2057:
under colonial rule when the
Spanish Civil War broke out. Additionally, Arabic names were commonly misspelled and therefore registered multiple times. Roughly half of the Arabs who volunteered in Spain were Algerian, with 493 joining the Republican forces, of which 332 survived. Alongside those there were 211 Moroccans, 11 Syrians, four Palestinians including Palestinian journalist Najati Sidqi, three Egyptians, two Iraqis and one Lebanese man also took up arms for the International Brigades.The motivations behind Arab participation in the Spanish Civil War are varied. However, most likely they saw that a Republican victory in Spain would lead to the decolonisation of the Arab world in the longer term.
1468:
2019:
1868:
832:
103:. The German position was that such a declaration was not needed. A similar approach was made to the Soviet Union. On 6 August, Ciano confirmed Italian support in principle. The Soviet government similarly agreed in principle if Portugal was included and Germany and Italy stopped aid immediately. On 7 August, France unilaterally declared its non-intervention. Draft declarations had been put to German and Italian governments. Such a declaration had already been accepted by the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union and required renouncing all traffic in war
805:) fought for Franco although never as a national unit. For the whole war, Portugal was instrumental in providing the Nationalists with a vital logistical organisation and by reassuring Franco and his allies that no interference would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationalists that crossed the borders of the Iberian countries. The Nationalists even referred to Lisbon as "the port of Castile". In 1938, with Franco's victory increasingly certain, Portugal recognised Franco's regime and soon after the war signed a treaty of friendship and non-aggression pact, the
1489:, who actively participated in combat for the Republicans. Other countries aided the Republicans by selling weapons and providing volunteer military units. Throughout the war, the efforts of the Republican government to resist the Nationalists, and their foreign supporters were hampered by Franco-British "non-intervention", the long supply lines and the intermittent availability of weapons of widely-variable quality. The Franco-British naval embargo allowed Germany and Italy to reinforce their armies in Spain and hampered only Soviet efforts to arm the Republicans.
448:
773:
1727:; were camouflaged at a deserted island; and, with changed flags, they proceeded officially to ports in Mexico. It is known that sales continued from August 1936 to at least November 1938. The exact number of shipments is unknown but remained significant since by November 1937, 34 Greek ships were declared to be non-compliant with the non-intervention agreement, and the Nationalist Navy seized 21 vessels in 1938 alone. Details of sales to the Nationalists are unclear, but they were known to be by far fewer.
1802:) sympathised more or less openly with the Nationalists. However, Mexican aid could mean relatively little in practical terms since the French border was closed, and the German, Italian and Portuguese dictators remained free to supply the Nationalists with a quality and a quantity of weapons that went far beyond the power of Mexico, which could furnish only $ 2,000,000 in aid. Mexico provided only some material assistance, which included rifles, food and a few American-made aircraft, such as the
1311:
198:, as the British wanted, or to fail to do, as the French wanted. That was subsumed by the news that the Italian and German governments had recognised the Nationalists as the true government of Spain. The League of Nations condemned intervention, urged its council's members to support non-intervention and commended mediation. It then closed discussion on Spain and left it to the committee. A mediation plan, however, was soon dropped.
281:
1330:'s followers went to Spain to fight on Franco's side. O'Duffy's Irish Brigade, whose legionnaires considered their primary role in Spain to be fighting against communism and defending Catholicism, quickly became disenchanted with the Nationalist cause, in part due to the brutality of its tactics. As a result, Franco never dispatched a transport ship for 600 additional volunteers whom O'Duffy had recruited. In February 1937,
257:
recognise the
Nationalists as belligerents, once significant progress had been made, was finally accepted. The Nationalists accepted on 20 November and the Republicans on 1 December. On 27 June, Maisky agreed to send two commissions to Spain to enumerate foreign volunteer forces and to bring about their withdrawal. The Nationalists, wishing to prevent the fall of the sympathetic British government, led by
842:
the side of the rebels and defined the religious
Spaniards who had been persecuted in Republican areas as "martyrs of the faith". It selectively ignored the many believing Catholic Spaniards who remained loyal to the Republic and even those who were later killed during the persecution and the massacres of Republicans. The devout Catholics who supported the Republic included high-ranking officers of the
561:
5937:
2123:". A legionnaire officer emphasised that the war was one "of Spaniards against Russians!" Francoist propaganda presented the enemy as an invading army or the puppet of foreign powers. The involvement of Moorish troops in a Catholic crusade was explained by the Nationalists as that of defenders of religion in the face of the godless, anticlerical, anti-
414:, hoped that a general outbreak of war in Europe would help his cause by compelling Britain and France to help the Republic at last. Ultimately, however, neither Britain nor France intervened to any significant extent. The British supplied food and medicine to the Republic but actively discouraged Blum and his French government from supplying weapons.
754:. The training provided to Nationalist forces by the Germans would prove at least as valuable as direct actions. Perhaps 56,000 Nationalist soldiers were trained by various German detachments in Spain, which were technically proficient and covered infantry, tanks and anti-tank units; air and anti-aircraft forces; and those trained in naval warfare.
2119:(fatherland) and its Catholic essence, which stated to be under the threat of becoming a "Russian colony", the fault being of traitors and "international agents". "Anti-Spain" was embodied by liberalism, atheism, freemasonry, international Jewry and regional separatism. The communist invader was a dehumanised foreigner, the "wolves of the Russian
2104:
international mob of criminals and thieves. Cartoons in the
Republican press often depicted the rebel army as a multinational gang of foreign mercenaries. The presence of Moorish troops was exploited from the outbreak of the conflict, and they were presented as black-faced, barefoot, hungry and eager to steal and kill: "The
758:
German aid to the
Nationalists amounted to approximately £43,000,000 ($ 215,000,000) in 1939 prices. That was broken down in expenditure to 15.5% for salaries and expenses, 21.9% for direct delivery of supplies to Spain and 62.6% for the Condor Legion. No detailed list of German supplies furnished to Spain has been found.
418:, the US ambassador to Spain, was one of the few ambassadors who was friendly to the Republic. He later condemned the Non-Intervention Committee by saying that each of its moves had been made to serve the cause of the rebellion: "This committee was the most cynical and lamentably dishonest group that history has known".
2095:
world coalition". The "true" Spain was represented by the lower classes. Outside the "nation in arms" were bourgeois traitors, fascists, clergymen and "false revolutionaries" (dissident communists, radicals, anarchists etc.), who were "serving fascism". With the exception of the anti-Stalinist communists of the
5990:
2033:
The
International Brigades included 9,000 Frenchmen, of whom 1,000 died; 5,000 Germans and Austrians, of whom 2,000 died; The third-highest number was from Italy with 3,350 men. Then came Poland, with about 3,000 men. Then the United States (2,800 men with 900 killed and 1,500 wounded) and the United
427:
After the withdrawal of
Germany and Italy from patrols, the French considered abandoning border controls or perhaps leaving non-intervention. However, the French were reliant on the British, who wished to continue with the patrols. Britain and France thus continued to labour over non-intervention and
229:
on 15 and 18 June made
Germany and Italy once again withdraw from patrols but not from the committee. That prompted the Portuguese government to remove British observers on the Spanish-Portuguese border. The United Kingdom and France offered to replace Germany and Italy, which, however, believed that
2094:
The instrumental use of nationalism by the
Republicans came from the communists. The heroic Spanish people were said to be rising against foreign invaders, who were directed by traitors belonging to the upper classes, the clergy and the army, which were now at the service of the "fascist-imperialist
861:
Forsaken by the
Western European powers, the Republicans depended mainly on Soviet military assistance, which played into the hands of the Nationalists, who portrayed the Republic as a "Marxist" and godless state in Francoist propaganda. Its only other official support was from the anti-Catholic and
841:
Among many influential Catholics in Spain, mainly conservative traditionalists and monarchists, the religious persecution was squarely blamed on the Republic. The ensuing outrage was used after the 1936 coup by the propaganda of the rebel faction and readily extended itself. The Catholic Church took
477:
initially ruled out US interference publicly with these words: " no expectation that the United States would ever again send troops or warships or floods of munitions and money to Europe". However, he privately supported the Republicans and was concerned that a Nationalist victory would lead to more
376:
was mined and told British shipping to keep clear of the area, but it was badly discredited when a British vessel ignored the advice, sailed into the city and found that the river was unmined, just as the Republicans had claimed. However, the British government discouraged activity from its ordinary
201:
The Soviets met the request to ban volunteers on 27 December, followed by Portugal on 5 January and Germany and Italy on 7 January. On 20 January, Italy put a moratorium on volunteers since it believed that supplies to the Nationalists were now sufficient. Non-intervention would have left both sides
114:
On 15 August, the United Kingdom banned exports of war material to Spain. Italy agreed to the pact and signing on 21 August. That there was a surprising reversal of views has been put down to the growing belief that countries could not or indeed would not abide by the agreement anyway. On 24 August,
1730:
The total worth of Greek sales is unknown. One author claims that in 1937 alone, GPCC shipments amounted to $ 10.9 million for the Republicans and $ 2.7 million for the Nationalists and that in late 1937 Bodosakis signed another contract with the Republicans for £2.1 million (around $ 10 million),
1576:
The Republic also made poor choices in buying ammunition. The arms trade has a standard that with every rifle, 1,000 rounds of ammunition are included; with every machine gun, 10,000 rounds are included; and with every artillery piece, 2,400 shells are included to prevent the hardware from becoming
238:
That culminated in a period during 1937 during which all of the powers were prepared to give up on non-intervention. By the end of July, the committee was in deadlock, and the aims of a successful outcome to the Spanish Civil War was looking unlikely for the Republic. Unrestricted Italian submarine
2103:
soon extended to other left-wing and Republican literature. Republican propaganda made use of pre-existing icons that depicted foreigners in certain ways. The Italians were presented as effeminate, cowardly and presumptuous and the Germans as arrogant. The Foreign Legionnaires were presented as an
583:
The involvement in the war helped to increase Mussolini's popularity. The Italian military aid to Nationalists against the anticlerical and anti-Catholic atrocities committed by the Republicans was exploited by Italian propaganda targeting Catholics. On July 27, 1936, the first squadron of Italian
494:
since foreign intervention was a state of war in Spain. Hull continued to doubt the extent of German and Italian operations, despite evidence to the contrary. In 1938, as the tide had turned against the Loyalists, Roosevelt attempted to bypass the embargo and ship American aircraft to the Republic
1675:
were identified. Most hardware were obsolete and worn-out second-rate but some modern arms were also delivered; all were 20-30% overpriced. Polish sales amounted to $ 40 million and constituted some 5-7% of the overall Republican military spendings, but in terms of quantity certain categories of
1439:
was an independent protectorate and so the Moroccans were not Spanish citizens. They were feared by the enemy and the local civilian population because they spared no one and "killed everyone", according to an interview with a Moroccan veteran. According to Professor Balfour, "The Moroccan troops
857:
Initially, the Vatican refrained from declaring too openly its support of the rebel side in the war, but it had long allowed high ecclesiastical figures in Spain to do so and to define the conflict as a "Crusade". Throughout the war, however, Francoist propaganda and influential Spanish Catholics
757:
It has been estimated that there were around 16,000 German citizens who fought in the conflict, mostly as pilots, ground crew, artillery and tank crew and military advisers and instructors. About 10,000 Germans were in Spain at the peak, with perhaps as many as 300 of whom being killed in action.
498:
The embargo did not apply to nonmilitary supplies, such as oil, gas, or trucks. The US government could thus ship food to Spain as a humanitarian cause, which benefited mostly the Loyalists. The Republicans spent almost $ 1 million a month on tires, cars, and machine tools from American companies
324:
publicly maintained the official policy of non-intervention but privately expressed his preference for a Nationalist victory. Eden also testified that his government "preferred a Rebel victory to a Republican victory"., he even professed an admiration for the self-proclaimed fascist Calvo Sotelo.
