600:
448:
468:. Characterized by juicy citrus and floral flavours, with an emphasis on hop aroma with lower bitterness, they also have a smooth consistency or mouthfeel, and a hazy appearance. These characteristics are achieved using a combination of brewing techniques, including the use of particular strains of yeast, the timing of adding the hops, and adjusting the chemistry of the water. New England IPAs do not necessarily need to be brewed in New England. It was officially recognized as a separate beer style, the Juicy or Hazy India Pale Ale, by the Brewers Association in 2018. A variation on the style is the milkshake IPA, which adds
270:
568:
29:
196:
584:
552:
361:
2692:
616:
632:
299:
weakest beers on the bar. For instance Bass was 1.065 OG and 6.4% ABV, but in 1912 Whitbread's draught IPA was 1.049 and less than 5% ABV, at a time when the average
British beer was 1.055. Like all British beers, their strength declined during World War I and by 1923 Bass was 1.055 and Whitbread IPA was a bottled beer of 1.036 and 3.7% (compared to their standard X Mild at 1.042 and their draught bitter at 1.042).
536:
2137:
282:, 53% more than the 4/3 (21.25p; equivalent to £24) a dozen for those of porter. Some brewers dropped the term "India" in the late 19th century, but records indicated that these "pale ales" retained the features of earlier IPAs. American, Australian, and Canadian brewers manufactured beer with the label IPA before 1900, and records suggest that these beers were similar to English IPA of the era.
388:, provided strong flavours when showcased in an IPA. The boom in popularity for IPA as a style spread down the west coast of the United States, then across the United States and eventually the world. It is estimated that over 40% of craft beer brewed in the United States can be classified as an IPA.
431:
Double IPAs (also referred to as
Imperial IPAs) are a stronger, very hoppy variant of IPAs that typically have alcohol content above 7.5% by volume. The term "double" refers to the increased amount of ingredients used, particularly hops, which results in a beer that is both higher in alcohol and
298:
India pale ale was well known as early as 1815, but gained popularity in the
British domestic market sometime before then. By World War I, IPA in Britain had diverged into two styles, the premium bottled IPAs of around 1.065 specific gravity and cask-conditioned draught IPAs which were among the
277:
Demand for the export style of pale ale, which had become known as "India pale ale", developed in
England around 1840 and India pale ale became a popular product in England. In 1837, Hodgson's IPA typically cost 6/6 (32.5p; equivalent to £37 in 2023) for a dozen pint bottles, the same as
492:
Both
American and West Coast IPAs are hop-forward in character, with the West Coast variety being especially so. They often have brilliant clarity and are dry with minimal malt character. Being highly hopped, West Coast / American IPAs are typically very bitter, between 40 and 70
181:
of 18 months. Ships exported this beer to India, among them his
October beer, which benefited exceptionally from conditions of the voyage and was highly regarded among its consumers in India. The brewery came into the control of Hodgson's son early in the next century,
332:
then organised an IPA conference in 1994 at
Whitbread's brewery in London, attended by brewers from both sides of the Atlantic. The influence of this meeting persists, for instance Brooklyn Brewery's East India IPA is based on the beer that Garrett Oliver took there.
328:, in 1990. That led to a pale ale festival in 1992 and an IPA festival in 1993, for which Bass brewed a 7.2% beer inspired by Bass Continental, originally brewed for the Belgian market before World War II and based on Bass recipes going back to the 1850s. Dorber and
397:
notes: "IPA is now the signature of craft brewers worldwide. Fittingly for an export beer, brewers from
Australia to Scandinavia are creating new beers, mostly inspired by the American take on the style, but often adding a regional twist of their own."
1253:
406:
Black IPA (also known as
Cascadian Dark Ale (CDA) or American Black Ale) is not pale in colour. Black IPAs share the bitter hoppy flavours of other IPAs; however, the use of roasted malts gives them a much darker malty flavour.
285:
IPA style beers started being exported to other colonial countries, such as
Australia and New Zealand, around this time with many breweries dropping the 'I' in 'IPA' and simply calling them Pale Ales or Export Pales.
528:
inspired by India pale ale. But unlike IPAs, IPLs are fermented with a lager yeast strain at lower, and hence, colder lager fermentation temperatures. They generally combine a crisp lager finish with amplified hops.
