237:
540:
409:
249:
687:
695:
530:
597:, were unwilling to join; the Ukrainians, similarly seeking independence, likewise feared that Poland might again subjugate them; and the Belarusians, though nearly not as interested in independence as Ukraine, were still fearful of Polish domination. The chances for Piłsudski's scheme were not enhanced by a series of post-World War I wars and border conflicts between Poland and its neighbors in disputed territories—the Polish–Soviet War, the
20:
454:(Essay on Diplomacy), completed in 1827 but published only in 1830, Czartoryski observed that, "Having extended her sway south and west, and being by the nature of things unreachable from the east and north, Russia becomes a source of constant threat to Europe." He argued that Russia would have done better cultivating "friends rather than slaves". He also identified a future threat from
1391:"Pilsudski hoped to build not merely a Polish nation state but a greater federation of peoples under the aegis of Poland which would replace Russia as the great power of Eastern Europe. Lithuania, Belorussia and Ukraine were all to be included. His plan called for a truncated and vastly reduced Russia, a plan which excluded negotiations prior to military victory." Richard K Debo,
818:, the Soviet Union allied itself with Nazi Germany to divide Central and Eastern Europe between them. According to some historians, it was the failure to create a strong counterweight to Germany and the Soviet Union, as proposed by Piłsudski, that doomed Intermarium's prospective member countries to their fates in World War II.
674:—on the extent to which it may wish to squeeze Germany", while in the east "there are doors that open and close, and it depends on who forces them open and how far". In the eastern chaos, the Polish forces set out to expand as far as feasible. On the other hand, Poland had no interest in joining the western intervention in the
1490:'incorporationist' and the 'federalist'—even before the creation of Polish statehood, were based on ignoring the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and put forward claims to rule over the Ukrainian territories ..." "Ukraine in Polish concepts of foreign policy", in Oleksandr Derhachov (ed.),
767:
to the
Mediterranean Sea. This project also failed: Poland was distrusted by Czechoslovakia and Lithuania; and while it had relatively good relations with the other countries, they had tensions with their neighbors, making it virtually impossible to create in Central Europe a large block of countries
2082:"Pilsudski dreamed of drawing all the nations situated between Germany and Russia into an enormous federation in which Poland, by virtue of its size, would be the leader, while Dmowski wanted to see a unitary Polish state, in which other Slav peoples would become assimilated." Andrzej Paczkowski,
1489:
on 'federative' principles. It was to include the Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian and
Ukrainian lands. The leading role, of course, was to be given to the Polish ethnic, political, economic and cultural element. ... As such two influential and popular political doctrines with regard to Ukraine—the
646:
Some historians hold that Piłsudski, who argued that "There can be no independent Poland without an independent
Ukraine", may have been more interested in splitting Ukraine from Russia than in assuring Ukrainians' welfare. He did not hesitate to use military force to expand Poland's borders to
1236:, 2012, p. 191 "... of the other national movements that had found themselves included in Piłsudski's project, especially the Lithuanians. ... The somewhat nostalgic image of 'Intermarium', the land of cultural and historical diversity destroyed by the wave of ..."
2659:
2367:, 1921. Translated from the Russian by Harriet E Kennedy B. A. London & Edinburgh, Sampson Low, Marston & Co Ltd 1921. Piłsudski said: "Poland can have nothing to do with the restoration of old Russia. Anything rather than that–even Bolshevism".
1274:"... przyjmując łacińskie określenie 'Intermarium' (Międzymorze). Podkreślano, że 'Intermarium' to nie tylko pojęcie obszaru geopolitycznego zamieszkanego przez 16 narodów, ale idea wspólnoty wszystkich wolnych narodów tego obszaru."
219:
and by most other
Western powers. Within two decades of the failure of Piłsudski's grand scheme, all the countries that he had viewed as candidates for membership in the Intermarium federation had fallen to the Soviet Union or to
2667:
2702:
1485:"The essence of was that after the overthrow of tsardom and the disintegration of the Russian empire, a large, strong and mighty Poland was to be created in Eastern Europe. It would be the reincarnation of the
1419:"Pilsudski's program for a federation of independent states centered on Poland; in opposing the imperial power of both Russia and Germany it was in many ways a throwback to the romantic Mazzinian nationalism of
183:
The proposed federation was meant to emulate the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, that, from the end of the 16th century to the end of the 18th, had united the
2131:
has been quoted as saying: "Wherever we can multiply our forces and our civilizational efforts, absorbing other elements, no law can prohibit us from doing so, as such actions are our duty." J. Tomaszewski,
632:. Sanford has described Piłsudski's policies after his resumption of power in 1926 as similarly focusing on the Polonisation of the country's Eastern Slavic minorities and on the centralisation of power.
465:
Czartoryski's diplomatic efforts anticipated Piłsudski's
Prometheist project in linking efforts for Polish independence with similar movements of other subjugated nations in Europe, as far east as the
236:
1249:, Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America, 1976, Volume 1, p. 282. "This new policy, which was labeled the Intermarium, or Third Europe Project, called for the establishment of ..."
86:. The plan went through several iterations, some of which anticipated the inclusion of neighbouring states. The proposed multinational polity would have incorporated territories lying between the
550:
Józef Piłsudski's strategic goal was to resurrect an updated, democratic form of the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth, while working for the disintegration of the Russian Empire, and later the
342:
Commonwealths. Though the
Commonwealth temporarily controlled parts of Russia and governed much of Ruthenia for centuries, these proposals were never implemented at a constitutional level.
405:. Czartoryski, one of the leaders of the Polish November 1830 Uprising, had been sentenced to death after its suppression by Russia, but was eventually allowed to go into exile in France.
2203:"The newly founded Polish state cared much more about the expansion of its borders to the east and southeast ('between the seas') than about helping the dying state of which Petlura was
1258:
Fritz
Taubert, "The myth of Munich 1938", 2002 p. 351 "... range détente with Germany and in the chance of creating a Polish-led 'Third Europe' or 'Intermarium' as illusory."
