1593:
1578:
1568:
1566:
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1552:
1545:
1538:
1524:
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1511:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1371:
1365:
1354:
1351:Common sturgeon
1348:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1292:
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1269:
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910:
909:
908:
897:
879:
789:
781:
778:
769:
766:
757:
754:
745:
715:to investigate
701:
601:Ichthyoplankton
594:
553:
546:
545:
544:
503:
479:CLAW hypothesis
468:
460:
459:
458:
408:
398:
397:
396:
377:Ichthyoplankton
361:
353:
352:
351:
342:
326:Marine plankton
321:
306:
298:
297:
296:
287:
278:
262:
242:
230:
224:dinoflagellates
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136:
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100:
85:
48:
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42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4993:
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4909:
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4761:
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4755:
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4733:
4728:
4723:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4685:
4683:
4681:Wild fisheries
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4604:Hallucinogenic
4601:
4596:
4591:
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4581:
4575:
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4569:
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4566:
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4555:
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4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4479:Schooling fish
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4439:Filter feeders
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4414:Bottom feeders
4411:
4406:
4401:
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4393:
4387:
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4136:
4126:
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4115:
4114:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4060:Leydig's organ
4057:
4056:
4055:
4053:pharyngeal jaw
4050:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:branchial arch
3998:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3934:
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3813:
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3800:
3788:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3749:Vegreville egg
3741:
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3716:
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3500:
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3405:
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3321:
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3310:
3308:
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3295:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3209:Pseudoplankton
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3102:Related topics
3099:
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3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3051:Copepod orders
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3018:
3013:
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3003:
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2903:
2898:
2887:
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2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2855:Prasinophyceae
2852:
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2833:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
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2766:
2765:
2758:
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2741:
2734:
2731:Flavobacterium
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2699:
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2690:
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2687:
2682:
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2528:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2487:SEAFDEC-MFRDMD
2478:
2477:External links
2475:
2474:
2473:
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2436:
2427:
2417:
2398:
2381:
2364:
2353:Marine Biology
2345:
2328:
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2246:
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2204:
2176:
2146:
2126:
2095:
2078:
2061:
2041:
2018:
2005:Bax NJ (1998)
1995:
1948:
1889:
1854:(3): 203–213.
1837:
1777:
1758:(4): 401–429.
1742:
1698:
1675:
1648:
1632:(in Norwegian)
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1251:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1164:
1161:
1083:
1080:
1046:
1045:Skin ionocytes
1043:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:Juvenile stage
1003:
1002:
996:
969:
965:
964:
957:
954:
950:
949:
935:
930:
920:
913:
912:
911:
898:
891:
890:
889:
888:
887:
878:
875:
874:
873:
868:
867:
863:
862:
861:
860:
841:
835:
824:
821:
818:
809:
808:
783:
782:
779:
772:
770:
767:
760:
758:
755:
748:
744:
741:
729:quantitatively
705:microorganisms
700:
697:
596:
595:
593:
592:
585:
578:
570:
567:
566:
565:
564:
548:
547:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
516:
515:
504:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
469:
467:Related topics
466:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
439:Eutrophication
436:
431:
426:
421:
419:Critical depth
416:
410:
409:
404:
403:
400:
399:
395:
394:
389:
387:Pseudoplankton
384:
379:
374:
369:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
350:
349:
343:
341:
340:
339:
338:
333:
322:
320:
319:
314:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
295:
294:
288:
286:
285:
279:
277:
276:
275:
274:
263:
261:
260:
259:
258:
253:
248:
246:foraminiferans
243:
231:
229:
228:
227:
226:
221:
216:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
169:
168:
158:
153:
147:
145:
144:
138:
137:
132:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
101:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
81:
80:
77:
76:
68:
67:
61:
60:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4992:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4940:
4939:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4908:
4907:more lists...
4900:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:Fish families
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4847:Aquarium life
4845:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4829:fleshy-finned
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4797:Cartilaginous
4795:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:Electric fish
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Mauthner cell
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:Chromatophore
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3799:
3798:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Organizations
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Humpty Dumpty
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Ovoviviparity
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3334:Fossil record
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Tychoplankton
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Microbial mat
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Monstrilloida
3072:
3070:
3069:Harpacticoida
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Marine larvae
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2877:Diatom orders
2874:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:Bacteriastrum
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Phytoplankton
2770:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Cyanobacteria
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Picoeukaryote
2678:
2676:
2675:Picobiliphyte
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:, 70S2: 2006.