501:, although these are not the only hops that can be used; often breweries around the world emulating the style will use local New-World hop varieties, or may use a combination of American and local hops.
372:, which had been made in the U.S. since 1890 until the 1990s, proved inspirational. The traditional IPA style was well-suited to model the intense flavour and aroma of American hops. Bert Grant of
513:. Created in collaboration between 2 breweries; Larry Sidor the brewmaster at Oregon-based Deschutes Brewery, and Belgian-born Steven Pauwels, brewmaster at Boulevard Brewing in 2010.
1687:
317:. By the 1960s White Shield had become a cult drink brewed in small quantities for a dedicated following, but it found renewed popularity in the early 1970s when the demand for
411:
of Vermont Pub & Brewery created the first black IPA for sale on draught only in the pub in the early 1990s, but it didn't become popular in the United States until 2009.
255:
was fermented, meaning few residual sugars, and they were heavily hopped. While IPAs were formulated to survive long voyages by sea better than other styles of the time,
1312:
419:
A crisp, dry IPA, the Brut IPA was invented by Kim Sturdavant, head brewer at San Francisco's Social Kitchen and Brewery. To make a brut IPA, brewers add the enzyme
1377:
134:
The pale ales of the early 18th century were lightly hopped and quite different from today's pale ales. By the mid-18th century, pale ale was brewed mostly with
214:'s brewery's chief maltser, Job Goodhead, developed a strongly-hopped pale ale in the style of Hodgson's for export to India. Other Burton brewers, including
1556:
244:
in 1827 proved successful and a regular trade emerged with the key British agents and retailers: Griffiths & Co in Madras; Adam, Skinner and Co. in
693:
The water of Burton on Trent contains a very high concentration of sulphate which accentuates the bitterness of beer. See Daniels, Foster, and Cornell.
1401:
684:
Mark Hodgson died in 1810, leaving the Bow Brewery in the care of a trust. His only surviving son, Frederick, took control of the brewery in 1819.
1774:
368:
In the late 20th century craft beer revolution in the United States, brewers began seeking out old beer styles that had fallen out of vogue;
432:
richer in the hop character compared to a standard IPA. The style is claimed to have originated with Vinnie Cilurzo, currently the owner of
2084:
1695:
1717:
1609:
599:
1337:
717:
1581:
1532:
369:
1908:
1360:
2169:
2119:
2037:
2011:
1988:
769:
324:
The revival of IPA in modern times dates to a seminar on Burton pale ales organised by publican Mark Dorber at his pub, the
902:
1731:
1877:
1509:
480:
Triple IPAs are characterized by higher hop flavours and higher alcohol content, with alcohol content usually over 10%
290:
and many competitors sent much export beer across the world by steam ship to auction off to wholesalers upon arrival.
1297:
2141:
1279:
1139:
871:
583:
652:
494:
349:
551:
573:
433:
310:
1661:
567:
447:
2651:
541:
393:
1635:
1197:
1014:
1426:
1452:
2162:
498:
188:
breweries lost their export market in Continental Europe, including Scandinavia and Russia, when the
1227:
615:
2021:
211:
336:
In the 21st century, US-influenced IPA is one of the most popular beer styles in the UK. In 2019,
325:
1212:
1155:
437:
313:
is an example of a historic India Pale Ale, first brewed in 1829 principally for export to the
157:
Among the first brewers known to export beer to India was George Hodgson's Bow Brewery, on the
1846:
1182:
251:
Early IPAs were only slightly higher in alcohol than other beers brewed then, but more of the
2089:
497:. As such, they commonly taste of resin as well as citrus and tropical fruit from the use of
263:
109:
2717:
2592:
2296:
2155:
631:
605:
441:
535:
8:
2214:
2182:
2070:
672:
589:
269:
229:
1483:
2052:
2000:
1823:
1799:
1749:
1053:
621:
465:
460:
New England IPA (NEIPA, also referred to as Hazy IPA or Juicy IPA or, less frequently,
385:
219:
189:
166:
113:
222:, followed Allsopp's lead, taking advantage of Burton water in brewing similar beers.