300:
The British government proclaimed neutrality, and its foreign policy was to prevent a major war by appeasement of Italy and Germany. British leaders believed that the Spanish Republican government was the puppet of extreme-left socialists and communists. Accordingly, the British Cabinet adopted a
2056:
Historians debate the presence of 1000 Arab volunteers. However, the Catalan historian Andreu Castells, who has conducted extensive research into the topic, found 716 recorded cases. Many of the Arabs who volunteered were registered as French citizens, as many North African countries were still
905:
by recurring to the beatification of 498 "martyrs" of the Civil War. The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them... In this political use of granting religious recognition one can perceive its indignation regarding the compensations to the victims of Francoism. Its selective
256:
and to attack any suspicious submarines. Also, warships that attacked neutral shipping would be attacked. Eden claimed that non-intervention had stopped a European war. The League of Nations reported on the Spanish situation by noting the "failure of non-intervention". On 6 November, the plan to
1838:
fighter aircraft were sent from 7 August to December 1936 to Republican forces. The French also sent pilots and engineers to the Republicans. Also, until 8 September 1936, aircraft could freely pass from France into Spain if they had been bought in other countries. In total, France delivered 70
749:
The Condor Legion spearheaded many Nationalist victories, particularly in the air dominance from 1937 onward; 300 victories were claimed, as opposed to some 900 claimed by Italian forces. Spain provided a proving ground for German tank tactics as well as aircraft tactics, the latter being only
234:
to be used by both the Republicans and the Nationalists to replace naval patrols. A British plan suggested naval patrols to be replaced by observers in ports and ships, with land control measures being resumed. Belligerent rights would not be granted until substantial progress was made on the
140:
It was then that the Non-Intervention Committee was created to uphold the agreement, but the double dealing of both the Soviet Union and Germany had already become apparent. The ostensible purpose of the committee was to prevent personnel and matériel reaching the warring parties, as with the
1405:, proposed to Franco to develop a Russian Volunteer Unit (which would have encouraged the recruitment of more White Russians), but Franco rejected the proposal because there were few Russians in combat, (approximately just over 100 White Russians). Russian anti-communists also fought in the
222:
and showed approval of humanitarian work. Germany and Italy stated that they would withdraw from the committee and from the patrols without guarantees of no further attacks. Early June saw the return of Germany and Italy to the committee and the patrols. Attacks on the German cruiser
251:
was arranged by the British for all parties with a Mediterranean coastline, despite appeals by Italy and Germany for the committee to handle piracy and the other issues that the conference was to discuss. It decided for French and British fleets to patrol the areas of sea west of
1731:
but it is not clear whether the ammunition that was contracted was delivered. The arms sold included artillery (such as 30 pieces of 155 mm guns), machine guns (at least 400), cartridges (at least 11 m), bombs (at least 1,500) and explosives (at least 38 tons of TNT).
2038:, 1,500 Canadians, 1,000 Hungarians, and 1,000 Scandinavians (about half of whom were Swedes), 100 Chinese also volunteered, as well as another 800 Swiss, 300 of whom would later be killed. The rest came from a claimed 53 countries About 90 Mexicans participated, and
403:, the socialist leader of the Popular Front, feared that support for the Republic would lead to a civil war and then to a fascist takeover of France. In Britain, part of the reasoning was based on an exaggerated belief of both German and Italian preparedness for war.
47:
in 1936. Although individual sympathy for the plight of the Spanish Republic was widespread in the liberal democracies, pacifism and the fear of a second world war prevented them from selling or giving arms. However, Nationalist pleas were answered within days by
428:
judged it effective although some 42 ships were estimated to have escaped inspection between April and the end of July. In trying to protect non-intervention in the Anglo-Italian meetings, which he grudgingly did, Eden would end up resigning from his post in the
2334:
Involved were Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania, Turkey, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia.
685:
Italian pilots flew 135,265 hours during the war, partook in 5,318 air raids, hit 224 Republican and other ships, engaged in 266 aerial combats reported to have shot down 903 Republican and allied planes and lost around 180 pilots and aircrew killed in action.
858:
labelled the secular Republic as "the enemy of God and the Church" and denounced it by holding it responsible for anticlerical activities, such as shutting down Catholic schools, killing of priests and nuns by exalted mobs and desecrating religious buildings.
210:
Observers were posted to Spanish ports and borders, and both Ribbentrop and Grandi were told to agree to the plan, significant shipments already having taken place. Portugal would not accept observers but agreed to personnel attached to the British embassy in
1480:
had the world's fourth-largest reserve of gold, at about US$ 750 million, despite some assets being frozen by the French and the British governments. The Soviets also sent more than 2,000 personnel and $ 81,000,000 in financial aid, the armory, mainly
1475:
The Franco-British arms embargo allowed the Republican government to receive material aid and purchase arms only from the Soviet Union and Mexico. To pay for the armaments, the Republicans used US$ 500 million in gold reserves. At the start of the war, the
301:
policy of benevolent neutrality towards the military insurgents, a covert aim being to avoid any direct or indirect help to the Republic. Public opinion was divided, with a clear majority demanding another major war to be avoided. A large part of the
463:
followed American neutrality laws and moved quickly to ban arms sales to both sides. On 5 August 1936, the United States had made it known that it would follow a policy of non-intervention but failed to announce it officially. Five days later, the
906:
criteria regarding the religious persons that were part of its ranks are difficult to fathom. The priests who were victims of the republicans are "martyrs who died forgiving", but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten.
1507:
The Republic sent its gold reserve to the Soviet Union to pay for arms and supplies. The reserve was worth $ 500,000,000 in 1939 prices. In 1956, the Soviet Union announced that Spain still owed it $ 50,000,000. Other estimates of Soviet and
681:
Also, 91 Italian warships and submarines participated during and after the war, sank about 72,800 tons of shipping and lost 38 sailors killed in action. Italy presented a bill for £80,000,000 ($ 400,000,000) in 1939 prices to the Francoists.
169:
and the United Kingdom to deal with the day-to-day running of non-intervention. Among them, however, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy dominated, perhaps worryingly so, Soviet non-military aid was revived but not military aid.
489:
passed a resolution banning the export of arms to Spain. Those against the bill, including American socialists, communists, and even many liberals, suggested that the export of arms to Germany and Italy should be halted as well under the
1580:
Soviet foreign policy considered collective security against German fascism to be a priority, and the Comintern had agreed a similar approach in 1934. It walked a thin line between pleasing France and not being seen to hinder both the
1914:, and many prominent artists and writers entered the Republic's service. As well, it attracted a large number of foreign left-wing working-class men for whom the war offered not only an idealistic adventure but also an escape from
1712:; some German products were later re-exported to Republican Spain. However, GPCC was selling also its own arms, as the company operated a number of factories and partially from Spanish sales, it became the largest Greek company.
468:
enquired whether the government would allow the sale of eight bombers to the Republicans; the response was negative. The United States also confirmed that it would not take part in several mediation attempts, including by the
1380:
for mutual support in exile), although there were also recruits from other organizations or from individual initiative. Many had to cross the border from France to Spain, to end up joining the military units of the Carlist
1658:
did not support any side of the war, but over time, the Polish government increasingly tended to prefer the Nationalists. Sales to the Republicans were motivated exclusively by economic interest. Since Poland was bound by
1386:
5968:
3734:
Westerlund, Lars: Cirkus Collani : de finländska SS-frivilliga 1941–43 : en sedesskildring baserad på de frivilligas egna berättelser, s. 122. Helsinki: Books on Demand, 2017. ISBN 978-951-568-17196-4-1.
243:
believed that a significant control effort was the best solution to attacks on British shipping. The committee decided that naval patrols did not justify the expense and would be replaced with observers at ports.
193:
On 12 November, plans to post observers to Spanish frontiers and ports to prevent breaches of the agreement were ratified. France and the United Kingdom became divided on whether to recognise Franco's forces as a
916:
Volunteer troops from other countries fought with the Nationalists but are not as well known as the Republican volunteers because only a few fought as national units. Among the latter was the 500-strong French
901:' in order to legitimize the military rebellion, was a belligerent part during the Civil War, even at the cost of alienating part of its members. It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the
1700:'s dictatorship sympathised with the Nationalists. Greece joined the non-intervention policy in August 1936, but from the onset, the government connived at arms sales to both sides. The official vendor was
161:, and Portugal, whose presence had been a Soviet requirement, was not represented. The second meeting took place on 14 September. It established a subcommittee to be attended by representatives of Belgium,
5932:
189:
replaced Morrison as the British representative. The Conservative member often adjourned meetings to the benefit of the Italians and Germans, and the committee was accused of having an anti-Soviet bias.
580:). The use of the troops supported political goals of the German and Italian fascist leaderships, tested new tactics and provided combat experience so that troops would be prepared for any future war.
84:, which responded to antiwar sentiment. France was also worried that sympathisers of the Nationalists would cause a civil war in France. Non-intervention was part of a policy aimed at preventing a
215:. Zones of patrol were assigned to each of the four nations, and an International Board was set up to administer the scheme. There were assurances by Italy that it would not end non-intervention.
2112:, the centuries-long Spanish struggle against the Moors, was invoked. Only a few appeals during the first months of the war were aimed at convincing the 'Moorish proletarian brother' to desert".
794:
held tense relations with the Republic since it held Portuguese dissidents to his regime. Portugal played a critical role in supplying the Nationalists with ammunition and logistical resources.
5985:
1573:. The Republic was continuously swindled and shortchanged in its purchases, and the conduct was characterised by the historian Gerald Howson characterised as "treacherous and indefensible".
1418:
Over 1,000 volunteers from other nations served in the Nationalist forces, including Filipino Mestizos, Britons, Finns, Norwegians, Swedes, White Russians, Welsh People, Belgians, and Turks.
1500:. The largest number of Soviets in Spain at any time is believed to have been 700, and the total during the war is thought to have been between 2,000 and 3,000. Estimates for the pilots of
129:
Each movement of the Non-Intervention Committee has been made to serve the cause of the rebellion… This Committee was the most cynical and lamentably dishonest group that history has known.
1389:, as well as another offer to integrate 800 experienced officers into Franco's army (since there was no money to pay for Russian trips to Spain). So they ended up being mostly part of the
1151:
Outside of Ireland (see below), fighting for the Nationalist cause seems not to have held much appeal in the English-speaking world, according to historian Hugh Thomas. British journalist
1663:, Polish governmental officials and the military disguised sales as commercial transactions mediated by international brokers and targeting customers in various countries, principally in
871:
2030:. An estimated 3,000 volunteers fought in other Republican forces during the conflict. Additionally, about 10,000 foreigners participated in medical, nursing and engineering capacities.
2179:
882:
although the Nationalist flag was still not officially recognised. By 1938, Vatican City had already officially recognised the Nationalists, one of the first countries to do so.
734:
proving successful in the early stages of the war. Operations gradually expanded to include strike targets, and there was a German contribution to many of the war's battles. The
615:, CTV). Italians also served in the Spanish-Italian Flechas Brigades and Divisions. The airborne component of Aeronautica pilots and ground crew were known as "Aviation Legion" (
738:, on 26 April 1937, would be the most controversial event of German involvement, with perhaps 200 to 300 civilians killed. German involvement also included Operation Ursula, a
1068:, including veterans already fighting for Franco, made multiple attempts at creating a separate Russian unit; however, all these motions were reviewed and ultimately rejected.
534:, an undersecretary at the Spanish Foreign Ministry, stated that "without American petroleum and American trucks, and American credit, we could never have won the Civil War".
71:
530:
and illegally supplied gasoline on credit to Franco. Despite being fined $ 20,000, the company continued its credit arrangement until the war ended. After the war had ended,
218:
In May, the committee noted two attacks on the patrol's ships by Republican aircraft. It iterated calls for the withdrawal of volunteers from Spain, condemned the bombing of
27:
participating in combat and advisory positions. The governments of Italy, Germany and, to a lesser extent, Portugal contributed money, munitions, manpower and support to the
111:
was also asked to accept but held his hand. On 9 August, French exports were suspended. Portugal accepted the pact on 13 August unless its border was threatened by the war.
4625:
Good basic introduction to the subject in a readable and well-illustrated format. Author made several visits to battlefields and interviewed veterans in the 1980s and 90's.
1428:
also fought in the Nationalist ranks. They were religious Catholics and felt that they were fighting a crusade or a reconquista against atheists, communists and anarchists.