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:"Fish Larvae"
2346:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2313:"Recruitment"
2310:
2307:
2306:9781578083886
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2221:
2220:ScienceDaily
2218:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:(1): 97–177.
1714:
1710:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1608:9780520932470
1604:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1416:ocean sunfish
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:marine snails
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1061:white seabass
1057:
1052:
1037:
1036:juvenile fish
1033:
1032:metamorphosis
1025:
1014:
1008:
1004:
997:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
968:Larval stage
966:
962:
951:
945:
940:
934:
923:
917:
906:
902:
895:
885:
882:
870:
869:
865:
864:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
836:
833:
829:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
811:
810:
806:
805:
799:
795:
793:
788:
776:
771:
764:
759:
752:
747:
746:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
706:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
665:metamorphosis
662:
658:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
611:
606:
603:(from Greek:
602:
591:
586:
584:
579:
577:
572:
571:
569:
568:
562:
552:
551:
550:
549:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
514:
511:
510:
509:
506:
505:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
464:
463:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
407:
402:
401:
393:
392:Tychoplankton
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
357:
356:
348:
345:
344:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
323:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
302:
301:
293:
290:
289:
284:
281:
280:
273:
272:cyanobacteria
270:
269:
268:
265:
264:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
236:
233:
232:
225:
222:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
205:
198:
197:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:Picoeukaryote
176:
174:
171:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
143:
140:
139:
135:
130:
129:
121:
120:Virioplankton
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
97:
94:
92:
91:Phytoplankton
89:
88:
84:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
52:
46:
41:
37:
33:
29:
23:
19:
4936:
4924:
4824:spiny-finned
4773:Major groups
4494:Intelligence
4474:Scale eaters
4419:Cleaner fish
4301:Mouthbrooder
4280:
4253:Reproduction
4228:Schreckstoff
4213:Lateral line
4129:Swim bladder
4119:Spiral valve
4048:hyomandibula
4031:pseudobranch
3914:Hypoxia in -
3795:
3783:
3576:Onsen tamago
3392:
3214:Stromatolite
3109:Aeroplankton
3036:Salmon louse
3015:
2991:Chaetognatha
2963:Symbiodinium
2961:
2949:
2864:
2860:Raphidophyte
2847:
2840:
2836:Stramenopile
2818:
2801:
2794:
2760:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2702:
2685:Picoplankton
2610:Spring bloom
2580:Mycoplankton
2575:Meroplankton
2565:Holoplankton
2495:
2486:
2469:
2459:
2448:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2405:
2385:
2368:
2352:
2332:
2316:
2296:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2238:
2219:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2164:
2160:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2013:
2009:
1968:(1): 12–26.
1965:
1961:
1909:(9): e3227.
1906:
1903:Bio-Protocol
1902:
1892:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1802:(1): 81–95.
1799:
1795:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1668:
1634:. Retrieved
1627:
1624:"G. O. Sars"
1617:
1597:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:the original
1558:
1527:
1521:
1492:Spawning bed
1418:, Mola mola,
1395:
1336:Bluefin tuna
1227:
1193:
1185:
1181:water column
1178:
1158:
1152:
1142:
1091:
1066:
953:Main stages
932:
903:(eggs) of a
880:
790:
787:Plankton net
756:PairoVET tow
735:of spawning
702:
673:
653:
629:water column
600:
599:
434:Spring bloom
382:Meroplankton
376:
372:Holoplankton
312:Aeroplankton
240:radiolarians
183:Picoplankton
110:Mycoplankton
105:Mixoplankton
83:Trophic mode
51:water column
18:
4980:Planktology
4975:Ichthyology
4938:WikiProject
4897:Prehistoric
4881:Threatened
4572:Other types
4469:Sardine run
4444:Forage fish
4424:Corallivory
4276:Development
4261:Bubble nest
4134:physoclisti
4124:Suckermouth
4097:Root effect
3919:Ichthyology
3694:Fabergé egg
3179:Manta trawl
3164:Heterotroph
3114:Algaculture
2979:Zooplankton
2922:Flagellates
2803:Chaetoceros
2756:SAR11 clade
2615:Thin layers
2600:Planktology
2595:Planktivore
2550:Algal bloom
2059:(1): 23–37.
2016:: 997–1030.
