3095:
205:
952:, many of whom settled down and took local wives (due to a lack of Indian women living in England at the time). 38 lascars are reported arriving in British ports in 1760. Between 1803 and 1813, there were more than 10,000 lascars from the Indian subcontinent visiting British port cities and towns. By 1842, 3,000 lascars visited the UK annually, and by 1855, 12,000 lascars were arriving annually in British ports. In 1873, 3,271 lascars arrived in Britain. Throughout the early 19th century lascars visited Britain at a rate of 1,000 every year, which increased to a rate of 10,000 to 12,000 every year throughout the late 19th century.
79:
529:
690:
1179:
2918:
3289:
3248:
1719:
1769:
2839:. A 2009 estimate by Somali community organisations puts the Somali population figure at 90,000 residents. Although most Somalis in the UK are recent arrivals, the first Somali immigrants were seamen and traders who arrived and settled in port cities in the late 19th century. Established Somali communities are found in
3035:
were a series of coordinated blasts that hit the public transport system during the morning rush hour, killing 52 people and also the four bombers. The latter were
British Muslims, three of Pakistani and one of Jamaican heritage. They were apparently motivated by Britain's involvement in the Iraq War
523:
This king had a son which was a ruler in an island called Gerbi, whereunto arrived an
English ship called the Green Dragon, of the which was master one M. Blonket, who, having a very unhappy boy on that ship, and understanding that whosoever would turn Turk should be well entertained of the a yeoman
3115:
According to analysis based on the 2001 census, Muslims in
England face poor standards of housing, poorer levels of education and are more vulnerable to long-term illness, and that Muslims in the UK had the highest rate of unemployment, the poorest health, the most disability and fewest educational
3188:
in 2009 also found that the Muslim community claimed to feel more patriotic about
Britain than the general British population as a whole, while another survey found that Muslims assert that they support the role of Christianity in British life more so than British Christians themselves. In January
3183:
on white and Asian-Muslim youths demonstrating otherwise: that Asian-Muslim youths "are in fact the most tolerant of all" and that white youths "have far more intolerant attitudes," concluding that the attitudes held by members of the white community was a greater "barrier to integration." Another
725:
had "much more in common than either did with Roman
Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire. To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunition to the Ottoman Empire, and
3193:
found that the general public "is far more likely to hold negative views of
Muslims than of any other religious group," with "just one in four" feeling "positively about Islam," and a "majority of the country would be concerned if a mosque was built in their area, while only 15 per cent expressed
3214:
in
December 2007, which surveyed a range of the capital's communities, including Muslims, found that 49% of those surveyed considered Islam as generally intolerant, while 44% saw it as generally tolerant. A total of 51% felt that Muslims were isolated from other communities to a degree, with 12%
1415:
and
Ismailis also and they usually include facilities for women. There are 200,000 Shias in Britain from Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and elsewhere. Various Shia mosques include the Husseini Islamic Centre in Stanmore, Harrow which acts as one of the main Shia Muslim mosques in Britain. Others
3227:
on the city in 2005 by 52% of the population, with 35% seeing it as a major factor. Views from the survey which were not in line with the largely negative views included that 71% would vote for a Muslim Mayor of London if they were the best candidate (with 16% against such a vote).
685:
were worn in
Renaissance England. While friendly relations were formed between England and the Islamic civilizations of the Middle East in the early 16th century, Persian and Turkish style fashions were sometimes worn by the higher classes as a form of party or fancy dress.
3132:
On a study of more than 13,000 young people, approximately 53% of
British Muslims choose to attend university. This is higher than the figure for Christians (45%) and Atheists (32%), but lower than the figure of Hindus and Sikhs, who score 77% and 63% respectively.