142:
in the malting process, and hence produced a paler beer. One such variety of beer was
2466:
2401:
2209:
2115:
2033:
2007:
1984:
1948:
1459:
1402:"The IPA is dead, long live the IPA: Why the love-it-or-hate-it beer is here to stay"
913:
775:
765:
725:
557:
481:
304:
287:
262:
By the 1860s, India pale ales were widely brewed in England, and they were much more
185:
52:
2259:
2666:
2646:
2476:
2391:
2029:
420:
174:
62:
2301:
1916:
195:
2471:
2264:
1969:
1956:
1513:
1059:
345:
225:
129:
28:
1775:"Your guide to 5 IPAs: Decoding the different styles of this hop-intensive beer"
2656:
2386:
1064:
1060:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
373:
314:
178:
45:
360:
2711:
2676:
2634:
2326:
2321:
2281:
2254:
2224:
2078:
2075:
Hops & Glory: One Man's Search for the Beer That Built the British Empire
2047:
1586:
1517:
1463:
917:
779:
729:
256:
147:
72:
2691:
1960:
1952:
1885:
2496:
637:
381:
273:
Best India Pale Ale, bottled expressly for export by A. W. Palmer & Co.
215:
2696:
2629:
2599:
2587:
2570:
2565:
2526:
2436:
2333:
2219:
1862:
525:
408:
377:
329:
300:
204:
151:
135:
125:
1981:
Designing Great Beers: The Ultimate Guide to Brewing Classic Beer Styles
169:
traders' provisions in the late 18th century for being two miles up the
2604:
2582:
2555:
2521:
2426:
2416:
2368:
2358:
2348:
2291:
2239:
2234:
2178:
1506:
510:
509:
White IPAs combine the flavours of an American IPA and a Belgian-style
464:
IPA) was invented by John Kimmich in 2004 at the Alchemist Brewery in
200:
94:
2560:
2533:
2516:
2503:
2486:
2458:
2338:
2244:
2229:
2204:
2147:
2112:
IPA: Brewing Techniques, Recipes, and the Evolution of India Pale Ale
170:
158:
2421:
1688:"The Haze Craze: 11 Breweries Outside of New England Making NE IPAs"
2671:
2641:
2577:
2548:
2538:
2316:
2306:
1557:"The 'Haze Craze': Beer Lovers' Newfound Obsession With Murky IPAs"
318:
279:
233:
98:
1610:"How I learned to stop worrying and love hazy IPA — some hazy IPA"
192:
was imposed, and were seeking a new export market for their beer.
2661:
2431:
2311:
2199:
1533:"Hold it, which Blind Pig beer was one of the first Double IPAs?"
469:
461:
337:
241:
237:
143:
34:
2491:
2481:
2411:
2406:
2363:
2269:
2249:
2136:
1718:"New England-Style, Hazy Ales Finally Get Industry Recognition"
1363:
Gloucester, Swannay, and Wibblers Brewery take overall UK Gold.
245:
139:
472:
and occasionally fruit to make a New England IPA more creamy.
440:, California, in 1994 at the now-defunct Blind Pig Brewery in
2609:
2543:
2441:
2378:
2353:
2343:
162:
150:, who brewed it domestically; once brewed it was intended to
105:
2085:"Oregon Brewers Played an Outsized Role in Popularizing IPA"
2396:
2286:
1971:
Amber, Gold & Black: The Story of Britain's Great Beers
522:
252:
91:
340:
Punk IPA was the country's best selling craft beer in the
2191:
2094:
341:
307:
Eagle IPA (3.6%) are examples of IPAs in this tradition.
138:-fired malt, which produced less smoking and roasting of
104:
India pale ale was originally an export beer shipped to
1863:"White IPA: The Beer Born from a Brainstorming Session"
992:, p. 154 discusses the high level of fermentation.
259:
was also successfully shipped to India and California.
1582:"It's Official: New England India Pale Ale Is a Style"
967:
364:
Ballantine's of New Jersey, brewers of Ballantine IPA
2051:
1999:
764:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 485.
864:
2709:
1750:"What Exactly Is a Milkshake IPA? • Hop Culture"
1311:Moyle, Nick; Hood, Richard (27 September 2017).