827:
2706:
504:. Poland, in his concept, could have mediated the conflicts between Hungary and the Slavs, and between Hungary and Romania. The plan seemed achievable during the period of
593:
allies, viewed Piłsudski with suspicion, saw his plans as unrealistic, and urged Poland to confine itself to areas of clear-cut Polish ethnicity. The
Lithuanians, who had
836:
The concept of a "Central European Union"—a triangular geopolitical entity anchored in the Baltic, Black, and Adriatic or Aegean Seas—was revived during World War II in
2881:
2851:
635:
While some scholars accept at face value the democratic principles claimed by Piłsudski for his federative plan, others view such claims with skepticism, pointing out a
2763:(Some Remarks on Józef Piłsudski's Federationist Thought, Międzymorze – Poland and the East-Central European Countries in the 19th–20th Centuries), Warsaw, 1995.
393:
had been so favourably impressed with them that she had restored to them part of their confiscated estates. Adam Czartoryski subsequently served the Russian emperors
2944:
1986:
3023:
2688:
2390:
561:
According to Dziewanowski, the plan was never expressed in systematic fashion but instead relied on Piłsudski's pragmatic instincts. According to British scholar
3038:
1067:
2727:
643:
arguing that the federation would have created a greater Poland in which the interests of non-Poles, especially Ukrainians, would have received short shrift.
3043:
640:
554:, into its ethnic constituents. (The latter was his Prometheist project.) Piłsudski saw an Intermarium federation as a counterweight to Russian and German
2642:
2873:
1298:"Released in November 1918, returned to Warsaw, assumed command of the Polish armies, and proclaimed an independent Polish republic, which he headed." (
1287:"Józef Pilsudski, Polish revolutionary and statesman, the first chief of state (1918–22) of the newly independent Poland established in November 1918." (
847:
A first step toward its implementation—1942 discussions among the Greek, Yugoslav, Polish, and Czechoslovak governments-in- exile regarding prospective
2921:
2903:
907:, in his inaugural address, announced plans to build a regional alliance of Central European states, modeled on the Intermarium concept. In 2016 the
1047:
992:
720:, Piłsudski's concept of a federation of Central and Eastern European countries, based on a Polish-Ukrainian axis, lost any chance of realisation.
416:
336:
329:
266:
3033:
2831:
2959:
1964:
788:
1926:
508:
in 1848–49 but foundered on lack of western support, on Hungarian intransigence toward the Czechs, Slovaks, and Romanians, and on the rise of
3028:
518:
writes that "the Prince's endeavour constitutes a link the 16th-century Jagiellon and Józef Piłsudski's federative-Prometheist program ."
2963:
2940:
1586:
3068:
3063:
1566:"Between Imperial Temptation And Anti-Imperial Function In Eastern European Politics: Poland From The Eighteenth To Twenty-First Century"
1032:
639:
when Piłsudski assumed nearly dictatorial powers. In particular, his project is viewed unfavourably by most Ukrainian historians, with
586:
919:. The Three Seas Initiative has 12 member states along a north–south axis from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea:
2135:
Kresy Wschodnie w polskiej mysli politycznej XIX i XX w./Między Polską etniczną a historyczną. Polska myśl polityczna XIX i XX wieku
2910:(The Concept of Międzymorze in the Political Thought and Practice of Józef Piłsudski's Camp in the Years 1918–1926), Poznań, 2001,
606:
2890:
Polish American Studies: A Journal of Polish American History and Culture, Published by the Polish American Historical Association
358:, in the period between 1832 and 1861, the idea of resurrecting an updated Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was advocated by Prince
1539:
2286:
2217:
1455:
2867:
2800:
2761:
Kilka uwag o myśli federacyjnej Józefa Piłsudskiego, Międzymorze – Polska i kraje Europy środkowo-wschodniej XIX–XX wiek
2617:
2540:
2506:
2057:
1876:
1839:
1802:
1596:
1128:, "Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–1923", Routledge (UK), 2001,
852:
815:
624:. Many Polish politicians, including Dmowski, opposed the idea of a multiethnic federation, preferring instead to work for a
2323:
893:
command. In addition, starting in 2013, the four countries were to begin joint military exercises under the auspices of the
562:
447:
foreign minister of Alexander I acted as the "uncrowned king and unacknowledged foreign minister" of a nonexistent Poland.
1982:
1396:
717:
656:
2244:
A month before his death, Pilsudski told an aide: "My life is lost. I failed to create a Ukraine free of the Russians."
3048:
2858:(Third Europe: Polish Federalist Thought in the United States, 1940–1971), Warsaw, Institute for National Remembrance (
2386:
736:
710:
544:
325:
The Polish–Lithuanian alliance thus lasted a total of 410 years, and constituted at times the largest state in Europe.
315:
253:
153:
124:
countries, the post-World War I Intermarium plan pursued by Piłsudski sought to recruit to the proposed federation the
79:
2297:
2228:
1466:
2956:
2915:
2843:
2459:
2435:
2351:
2261:
2189:
2162:
2113:
2093:
2038:
2014:
1960:
1936:
1520:
1499:
1434:
1404:
1365:
1220:
1199:
1175:
1154:
1133:
862:
in that period called for the creation of a Central and Eastern European federal union undominated by any one state.
2192:
848:
594:
855:—ultimately foundered on Soviet opposition, which led to Czech hesitation and Allied indifference or hostility.
304:
2639:
1027:
374:
215:
as a threat to their aspirations for independence, and while France backed the proposal, it was opposed by the
185:
149:
145:
1662:(emphasis added], the outstanding Polish statesman of the period between the November and January Uprisings."