1306:Pacific cod
1196:yellow tang
1188:fish stocks
1173:yellow tang
1109:arrow worms
1093:Recruitment
1072:Na/K-ATPase
977:fish scales
857:flying fish
845:manta trawl
832:photic zone
828:bongo drums
737:fish stocks
692:fish stocks
669:zooplankton
649:zooplankton
637:photic zone
535:Thin layers
530:Planktology
525:Planktivore
474:Algaculture
414:Algal bloom
360:Other types
331:prokaryotes
317:Geoplankton
201:By taxonomy
96:Zooplankton
4954:Categories
4553:Groundfish
4548:Freshwater
4543:Euryhaline
4528:Coral reef
4464:Salmon run
4454:Paedophagy
4356:Amphibious
4343:Locomotion
4151:pharyngeal
4139:physostome
4092:Photophore
4038:Glossohyal
4011:gill raker
3994:dorsal fin
3944:physiology
3704:HowToBasic
3699:Free range
3674:Easter egg
3669:Decorating
3651:In culture
3541:Deep fried
3462:Components
3342:Cephalopod
3174:Macroalgae
3134:Autotrophs
3064:Cyclopoida
3001:Ctenophora
2930:Brevetoxin
2720:Cyanotoxin
2715:Cyanobiont
2336:Springer.
2229:References
2093:1980/H:33.
1487:Salmon run
1471:LarvalBase
1103:, such as
1086:See also:
1049:See also:
956:Egg stage
785:See also:
713:G. O. Sars
641:planktonic
633:epipelagic
305:By habitat
235:Protozoans
166:calcareous
151:Microalgae
4802:chimaeras
4689:Predatory
4666:Salmonids
4624:Whitefish
4614:Poisonous
4589:Diversity
4523:Coldwater
4459:Predatory
4449:Migratory
4409:Bait ball
4392:behaviour
4311:Pregnancy
4306:Polyandry
4080:papillare
4075:Operculum
4070:Meristics
4016:gill slit
3979:Cleithrum
3909:Fish kill
3899:Fear of -
3892:- as food
3882:Fisheries
3867:Evolution
3857:Diversity
3659:Balancing
3621:Scrambled
3433:Ovulation
3423:Oviparity
3403:Oogenesis
3362:Pathology
3324:Monotreme
3119:Algal mat
3059:Calanoida
3041:Sea louse
3021:Jellyfish
2996:Ciguatera
2957:Saxitoxin
2945:Flagellum
2894:Classes:
2885:Centrales
2785:Auxospore
2460:Sci. Mar.
2091:ICES C.M.
1982:0022-104X
1925:2331-8325
1868:0340-2061
1816:0174-1578
1729:0031-9333
1163:Dispersal
1117:amphipods
1113:jellyfish
1097:hydrology
1068:Ionocytes
981:notochord
961:embryonic
905:clownfish
872:underway.
853:mahi-mahi
768:Bongo tow
733:abundance
717:fisheries
680:anchovies
645:juveniles
4926:Category
4877:Smallest
4790:lampreys
4753:flatfish
4743:Demersal
4699:mackerel
4694:billfish
4634:Commerce
4563:Tropical
4538:Demersal
4533:Deep-sea
4489:Venomous
4381:RoboTuna
4331:triggers
4326:Spawning
4286:Juvenile
4271:Egg case
3904:FishBase
3785:Category
3586:Powdered
3571:Omelette
3566:Meringue
3516:Benedict
3483:membrane
3383:Egg cell
3356:dinosaur
2890:Pennales
2849:Navicula
2831:Frustule
2605:Red tide
2542:plankton
2533:Plankton
2453:Archived
2161:PLoS ONE
2076:: 55–61.
1990:12115915
1943:33655013
1884:22660781
1876:12107490
1832:53025702
1824:30357584
1772:16140237
1737:15618479
1696:: 11–22.
1461:Egg case
1439:See also
1273:goldfish
1200:aquarium
1105:copepods
1082:Survival
1051:Ionocyte
985:tail fin
973:fin rays
944:juvenile
688:spawning
684:sardines
661:yolk sac
616:planktos
561:Category
336:protists
267:Bacteria
256:ciliates
65:Plankton
4872:Largest
4785:hagfish
4780:Jawless
4758:pollock
4731:sardine
4726:herring
4721:anchovy
4671:Tilapia
4661:Octopus
4656:Catfish
4643:Farming
4558:Pelagic
4518:Coastal
4505:habitat
4361:Walking
4266:Clasper
4218:Otolith
4180:systems
4178:Sensory
4112:ganoine
4087:Papilla
3938:Anatomy
3877:Fishing
3797:Commons
3766:Tossing
3761:Tapping
3756:Rolling
3744:Pysanka
3729:Organic
3724:Oomancy
3636:Soufflé
3626:Shirred
3591:Pickled
3581:Poached
3546:Deviled
3531:Coddled
3526:Century
3498:As food
3488:Chalaza
3448:Trophic
3418:Oviduct
3408:Ootheca
3378:Allergy
3371:Biology
3352:Reptile
3244:MOCNESS
3154:f-ratio
3089:More...