1291:
1289:
1280:"What do we really know about how to brew Bass?"
487:
1245:
1219:
671:The Bow Brewery was on the west bank, south of
2002:Pale Ale: History, Brewing Techniques, Recipes
1579:
516:
451:A New England IPA with typical hazy appearance
2163:
1286:
988:, pp. 17–21 discusses the hopping rate;
1378:"Bert Grant: The Godfather of Craft Brewing"
1046:
896:
894:
892:
718:"A history of the authentically global beer"
146:, a pale well-hopped brew popular among the
1732:"Brewers Association Beer Style Guidelines"
1662:"The New England Style IPA Is the Anti-IPA"
1144:. Harper & Brothers. pp. 598, 599.
2170:
2156:
1580:Alström, Jason; Alström, Todd (May 2017).
1530:
1338:"BrewDog Punk IPA sales increase by 19.7%"
1277:
1021:. Anchor Brewing Company. 14 February 2014
27:
2054:The Brewing Industry in England 1700-1830
2006:(Second ed.). Brewers Publications.
1942:
1450:
1310:
1298:"Taste the IPA that launched the revival"
1278:Boak, Jessica; Bailey, Ray (7 May 2020).
1210:
1195:
1180:
1085:"Wandsworth in the Fields. In thorough."
1056:inflation figures are based on data from
1007:
889:
822:
348:Muckle IPA won overall craft keg gold in
210:At the behest of the East India Company,
165:boundary. Its beers became popular among
2457:
1659:
1633:
658:
521:India pale lager (IPL) or Cold IPA is a
446:
359:
268:
248:and Bruce, Allen & Co. in Calcutta.
194:
2046:
2020:
1978:
1967:
1251:
1137:
1122:
1110:
1040:
989:
973:
961:
937:
858:
846:
810:
806:
804:
795:
791:
789:
2710:
2177:
2109:
1997:
1875:
1375:
1098:
1015:"In the Room: The Story of Anchor IPA"
1001:
985:
949:
834:
759:
2151:
1906:
1685:
1335:
1295:
1141:An Encyclopæaedia of Domestic Economy
1133:
1131:
1057:
900:
872:"How the India Pale Ale Got Its Name"
712:
710:
1607:
1225:
903:"Indian Pale Ale: an Icon of Empire"
801:
786:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
1427:"Let's Talk Beer Styles: Black IPA"
1254:"Drink the beer, swallow the tonic"
1252:Jackson, Michael (29 August 1992).
1226:Fort, Matthew (22 September 2007).
1181:Pattinson, Ron (13 February 2016).
910:Commodities of Empire Working Paper
13:
2064:
1824:"Beer Judge Certification Program"
1800:"Beer Judge Certification Program"
1767:
1451:Fabricant, Florence (2018-12-21).
1336:Stone, Stuart (26 November 2019).
1128:
707:
455:
266:and hopped than porters and ales.
14:
2729:
2129:
2058:. CUP Archive. GGKEY:DYD5N29F6JD.
1636:"New England IPA: The Haze Craze"
1296:Protz, Roger (14 November 2016).
742:
293:
2690:
2135:
1660:Sparhawk, Andy (2 August 2017).
1640:American Homebrewers Association
1361:Society of Independent Brewers.
1213:"Let's Brew 1923 Whitbread IPA!"
630:
614:
598:
582:
566:
550:
534:
355:
1900:
1869:
1855:
1840:
1816:
1792:
1742:
1724:
1710:
1679:
1653:
1627:
1601:
1573:
1549:
1531:Hieronymus, Stan (2013-01-14).
1524:
1500:
1476:
1444:
1419:
1394:
1369:
1354:
1329:
1304:
1271:
1211:Pattinson, Ron (2 March 2009).
1204:
1189:
1174:
1148:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1079:
1034:
995:
979:
955:
943:
931:
687:
678:
665:
97:within the broader category of
2605:Steam beer / California Common
1876:Bernot, Kate (10 March 2016).
1634:Moorhead, John (August 2016).
1196:Pattinson, Ron (10 May 2020).
852:
840:
828:
816:
653:Craft brewery and microbrewery
1:
1945:The London and Country Brewer
1935:
1907:Colby, Chris (4 April 2014).