3058:
3053:
1445:
Oleksa Pidlutsky, "Figures of the 20th century. Józef Piłsudski: the Chief who Created a State for Himself",
1090:
1057:
385:
on his way back to Poland. Subsequently, in 1795, he and his younger brother had been commanded to enter the
2066:
1095:
1052:
1042:
769:
3013:
732:
613:
276:
241:
165:
670:
Speaking of Poland's future frontiers, Piłsudski said: "All that we can gain in the west depends on the
2409:(Belarus and Poland: the Path toward Cooperation. Materials of an International Scholarly Conference),
2235:. Piłsudski is quoted to have said: "After Polish independence we will see about Poland's size." (ibid)
841:
1565:
1292:
2482:
1755:
1711:
1695:
1679:
1663:
1636:
1569:
598:
515:
429:
319:
1831:
Kościuszko, we are here!: American pilots of the Kościuszko Squadron in defense of Poland, 1919-1921
889:
under Polish command. The battlegroup was in place by 2016 as an independent force, not part of the
42:
in the south. In light green: eastern parts of Ukrainian and Belarusian lands incorporated into the
2908:
Koncepcja "miedzymorza" w myśli i praktyce politycznej obozu Józefa Piłsudskiego w latach 1918–1926
1922:
1072:
859:
799:
was the world's second largest economy and all of eastern Europe was dominated economically by the
648:
602:
189:
2117:
2083:
1424:
476:
Czartoryski aspired above all to reconstitute—with French, British, and Ottoman support—a sort of
3018:
2155:
Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914–1923
837:
830:
581:
was directly threatened, worked to thwart the Intermarium agenda. The Allied Powers assumed that
2897:
2877:
886:
768:
that all had good relations with each other. In the end, in place of a large federation, only a
2766:
2703:"Plan 'Intermarium' – Britain will support you, not against France, Ukraine and Poland will do"
2474:
763:—thus stretching not only west-east from the Baltic to the Black Sea, but north-south from the
702:
424:
359:
292:
2530:
1792:
589:
viewpoint) traditional ally, Russia, weakened. They resented Piłsudski's refusal to aid their
378:
2607:
2496:
2166:
1866:
1829:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1303:
1085:
908:
897:. Some scholars saw this as a first step toward close Central European regional cooperation.
756:
566:
539:
398:
386:
161:
2689:"Sojusz państw od Bałtyku po Morze Czarne? Duda chce odnowić międzywojenną ideę miedzymorza"
772:
was established, beginning in 1921. In comparison, Czechoslovakia had more success with its
3008:
1012:
533:
75:
23:
663:
which contained a substantial Polish presence (a Polish majority mainly in cities such as
8:
1080:
1017:
901:
894:
752:
578:
505:
437:
390:
2978:
1612:
2728:"The Three Seas Initiative: Central and Eastern Europe takes charge of its own destiny"
2588:
2580:
2364:
2339:
1187:
982:
977:
748:
706:
509:
466:
455:
408:
157:
2660:"Duda's mission: Recover Pilsudski's Intermarium and Giedroyc's commitment to Ukraine"
2026:
779:
Piłsudski died in 1935. A later, much reduced version of his concept was attempted by
248:
2952:
2911:
2893:
2863:
2839:
2810:
2792:
2776:
2613:
2592:
2536:
2502:
2455:
2431:
2347:
2316:
2265:
2257:
2185:
2158:
2109:
2089:
2034:
2010:
1956:
1932:
1872:
1835:
1798:
1771:
1751:
1730:
1592:
1516:
1495:
1430:
1400:
1361:
1216:
1195:
1171:
1150:
1129:
1002:
803:. For economic reasons, there was a tendency in eastern Europe to follow the lead of
760:
675:
636:
470:
401:
as a diplomat and foreign minister, establishing an anti-French coalition during the
351:
300:
280:
270:
35:
2450:
Greenwood, Sean (2002). "Danzig: the phantom crisis, 1939". In Gordon Martel (ed.).
1100:
866:
716:
In the aftermath of the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921), and the establishment of the
2572:
2283:
2214:
1452:
744:
420:
394:
355:
2053:
1868:
Bridging the European divide: middle power politics and regional security dilemmas
577:
Piłsudski's plan faced opposition from virtually all quarters. The Soviets, whose
363:
2785:
2646:
2394:
2327:
2320:
2301:
2290:
2232:
2221:
2061:
1990:
1948:
1645:
1470:
1459:
1037:
780:
402:
66:
54:
2248:
Oleksa Pidlutskyi, "Józef Piłsudski: The Chief who Created Himself a State", in
1358:
Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine
2989:
2576:
2274:
2209:
2150:
1492:
Ukrainian Statehood in the Twentieth Century: Historical and Political Analysis
1447:
1353:
1319:
1288:
1125:
1007:
997:
987:
936:
874:
795:
supervened. Beck's Third Europe concept failed to achieve any traction because
773:
671:
590:
314:
A longer-lasting federation subsequently came about in 1569 in the form of the
296:
284:
201:
118:
114:
2886:
Trzecia Europa: Polska myśl federalistyczna w Stanach Zjednoczonych, 1940–1971
2856:
Trzecia Europa: Polska myśl federalistyczna w Stanach Zjednoczonych, 1940–1971
1299:
585:
was only a temporary threat and did not want to see their important (from the
3002:
2936:
2452:
Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians
2177:
2128:
2002:
1105:
724:
625:
617:
529:
125:
784:
698:
224:, except for Finland (which suffered some territorial losses in the 1939–40
2929:
2756:
2294:
2225:
1463:
1420:
904:
796:
792:
764:
694:
686:
629:
621:
551:
459:
412:
288:
221:
216:
95:
43:
1588:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940
1393:
Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1992
1147:
Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1921
1077:, a Finnish policy of the era aiming to ally with countries of the region.
791:"—an alliance of Poland, Romania, and Hungary—gained little ground before
180:, "sea"), meaning "Between-Seas", was rendered into Latin as Intermarium.
2563:
Garliński, Józef (April 1975). "The Polish Underground State 1939–1945".