1024:
power in the world and one-fourth of the population of the British Empire is Mahomedan. There have been no more loyal adherents to the throne and no more effective and loyal supporters of the Empire in its hour of trial." This statement was later reiterated by
995:
By 1911, the British Empire had a Muslim population of 94 million, larger than the empire's 58 million Christian population. By the 1920s, the British Empire included roughly half of the world's Muslim population. More than 400,000 Muslim soldiers of the
2975:. Nigerian Muslims in the UK are represented by several community organizations, including the Nigeria Muslim forum, which is affiliated with the Council of Nigerian Muslim Organisations in UK and Ireland (CNMO) and the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB).
2934:
The 2001 census stated that there were 179,409 Muslims who described themselves as 'white' in the 2001 census. About one third of white Muslims are of White Slavic and Balkan Muslim origin, and would likely have originated from locations such as
2706:– who view the teachings of the first generations as the correct one, and appeals to younger Muslims as a way to differentiate themselves towards their elders. Other large groups include another Sunni movement, the Fultoli movement (initiated by
270:, as Islamic gold dinars were the most important coinage in the Mediterranean at the time. Offa's coin looked enough like the original that it would be readily accepted in southern Europe, while at the same time his own name was clearly visible.
2678:
until the 1980s when more and larger facilities became available. Some synagogues and community buildings were turned into mosques and existing mosques began to expand their buildings. This process has continued down to the present day with the
2909:. Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a growing number of ethnic Turks with Bulgarian, German, Greek, Macedonian, and Romanian citizenship who have also migrated to the United Kingdom. The majority live in London.
1036:
to Britain began after World War II, as a result of the destruction and labour shortages caused by the war. In 1951 there were around 21,000 Muslims in Britain. Muslim migrants from former British colonies, predominantly
6536:
3119:
Conversely, Muslim Council of Britain estimates that there are more than 10,000 British Muslim millionaires. There is a growing substantial British Muslim business community, led by multi-billionaires such as Sir
3159:
has increased, ranging from "death threats and murder to persistent low-level assaults, such as spitting and name-calling," for which the media and politicians have been blamed with fueling anti-Muslim hatred.
497:, but Brand also points out that the Knights Templar were primarily concerned with fighting the Muslims rather than learning from them, making it less likely that they would imitate Muslim legal institutions.
600:; Algerine rovers were using the island as a base in 1635, although the island had itself been attacked and plundered by a Spanish fleet in 1633. In 1627, Barbary pirates under command of the Dutch renegade
3136:
Muslim schools regularly outperform those of other faiths. In 2015, Over half of Muslim schools have average of students achieving higher GCSEs (71%) than the national figure (64%).(needs better citation)
2718:
and revival movement, and avoids political attention. All these groups work to stimulate Islamic identity among local Bengalis or Muslims and particularly focus on the younger members of the communities.
730:
was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy. Although she never did receive any assistance from the Ottomans, her relations with the sultans did not waver.
5317:
3151:
There have been cases of threats, one alleged fatal attack, and non-fatal attacks on Muslims and on Muslim targets, including attacks on Muslim graves and mosques. In January 2010, a report from the
5590:
165:. There are also many White Muslims in the country, of which most have Slavic and Balkan backgrounds (Bosnian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Bulgarian, etc.), as well as some ethnic English converts.
172:, 2.7 million Muslims lived in England and Wales, up by almost 1 million from the previous census, where they formed 5.0% of the general population and 9.1% of children under the age of five.
5173:
3609:
2963:. Another one third have origins in Turkey, the Middle East and North Africa. The remainder of white Muslims identified themselves as White British and White Irish, including converts.
5988:
4791:
3673:
6567:
3116:
qualifications among religious groups. The figures were, to some extent, explained by the fact that Muslims were the least well-established group, having the youngest age profile.
6616:
6122:
1049:, were recruited in large numbers by government and businesses to rebuild the country. Large numbers of doctors recruited from India and Pakistan, encouraged by health minister
3179:
ministers were criticised for helping to "unleash a public anti-Muslim backlash" by blaming the Muslim community over issues of integration despite a study commissioned by the
6546:
6502:
4715:
3067:, London. Two converts to Islam of Nigerian heritage were found guilty of the murder, one of them having claimed to be a soldier of Allah as his unsuccessful legal defence.