1376:Messer, Ryan (23 June 2017).
488:American IPA / West Coast IPA
475:
434:Russian River Brewing Company
426:
2652:Beer and breweries by region
1686:Stein, Jason (8 June 2017).
1156:"IPA: the executive summary"
762:The Oxford Companion to Beer
700:
504:
401:
7:
1484:"The Birth of the Brut IPA"
1198:"Bass Pale Ale 1851 - 1994"
646:
517:India pale lager / Cold IPA
414:
326:White Horse, Parson's Green
10:
2734:
1608:Noel, Josh (5 July 2017).
374:Yakima Brewing and Malting
311:Worthington's White Shield
123:
119:
114:British East India Company
16:Beer with high hop content
2685:
2622:
2512:
2450:
2377:
2190:
1947:. London: Thomas Astley.
1878:"What the hell's an IPL?"
352:Independent Beer Awards.
71:
61:
51:
41:
26:
21:
2114:. Brewers Publications.
1983:. Brewers Publications.
1968:Cornell, Martyn (2008).
1521:. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
1488:Craft Beer & Brewing
1138:Webster, Thomas (1815).
760:Oliver, Garrett (2012).
394:Oxford Companion to Beer
199:19th century poster for
177:, and Hodgson's liberal
2026:The World Guide to Beer
1913:Beer & Wine Journal
1058:Clark, Gregory (2017).
384:hops, grown locally in
2110:Steele, Mitch (2012).
1998:Foster, Terry (1999).
1382:Yakima Herald-Republic
675:with a wharf opposite.
452:
365:
274:
232:'s trial shipments of
207:
2090:All Things Considered
1979:Daniels, Ray (1996).
1507:"American Double IPA"
1366:Retrieved 23 May 2020
1089:, 15 June 1837, p. 2.
659:Explanatory footnotes
450:
363:
280:Guinness Double Stout
272:
198:
2297:Kentucky common beer
2144:at Wikimedia Commons
1974:. Zythography Press.
901:Pryor, Alan (2009).
876:Smithsonian Magazine
2215:Australian pale ale
1736:Brewers Association
1698:on 27 December 2019
1019:Anchor Brewing Blog
203:, an IPA brewer in
190:Napoleonic blockade
1943:Anonymous (1744).
1909:"India Pale Lager"
1888:on 8 November 2020
1865:. 4 November 2015.
1847:What is White IPA?
1512:2014-12-07 at the
1456:The New York Times
1453:"Meet Brut I.P.A."
1342:Morning Advertiser
1054:Retail Price Index
466:Waterbury, Vermont
453:
423:to remove sugars.
386:Yakima, Washington
366:
275:
236:of "India Ale" to
208:
167:East India Company
33:Hardcore IPA from
2705:
2704:
2618:
2617:
2467:American wild ale
2402:Dortmunder Export
2210:American pale ale
2140:Media related to
2121:978-1-938469-00-8
2039:978-0-345-27408-3
2013:978-0-937381-69-4
1990:978-0-937381-50-2
1779:Los Angeles Times
1431:pastemagazine.com
1113:, pp. 157–58
771:978-0-19-536713-3
499:American "C" hops
288:Kirkstall Brewery
110:under the control
81:
80:
53:Alcohol by volume
42:Country of origin
2725:
2695:
2694:
2667:Low-alcohol beer
2647:Barrel-aged beer
2477:Flanders red ale
2455:
2454:
2392:Australian lager
2172:
2165:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2125:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2059:
2057:
2043:
2030:Ballantine Books
2022:Jackson, Michael
2017:
2005:
1994:
1975:
1964:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1915:. Archived from
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1884:. Archived from
1873:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1720:. 20 March 2018.
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1694:. Archived from
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1624:
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1577:
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1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1537:Appellation Beer
1528:
1522:
1504:
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1497:
1495:
1494:
1480:
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1471:
1470:
1448:
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1417:
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1414:
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1358:
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1351:
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1327:
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1308:
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1293:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1160:Zythophile.co.uk
1152:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
928:
926:
924:
907:
898:
887:
886:
884:
882:
868:
862:
861:, pp. 97–98
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
825:, pp. 72–73
820:
814:
808:
799:
793:
784:
783:
757:
740:
739:
737:
736:
714:
694:
691:
685:
682:
676:
669:
634:
618:
602:
586:
570:
554:
538:
421:amyloglucosidase
376:identified that
321:grew in the UK.