1062:
660:
620:
argued for an ethnically homogeneous Poland in which minorities would be
555:
497:
477:
208:
197:
193:
71:
27:
2085:
The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom
1794:
The Intermarium: Wilson, Madison, & East Central European Federalism
1192:
The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom
731:
states. This plan envisioned a Central European union including Poland,
2847:
1899:
1524:
582:
501:
489:
328:
Under the Commonwealth, proposals were advanced to establish expanded,
308:
225:
212:
110:
87:
31:
2836:
The Intermarium: Madison, Wilson, and East Central European Federalism
2804:
2584:
2269:
2993:
928:
912:
787:, a protégé of Piłsudski. His proposal, during the late 1930s, of a "
493:
443:
In Paris the "visionary" statesman and former friend, confidant, and
129:
91:
39:
1324:
Covert Polish missions across the Soviet Ukrainian border, 1928–1933
1928:
Democratic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics since 1989
964:
952:
940:
878:
652:
434:
382:
283:
had come about as a mutual response to common threats posed by the
2789:(Pole Star), vol. 96, no 19 (September 17, 2005), pp. 10–11.
2414:
960:
956:
948:
944:
920:
916:
882:
740:
485:
211:
as a threat to their newly established independence, and by some
141:
137:
1234:
Europe in Crisis: Intellectuals and the European Idea, 1917–1957
2826:
President, The American Academy of Political and Social Science
2532:
The World Island: Eurasian Geopolitics and the Fate of the West
2498:
The World Island: Eurasian Geopolitics and the Fate of the West
932:
924:
870:
808:
804:
776:(1920–1938) with Romania and Yugoslavia, supported by France.
728:
481:
133:
121:
83:
2428:
The Soviets, the Munich Crisis, and the Coming of World War II
2138:, vol. 6, Warsaw, 1988, p. 101. Cited in Oleksandr Derhachov,
826:
723:
Piłsudski next contemplated a federation or alliance with the
204:
and that Empire's divestment of its territorial acquisitions.
19:
2410:
2330:(lecture notes). University of Kansas. Asccessed 2 June 2006.
1269:
Akcja niepodległościowa na terenie międzynarodowym, 1945–1990
1022:
569:
of 1920 Piłsudski recognised that the plan was not feasible.
367:
103:
612:
Piłsudski's concept was opposed within Poland itself, where
2279:
2253:
890:
664:
373:
In his youth, Czartoryski had fought against Russia in the
2977:
Visegrad Group Defence Cooperation (published 1 May 2019)
2104:
Manfred F. Boemeke, Gerald D. Feldman, Elisabeth Glaser,
318:, an arrangement that lasted until 1795, i.e., until the
2609:
The establishment of Communist rule in Poland, 1943–1948
543:
Piłsudski's initial plan for Intermarium: a resurrected
2771:
Intermarium: The Land between the Black and Baltic Seas
2479:
Intermarium: The Land between the Black and Baltic Seas
2106:
The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years
1423:
in the early nineteenth century." James H. Billington,
1540:"Intermarium Alliance – Will the idea become reality?"
295:. The alliance was first established in 1385 by the
2528:
2494:
2020:
311:, who became King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland.
2828:, New York, Robert M. McBride & Company, 1944.
2815:Joseph Pilsudski: a European Federalist, 1918–1922
2182:Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation
1902:Joseph Pilsudski: A European Federalist, 1918–1922
607:border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia
480:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth federated with the
2824:, introduction by Ernest Minor Patterson, Ph.D.,
2773:(Transaction Publishers) New Brunswick, NJ. 2012.
3000:
2949:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
2605:
2404:
1580:
1578:
521:
3024:Foreign relations of the Second Polish Republic
1864:
1726:
1724:
2612:. University of California Press. p. 50.
2488:
1415:
1413:
2454:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 227.
2344:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1790:
1584:
1575:
667:, surrounded by a rural Ukrainian majority).
192:. Intermarium complemented Piłsudski's other
2522:
2398:
2312:
2310:
2133:
2122:
1860:
1858:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1721:
1585:Eidintas, Alfonsas; Zalys, Vytautas (1999).
1272:
2797:Czartoryski and His Essai sur la diplomatie
2599:
2468:
2357:
1786:
1784:
1643:" ("A Polish Pioneer of a United Europe"),
1410:
701:'s plan for "Third Europe", an alliance of
3039:Lithuania–Second Polish Republic relations
2397:, a Polish-language version of the paper,
2238:
2009:, Polish edition, Wydawnictwo Znak, 1997,
1969:
1918:
1916:
1797:. Universal-Publishers. pp. 166–167.
345:
200:, whose goal was the dismemberment of the
2783:("A Polish Pioneer of a United Europe"),
2562:
2449:
2307:
2044:
1855:
1818:
1439:
821:
595:re-established their independence in 1918
299:, solemnized by the marriage of Poland's
2932:, London, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1944.
2529:Alexandros Petersen (18 February 2011).
2495:Alexandros Petersen (18 February 2011).
2445:
2443:
2430:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
2406:Беларусь — Польша: путь к сотрудничеству
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2078:
2076:
1871:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 36.
1781:
1561:
1559:
1505:
1311:
1279:
1048:Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
993:British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact
825:
693:
685:
538:
528:
417:Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
407:
267:Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
247:
235:
18:
2640:"Visegrad: New European Military Force"
2197:
1913:
1649:(Pole Star), Sept. 17, 2005, pp. 10–11.
1481:
1479:
657:Ukrainian attempt at self-determination
3034:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
3001:
2556:
2171:
1451:, 3–9 February 2001, available online
1385:
1350:, Silvia Salvatici, Rubbettino, 2005).
2817:, Stanford, Hoover Institution, 1979.
2440:
2370:
2073:
1983:"Polish-Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw"
1748:which had seemed close to realization
1556:
377:; he would have done so again in the
65:
30:Intermarium concept ranging from the
3044:Poland–Ukraine relations (1918–1939)
2892:, vol. LXVIII, no. 1 (Spring 2011),
2781:"Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy"
2144:
2108:, Cambridge University Press, 1998,
1996:
1942:
1476:
1215:, W. W. Norton & Company, 2001,
690:Piłsudski's revised Intermarium plan
659:in disputed territories east of the
381:of 1794 had he not been arrested at
2213:, 22–28 May 2004. Available online
2098:
1213:The Tragedy of Great Power Politics
1033:Lithuanian–Polish–Ukrainian Brigade
16:Proposed country during World War I
13:
2971:
2333:
2031:Konflikt polsko-litewski 1918–1920
1898:Kenneth F. Lewalski (March 1972).