886:
1385:, without greater autonomy. This was due to the fact that there were financial problems in sending their own Russian detachments, of 1000 soldiers, under the flag of the
3872:
1680:, they might have accounted for 50% of all arms delivered. After the Soviet Union, Poland was the second largest arms supplier for the Republic. After the Soviet Union,
1747:
The Mexican government supported fully and publicly the Spanish Republic. Mexico refused to follow the French and British non-intervention proposals. Mexican President
1186:
Anticlericalism and the murder of 4,000 clergy and many more nuns by the Republicans made many Catholic writers and intellectuals cast their lot with Franco, including
1079:), led a group of seven Legionaries who visited Spain in December 1936 to ally their movement to the Nationalists by presenting a ceremonial sword to survivors of the
1409:
and other units of the National Army. At the end of hostilities, Russian volunteers were discharged with titles and awards, as well as receiving Spanish nationality.
6098:
878:
in 1937 in which both the Nationalist and the Republican governments were present, the Holy See allowed the Nationalist pavilion to display its exhibition under the
750:
moderately successful. Ultimately, the air superiority, which allowed certain parts of the Legion to excel, would not be replicated because of the unsuccessful 1940
2140:
623:
115:
Germany signed. The Soviet Union was keen not to be left out, and on 23 August, it agreed to the Non-Intervention Agreement, which was followed by a decree from
1269:(begun 1934) details the anarchist-communist conflict in the years preceding the war; though it is not a Spanish Civil War novel, it is often mistaken for one.
809:. Portugal played an important diplomatic role in supporting Franco, including by insisting to the British government that Franco sought to replicate Salazar's
5522:
424:, who initially was an enthusiastic supporter of non-intervention, later described the workings of the committee as "an elaborate system of official humbug".
5873:
5588:
1402:
35:. Some nations that declared neutrality favored the nationalists indirectly. The governments of the Soviet Union and, to a lesser extent, Mexico, aided the
2249:
2131:
propaganda, which had presented Moors as brutal and savage. The presence of Italian and German troops on the rebels' side was hidden as much as possible.
1440:
involved felt they were fighting a jihad against atheists and communists. Another motivation was money and gaining a foothold in the (Iberian) peninsula".
5442:
2039:
1493:
230:
they would be too partial. Germany and Italy requested for land controls to be kept and for belligerent rights to be given to the Nationalists to allow
5568:
1512:
aid totaled £81,000,000 ($ 405,000,000) at 1939 values. The German military attaché estimated that Soviet and Comintern aid amounted to the following:
185:
spoke out against the Non-Intervention Agreement and claimed that it put the rebel Nationalists on the same footing as the Republican government. The
439:, criticised the way it had been agreed by calling it "a gross betrayal ... two and a half years of hypocritical pretense of non-intervention".
5617:
5403:
Tuma, Ali Al (2011). "The Participation of Moorish Troops in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39): Military Value, Motivations, and Religious Aspects".
396:
was split since it had a strong anticommunist faction. Both the British and the French governments were committed to avoiding a second world war.
6018:
537:
After the war, several American politicians and statesmen identified the US policy of isolation as disastrous. That narrative changed during the
5043:
4787:
4724:
1887:, which were organised in close conjunction with the Comintern to aid the Spanish Republicans. Perhaps another 3,000 fought as members of the
2264:
2035:
584:
airplanes, sent by Mussolini, arrived in Spain. The maximum number of Italians in Spain fighting for the Nationalists, was 50,000 in 1937.
219:
5543:
3818:
320:, believed that a victory for Franco was in Britain's best interests and so worked to support the Nationalists. British Foreign Secretary
5944:
5725:
3760:
713:
826:
5980:
5769:
2060:
Approximately a third of Irishmen who fought for Republicans died, primarily socialists, trade unionists, and former IRA members. The "
2050:
1297:
410:
was the Soviet Union, and the Nationalists received weapons from Italy mainly and Germany. The last Spanish Republican prime minister,
1708:. The company partially took advantage of the earlier Schacht Plan, a German-Greek credit agreement that enabled Greek purchases from
718:
Despite the German signing of a non-intervention agreement in September 1936, various forms of aid and military support were given by
677:
320,000,000 small arms cartridges, 7,514,537 artillery rounds, 1,414 aircraft motors, 1,672 tons of aircraft bombs and 240,747 rifles.
6103:
5920:
2145:
Foreign press coverage of the Spanish Civil War was extensive, with around 1000 foreign newspaper correspondents working from Spain.
1660:
275:
65:
6075:
5774:
5625:
4482:
1629:
186:
142:
5667:
4925:
Nuñez Seixas, Xose Manoel (15 September 2005). "Nations in arms against the invader". In Ealham, Chris; Richards, Michael (eds.).
1138:
6070:
2154:
660:
28:
432:. On 17 March 1938, Blum reopened the French border to arms traffic, and Soviet arms flowed in to the Republicans in Barcelona.
5956:
5791:
3906:
3725:
Juusela, Jyrki: Suomalaiset Espanjan sisällissodassa, s. 354–361, 371–372. Helsinki: Atena-kustannus, 2003. ISBN 951-79632-4-6.
2320:
701:
555:
392:. The left in France wanted direct aid to the Republicans. The Labour Party would reject non-intervention in October 1937. The
368:. The German chargé d'affaires reported that the British were supplying ammunition to the Republicans. During the fighting for
99:
promised to study it. The British, however, immediately accepted the plan in principle. The next day, it was put to Germany by
36:
5212:
5193:
5096:
5062:
5027:
5008:
4957:
4936:
4883:
4806:
4752:
4689:
4670:
4640:
4599:
4580:
4556:
4535:
1649:
1037:
822:
5841:
1888:
1098:
Several hundreds of Finns volunteered for the war. The volunteers had usually been involved in fascist activism in Finland:
5865:
5829:
326:
2091:
Patriotism was invoked by both sides, which presented the struggle as one of the Spanish people against foreign invaders.
1633:
797:
Direct military involvement involved "semi-official" endorsement by Salazar of a volunteer force of 8,000 to 12,000; the "
491:
5824:
5749:
1990:
used a fake report of his death at the battlefront to promote his movies. In the Philippines, a pro-Republican magazine,
435:
Britain and France officially recognized the Nationalist government on 27 February 1939. The leader of the Labour Party,
92:
1628:. Another NKVD-led operation was the shooting down in December 1936 of the French aircraft in which the delegate of the
1492:
According to an official Soviet source, more than 2,000 Soviet citizens served in Spain, many of them being awarded the
56:. Tens of thousands of individual foreign volunteers travelled to Spain to fight, the majority for the Republican side.
5845:
5233:
4915:
4618:
1999:
1025:
5157:
Stone, Glyn (1997). "Sir Robert Vansittart and Spain, 1931–1941". In Otte, Thomas G.; Pagedas, Constantine A. (eds.).
2348:
Alpert (1998) p.65 notes that rank-and-file members of the Labour Party may have been opposed to helping the Republic.
5764:
5759:
5252:
5138:
5119:
4771:
4708:
4112:
3680:
1319:
1301:
4468:
1715:
Most Greek sales went to the Republic. For the Spaniards the deals were negotiated by Grigori Rosenberg, the son of
1884:
1705:
890:
5850:
1704:, or Greek Powder and Cartridge Company (GPCC), and the key personality behind the deal was the head of the GPCC,
1272:
Even though the Mexican government supported the Republicans, most of the Mexican population, such as the peasant
6023:
5718:
3673:
An Anti-Communist on the Eastern Front: The Memoirs of a Russian Officer in the Spanish Blue Division (1941-1942)
937:
470:
141:
Non-Intervention Agreement. The committee first met in London on 9 September 1936. It was chaired by the British
6065:
5834:
4257:
4232:
5366:
Tierney, D (2004). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and Covert Aid to the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39".
785:
671:
fighters, 70 Romeo 37 fighters, 28 Romeo 41 fighters and 10 other fighter planes and 68 reconnaissance planes;
6013:
2007:
1875:
Volunteers from many countries fought in Spain, most of them for the Republicans. About 32,000 fought in the
1681:
588:
5572:
5483:
2172:
1288:; it led to the deaths of many people as well as the suppression of popular religious Mexican celebrations.
202:
with the possibility of defeat, which Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union in particular were keen to avoid.
5804:
4180:
1609:
1592:
Another significant Soviet involvement was the activity of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (
1501:
4949:
Dos siglos de bribones y algún malandrín: Crónica de la corrupción en España desde el SXIX a la actualidad
3716:
André Swanström : Suomalaiset SS-miehet ja sotarikokset, Suomen kirkkohistoriallinen seura 11.10.2017
1903:. Around 2,000 Portuguese leftists fought for the Republicans and were spread throughout different units.
119:
banning exports of war matérial to Spain, thereby bringing the Soviets into line with the Western powers.
3873:""Rusos blankos" в Гражданской войне в Испании: судьбы русских эмигрантов в документах испанских архивов"
2362:
1848:
997:
531:
3932:
1654:
Polish arms sales to Republican Spain took place between September 1936 and February 1939. Politically,
341:
favoured the Nationalists during the conflict. As well as permitting Franco to set up a signals base in
6045:
5711:
2018:
1758:
The Mexican government's attitude was an immense moral comfort to the Republic, especially since major
1467:
1373:
1343:
965:
385:
358:
100:
44:
1735:, a Greek aviation company, also sold at least 60 aircraft to the Republican Air Force, consisting of
1103:
5754:
1994:, had writers, including antifascist Spaniards, Filipino-Spaniards and Filipino progressives such as
5289:
Alpert, Michael (1999). "The Clash of Spanish Armies: Contrasting Ways of War in Spain, 1936–1939".
5855:
5814:
5680:
2100:
2053:
from various countries. About 200 volunteers were from Palestine (of both Jewish and Arab origin).
1497:
1334:'s government passed a law prohibiting volunteers from leaving for Spain to fight for either side.
1315:
1250:
1159:
battalion for the Nationalists and was wounded. Thomas Krock, son of the famed American journalist
851:
4969:
Franco's International Brigades: Foreign Volunteers and Fascist Dictators in the Spanish Civil War
3933:"Shinkarenko, de perder la guerra civil en Rusia a ganarla en España - Jot Down Cultural Magazine"
2115:
Nationalist sentiment was used by the Nationalists to present the struggle as one for the Spanish
2108:
were supposedly wild and cowardly, uncivilized and anxious to rape white women; the memory of the
1281:
1056:
fought for the Nationalists. In 1937, Franco turned down separate offers of national legions from
6035:
5961:
5809:
2255:
2191:
1954:
1880:
1867:
1577:
useless by a lack of ammunition. However, many of the purchases fell far short of that standard.
1364:(a political doctrine to which they were very similar), as well as to continue the international
843:
611:
573:
465:
452:
289:
40:
6008:
5915:
5687:
5547:
2068:, an Irish socialist leader who had been executed by the British for participating in the 1916
2027:
1876:
1655:
1621:
1462:
1444:
1406:
922:
790:
727:
656:
652:
591:
participated in the conflict by a body of volunteers from the ranks of the Italian Royal Army (
429:
350:
285:
225:
158:
2034:
Kingdom (2,000 with 500 killed and 1,200 wounded). There were also 1,500 Czechoslovaks, 1,500
5799:
5226:
FDR and the Spanish Civil War: Neutrality and Commitment in the Struggle that Divided America
2073:
1637:
1617:
1377:
1365:
902:
393:
5337:
Sullivan, Brian R. (1995). "Fascist Italy's military involvement in the Spanish Civil War".