175:East India Docks
63:Original gravity
31:
19:
18:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
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2697:Beer portal
2689:
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2472:Berliner Weisse
2446:
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2186:
2176:
2142:India Pale Ales
2132:
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2100:
2098:
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2065:Further reading
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2014:
1991:
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1228:"Vintage beers"
1224:
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1162:. 31 March 2010
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562:
561:Two Hearted Ale
560:
555:
546:
544:
539:
519:
507:
490:
478:
458:
456:New England IPA
444:, California.
429:
417:
404:
358:
303:IPA (3.7%) and
296:
226:London East End
132:
130:Burton-on-Trent
122:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2686:
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2659:
2657:Beer sommelier
2654:
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2387:American lager
2383:
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2329:
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2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:India pale ale
2274:
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2267:
2262:
2260:Bière de Garde
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
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2202:
2196:
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2130:External links
2128:
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2107:
2081:
2066:
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2060:
2048:Mathias, Peter
2044:
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2018:
2012:
1995:
1989:
1976:
1965:
1939:
1937:
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1930:
1919:on 20 May 2022
1899:
1882:Draft Magazine
1868:
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1692:Paste Magazine
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1328:
1313:"10 best IPAs"
1303:
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1127:
1115:
1103:
1091:
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1065:MeasuringWorth
1045:
1033:
1006:
994:
978:
976:, p. 190.
966:
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823:Anonymous 1744
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641:India Pale Ale
636:
629:
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609:120 Minute IPA
604:
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593:India Pale Ale
588:
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428:
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370:Ballantine IPA
357:
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315:British Empire
295:
294:United Kingdom
292:
121:
118:
84:India pale ale
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
65:
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
46:United Kingdom
43:
39:
38:
32:
24:
23:
22:India pale ale
15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
2730:
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2677:Seasonal beer
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2327:Baltic porter
2325:
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2282:Irish red ale
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2256:
2255:Farmhouse ale
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2097:. 1 June 2024
2096:
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2079:Pan Macmillan
2076:
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1666:CraftBeer.com
1663:
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1587:Beer Advocate
1583:
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1518:Beer Advocate
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1233:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1183:"English IPA"
1177:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1125:, p. 112
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:, p. 156
1042:
1037:
1020:
1016:
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1003:
998:
991:
987:
982:
975:
970:
964:, p. 102
963:
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939:
934:
919:
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911:
904:
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895:
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867:
860:
855:
849:, p. 154
848:
843:
836:
831:
824:
819:
813:, p. 104
812:
807:
805:
798:, p. 155
797:
792:
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777:
773:
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752:
750:
748:
746:
731:
727:
723:
722:The Economist
719:
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639:
633:
628:
623:
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591:
585:
580:
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574:Southern Tier
569:
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356:United States
353:
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308:
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305:Charles Wells
302:
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160:
155:
153:
149:
148:landed gentry
145:
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137:
131:
127:
117:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
93:
89:
85:
76:
74:
73:Final gravity
70:
66:
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2451:Other styles
2276:
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2088:
2074:
2053:
2028:. New York:
2025:
2001:
1980:
1970:
1944:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1912:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:the original
1881:
1871:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1831:. Retrieved
1828:www.bjcp.org
1827:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1804:www.bjcp.org
1803:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1781:. 2014-02-22
1778:
1769:
1758:. Retrieved
1756:. 2020-01-20
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1691:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1585:
1575:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1526:
1516:
1502:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1433:. 2016-04-20
1430:
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1408:. 2022-04-26
1405:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1306:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1232:The Guardian
1231:
1221:
1206:
1191:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1159:
1150:
1140:
1123:Cornell 2008
1118:
1111:Daniels 1996
1106:
1101:, p. 65
1094:
1086:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1063:
1048:
1041:Daniels 1996
1036:
1023:. Retrieved
1018:
1009:
1004:, p. 21
997:
990:Daniels 1996
981:
974:Mathias 1959
969:
962:Cornell 2008
957:
952:, p. 26
945:
940:, p. 98
938:Cornell 2008
933:
921:. Retrieved
909:
879:. Retrieved
875:
866:
859:Cornell 2008
854:
847:Daniels 1996
842:
837:, p. 13
830:
818:
811:Cornell 2008
796:Daniels 1996
761:
733:. Retrieved
721:
689:
680:
667:
606:Dogfish Head
542:Great Divide
520:
508:
491:
479:
459:
430:
418:
405:
392:
390:
367:
335:
323:
309:
297:
284:
276:
261:
250:
224:
209:
184:
156:
144:October beer
133:
116:until 1858.