1828:Janusz Cisek (26 September 2002).
1776:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1760:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1735:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1716:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1700:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1684:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1668:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1658:"The Prince thus shows himself a
1641:Polski pionier zjednoczonej Europy
1429:, p. 432, Transaction Publishers,
911:held an initial summit meeting in
207:Intermarium was perceived by some
14:
3080:
2983:
2207:dictator." "A Belated Idealist",
2088:, p. 10, Penn State Press, 2003,
816:Polish–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
244:at its greatest extent, 1386–1434
3029:History of Lithuania (1918–1940)
1746:"Adam Czartoryski's great plan,
678:or in conquering Russia itself.
2749:
2720:
2695:
2681:
2652:
2633:
2565:Journal of Contemporary History
2420:
2400:Myezhdumorye vchera i syevodnia
2363:Joseph Pilsudski. Interview by
1892:
1765:
1740:
1705:
1689:
1673:
1652:
1630:
1613:"Union of Krewo (Act of Kreva)"
1605:
1532:
1360:, Yale University Press, 2005,
1247:Studies in Czechoslovak history
1232:Mark Hewitson, Matthew D'Auria
885:) announced the formation of a
853:Polish–Czechoslovak federations
458:and urged the incorporation of
260:
74:geopolitical plan conceived by
3069:History of Ukraine (1918–1991)
3064:History of Ukraine (1795–1918)
1993:. Accessed September 30, 2007.
1910:. Accessed September 16, 2007.
1572:. Accessed September 14, 2007.
1399:, McGill-Queen's Press, 1992,
1261:
1252:
1239:
1226:
1205:
1181:
1160:
1149:, McGill-Queen's Press, 1992,
1139:
1119:
1028:List of proposed state mergers
545:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
316:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
254:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
80:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
1791:Jonathan Levy (6 June 2007).
1515:, Kyiv, Dukh i Litera, 2001,
1112:
1091:Union of Bulgaria and Romania
572:
320:Third Partition of the Poland
231:
2501:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 77–78.
2067:Internetowa encyklopedia PWN
1750:(emphasis added) during the
1096:Union of Hungary and Romania
256:at its greatest extent, 1635
7:
2070:. Accessed 27 October 2006.
1953:Stalin: The Man and His Era
1931:. Palgrave Macmillan 2002.
970:
462:into a resurrected Poland.
362:, residing in exile at the
303:and Lithuania's Grand Duke
10:
3085:
2860:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
2577:10.1177/002200947501000202
2387:Międzymorze wczoraj i dziś
2246:(in Russian and Ukrainian)
2054:"Wojna polsko-bolszewicka"
2033:, Książka i Wiedza, 1995,
1194:, Penn State Press, 2003,
1170:, Transaction Publishers,
842:Polish Government-in-Exile
681:
375:Polish–Russian War of 1792
264:
3049:Proposed political unions
2777:Marian Kamil Dziewanowski
2606:Krystyna Kersten (1991).
2535:. ABC-CLIO. p. 153.
2483:New Brunswick, New Jersey
2405:
1908:Journal of Modern History
1834:. McFarland. p. 47.
1637:Marian Kamil Dziewanowski
1058:Polish–Ukrainian alliance
516:Marian Kamil Dziewanowski
2992:. Television program of
2951:, Routledge (UK), 2002,
2157:, 2001, Routledge (UK),
1904:, by M. K. Dziewanowski"
1865:Joshua B. Spero (2004).
1426:Fire in the Minds of Men
1168:Fire in the Minds of Men
1053:Polish–Romanian alliance
1043:Georgian–Polish alliance
860:Polish Underground State
783:Polish Foreign Minister
770:Polish–Romanian alliance
565:, about the time of the
228:with the Soviet Union).
190:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2822:Central Union of Europe
2321:"The Rebirth of Poland"
1754:in 1848–49, failed..."
1293:Encyclopædia Britannica
452:Essai sur la diplomatie
346:Adam Czartoryski's plan
277:Polish–Lithuanian union
242:Polish–Lithuanian union
67:[mʲɛnd͡zɨˈmɔʐɛ]
2767:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz
2475:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz
2399:
2346:, Random House, 2003,
2134:
1955:, Beacon Press, 1989,
1591:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1273:
871:The Republic of Poland
833:
822:World War II and after
814:Disregarding the 1932
713:
691:
547:
536:
440:
360:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
257:
245:
82:lands within a single
58:
47:
2928:, with a foreword by
2282:, 3–9 February 2001,
2007:White Eagle, Red Star
1304:Columbia Encyclopedia
1166:James H. Billington,
1086:Three Seas Initiative
1068:Reunavaltiopolitiikka
909:Three Seas Initiative
858:A declaration by the
829:
743:, the Baltic states,
697:
689:
599:Polish–Lithuanian War
542:
532:
421:January 1863 Uprising
411:
387:Imperial Russian Army
293:Grand Duchy of Moscow
251:
239:
106:for "Between-Seas").