6058:
5170:
2203:
1983:
1944:
1934:
was loosely inspired by his experiences and those of other members of POUM at the hands of
1748:
1357:
1123:
831:
617:
381:
357:. The Royal Navy also provided information on Republican shipping to the Nationalists, and
5596:
76:
Non-intervention had been proposed in a joint diplomatic initiative by the governments of
8:
6040:
5681:"Against Fascism – Jews who served in The International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War"
2282:
2159:
1924:
1613:
1585:
and communist ideals. It was also the time of the first significant Soviet trials of the
1199:
1152:
735:
258:
5523:"Jaime Cortesão e os antifascistas portugueses na Espanha republicana e na guerra civil"
1254:
1223:
1215:
637:, Frank L. Kluckhohn, reported on 18 August that "the presence of the Italian destroyer
293:
182:
6053:
6029:
5471:
5420:
5391:
5383:
5354:
5325:
5111:
5037:
4862:
4781:
4718:
2197:
1907:
1783:
1752:
1709:
1083:. In Spain, the Legionaires decided, against the orders that had been given to them in
1029:
981:
847:
629:
515:
503:
474:
447:
389:
248:
231:
1331:
5734:
5463:
5424:
5416:
5395:
5329:
5248:
5229:
5208:
5189:
5134:
5115:
5092:
5058:
5023:
5004:
4953:
4932:
4911:
4879:
4854:
4802:
4767:
4748:
4704:
4685:
4666:
4636:
4614:
4595:
4576:
4552:
4531:
4253:
4228:
4108:
3884:
3676:
2209:
2167:
1995:
1811:
1601:
1353:
1246:
1131:
1065:
1061:
751:
693:
689:
599:
523:
421:
240:
174:
19:
5174:
4701:
Podwójna gra : Rzeczpospolita Polska wobec hiszpańskiej wojny domowej 1936-1939
2042:(fighting mostly within the International Brigades). Future Albanian Prime Minister
1589:. The Soviet press and opposition groups were entirely against non-interventionism.
485:
On 6 January 1937, the first opportunity after the winter break, both houses of the
5412:
5375:
5346:
5315:
4846:
4098:
2276:
2003:
1949:
1915:
1755:, although Mexican society was divided, with support for each faction in the army.
1736:
1716:
1582:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1107:
1080:
697:
674:
1,801 artillery pieces, 1,426 heavy and medium mortars, 6,791 trucks and 157 tanks;
526:
rerouted oil tankers headed for the Republic to the Nationalist-controlled port of
108:
53:
32:
5320:
5303:
2259:
1942:
within the Popular Front. His experiences also inspired the torture scenes in his
1918:
unemployment. Among the more famous foreigners participating for the Republic was
5925:
5086:
5052:
4972:
4947:
4926:
4905:
4894:
4817:
4796:
4742:
4660:
4630:
4546:
4525:
2924:
2922:
2295:
2061:
1974:
1807:
1803:
1697:
1605:
1597:
1436:
1327:
1305:
1203:
1115:
1045:
918:
609:), which were formed into an expeditionary force, the Corps of Volunteer Troops (
349:, the British allowed the Germans to overfly Gibraltar during the airlift of the
5703:
5504:
4850:
1276:, preferred Franco and the Nationalists. Mexico had suffered from the 1926–1929
772:
4928:
The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
2065:
1979:
1900:
1759:
1586:
1566:
1558:
1398:
1349:
1238:
1195:
1111:
1099:
933:
731:
593:
511:
436:
346:
330:
302:
162:
146:
96:
81:
4994:. Madison, Wisconsin, USA; London, England, UK: University of Wisconsin Press.
4103:
3527:
2919:
2897:
2895:
2805:
2803:
2046:
would also serve as a volunteer for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War.
1830:
bomber aircraft (nicknamed the "Flying Coffin") by Spanish Republican pilots,
1625:
644:
Mussolini sent massive material aid to Italian forces in Spain that included:
411:
6092:
5949:
5467:
5379:
5304:"Fear and Loathing in Spain. Dutch Foreign Fighters in the Spanish Civil War"
5264:
An international affair: non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
5077:
4858:
4568:
3888:
2868:
2223:
2069:
1964:
1959:
1919:
1911:
1896:
1856:
1664:
1562:
1477:
1285:
1242:
1145:
1127:
1119:
1021:
941:
723:
479:
415:
317:
310:
306:
116:
5646:
4680:
Church, Clive H.; Head, Randolph C. (2013). "The shocks of war, 1914–1950".
1447:, which fought for the Nationalists, was made up mostly of Spanish citizens.
1310:
1075:, the Romanian deputy leader of the Legion of the Archangel Michael (or the
2892:
2880:
2800:
2241:
2215:
2043:
1720:
1685:
1677:
1277:
1207:
1191:
1187:
1160:
1088:
926:
879:
835:
806:
743:
719:
605:
460:
321:
178:
49:
5626:"From the Cristeros to General Franco: Does the Church Approve of Revolt?"
4896:
Danza de la Muerte: Greek Arms Dealing in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939
3707:
Syrjö, Veli-Matti. "Haartman, Carl von (1897 - 1980)". Kansallisbiografia.
2127:
and Jewish supporters of the Republic. Nationalists were forced to ignore
1822:
On 21 August 1936, France signed the Non-Intervention Agreement. However,
1230:, initially supported Franco but later grew disenchanted with both sides.
400:
3671:
Kovalevskii, Vladimir (2023). Oleg Beyda and Xosé M. Núñez Seixas (ed.).
2300:
2109:
1987:
1930:
1826:'s government provided some aircraft to the Republicans by covert means.
1775:
1732:
1092:
1049:
989:
969:
486:
195:
181:
convinced Monteiro to have Portugal join the Non-Intervention Committee.
154:
150:
5475:
3675:. Yorkshire – Philadelphia: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 14, 18.
1504:
from the Soviet Union who took part in the conflict are given at 1,000.
1072:
568:
poster stating, "The claw of the Italian invader intends to enslave us".
407:
399:
France was reliant on British support in general. French Prime Minister
104:
5387:
5358:
1969:
1935:
1369:
1234:
1087:, to join the Spanish Foreign Legion. Within days of joining, Moța and
1076:
1033:
668:
565:
507:
338:
334:
5245:
La guerra que ganó Franco historia militar de la Guerra Civil española
4866:
3847:
2072:. Both Nationalist and Republican Irish Volunteers were led by former
1382:
1134:
who was a famous film director also volunteered for the Nationalists.
514:
sold a total of 12,000 trucks to the Nationalists. The American-owned
373:
5910:
5888:
5878:
5162:
4684:. Cambridge Concise Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2358:
2235:
2229:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1791:
1771:
1696:
Greece maintained formal diplomatic relations with the Republic, but
1509:
1432:
1425:
1397:) among these volunteers that included all the peoples of the former
1394:
1273:
1084:
1053:
1017:
985:
406:
The arms embargo meant that the Republicans' chief foreign source of
365:
342:
85:
24:
5350:
2083:
named Mustafa İbrahim would serve in the 14th International Brigade
1719:, and Máximo José Kahn Mussabaun, the Spanish representative in the
627:). About 6,000 Italians are estimated to have died in the conflict.
522:
refused to sell to Republican ships at the outbreak of the war. The
5973:
5883:
2180:
Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain
1939:
1835:
1763:
1167:
993:
977:
949:
867:
798:
767:
538:
527:
280:
5618:"'God's Battle': O'Duffy's Irish Brigade in the Spanish Civil War"
1253:
voiced support for the Nationalists. Brasillach collaborated with
1091:, another prominent Legionary, were killed on the Madrid Front at
5159:
Personalities, war and diplomacy: essays in international history
5150:
The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939
5088:
We Saw Spain Die: Foreign Correspondents in the Spanish Civil War
4837:
Gretton, Peter (1975). "The Nyon Conference - The Naval Aspect".
2128:
2124:
2120:
1852:
1787:
1724:
1486:
1361:
1156:
1057:
1005:
1001:
953:
898:
885:
Regarding the position of the Holy See during and after the war,
667:
bombers, 44 assault planes, at least 20 seaplanes, more than 300
634:
519:
384:
was strongly for the Republicans, but was heavily outnumbered by
354:
5589:"Serving in Spain - the International Brigades - Archives - ANU"
1171:
788:
was officially neutral but favoured the Nationalists. Salazar's
4483:"İspanya İç Savaşı'nda savaşan ikinci Türk: Tabii ki devrimci!"
4062:
3652:
2080:
1767:
1701:
1672:
1668:
1570:
1554:
1175:
1163:, was among the few Americans who fought for the Nationalists.
1041:
1009:
961:
945:
863:
739:
722:
in support of the Nationalists, including the formation of the
664:
372:, the Royal Navy supported the Nationalist line that the River
369:
212:
166:
77:
43:. The aid came even after all the European powers had signed a
5453:
4338:
2928:
2901:
2886:
2874:
2809:
1322:
to support the Nationalists and fight against the Republicans.
784:
Upon the outbreak of the civil war, Portuguese Prime Minister
541:, when Franco was viewed as an ally against the Soviet Union.
72:
List of foreign ships wrecked or lost in the Spanish Civil War
4350:
4271:
4269:
2105:
1795:
1779:
1421:
1013:
957:
875:
364:
was used to prevent the Republican navy shelling the port of
313:
elements on the left strongly favoured the Republican cause.
253:
95:
presented the French government's non-intervention plan, and
4425:
1895:) militias. Those fighting with POUM most famously included
5819:
4156:
3517:
3515:
2096:
1892:
1799:
1596:) in the Republican rearguard. Communist figures including
1593:
1482:
1178:
named Fahri Tanman volunteered for the nationalist forces.
973:
4413:
4401:
4389:
4266:
4074:
3907:"Участие русских эмигрантов в гражданской войне в Испании"
3551:
3502:
3500:
1141:, they became a prominent part of the Legion's mythology.
813:, not Mussolini's Fascist Italy or Hitler's Nazi Germany.
641:
here means that an ally has come to help the insurgents".
502:
Some American businesses supported Franco. The automakers
459:
When the Spanish Civil War erupted, US Secretary of State
5571:. Asociación de Aviadores de la República. Archived from
4876:
Arms for Spain, The Untold Story of the Spanish Civil War
4489:
4367:
4365:
3640:
3473:
3422:
3350:
3106:
3104:
2939:
2937:
2815:
2700:
2698:
1871:
American veterans displaying the brigade's banner in 1967
1847:
Other countries selling arms to the Republicans included
1348:
There were several Tsarist Russian soldiers from the old
1122:
in Germany. Some Nationalist volunteers later joined the
621:) and the contingent of submariners as Submarine Legion (
5454:
H., S. A. (1937). "Spain: The British Compromise Plan".
5247:(1a. en Colección booket ed.). Barcelona: Planeta.
4449:
4305:
4017:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3512:
3439:
3437:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3328:
3326:
3313:
3311:
3002:
3000:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2730:
2728:
2715:
2713:
2661:
2659:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2450:
2086:
1688:, Poland was the fourth-largest arms supplier to Spain.
1612:
led operations that included the murders of the Catalan
1155:
was among the few who did, serving as an officer with a
925:, which was formed mostly from members of the far-right
726:
as a land and air force, with German efforts to fly the
309:
and so tended to prefer a Nationalist victory. However,
5308:
European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire
5074:
The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, revolution and revenge
4144:
3778:
3575:
3497:
3379:
3377:
2973:
2764:
2671:
2596:
2571:
2569:
2482:
2480:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2141:
List of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War
932:
Another 11,100 volunteers from countries as diverse as
560:
88:
and the escalation of the war into a second world war.
5544:"How Moscow robbed Spain of its gold in the Civil War"
4437:
4362:
4120:
4097:, Yale University Press, pp. i–viii, 2017-12-31,
4050:
4029:
3958:
3946:
3737:
3485:
3461:
3362:
3338:
3296:
3200:
3128:
3101:
2949:
2934:
2695:
2492:
2467:
2465:
1982:
used the opportunity to develop the special skills of
1064:, which had been made by foreign sympathisers. Exiled
870:
used its influence to lobby for the rebels. During an
4326:
4281:
4168:
4132:
4047:
Viñas, A. (1976) "The Gold, the Soviet Union": pp.233
3993:
3761:"İspanya İç Savaşı'nda savaşan tek Türk: Ama faşist!"
3689:
3623:
3434:
3389:
3323:
3308:
3272:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3188:
3176:
3164:
3152:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3024:
3012:
2997:
2985:
2961:
2907:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2788:
2776:
2752:
2740:
2725:
2710:
2683:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2537:
2516:
2504:
1891:(CNT) and the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (
4548:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
4527:
A New International History of the Spanish Civil War
4501:
4469:"The Spanish Civil War's forgotten Arab Republicans"
4377:
4005:
3599:
3563:
3374:
3140:
3116:
3089:
3048:
3036:
2566:
2554:
2477:
2433:
2406:
2051:
between 3,000 and 10,000 of the volunteers were Jews
1148:
fought with the Falange militia in the war in 1937.