108:, which was
103:
87:
83:
82:
2718:Beer styles
2630:Abbey beers
2600:Spruce beer
2588:Smoked beer
2566:Millet beer
2527:Banana beer
2437:Schwarzbier
2334:Pumpkin ale
2220:Barley wine
2179:Beer styles
2071:Brown, Pete
1923:25 November
1892:25 November
1754:Hop Culture
1702:25 November
1671:25 November
1645:25 November
1619:25 November
1317:Independent
1099:Foster 1999
1002:Foster 1999
986:Foster 1999
950:Foster 1999
923:17 February
835:Foster 1999
409:Greg Noonan
330:Roger Protz
301:Greene King
230:Charrington
220:Salt and Co
205:Northampton
179:credit line
154:two years.
126:Bow, London
77:1.000–1.025
67:1.050–1.090
2583:Small beer
2556:Light beer
2522:Fruit beer
2427:Pale lager
2417:Kellerbier
2369:Wheat beer
2359:Strong ale
2349:Scotch ale
2292:Grodziskie
2240:Copper ale
2235:Burton ale
1936:References
1851:The Manual
1833:2023-07-12
1809:2023-09-15
1785:2020-04-12
1760:2020-04-12
1593:6 November
1566:2020-04-12
1542:2022-10-21
1493:2020-04-12
1469:2020-04-12
1437:2020-04-12
1412:2022-08-09
1387:2020-04-11
1347:2020-05-23
1322:2020-05-23
1166:6 November
881:6 November
735:2020-04-11
673:Bow bridge
622:Nils Oscar
526:beer style
511:wheat beer
476:Triple IPA
438:Santa Rosa
427:Double IPA
264:attenuated
124:See also:
95:beer style
2593:Rauchbier
2561:Malt beer
2534:Hard soda
2517:Corn beer
2504:Oud bruin
2487:Framboise
2459:Sour beer
2339:Quadrupel
2245:Cream ale
2230:Brown ale
2205:Amber ale
1961:24190346M
1464:0362-4331
1087:The Times
918:1756-0098
780:706025045
730:0013-0613
701:Citations
625:India Ale
545:Titan IPA
505:White IPA
402:Black IPA
346:Swannay's
338:Brewdog's
234:hogsheads
173:from the
159:Middlesex
2712:Category
2672:Real ale
2642:Adjuncts
2635:Trappist
2623:See also
2578:Rye beer
2549:Podpiwek
2539:Ice beer
2317:Pale ale
2307:Mild ale
2265:Grisette
2073:(2009),
2050:(1959).
2024:(1978).
1953:22476249
1510:Archived
1263:12 April
1237:12 April
1025:28 April
647:See also
590:Fuller's
442:Temecula
415:Brut IPA
342:on-trade
319:real ale
242:Calcutta
112:of the
99:pale ale
2662:Brewery
2432:Pilsner
2312:Old ale
2200:Altbier
1561:NPR.org
638:Nøgne Ø
470:lactose
462:Vermont
391:As the
382:Chinook
378:Cascade
228:brewer
212:Allsopp
120:History
90:) is a
57:4.5–20%
35:BrewDog
2492:Gueuze
2482:Lambic
2422:Märzen
2412:Helles
2407:Dunkel
2364:Tripel
2322:Porter
2302:Kölsch
2270:Saison
2250:Dubbel
2225:Bitter
2118:
2101:1 June
2036:
2010:
1987:
1959:
1951:
1462:
1071:May 7,
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