63:Polish pronunciation:
22:
3059:European integration
2882:Sławomir Łukasiewicz
2878:University of Gdańsk
2852:Sławomir Łukasiewicz
2250:Postati XX stolittia
2184:, SUNY Press, 1989,
1267:Tomasz Piesakowski,
1013:Intermarium (region)
887:Visegrád Battlegroup
865:On 12 May 2011, the
603:Polish–Ukrainian War
506:national revolutions
34:in the north to the
2960:Google Print, p. 30
2926:We Are 115 Millions
2340:MacMillan, Margaret
2041:, p.13–16 and p. 36
1300:"Piłsudski, Joseph"
1245:Miloslav Rechcígl,
1081:Romanian Bridgehead
1018:Intermediate Region
895:NATO Response Force
879:the Slovak Republic
641:Oleksandr Derhachov
637:coup d'état in 1926
579:sphere of influence
391:Catherine the Great
379:Kościuszko Uprising
3014:Late modern Europe
2645:2013-09-18 at the
2393:2009-03-03 at the
2365:Dymitr Merejkowsky
2326:2020-11-08 at the
2300:2005-11-07 at the
2289:2005-11-26 at the
2231:2007-03-10 at the
2220:2006-01-16 at the
2060:2013-11-11 at the
1989:2007-10-07 at the
1513:Imperiia ta natsii
1469:2005-11-07 at the
1458:2005-11-26 at the
1188:Andrzej Paczkowski
983:Balkan Pact (1953)
978:Balkan Pact (1934)
900:On 6 August 2015,
838:Władysław Sikorski
834:
831:Władysław Sikorski
714:
692:
614:National Democracy
548:
537:
522:Józef Piłsudski's
510:German nationalism
469:, most notably in
467:Caucasus Mountains
441:
337:Polish–Lithuanian–
330:Polish–Lithuanian-
258:
246:
168:. The Polish name
48:
2900:, pp. 77–81.
2874:Anna Mazurkiewicz
2868:978-83-7629-137-6
2811:M.K. Dziewanowski
2793:M.K. Dziewanowski
2619:978-0-520-06219-1
2542:978-0-313-39137-8
2508:978-0-313-39137-8
2383:Tadeusz Marczak,
2317:Anna M. Cienciala
1878:978-0-7425-3553-4
1841:978-0-7864-1240-2
1804:978-1-58112-369-2
1752:Spring of Nations
1598:978-0-312-22458-5
1289:"Józef Pilsudski"
1003:Giedroyc Doctrine
676:Russian Civil War
567:Polish–Soviet War
438:Archangel Michael
356:January Uprisings
309:Gediminid dynasty
281:military alliance
271:Treaty of Hadiach
186:Kingdom of Poland
176:, "between"; and
98:, hence the name
3076:
2962:(also available
2935:David J. Smith,
2922:Antoni Plutynski
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:. 28 August 2016
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2705:. Archived from
2699:
2693:
2692:
2691:. 5 August 2015.
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2666:. Archived from
2656:
2650:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2492:
2486:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2447:
2438:
2424:
2418:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2381:
2368:
2361:
2355:
2337:
2331:
2314:
2305:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2201:
2195:
2175:
2169:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2126:
2120:
2102:
2096:
2080:
2071:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2024:
2018:
2000:
1994:
1980:
1967:
1946:
1940:
1920:
1911:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1788:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1744:
1738:
1728:
1719:
1709:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1582:
1573:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1511:Roman Szporluk,
1509:
1503:
1483:
1474:
1443:
1437:
1417:
1408:
1389:
1383:
1315:
1309:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1271:, 1999, p. 149:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1185:
1179:
1164:
1158:
1145:Richard K Debo,
1143:
1137:
1123:
1076:
902:Polish President
587:balance-of-power
109:Prospectively a
78:to unite former
69:
64:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3054:Józef Piłsudski
2999:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2972:Further reading
2969:
2904:Piotr Okulewicz
2786:Gwiazda Polarna
2752:
2747:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2647:Wayback Machine
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2493:
2489:
2481:. Transaction:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2448:
2441:
2426:Hugh Ragsdale,
2425:
2421:
2403:, published in
2395:Wayback Machine
2382:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2338:
2334:
2328:Wayback Machine
2315:
2308:
2302:Wayback Machine
2291:Wayback Machine
2272:. reprinted in
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:Wayback Machine
2222:Wayback Machine
2202:
2198:
2176:
2172:
2149:
2145:
2127:
2123:
2103:
2099:
2081:
2074:
2062:Wayback Machine
2050:
2049:
2045:
2027:Piotr Łossowski
2025:
2021:
2001:
1997:
1991:Wayback Machine
1981:
1970:
1949:Adam Bruno Ulam
1947:
1943:
1921:
1914:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1863:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1826:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1789:
1782:
1770:
1766:
1745:
1741:
1729:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1678:
1674:
1657:
1653:
1646:Gwiazda Polarna
1635:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1583:
1576:
1564:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1510:
1506:
1484:
1477:
1471:Wayback Machine
1460:Wayback Machine
1444:
1440:
1418:
1411:
1390:
1386:
1316:
1312:
1284:
1280:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1210:
1206:
1186:
1182:
1165:
1161:
1144:
1140:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1070:
1038:Lublin Triangle
973:
824:
684:
575:
534:Józef Piłsudski
527:
415:for a proposed
403:Napoleonic Wars
348:
273:
265:Main articles:
263:
234:
76:Józef Piłsudski
62:
24:Józef Piłsudski
17:
12:
11:
5:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:Eastern Europe
3016:
3011:
2997:
2996:
2985:
2984:External links
2982:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2933:
2919:
2901:
2871:
2849:
2829:
2820:Peter Jordan,
2818:
2808:
2790:
2774:
2764:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2719:
2694:
2680:
2651:
2649:, 16 May 2011.