866:. By means of its extensive diplomatic network, the
5108:
The Spanish Civil War: Origins, Course and Outcomes
4204:
3790:
3611:
3539:
3284:
2462:
2421:
2206:(Aviation Legion) – Italian expeditionary air force
2026:Probably 32,000 foreigners fought in the communist
1265:travels to Spain to fight for the Falange. Lewis's
1261:, and the protagonist in Drieu La Rochelle's novel
3587:
3060:
107:, direct or indirect. Portuguese Foreign Minister
5733:
5001:Britain, Italy, Germany and the Spanish Civil War
4907:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War: 1931–1939
4293:
3981:
2099:, Nationalist rhetoric that was developed by the
1233:Many artists with right-wing sympathies, such as
910:
897:The Church, which upheld the idea of a 'National
59:
6099:International reactions to the Spanish Civil War
6090:
5603:. No. 123. Communist League, UK. April 1996
3449:
2064:" of the International Brigades was named after
1922:, who went on to write about his experiences in
1318:, an Irish fascist movement that dispatched the
827:1934 murder of priests and religious in Asturias
700:, also served in the Aviation Legion during the
648:one cruiser, four destroyers and two submarines;
5482:
4764:The Spanish Civil War : a military history
4431:
1910:for the left-leaning intelligentsia across the
5668:"Arabs on both sides of the Spanish civil war"
5443:"Morocco tackles painful role in Spain's past"
5273:Condor Legion: The Wehrmacht's Training Ground
5131:Historical dictionary of the Spanish Civil War
5128:
5105:
4356:
4190:
1978:, is also based on his Civil War experiences.
1106:and joined the Spanish Foreign Legion, as did
5719:
4734:Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War
4317:
2590:Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War
1393:There were also other nationalities (such as
1372:communism. The vast majority belonged to the
284:Plaque honouring the British soldiers of the
122:
5597:"The Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War"
5586:
4924:
4815:
4798:Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation
4698:
4495:
4250:Raab fliegt: Erinnerungen eines Flugpioniers
4225:Raab fliegt: Erinnerungen eines Flugpioniers
4186:
3970:
3646:
3416:
2265:Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War
2250:Fuerza Aérea de la República Española (FARE)
2022:Polish volunteers fighting for the Republic.
1376:(a military organization of veterans of the
1137:After the extravagant and widely-publicised
269:
264:
165:, France, Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union,
3670:
1862:
1352:(who settled in Spain and France after the
714:German involvement in the Spanish Civil War
544:
135:Claude Bowers, American ambassador to Spain
5726:
5712:
5624:
5042:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5020:A Concise History of the Spanish Civil War
4786:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4740:
4723:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4679:
4632:The silent Holocaust: Romania and its Jews
4407:
3904:
3870:
3784:
3521:
2381:gives a figure of 500 million Reichsmarks.
1958:was inspired by his experiences in Spain.
1723:consulate. Shipments set off usually from
1451:
1298:Irish involvement in the Spanish Civil War
5541:
5440:
5319:
5301:
5207:(4th ed.). Random House Publishing.
4794:
4731:
4102:
3964:
3506:
2587:
2134:
2013:
1636:, carried extensive documentation on the
276:Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War
66:Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War
5678:
5513:
5336:
5270:
4816:Gannes, Harry; Repard, Theodore (1936).
4658:
4649:
4455:
3758:
3581:
3536:, pp. 116, 133, 143, 148, 174, 427.
3491:
3479:
3467:
3383:
3042:
2378:
2017:
1866:
1630:International Committee of the Red Cross
1466:
1309:
830:
771:
559:
451:The flag of an unidentified unit of the
446:
279:
5665:
5644:
5595:
5520:
5365:
5261:
5223:
5147:
5084:
5071:
5050:
5017:
4998:
4945:
4903:
4836:
4761:
4628:
4613:. Illustrated by Mike Chappell. Elite.
4611:International Brigades in Spain 1936–39
4608:
4507:
4383:
4344:
4194:
4150:
4011:
3976:
3905:Васильевич, Окороков Александр (2016).
3871:Викторович, Марковчин Владимир (2016).
3743:
3617:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3317:
3302:
3290:
3254:
3206:
3134:
3110:
3054:
2955:
2943:
2704:
2252:– Second Republic and Soviet Air forces
1624:and the independent left-wing activist
1471:Soviet officer in Spain, September 1936
742:undertaking and contributions from the
6091:
5666:Moshiri, Nazanine (1 September 2016).
5615:
5546:. Guardian Media Group. Archived from
5288:
5202:
5183:
5169:
4892:
4873:
4829:История Второй Мировой войны 1939–1945
4826:
4589:
4567:
4544:
4523:
4443:
4419:
4395:
4371:
4332:
4311:
4287:
4275:
4210:
4198:
4162:
4126:
4080:
4068:
4056:
4035:
4023:
3999:
3952:
3926:
3924:
3900:
3898:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3754:
3752:
3593:
3557:
3533:
3443:
3428:
3404:
3332:
3278:
3266:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3122:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2913:
2862:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2794:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2719:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2575:
2560:
2548:
2531:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2471:
2456:
2444:
2415:
2366:
2336:
2321:pt:Armindo Rodrigues de Sttau Monteiro
1553:Much of the material was purchased in
1314:The St. Patrick's saltire flag of the
556:Italian military intervention in Spain
5707:
5647:"Otros 'mártires' de la Guerra Civil"
5281:
5242:
5156:
5129:Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2013).
5106:Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2005).
4989:
4979:
4966:
4946:Ordoñez, Miguel Ángel (12 May 2014).
4174:
4138:
3759:Alpaslan, Kavel (16 September 2017).
3695:
3658:
3634:
3605:
3569:
3545:
2929:Bulletin of International News (1937)
2902:Bulletin of International News (1937)
2887:Bulletin of International News (1937)
2875:Bulletin of International News (1937)
2810:Bulletin of International News (1937)
2427:
2400:
2087:Patriotism invoked to oppose invaders
1650:Polish arms sales to Republican Spain
1546:over 69,000 tons of war material, and
1543:1,000,000,000 machine gun cartridges,
1337:
1139:funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin
776:Emblem of the Portuguese volunteers "
5567:
5502:
5441:Abdennebi, Zakia (15 January 2009).
5402:
4699:Ciechanowski, Jan Stanisław (2014).
4594:(Reissued ed.). Penguin Books.
4299:
4247:
4222:
3987:
3455:
1431:Approximately 75,000 Moroccan Arabs
337:, was an admirer of Franco, and the
5521:Arranja, Álvaro (30 January 2021).
4952:(in Spanish). Editorial Edaf, S.L.
4741:De Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro (2001).
3921:
3895:
3835:
3802:
3749:
2155:International relations (1919–1939)
1401:. In turn, the general and writer,
1291:
173:Meanwhile, the 1936 meeting of the
13:
5302:Kruizinga, Samuël (3 March 2020).
5188:(3rd ed.). Harper & Row.
4662:The Spanish Republic and Civil War
2000:Socialist Party of the Philippines
1889:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
1855:. Also, $ 2,000,000 came from the
1842:
1412:
14:
6115:
5054:The Triumph of Democracy in Spain
4659:Casanova, Julián (29 July 2010).
4652:Britain and the Spanish Civil War
4545:Alpert, Michael (29 March 1998).
3930:
1435:fought in the Nationalist ranks.
1302:Irish Brigade (Spanish Civil War)
1110:who had been part of the fascist
823:Cooperation of the Spanish Church
377:citizens to support either side.
288:who died while they defended the
5616:Dorney, John (24 October 2018).
5417:10.1179/204243411X13026863176501
5133:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
4893:Inglis, Sarah Elizabeth (2014).
4744:Franco and the Spanish Civil War
4703:(Wydanie I ed.). Warszawa.
4682:A Concise History of Switzerland
4524:Alpert, Michael (28 June 1994).
4475:
4461:
4252:(in German). Konkret Literatur.
4241:
4216:
4086:
4041:
3864:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3664:
1706:Prodromos Bodosakis-Athanasiadis
1181:
891:University of the Basque Country
442:
261:, were seen to accept the plan.
239:warfare began on 12 August. The
39:, also called Loyalists, of the
5433:
5368:Journal of Contemporary History
4801:. Manchester University Press.
3931:G, Ricardo Jonás (2023-11-27).
2581:
2372:
2351:
2342:
2328:
2194:– Italian expeditionary forces
1549:over 29,000 tons of ammunition.
1496:and 59 being awarded the title
1456:
1259:Histoire de la Guerre d'Espagne
846:such as the Republican General
471:Organization of American States
205:
5645:Montero, Manuel (6 May 2007).
5456:Bulletin of International News
5051:Preston, Paul (19 June 2004).
4931:. Cambridge University Press.
4899:(MA). Simon Fraser University.
4822:. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.
4665:. Cambridge University Press.
4635:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2313:
2226:– German expeditionary forces
1751:saw the war as similar as the
1214:and those associated with the
911:Nationalist foreign volunteers
60:International non-intervention
18:international response to the
1:
5630:FSSPX.Actualités / FSSPX.News
5503:Wood, Danny (26 April 2007).
5321:10.1080/13507486.2019.1699505
4839:The English Historical Review
4654:. Cambridge University Press.
2388:
2244:– German navy submarine units
2008:Philippine Independent Church
1972:'s autobiographical trilogy,
1118:. Karvonen opted to join the
702:Italian military intervention
316:The ambassador to Spain, Sir
292:at the monument on Hill 705,
157:. Germany was represented by
6104:Soviet Union–Spain relations
5262:Watters, William E. (1971).
4992:The Franco regime, 1936–1975
4762:Esdaile, Charles J. (2019).
4609:Bradley, Ken (26 May 1994).
1962:reported on the war for the
1885:Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion
1739:fighters and R-33 trainers.
1661:non-intervention obligations
1610:Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov
1502:Spanish Republican Air Force
1391:Tercio Doña María de Molina.
872:International Art Exhibition
145:. France was represented by
7:
5560:: review of Gerald Howson,
5339:Journal of Military History
4967:Othen, Christopher (2008).
4827:Гречко, А. А., ed. (1974).
4732:Coverdale, John F. (1976).
2588:Coverdale, John F. (1976).
2363:US House of Representatives
2148:
2049:It has been estimated that
1859:for humanitarian purposes.
1620:, the socialist journalist
1540:4,000,000 artillery shells,
893:, commented on 6 May 2007:
786:António de Oliveira Salazar
761:
696:, along with others in the
651:763 aircraft, including 64
572:The Italians provided the "
10:
6120:
5587:ANU Archives, ed. (n.d.).
4990:Payne, Stanley G. (1987).
4980:Payne, Stanley G. (1970).
3877:Новый исторический вестник
3417:Gannes & Repard (1936)
2210:Regia Aeronautica Italiana
2138:
1810:, which had served in the
1717:well-known Soviet diplomat
1647:
1600:("Comandante Contreras"),
1531:15,000 heavy machine guns,
1460:
1374:Russian All-Military Union
1358:traditionalist monarchical
1344:Russian All-Military Union
1341:
1295:
1284:tried to enforce militant
854:, who opposed the rebels.
820:
816:
765:
711:
707:
553:
386:British Conservative Party
273:
123:Non-Intervention Committee
69:
63:
45:Non-Intervention Agreement
6036:Government during the war
6001:
5901:
5864:
5790:
5783:
5742:
5679:Sugarman, Martin (n.d.).
5228:. Duke University Press.
5224:Tierney, Dominic (2007).
4904:Jackson, Gabriel (1965).
4851:10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLIV.103
4831:. Vol. 2. Воениздат.
4530:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
4104:10.12987/9780300162141-fm
3911:Журнал Института Наследия
3661:, pp. 177, 164, 139.