2989:
Although data is short, findings indicate Maghrebis make up a substantial community in Europe and England. Britain has long ties with Maghrebis, through contact with the
457:) are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems. Other legal scholars such as Monica Gaudiosi, Gamal Moursi Badr and A. Hudson have argued that the English
6176:
6357:
5351:
3536:
6477:
2993:. Nevertheless, Britain has a far lower count of Maghrebis in comparison to France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain, where the majority of Muslims are Maghrebi.
713:, in 1578. For the first time, a Treaty of Commerce was signed in 1580. Numerous envoys were dispatched in both directions and epistolar exchanges occurred between
2905:
countries. As of 2011, there is a total of about 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the UK, made up of approximately 150,000 Turkish nationals and about 300,000
5774:
5591:"Table 1.3: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth, 60 most common countries of birth, January 2008 to December 2008"
5565:
3695:
3045:
6043:
3622:
5324:
6854:
5490:
908:
506:
5594:
4312:
4539:
Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists",
3456:
Lytra, Vally; Baraç, Taşkın (2009), "Multilingual practices and identity negotiations among Turkish-speaking young people in a diasporic context", in
6879:
2561:. There is also a fairly large Pakistani community from Kenya and Uganda found in London. People of Pakistani extraction are particularly notable in
5698:
5070:
1379:
Some 38% of England's Muslims live in London, where 1,012,823 identified as Muslim in 2011, representing 12.4% of London's population of 8,173,941.
1111:
Asian youth movements in the 1970s and 1980s, including the Bradford Youth Movement in 1977, the Bangladeshi Youth Movement following the murder of
259:
kingdoms existing at that time), to have a coin minted with an Islamic inscription – largely a copy of coins issued by a contemporary Muslim ruler,
179:, 3,801,186 Muslims live in England, or 6.7% of the population. The Muslim population again grew by over a million compared to the previous census.
5177:
4228:
6671:
5536:
6024:
5097:
3670:
1096:
199:
6275:
4113:
3647:
2518:
in the late 1930s. Immigration from Mirpur grew from the late 1950s, accompanied by immigration from other parts of Pakistan especially from
1353:
Most large cities have one area that is majority Muslim even if the rest of the city has a fairly small Muslim population; see, for example,
6006:
596:
which had been a pirate lair for much of the previous half century, had been occupied by three Ottoman pirates who were threatening to burn
4668:
693:
Elizabeth I of England was one of the earliest British monarchs to establish relations, alliances and trade with Muslim majority countries.
6577:
4795:
2687:
where the London Muslim Centre is now used for prayers, recreational facilities and housing. Most people regard themselves as part of the
6598:
4897:
2627:
People of Bangladeshi descent are one of the largest Muslim communities (after Pakistanis), 16.8% of Muslims in England and Wales are of
6648:
4751:
2699:
aspects of a 'Bengali Islam' are seen as superstition and as un-Islamic. The identity is far stronger in comparison to the native land.
6788:
6704:
3558:
3237:
934:
in 1707, only small numbers of Muslims were living in England. The first large group of Muslims to arrive, in the 18th century, were
3761:
204:
6747:
6202:
4720:
3219:, should not be officially celebrated by the British government, and 88% opposed Muslim teachers covering their faces at work (see
3094:
1004:, where 62,060 were killed in action, and half a million Muslim soldiers of the British Indian Army fought for Britain against the
5929:
6930:
6920:
4492:
3778:
3223:). A majority (55%) wanted immigration of Muslims to be cut, with 33% wanting it cut greatly. Islam was seen as the cause of the
3610:
The Daily Telegraph: "Almost a tenth of babies and toddlers in England and Wales are Muslim, census figures show" By Keith Perry
6823:
296:
188:
6143:
3805:
6661:
5561:
4934:
4855:
4652:
4622:
4589:
4338:
4268:
4205:
3998:
3836:
3814:
3511:
3469:
6368:
5964:
5358:
6757:
5385:
5296:
4049:(2 – Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, February 24–25, 1977): 187–198 .