2632:
2618:
2598:
2555:
2541:
2521:
2507:
2487:
2467:
2460:
2439:
2419:
2369:
2356:
2332:
2306:
2275:Zerkalo Nedeli
2237:
2210:Zerkalo Nedeli
2196:
2170:
2151:Aviel Roshwald
2143:
2121:
2097:
2072:
2043:
2019:
1995:
1968:
1941:
1923:George Sanford
1912:
1891:
1877:
1854:
1840:
1817:
1803:
1780:
1764:
1739:
1720:
1704:
1688:
1672:
1651:
1629:
1617:Polish History
1604:
1597:
1574:
1555:
1544:www.unian.info
1531:
1528:(in Ukrainian)
1504:
1494:, Kyiv, 1996,
1487:Rzeczpospolita
1475:
1448:Zerkalo Nedeli
1438:
1409:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1354:Timothy Snyder
1351:
1320:Timothy Snyder
1310:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1278:
1260:
1251:
1238:
1225:
1211:David Parker,
1204:
1180:
1159:
1138:
1126:Aviel Roshwald
1117:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1101:Visegrád Group
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:Hellenoturkism
1005:
1000:
998:Czech Corridor
995:
990:
988:Baltic Entente
985:
980:
974:
972:
969:
875:Czech Republic
867:Visegrád Group
849:Greek–Yugoslav
823:
820:
774:Little Entente
733:Czechoslovakia
683:
680:
574:
571:
563:George Sanford
526:
520:
500:of the future
496:, and all the
347:
344:
297:Union of Krewo
285:Teutonic Order
262:
259:
233:
230:
202:Russian Empire
166:Czechoslovakia
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3081:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:0-415-28580-1
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:Artis Pabriks
2934:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:83-7177-060-X
2913:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:), review of
2879:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:1-58112-369-8
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:Jonathan Levy
2830:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2733:
2732:Visegrád Post
2729:
2723:
2709:on 2019-04-17
2708:
2704:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2670:on 2019-05-26
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2461:9781134714186
2457:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2437:
2436:0-521-83030-3
2433:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2353:
2352:0-375-76052-0
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:966-8290-01-1
2259:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2190:0-7914-0018-2
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Yohanan Cohen
2174:
2168:
2164:
2163:0-415-24229-0
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2129:Roman Dmowski
2125:
2119:
2115:
2114:0-521-62132-1
2111:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:0-271-02308-2
2091:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2040:
2039:83-05-12769-9
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2015:83-7006-761-1
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:Norman Davies
1999:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1961:0-8070-7005-X
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1937:0-333-77475-2
1934:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1895:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1822:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1718:," pp. 10–11.
1717:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:Andrzej Nowak
1567:
1562:
1560:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1521:966-7888-05-3
1518:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1500:966-543-040-8
1497:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1435:0-7658-0471-9
1432:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1405:0-7735-0828-7
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:0-300-10670-X
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1221:0-393-02025-8
1218:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1200:0-271-02308-2
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1176:0-7658-0471-9
1173:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1155:0-7735-0828-7
1152:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1134:0-415-17893-2
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1106:Warsaw Accord
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
832:
828:
819:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
718:Ukrainian SSR
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
688:
679:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
655:, crushing a
654:
650:
644:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Roman Dmowski
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
570:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
546:
541:
535:
531:
525:
519:
517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
450:In his book,
448:
446:
439:
436:
432:
431:
427:, Lithuanian
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
364:Hôtel Lambert
361:
357:
353:
343:
341:
340:
334:
333:
326:
323:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:Queen Jadwiga
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
272:
268:
255:
250:
243:
238:
229:
227:
223:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:Baltic states
123:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
96:Adriatic Seas
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:) was a post-
68:
60:
56:
52:
45:
41:
37:
36:Mediterranean
33:
29:
25:
21:
2948:
2930:Douglas Reed
2925:
2907:
2889:
2885:
2859:
2855:
2835:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2796:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2757:Janusz Cisek
2750:Bibliography
2736:. Retrieved
2731:
2722:
2711:. Retrieved
2707:the original
2697:
2683:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:the original
2663:
2654:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2608:
2601:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2531:
2524:
2512:. Retrieved
2497:
2490:
2478:
2470:
2451:
2427:
2422:
2384:
2359:
2343:
2335:
2295:in Ukrainian
2273:
2249:
2240:
2226:in Ukrainian
2208:
2204:
2199:
2181:
2173:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2124:
2105:
2100:
2084:
2065:
2046:
2030:
2022:
2006:
1998:
1952:
1944:
1927:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1867:
1845:. Retrieved
1830:
1808:. Retrieved
1793:
1775:
1772:Dziewanowski
1767:
1759:
1756:Dziewanowski
1747:
1742:
1734:
1731:Dziewanowski
1715:
1712:Dziewanowski
1707:
1699:
1696:Dziewanowski
1691:
1683:
1680:Dziewanowski
1675:
1667:
1664:Dziewanowski
1659:
1654:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1621:. Retrieved
1619:. 2022-08-13
1616:
1607:
1587:
1547:. Retrieved
1543:
1534:
1512:
1507:
1491:
1486:
1464:in Ukrainian
1446:
1441:
1425:
1421:Young Poland
1392:
1387:
1357:
1347:
1323:
1313:
1281:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1212:
1207:
1191:
1183:
1167:
1162:
1146:
1141:
1121:
905:Andrzej Duda
899:
864:
857:
846:
835:
813:
807:rather than
800:
793:World War II
789:Third Europe
778:
765:Arctic Ocean
722:
715:
669:
645:
634:
630:nation state
611:
576:
560:
552:Soviet Union
549:
523:
514:
478:"pan-Slavic"
475:
464:
460:East Prussia
451:
449:
444:
442:
428:
413:Coat of arms
372:
350:Between the
349:
338:
331:
327:
324:
313:
289:Golden Horde
274:
261:Commonwealth
222:Nazi Germany
217:Soviet Union
206:
194:geopolitical
182:
177:
173:
169:
108:
99:
50:
49:
44:Soviet Union
3009:Intermarium
2990:Intermarium
2945:Thomas Lane
2664:Geostrategy
2270:2004-440333
2051:(in Polish)
1900:"Review of
1071: [
1063:Prometheism
869:countries (
556:imperialism
524:Międzymorze
498:South Slavs
425:White Eagle
419:during the
399:Alexander I
209:Lithuanians
198:Prometheism
170:Międzymorze
100:Intermarium
72:World War I
59:Międzymorze
51:Intermarium
28:World War I
3003:Categories
2941:Aldis Purs
2738:2017-07-04
2713:2015-08-18
2674:2015-08-18
2571:(2): 246.
2284:in Russian
2215:in Russian
1939:. pp. 5–6.