2357:It passed by 81-0 in the
2290:Economic aid and dealings
2212:– Royal Italian Air Force
1879:, including the American
1817:
1742:
1691:
1643:
1102:had been involved in the
574:Corps of Volunteer Troops
270:United Kingdom and France
265:National non-intervention
5542:Ascherson, Neal (1998).
5529:(in European Portuguese)
5505:"The legacy of Guernica"
5380:10.1177/0022009404044440
5057:. Taylor & Francis.
4516:
4408:Church & Head (2013)
4323:Werstein (1969). p. 139.
4071:, pp. 636, 640–643.
2306:
2296:Rio Tinto Mining Concern
2216:La Regia Marina Italiana
2101:Communist Party of Spain
1863:International volunteers
1537:30,000 sub-machine guns,
1519:703 pieces of artillery,
1498:Hero of the Soviet Union
1316:National Corporate Party
1251:Pierre Drieu La Rochelle
862:nominally-revolutionary
549:
545:Support for Nationalists
305:population was strongly
153:and the Soviet Union by
5784:Political organizations
5690:/Jewish Military Museum
5275:. Ian Allan publishing.
4874:Howson, Gerald (1998).
4795:Gallagher, Tom (1983).
4629:Butnaru, I. C. (1992).
4590:Beevor, Antony (2001).
4248:Raab, Antonius (1984).
4223:Raab, Antonius (1984).
2256:Polish Brigade in Spain
2198:Regio Esercito Italiano
2192:Corpo Truppe Volontarie
2186:Military forces and aid
2079:A 47 year old man from
1986:. As a casual visitor,
1955:For Whom the Bell Tolls
1452:Support for Republicans
844:Spanish Republican Army
612:Corpo Truppe Volontarie
578:Corpo Truppe Volontarie
499:between 1937 and 1938.
466:Glenn L. Martin Company
453:Abraham Lincoln Brigade
41:Second Spanish Republic
6019:Evacuation of children
5916:International Brigades
5688:Jewish Virtual Library
5271:Westwell, Ian (2004).
5148:Steiner, Zara (2013).
5085:Preston, Paul (2008).
5072:Preston, Paul (2006).
5018:Preston, Paul (1986).
5003:. Edwin Mellen Press.
4999:Podmore, Will (1998).
4982:The Spanish Revolution
4650:Buchanan, Tom (1997).
4551:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4432:Daily Telegraph (2006)
2173:Naftali Botwin Company
2135:Foreign correspondents
2028:International Brigades
2023:
2014:International Brigades
1998:, the chairman of the
1877:International Brigades
1872:
1472:
1463:International Brigades
1445:Spanish Foreign Legion
1443:Despite its name, the
1407:Spanish Foreign Legion
1323:
923:Spanish Foreign Legion
908:
838:
781:
657:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79
653:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81
603:) and the Royal Navy (
569:
532:José María Doussinague
492:Neutrality Act of 1935
456:
430:British Foreign Office
327:Admiral Lord Chatfield
297:
286:International Brigades
235:volunteer withdrawal.
159:Joachim von Ribbentrop
138:
5514:Web and other sources
5243:Vidal, César (2007).
5205:The Spanish Civil War
5203:Thomas, Hugh (2001).
5186:The Spanish Civil War
5184:Thomas, Hugh (1986).
5176:The Spanish Civil War
4592:The Spanish Civil War
4357:Romero Salvadó (2005)
4227:. Konkret Literatur.
4191:Romero Salvadó (2013)
2074:Irish Republican Army
2021:
1870:
1638:Paracuellos massacres
1616:communist politician
1608:and most prominently
1470:
1378:Imperial Russian Army
1368:in a crusade against
1313:
1282:Plutarco Elías Calles
1144:The Norwegian writer
903:Historical Memory Law
895:
834:
775:
655:bombers, at least 90
624:Sottomarini Legionari
563:
450:
394:Trades Union Congress
283:
126:
101:André François-Poncet
4573:The Battle for Spain
4165:, pp. 246, 273.
3560:, pp. 116, 198.
2218:– Royal Italian Navy
2204:Aviazione Legionaria
2200:– Royal Italian Army
2040:at least 80 Irishmen
1984:battlefield medicine
1968:. The third part of
1945:Nineteen Eighty-Four
1667:; 54 shipments from
1267:The Revenge for Love
1124:Finnish SS Battalion
889:, a lecturer at the
618:Aviazione Legionaria
597:), Royal Air Force (
478:German influence in
382:British Labour Party
6014:Concentration camps
5903:Foreign involvement
5488:www.telegraph.co.uk
5484:"Michael O'Riordan"
5152:. pp. 181–251.
4496:Nuñez Seixas (2005)
4422:, pp. 942–943.
4398:, pp. 941–942.
4278:, pp. 637–638.
4187:Ciechanowski (2014)
4083:, pp. 109–110.
3647:ANU Archives (n.d.)
3431:, pp. 634–635.
2824:, pp. 439–440.
2459:, pp. 257–258.
2403:, pp. 262–276.
2271:Military operations
1925:Homage to Catalonia
1906:"Spain" became the
1403:Nikolai Shinkarenko
1280:in which President
852:Basque nationalists
801:" (named after the
736:bombing of Guernica
259:Neville Chamberlain
93:Charles de Chambrun
6046:Spanish Revolution
5282:Scholarly journals
5112:Palgrave Macmillan
4766:. Abingdon, Oxon.
3852:www.izput.narod.ru
3659:Othen & (2008)
3359:, pp. 5, 139.
2232:– German air force
2024:
1873:
1784:Dominican Republic
1753:Mexican Revolution
1710:Rheinmetall-Borsig
1473:
1338:Russian volunteers
1324:
1218:. Others, such as
1104:Mäntsälä rebellion
982:Dominican Republic
848:Vicente Rojo Lluch
839:
782:
630:The New York Times
587:The government of
570:
516:Vacuum Oil Company
475:Franklin Roosevelt
457:
390:British Parliament
298:
249:Conference of Nyon
91:On 3 August 1936,
23:included many non-
6086:
6085:
5897:
5896:
5735:Spanish Civil War
5651:Revista de Prensa
5405:War & Society
5214:978-0-375-75515-6
5195:978-0-06-014278-0
5098:978-1-84529-851-7
5064:978-0-203-39296-6
5029:978-0-00-686373-1
5010:978-0-7734-8491-7
4959:978-84-414-3427-1
4938:978-1-139-44552-8
4910:. Princeton U.P.
4885:978-0-7195-5556-5
4808:978-0-7190-0876-4
4754:978-0-415-23925-7
4691:978-0-521-14382-0
4672:978-0-521-73780-7
4642:978-0-313-27985-0
4601:978-0-14-100148-7
4582:978-0-14-303765-1
4575:. Penguin Books.
4558:978-0-312-21043-4
4537:978-0-333-53438-0
4314:, pp. 46–47.
4026:, pp. 54–55.
3785:FSSPX news (2019)
3522:De Meneses (2001)
3482:, pp. 88–89.
2982:, pp. 475–6.
2773:, pp. 342–3.
2680:, pp. 283–4.
2605:, pp. 263–4.
2501:, pp. 45–46.
2361:and 406-1 in the
2168:Palafox Battalion
1996:Pedro Abad Santos
1928:. Orwell's novel
1883:and the Canadian
1881:Lincoln Battalion
1812:Mexican Air Force
1602:Iosif Grigulevich
1387:Kornilov Regiment
1366:Counterrevolution
1356:) who joined the
1247:Robert Brasillach
1132:Carl von Haartman
850:and the Catholic
752:Battle of Britain
694:Vincent Patriarca
690:Italian-Americans
633:correspondent in
600:Regia Aeronautica
524:Texas Oil Company
422:Winston Churchill
333:in charge of the
241:British Admiralty
175:League of Nations
20:Spanish Civil War
6111:
5994:
5941:
5921:Non-intervention
5788:
5787:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5685:
5675:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5621:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5592:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5508:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5479:
5450:
5428:
5399:
5362:
5333:
5323:
5314:(1–2): 134–151.
5298:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5239:
5218:
5199:
5180:
5166:
5153:
5144:
5125:
5102:
5081:
5068:
5047:
5041:
5033:
5014:
4995:
4985:
4976:
4963:
4942:
4921:
4900:
4889:
4870:
4845:(354): 103–112.
4832:
4823:
4812:
4791:
4785:
4777:
4758:
4737:
4728:
4722:
4714:
4695:
4676:
4655:
4646:
4624:
4605:
4586:
4562:
4541:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4106:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3965:Abdennebi (2009)
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3844:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3823:www.requetes.com
3815:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3510:
3507:Gallagher (1983)
3504:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3321:
3315:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2931:, pp. 9–10.
2926:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2723:
2717:
2708:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2535:
2529:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2404:
2398:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2277:Operation Ursula
2004:Gregorio Aglipay
1950:Ernest Hemingway
1940:infighting arose
1916:Great Depression
1583:world revolution
1528:300 armored cars
1354:White Emigration
1292:Irish volunteers
1255:Maurice Bardèche
1228:Georges Bernanos
1224:François Mauriac
1220:Jacques Maritain
1216:Action Française
1212:J. R. R. Tolkien
1108:Kalevi Heikkinen
1081:Siege of Alcazar
698:Italian diaspora
294:Serra de Pàndols
290:Spanish Republic
232:rights of search
187:Earl of Plymouth
183:Álvarez del Vayo
136:
109:Armindo Monteiro
54:Benito Mussolini
33:Francisco Franco
6119:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6082:
5997:
5988:
5935:
5926:Nyon Conference
5893:
5860:
5779:
5775:List of battles
5738:
5732:
5702:
5693:
5691:
5683:
5656:
5654:
5635:
5633:
5632:. 27 March 2019
5606:
5604:
5578:
5576:
5569:"Potez 540/542"
5553:
5551:
5532:
5530:
5516:
5511:
5493:
5491:
5436:
5431:
5351:10.2307/2944499
5284:
5279:
5255:
5236:
5215:
5196:
5179:(1st ed.).
5141:
5122:
5099:
5065:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5011:
4973:Reportage Press
4960:
4939:
4918:
4886:
4819:Spain in Revolt
4809:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4755:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4692:
4673:
4643:
4621:
4602:
4583:
4559:
4538:
4519:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4456:Sugarman (n.d.)
4454:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4197:, p. 312;
4189:, p. 456;
4185:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4093:"Frontmatter",
4092:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3938:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3903:
3896:
3883:(50): 135–144.
3869:
3865:
3856:
3854:
3846:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3825:
3819:"Rusos Blancos"
3817:
3816:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3582:Casanova (2010)
3580:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3498:
3492:Westwell (2004)
3490:
3486:
3480:Westwell (2004)
3478:
3474:
3468:Westwell (2004)
3466:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3390:
3384:Sullivan (1995)
3382:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3043:Buchanan (1997)
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2877:, pp. 4–5.
2873:
2869:
2861:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2538:
2530:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2379:Westwell (2004)
2377:
2373:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2329:
2324:(in Portuguese)
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2285:– Legion Condor
2283:Operation Rügen
2151:
2143:
2137:
2089:
2062:Connolly Column
2016:
1975:A Moment of War
1865:
1845:
1843:Other countries
1820:
1804:Bellanca CH-300
1749:Lázaro Cárdenas
1745:
1698:Ioannis Metaxas
1694:
1652:
1646:
1606:Mikhail Koltsov
1598:Vittorio Vidali
1534:500,000 rifles,
1465:
1459:
1454:
1437:Spanish Morocco
1415:
1413:Other nationals
1346:
1340:
1332:Éamon de Valera
1308:
1306:Connolly Column
1294:
1204:Giovanni Papini
1184:
1126:like Kaila and
1116:Edvard Karvonen
1046:The Netherlands
921:company of the
913:
829:
819:
803:Viriatos Legion
770:
764:
716:
710:
639:Antonio da Noli
558:
552:
547:
473:. US President
445:
361:Queen Elizabeth
278:
272:
267:
208:
137:
134:
125:
74:
68:
62:
31:forces, led by
12:
11:
5:
6117:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6009:Army of Africa
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5983:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5942:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5796:
5794:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5731:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5708:
5701:
5700:
5676:
5663:
5642:
5622:
5613:
5593:
5584:
5565:
5562:Arms For Spain
5539:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5500:
5480:
5451:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5400:
5374:(3): 299–313.