2790:Axodine
2638:By size
2620:More...
2496:Youtube
2259:: 1–48.
2185:Science
2039:: 1–83.
1934:7854070
1636:30 July
1569:22 July
1446:CalCOFI
1431:Boxfish
1402:remains
1396:in situ
1321:Walleye
1245:Ragfish
1214:Gallery
1156:) 70%.
1133:herring
1129:haddock
993:flexion
989:ventral
987:on the
849:grunion
838:MOCNESS
815:Neuston
725:pelagic
699:History
610:ikhthus
494:f-ratio
292:Viruses
283:Archaea
251:amoebae
213:diatoms
134:By size
32:chorion
4890:sharks
4807:sharks
4736:sprats
4716:Forage
4704:salmon
4584:Coarse
4366:Flying
4238:Vision
4193:Barbel
4107:Scales
3967:dermal
3847:About
3719:Oology
3689:Egging
3664:Carton
3631:Smoked
3616:Scotch
3611:Salted
3596:Quiche
3551:Eggnog
3521:Boiled
3453:Zygote
3398:Oogamy
3388:Embryo
3239:AusCPR
3229:C-MORE
2540:About
2498:video.
2412:
2393:
2376:
2359:
2340:
2323:
2304:
2287:
2272:
1988:
1980:
1941:
1931:
1923:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1770:
1735:
1727:
1605:
1534:
1466:Embryo
1289:larvae
1000:stage.
922:Salmon
855:, and
686:, are
657:larvae
625:larvae
559:
540:NAAMES
406:Blooms
45:embryo
4852:Blind
4840:Lists
4619:Rough
4484:Sleep
4390:Other
4156:shark
4146:Teeth
3606:Salad
3556:Fried
3511:Balut
3479:Shell
3474:White
3443:Tooth
3438:Spawn
3413:Ovary
3307:Types
2167:(12)
1880:S2CID
1828:S2CID
1514:Notes
1433:larva
1398:with
1353:larva
1338:larva
1323:larva
1308:larva
1271:Male
1125:krill
1123:and
901:spawn
605:ἰχθύς
208:Algae
4885:rays
4819:Bony
4812:rays
4709:tuna
4651:Carp
4609:Oily
4594:Game
4579:Bait
4513:Cave
4296:Milt
4001:Gill
3989:Fins
3962:Bone
3849:fish
3840:Fish
3714:Hunt
3561:Iron
3481:and
3469:Yolk
3347:Fish
3314:Bird
3291:Eggs
3249:SCAR
3224:Zoid
3169:HNLC
2424:NOAA
2410:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2270:ISBN
1986:PMID
1978:ISSN
1939:PMID
1921:ISSN
1872:PMID
1864:ISSN
1820:PMID
1812:ISSN
1768:PMID
1733:PMID
1725:ISSN
1670:NOAA
1638:2011
1603:ISBN
1571:2011
1532:ISBN
1482:Milt
1400:yolk
899:The
843:The
682:and
623:and
621:eggs
513:iron
36:yolk
4748:cod
4503:By
4316:Roe
4043:Jaw
3941:and
3641:Tea
3601:Roe
3234:CPR
2201:PDF
2193:doi
2189:311
2169:doi
2122:291
1970:doi
1966:293
1929:PMC
1911:doi
1856:doi
1852:205
1804:doi
1800:189
1760:doi
1756:141
1717:doi
1247:egg
1137:cod
721:cod
635:or
484:CPR
43:F.
34:C.
30:B.
4956::
2327:.+
2255:,
2243:40
2241:,
2207:^
2199:.
2187:,
2163:,
2149:^
2142:53
2140:,
2120:,
2098:^
2074:59
2072:,
2057:53
2055:,
2037:25
2035:,
2021:^
2014:55
2012:,
1998:^
1984:.
1976:.
1964:.
1951:^
1937:.
1927:.
1919:.
1905:.
1901:.
1878:.
1870:.
1862:.
1850:.
1826:.
1818:.
1810:.
1798:.
1794:.
1780:^
1766:.
1754:.
1731:.
1723:.
1713:85
1711:.
1678:^
1651:^
1626:.
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1557:.
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1119:,
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1111:,
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1945:.
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1834:.
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