1623:2023-02-24
1549:2015-11-01
1525:section II
1453:in Russian
1113:References
785:Józef Beck
757:Yugoslavia
699:Józef Beck
583:Bolshevism
573:Opposition
502:Yugoslavia
490:Hungarians
291:, and the
232:Precedents
226:Winter War
213:Ukrainians
162:Yugoslavia
111:federation
40:Black Seas
32:Baltic Sea
2898:0032-2806
2862:), 2010,
2805:B0072XRK6
2593:159844616
1778:", p. 11.
1762:," p. 11.
1737:," p. 11.
1686:," p. 10.
1670:," p. 11.
1660:visionary
929:Lithuania
913:Dubrovnik
661:Bug River
622:Polonised
494:Romanians
435:Ruthenian
423:: Polish
339:Ruthenian
332:Muscovite
130:Lithuania
2799:, 1971,
2643:Archived
2548:12 April
2514:12 April
2391:Archived
2354:, p. 212
2324:Archived
2319:, 2004.
2298:Archived
2287:Archived
2256:, 2004,
2229:Archived
2218:Archived
2205:de facto
2058:Archived
1987:Archived
1884:11 April
1847:11 April
1810:11 April
1702:, p. 10.
1467:Archived
1456:Archived
1223:, p. 194
1178:, p. 432
1157:, p. 59.
971:See also
965:Bulgaria
953:Slovenia
941:Slovakia
781:interwar
753:Bulgaria
653:Volhynia
445:de facto
383:Brussels
352:November
196:vision,
188:and the
122:European
26:'s post-
2846:, 2006
2625:8 April
2485:, 2012.
2417:, 2005.
2415:Belarus
2017:, p.228
1202:, p. 10
1136:, p. 37
961:Romania
957:Croatia
949:Hungary
945:Austria
937:Czechia
921:Estonia
917:Croatia
883:Hungary
797:Germany
749:Romania
741:Finland
737:Hungary
711:Hungary
707:Romania
682:Failure
672:Entente
649:Galicia
628:Polish
626:unitary
616:leader
486:Slovaks
471:Georgia
456:Prussia
430:Pagaunė
307:of the
305:Jogaila
158:Romania
154:Hungary
150:Ukraine
146:Belarus
142:Finland
138:Estonia
119:Eastern
115:Central
46:in 1922
2994:BelSat
2955:
2914:
2896:
2866:
2842:
2803:
2616:
2591:
2585:260146
2583:
2539:
2505:
2458:
2434:
2350:
2268:
2260:
2188:
2161:
2112:
2092:
2037:
2013:
1965:p. 185
1959:
1935:
1875:
1838:
1801:
1595:
1519:
1498:
1433:
1403:
1364:
1348:Cofini
1219:
1198:
1174:
1153:
1132:
963:, and
933:Poland
925:Latvia
881:, and
873:, the
809:Warsaw
805:Berlin
761:Greece
759:, and
729:Balkan
725:Baltic
709:, and
703:Poland
605:, and
601:, the
482:Czechs
433:, and
389:, and
287:, the
174:między
172:(from
164:, and
134:Latvia
94:, and
88:Baltic
84:polity
55:Polish
2888:, in
2589:S2CID
2581:JSTOR
2411:Minsk
2193:p. 65
2167:p. 49
2140:ibid.
2118:p.314
1397:p. 59
1378:p. 43
1374:p. 42
1370:p. 41
1346:, in
1344:p. 59
1340:p. 58
1336:p. 57
1332:p. 56
1328:p. 55
1075:]
1023:Kresy
801:Reich
745:Italy
591:White
368:Paris
178:morze
104:Latin
92:Black
2964:here
2953:ISBN
2912:ISBN
2894:ISSN
2864:ISBN
2840:ISBN
2801:ASIN
2627:2011
2614:ISBN
2550:2011
2537:ISBN
2516:2011
2503:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2293:and
2280:Kyiv
2266:LCCN
2258:ISBN
2254:Kyiv
2224:and
2186:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2110:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1886:2011
1873:ISBN
1849:2011
1836:ISBN
1812:2011
1799:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1462:and
1431:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1130:ISBN
891:NATO
851:and
727:and
665:Lwów
651:and
397:and
395:Paul
354:and
279:and
269:and
252:The
240:The
117:and
38:and
2573:doi
1774:, "
1758:, "
1733:, "
1714:, "
1682:, "
1666:, "
1639:, "
1368:, (
844:.
840:'s
366:in
335:or
140:),
113:of
3005::
2966:).
2947:,
2943:,
2939:,
2924:,
2906:,
2884:,
2854:,
2838:,
2834:,
2813:,
2795:,
2779:,
2769:,
2759:,
2730:.
2662:.
2587:.
2579:.
2569:10
2567:.
2477:,
2442:^
2413:,
2372:^
2342:,
2309:^
2278:,
2264:,
2252:,
2180:,
2165:,
2153:,
2116:,
2075:^
2064:.
2056:.
2029:,
2005:,
1985:.
1971:^
1963:,
1951:,
1925:,
1915:^
1906:.
1857:^
1820:^
1783:^
1723:^
1698:,
1615:.
1577:^
1568:.
1558:^
1542:.
1523:,
1478:^
1412:^
1395:,
1376:,
1372:,
1356:,
1342:,
1338:,
1334:,
1330:,
1322:,
1302:,
1291:,
1190:,
1073:FI
967:.
959:,
955:,
951:,
947:,
943:,
939:,
935:,
931:,
927:,
923:,
915:,
877:,
811:.
755:,
751:,
747:,
739:,
735:,
705:,
609:.
558:.
512:.
492:,
488:,
484:,
473:.
370:.
322:.
275:A
160:,
156:,
152:,
148:,
144:,
136:,
132:,
90:,
61:,
57::
2918:.
2876:(
2870:.
2807:.
2741:.
2716:.
2677:.
2629:.
2595:.
2575::
2552:.
2518:.
2464:.
2385:"
2304:.
1888:.
1851:.
1814:.
1626:.
1601:.
1552:.
1502:.
1473:.
1407:.
1380:)
1326:(
1306:)
1295:)
128:(
102:(
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