5363:
5345:(4): 697–727.
5334:
5299:
5291:War in History
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5268:
5259:
5253:
5240:
5235:978-0822340768
5234:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5213:
5200:
5194:
5167:
5154:
5145:
5139:
5126:
5120:
5103:
5097:
5082:
5076:(3 ed.).
5069:
5063:
5048:
5028:
5015:
5009:
4996:
4987:
4977:
4964:
4958:
4943:
4937:
4922:
4917:978-0691007571
4916:
4901:
4890:
4884:
4871:
4834:
4833:In 12 volumes.
4824:
4813:
4807:
4792:
4772:
4759:
4753:
4738:
4729:
4709:
4696:
4690:
4677:
4671:
4656:
4647:
4641:
4626:
4620:978-1855323674
4619:
4606:
4600:
4587:
4581:
4569:Beevor, Antony
4565:
4564:
4563:
4557:
4536:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4508:Preston (2008)
4500:
4488:
4474:
4460:
4458:, p. 122.
4448:
4446:, p. 637.
4436:
4424:
4412:
4410:, p. 210.
4400:
4388:
4384:Arranja (2021)
4376:
4374:, p. 942.
4361:
4349:
4345:Esdaile (2019)
4337:
4325:
4316:
4304:
4292:
4280:
4265:
4258:
4240:
4233:
4215:
4203:
4201:, p. 111.
4195:Ordoñez (2014)
4193:, p. 91;
4179:
4177:, p. 256.
4167:
4155:
4153:, p. 136.
4151:Preston (2006)
4143:
4141:, p. 137.
4131:
4129:, p. 109.
4119:
4113:
4095:Spain Betrayed
4085:
4073:
4061:
4059:, p. 643.
4049:
4040:
4038:, p. 984.
4028:
4016:
4012:Compass (1996)
4004:
3992:
3980:
3977:Moshiri (2016)
3969:
3957:
3955:, p. 985.
3945:
3920:
3894:
3863:
3834:
3801:
3789:
3777:
3748:
3744:Butnaru (1992)
3736:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3698:, p. 102.
3688:
3681:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3637:, p. 217.
3622:
3618:Montero (2007)
3610:
3608:, p. 156.
3598:
3586:
3584:, p. 139.
3574:
3572:, p. 201.
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3511:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3446:, p. 635.
3433:
3421:
3409:
3407:, p. 634.
3388:
3373:
3371:, p. 150.
3369:Tierney (2007)
3361:
3357:Tierney (2007)
3349:
3347:, p. 145.
3345:Preston (2004)
3337:
3335:, p. 138.
3322:
3318:Tierney (2007)
3307:
3305:, p. 123.
3303:Tierney (2007)
3295:
3291:Tierney (2004)
3283:
3281:, p. 339.
3271:
3269:, p. 338.
3259:
3255:Tierney (2007)
3247:
3245:, p. 334.
3235:
3233:, p. 584.
3223:
3221:, p. 583.
3211:
3209:, p. 408.
3207:Jackson (1965)
3199:
3197:, p. 514.
3187:
3185:, p. 458.
3175:
3173:, p. 338.
3163:
3161:, p. 149.
3151:
3139:
3137:, p. 144.
3135:Preston (2006)
3127:
3115:
3113:, p. 143.
3111:Preston (2006)
3100:
3088:
3086:, p. 279.
3076:
3059:
3055:Podmore (1998)
3047:
3035:
3033:, p. 542.
3023:
3021:, p. 502.
3011:
3009:, p. 477.
2996:
2994:, p. 476.
2984:
2972:
2970:, p. 467.
2960:
2958:, p. 105.
2956:Gretton (1975)
2948:
2946:, p. 104.
2944:Gretton (1975)
2933:
2918:
2916:, p. 463.
2906:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2865:, p. 457.
2850:
2848:, p. 456.
2838:
2836:, p. 441.
2826:
2814:
2799:
2797:, p. 396.
2787:
2785:, p. 394.
2775:
2763:
2761:, p. 340.
2751:
2749:, p. 105.
2739:
2737:, p. 336.
2724:
2722:, p. 332.
2709:
2707:, p. 159.
2705:Preston (2006)
2694:
2692:, p. 284.
2682:
2670:
2668:, p. 283.
2655:
2653:, p. 281.
2643:
2641:, p. 385.
2631:
2629:, p. 278.
2619:
2617:, p. 378.
2607:
2595:
2580:
2565:
2553:
2551:, p. 261.
2536:
2534:, p. 260.
2515:
2513:, p. 259.
2503:
2491:
2489:, p. 258.
2476:
2461:
2449:
2447:, p. 257.
2432:
2430:, p. 134.
2420:
2418:, p. 374.
2405:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2369:, p. 338)
2350:
2341:
2339:, p. 277)
2327:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2139:Main article:
2136:
2133:
2088:
2085:
2066:James Connolly
2015:
2012:
1980:Norman Bethune
1901:ILP Contingent
1899:and the small
1864:
1861:
1849:Czechoslovakia
1844:
1841:
1834:aircraft, and
1819:
1816:
1760:Latin American
1744:
1741:
1693:
1690:
1676:weaponry like
1648:Main article:
1645:
1642:
1614:anti-Stalinist
1587:Old Bolsheviks
1567:United Kingdom
1559:Czechoslovakia
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1494:Soviet honours
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1429:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1399:Russian Empire
1350:White Movement
1339:
1336:
1326:Around 700 of
1293:
1290:
1239:Gertrude Stein
1196:Hilaire Belloc
1183:
1180:
1112:Lapua Movement
1100:Y. P. I. Kaila
1070:
1069:
1066:White Russians
934:Spanish Guinea
930:
912:
909:
887:Manuel Montero
818:
815:
766:Main article:
763:
760:
732:Mainland Spain
728:Army of Africa
712:Main article:
709:
706:
679:
678:
675:
672:
649:
594:Regio Esercito
554:Main article:
551:
548:
546:
543:
512:General Motors
444:
441:
437:Clement Attlee
351:Army of Africa
347:British colony
345:, which was a
331:First Sea Lord
329:, the British
271:
268:
266:
263:
207:
204:
177:began. There,
163:Czechoslovakia
147:Charles Corbin
143:W. S. Morrison
132:
124:
121:
97:Galeazzo Ciano
82:United Kingdom
64:Main article:
61:
58:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6116:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5992:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5950:Condor Legion
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5800:Popular Front
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5729:
5724:
5722:
5717:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5689:
5682:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5575:on 2011-08-11
5574:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5550:on 2005-12-04
5549:
5545:
5540:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5506:
5501:
5490:. 27 May 2006
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5411:(2): 91–107.
5410:
5406:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5297:(3): 331–351.
5296:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5254:9788408074915
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5140:9780810857841
5136:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5121:9780230203051
5117:
5113:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5091:. Constable.
5090:
5089:
5083:
5079:
5078:HarperCollins
5075:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4986:. Chapter 12.
4983:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:. J. Murray.
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4775:
4773:9780429859298
4769:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4747:. Routledge.
4746:
4745:
4739:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4712:
4710:9788311137615
4706:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4509:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4484:
4478:
4470:
4464:
4457:
4452:
4445:
4444:Thomas (1961)
4440:
4433:
4428:
4421:
4420:Thomas (2001)
4416:
4409:
4404:
4397:
4396:Thomas (2001)
4392:
4385:
4380:
4373:
4372:Thomas (2001)
4368:
4366:
4359:, p. 88.
4358:
4353:
4347:, Appendix 8.
4346:
4341:
4335:, p. 47.
4334:
4333:Alpert (1994)
4329:
4320:
4313:
4312:Alpert (1994)
4308:
4301:
4296:
4290:, p. 43.
4289:
4288:Alpert (1994)
4284:
4277:
4276:Thomas (1961)
4272:
4270:
4261:
4255:
4251:
4244:
4236:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4211:Inglis (2014)
4207:
4200:
4199:Howson (1998)
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4163:Beevor (2006)
4159:
4152:
4147:
4140:
4135:
4128:
4127:Howson (1998)
4123:
4116:
4114:9780300162141
4110:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4081:Howson (1998)
4077:
4070:
4069:Thomas (1961)
4065:
4058:
4057:Thomas (1961)
4053:
4044:
4037:
4036:Thomas (1986)
4032:
4025:
4024:Гречко (1974)
4020:
4013:
4008:
4002:, p. 94.
4001:
4000:Thomas (1986)
3996:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3961:
3954:
3953:Thomas (1986)
3949:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3798:
3797:Dorney (2018)
3793:
3786:
3781:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3746:, p. 56.
3745:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3684:
3682:9781399062084
3678:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3594:Beevor (2006)
3590:
3583:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3558:Beevor (2006)
3554:
3548:, p. 79.
3547:
3542:
3535:
3534:Beevor (2006)
3530:
3524:, p. 96.
3523:
3518:
3516:
3509:, p. 86.
3508:
3503:
3501:
3494:, p. 87.
3493:
3488:
3481:
3476:
3470:, p. 88.
3469:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3445:
3444:Thomas (1961)
3440:
3438:
3430:
3429:Thomas (1961)
3425:
3418:
3413:
3406:
3405:Thomas (1961)
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3333:Beevor (2001)
3329:
3327:
3320:, p. 68.
3319:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3279:Thomas (1961)
3275:
3268:
3267:Thomas (1961)
3263:
3257:, p. 83.
3256:
3251:
3244:
3243:Thomas (1961)
3239:
3232:
3231:Thomas (1961)
3227:
3220:
3219:Thomas (1961)
3215:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3195:Thomas (1961)
3191:
3184:
3183:Thomas (1961)
3179:
3172:
3171:Beevor (2006)
3167:
3160:
3159:Beevor (2006)
3155:
3149:, p. 59.
3148:
3147:Alpert (1998)
3143:
3136:
3131:
3125:, p. 65.
3124:
3123:Alpert (1998)
3119:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3098:, p. 46.
3097:
3096:Alpert (1998)
3092:
3085:
3084:Thomas (1961)
3080:
3073:
3072:Beevor (2001)
3068:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3031:Thomas (1961)
3027:
3020:
3019:Thomas (1961)
3015:
3008:
3007:Thomas (1961)
3003:
3001:
2993:
2992:Thomas (1961)
2988:
2981:
2980:Thomas (1961)
2976:
2969:
2968:Thomas (1961)
2964:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2914:Thomas (1961)
2910:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2863:Thomas (1961)
2859:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2846:Thomas (1961)
2842:
2835:
2834:Thomas (1961)
2830:
2823:
2822:Thomas (1961)
2818:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2796:
2795:Thomas (1961)
2791:
2784:
2783:Thomas (1961)
2779:
2772:
2771:Thomas (1961)
2767:
2760:
2759:Thomas (1961)
2755:
2748:
2747:Alpert (1998)
2743:
2736:
2735:Thomas (1961)
2731:
2729:
2721:
2720:Thomas (1961)
2716:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2690:Thomas (1961)
2686:
2679:
2678:Thomas (1961)
2674:
2667:
2666:Thomas (1961)
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:Thomas (1961)
2647:
2640:
2639:Beevor (2006)
2635:
2628:
2627:Thomas (1961)
2623:
2616:
2615:Beevor (2006)
2611:
2604:
2603:Thomas (1961)
2599:
2591:
2584:
2578:, p. 51.
2577:
2576:Alpert (1998)
2572:
2570:
2563:, p. 44.
2562:
2561:Alpert (1998)
2557:
2550:
2549:Thomas (1961)
2545:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2532:Thomas (1961)
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2511:Thomas (1961)
2507:
2500:
2499:Alpert (1998)
2495:
2488:
2487:Thomas (1961)
2483:
2481:
2474:, p. 45.
2473:
2472:Alpert (1998)
2468:
2466:
2458:
2457:Thomas (1961)
2453:
2446:
2445:Thomas (1961)
2441:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2416:Beevor (2006)
2412:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Dąbrowszczacy
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2238:– German army
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:Legion Condor
2222:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:Easter Rising
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:, and Bishop
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1965:New York Post
1961:
1960:George Seldes
1957:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1920:George Orwell
1917:
1913:
1912:Western world
1909:
1908:cause célèbre
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:George Orwell
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1857:United States
1854:
1850:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:governments (
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:Latin America
1662:
1657:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:Georges Henny
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:United States
1560:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1525:1,386 trucks,
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:242 aircraft,
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1478:Bank of Spain
1469:
1464:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1320:Irish Brigade
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1286:state atheism
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:Wyndham Lewis
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:International
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1146:Per Imerslund
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:Olavi Karpalo
1125:
1121:
1120:Condor Legion
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:French Guiana
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:United States
939:
935:
931:
928:
924:
920:
915:
914:
907:
904:
900:
894:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
859:
855:
853:
849:
845:
837:
833:
828:
824:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
792:
787:
779:
774:
769:
759:
755:
753:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:Condor Legion
721:
715:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
673:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
646:
645:
642:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
625:
620:
619:
614:
613:
608:
607:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
589:Fascist Italy
585:
581:
579:
575:
567:
562:
557:
542:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
496:
493:
488:
483:
481:
480:Latin America
476:
472:
467:
462:
454:
449:
443:United States
440:
438:
433:
431:
425:
423:
419:
417:
416:Claude Bowers
413:
409:
404:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
318:Henry Chilton
314:
312:
311:Popular Front
308:
307:anticommunist
304:
295:
291:
287:
282:
277:
262:
260:
255:
250:
245:
242:
236:
233:
228:
227:
221:
216:
214:
203:
199:
197:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
131:
130:
120:
118:
117:Joseph Stalin
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
73:
67:
57:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:
6059:White Terror
6028:
6002:Other topics
5902:
5692:. Retrieved
5672:The New Arab
5671:
5655:. Retrieved
5653:(in Spanish)
5650:
5634:. Retrieved
5629:
5605:. Retrieved
5600:
5577:. Retrieved
5573:the original
5561:
5552:. Retrieved
5548:the original
5531:. Retrieved
5526:
5492:. Retrieved
5487:
5459:
5455:
5446:
5434:News sources
5408:
5404:
5371:
5367:
5342:
5338:
5311:
5307:
5294:
5290:
5272:
5263:
5244:
5225:
5204:
5185:
5175:
5171:Thomas, Hugh
5158:
5149:
5130:
5107:
5087:
5073:
5053:
5019:
5000:
4991:
4981:
4968:
4948:
4927:
4906:
4895:
4875:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4818:
4797:
4763:
4743:
4733:
4700:
4681:
4661:
4651:
4631:
4610:
4591:
4572:
4547:
4526:
4503:
4491:
4477:
4463:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4415:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4352:
4340:
4328:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4249:
4243:
4224:
4218:
4206:
4182:
4175:Vidal (2007)
4170:
4158:
4146:
4139:Stone (1997)
4134:
4122:
4094:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4052:
4043:
4031:
4019:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3972:
3960:
3948:
3937:. Retrieved
3935:(in Spanish)
3914:
3910:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3855:. Retrieved
3851:
3826:. Retrieved
3822:
3792:
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3765:Gazete Duvar
3764:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3696:Othen (2008)
3691:
3672:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3635:Othen (2008)
3613:
3606:Payne (1987)
3601:
3589:
3577:
3570:Payne (1987)
3565:
3553:
3546:Othen (2008)
3541:
3529:
3487:
3475:
3463:
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3412:
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3057:, p. 7.
3050:
3038:
3026:
3014:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2951:
2909:
2904:, p. 7.
2889:, p. 6.
2882:
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2829:
2817:
2812:, p. 3.
2790:
2778:
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2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2589:
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2506:
2494:
2452:
2428:Stone (1997)
2423:
2401:Payne (1970)
2396:
2374:
2353:
2344:
2330:
2315:
2242:Kriegsmarine
2161:
2144:
2116:
2114:
2093:
2090:
2078:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2044:Mehmet Shehu
2032:
2025:
1991:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1905:
1874:
1846:
1821:
1808:Spartan Zeus
1757:
1746:
1729:
1721:Thessaloniki
1714:
1695:
1678:machine guns
1653:
1591:
1579:
1575:
1552:
1506:
1491:
1474:
1457:Soviet Union
1426:Argentinians
1390:
1347:
1328:Eoin O'Duffy
1325:
1278:Cristero War
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1232:
1208:Paul Claudel
1200:Roy Campbell
1192:Carl Schmitt
1188:Evelyn Waugh
1185:
1165:
1161:Arthur Krock
1150:
1143:
1136:
1097:
1089:Vasile Marin
1071:
927:Croix de Feu
919:Jeanne d'Arc
896:
884:
880:Vatican flag
860:
856:
840:
836:Vatican City
810:
807:Iberian Pact
802:
796:
789:
783:
777:
756:
748:
744:Kriegsmarine
720:Nazi Germany
717:
688:
684:
680:
663:bombers, 16
659:bombers, 13
643:
638:
628:
622:
616:
610:
606:Regia Marina
604:
598:
592:
586:
582:
577:
571:
536:
501:
497:
495:via France.
484:
461:Cordell Hull
458:
434:
426:
420:
405:
398:
379:
360:
322:Anthony Eden
315:
299:
246:
237:
224:
217:
209:
206:Control plan
200:
192:
179:Anthony Eden
172:
139:
128:
127:
113:
90:
75:
50:Adolf Hitler
17:
15:
6041:Moscow gold
5989: [
5936: [
5866:Nationalist
5737:(1936–1939)
5694:January 26,
5657:28 December
5533:28 December
5494:28 December
5462:(3): 3–13.
4300:ADAR (n.d.)
3988:Tuma (2011)
3456:Wood (2007)
2367:Thomas 1961
2337:Thomas 1961
2301:Moscow gold
2110:Reconquista
1988:Errol Flynn
1931:Animal Farm
1776:El Salvador
1733:AEKKEA-RAAB
1640:to France.
1626:José Robles
1257:on his own
1093:Majadahonda
1050:New Zealand
990:El Salvador
970:Puerto Rico
938:Philippines
811:Estado Novo
791:Estado Novo
564:Republican
487:US Congress
412:Juan Negrín
196:belligerent
155:Ivan Maisky
151:Dino Grandi
149:, Italy by
37:Republicans
29:Nationalist
6093:Categories
6054:Red Terror
5889:Alfonsists
5879:Falangists
5792:Republican
5750:Background
5743:Chronology
5607:12 October
5579:2017-12-02
5554:12 October
5022:. London.
4259:3922144322
4234:3922144322
3939:2023-12-14
3857:2023-12-14
3828:2023-12-14
3770:12 January
2389:References
1992:Democracia
1970:Laurie Lee
1936:Stalinists
1839:aircraft.
1618:Andrés Nin
1522:731 tanks,
1485:crews and
1461:See also:
1342:See also:
1296:See also:
1235:Ezra Pound
1153:Peter Kemp
1077:Iron Guard
1034:Costa Rica
821:See also:
669:Fiat CR.32
566:propaganda
508:Studebaker
339:Royal Navy
335:Royal Navy
274:See also:
220:open towns
70:See also:
5911:Comintern
5770:1938–1939
5468:2044-3986
5425:153581786
5396:159727256
5330:216455692
5163:Routledge
5038:cite book
4859:0013-8266
4782:cite book
4719:cite book
3889:2072-9286
2359:US Senate
2319:See also
2230:Luftwaffe
2162:Cantabria
2076:members.
2036:Yugoslavs
2006:, of the
1952:'s novel
1832:Dewoitine
1828:Potez 540
1824:Leon Blum
1792:Argentina
1772:Nicaragua
1622:Mark Rein
1510:Comintern
1433:Regulares
1395:Georgians
1370:Bolshevik
1360:cause of
1274:Cristeros
1085:Bucharest
1054:Australia
1018:Guatemala
986:Nicaragua
966:Venezuela
401:Léon Blum
366:Algeciras
359:HMS
343:Gibraltar
86:proxy war
25:Spaniards
6050:Terrors
6030:Guernica
5974:Viriatos
5969:Portugal
5884:Carlists
5527:Esquerda
5476:25639692
5173:(1961).
4571:(2006).
3848:"ИЗ ПУТ"
2149:See also
1836:Loire 46
1806:and the
1764:Colombia
1632:(ICRC),
1422:Chileans
1383:Requetés
1168:landlord
1073:Ion Moța
1038:Suriname
994:Honduras
978:Paraguay
950:Colombia
868:Holy See
799:Viriatos
778:Viriatos
768:Viriatos
762:Portugal
692:such as
539:Cold War
528:Tenerife
408:matériel
133:—
105:matériel
80:and the
6076:sidebar
5986:Belarus
5981:Ireland
5945:Germany
5636:26 July
5601:Compass
5447:Reuters
5388:3180730
5359:2944499
3917:(5): 6.
2279:– Uboat
2129:Rif War
2125:Islamic
2121:Steppes
1853:Estonia
1788:Bolivia
1725:Piraeus
1686:Germany
1362:Carlism
1157:Carlist
1058:Belgium
1030:Romania
1026:Hungary
1006:Ecuador
1002:Bolivia
954:Uruguay
899:Crusade
817:Vatican
708:Germany
635:Seville
520:Tangier
388:in the
374:Nervión
355:Seville
303:British
226:Leipzig
6071:navbox
5474:
5466:
5423:
5394:
5386:
5357:
5328:
5251:
5232:
5211:
5192:
5137:
5118:
5095:
5061:
5026:
5007:
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4867:567512
4865:
4857:
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4669:
4639:
4617:
4598:
4579:
4555:
4534:
4256:
4231:
4111:
3887:
3679:
2117:patria
2081:Turkey
1818:France
1768:Brazil
1743:Mexico
1702:Pyrkal
1692:Greece
1673:Gdynia
1669:Danzig
1656:Poland
1644:Poland
1571:Mexico
1565:, the
1561:, the
1555:France
1487:pilots
1304:, and
1176:Turkey
1062:Greece
1042:Turkey
1010:Panama
962:Mexico
946:Brazil
940:, the
936:, the
864:Mexico
740:U-boat
665:Ca.310
510:, and
370:Bilbao
213:Lisbon
167:Sweden
78:France
6066:Women
6024:Films
5993:]
5957:Italy
5940:]
5684:(PDF)
5472:JSTOR
5421:S2CID
5392:S2CID
5384:JSTOR
5355:JSTOR
5326:S2CID
4863:JSTOR
4517:Books
2307:Notes
2106:Moors
1938:when
1796:Chile
1780:Haiti
1682:Italy
1263:Gille
1170:from
1114:with
1014:Chile
998:Ghana
958:Haiti
876:Paris
661:Br.20
550:Italy
254:Malta
5933:USSR
5874:CEDA
5830:PSUC
5825:PSOE
5820:POUM
5765:1937
5760:1936
5755:Coup
5696:2012
5659:2021
5638:2021
5609:2006
5556:2006
5535:2021
5496:2021
5464:ISSN
5249:ISBN
5230:ISBN
5209:ISBN
5190:ISBN
5135:ISBN
5116:ISBN
5093:ISBN
5059:ISBN
5044:link
5024:ISBN
5005:ISBN
4954:ISBN
4933:ISBN
4912:ISBN
4880:ISBN
4855:ISSN
4803:ISBN
4788:link
4768:ISBN
4749:ISBN
4725:link
4705:ISBN
4686:ISBN
4667:ISBN
4637:ISBN
4615:ISBN
4596:ISBN
4577:ISBN
4553:ISBN
4532:ISBN
4254:ISBN
4229:ISBN
4109:ISBN
3885:ISSN
3772:2023
3677:ISBN
2236:Heer
2097:POUM
1893:POUM
1851:and
1800:Peru
1798:and
1737:R-29
1684:and
1671:and
1594:NKVD
1569:and
1483:tank
1424:and
1249:and
1226:and
1172:Söke
1060:and
1052:and
974:Peru
825:and
504:Ford
380:The
247:The
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16:The
5962:CTV
5856:PNV
5851:UGT
5846:FAI
5842:CNT
5815:PCE
5805:ERC
5413:doi
5376:doi
5347:doi
5316:doi
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