1017:
6481:
5896:
5352:"Bangladeshi Diaspora in the UK: Some observations on socio-culturaldynamics, religious trends and transnational politics"
3588:
6329:
5870:
5437:
2185:
726:
Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as
5766:
6838:
6737:
3146:
1376:(or variations of it) was the third most popular boys' name in England and Wales, and the most popular name in London.
6667:
4974:
741:. Arabic manuscripts were considered the key to a "treasure house" of ancient knowledge, which led to the founding of
6407:
6399:
5880:
5673:
5476:
4880:
4825:
4775:
4527:
4488:
4464:
4436:
4097:
3976:
3861:
3491:
3450:
3041:
2926:
519:
claimed he was forced to convert, though he mentions in the same story other Englishmen who had converted willingly.
3878:
3198:" of British Muslims by the media and politicians in the 21st century has been compared in the media to the rise of
2671:. The Bangladeshi Muslim community in London form 24% of the Muslim population, larger than any other ethnic group.
7061:
6301:
5161:
5025:
2061:
1292:
4258:
3827:
2901:
for economic reasons. Recently, smaller groups of Turks have begun to immigrate to the United Kingdom from other
6991:
6874:
6657:
Ranking of Local Authorities in England and Wales according to percentage of Muslim population in the 2001 census
5727:
4147:
3994:"The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England: The Case of Merton College"
3936:
3215:
believing that the majority of them were. A large majority (81% to 7%) believed that the most holy day in Islam,
3190:
3002:
2648:
2631:
descent, the ethnic group in the UK with the largest proportion of people following a single religion, being 92%
1226:
5494:
3007:
Social disturbance began in the Muslim community in England in 1988 with the publication of the satirical novel
6925:
3788:
3022:
1280:
778:
4160:
6752:
6697:
4673:
4309:
4134:
3176:
2848:
2818:
770:
310:
309:, there is among the pilgrims wending their way to Canterbury a 'Doctour of Phisyk' whose learning included
6742:
6727:
2554:
7186:
7011:
6915:
3397:
3224:
3164:
3083:
3032:
2880:
2656:
1416:
include Al Masjid ul Husseini in Northolt, Ealing, Imam Khoei Islamic Centre in Queens Park, Brent &
1250:
959:, the earliest Muslim communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the
798:
766:
742:
274:
4236:
3498:
7036:
5142:
4456:
3964:
3704:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1788:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1346:
774:
672:
533:
176:
169:
5540:
347:, is known to have studied the works of several early Muslim philosophers. In particular, his work on
7229:
7196:
6869:
6808:
6656:
5419:. School of Social Sciences – Cardiff University – funded by the Economic and Social Research Council
5094:
3883:
3483:
3382:
3356:
3346:
3332:
3313:
3220:
3079:
2806:
2550:
1417:
1340:
1316:
1116:
734:
394:
366:
292:
130:
4901:
757:
was taught. A large collection of Arabic manuscripts were acquired, collected in places such as the
7116:
7111:
6690:
6638:
6279:
3500:
Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union
3377:
3075:
2652:
1565:
1328:
1310:
1238:
920:
288:
6262:
4556:
3993:
3968:
2809:). Immigration of Muslims into UK, was primarily started off by Indians during the colonial rule.
907:
in England, with the textiles produced in Bengal being used to support British industries such as
806:), which was first translated into English in 1706 and has since then had a profound influence on
335:(1025), in Latin translation, was a standard text for medical students up until the 18th century.
6833:
6798:
6793:
6510:
5105:
5003:
4725:
4697:
3372:
3211:
3071:
1361:. In addition, it is possible to find small areas that are almost entirely Muslim: for example,
1298:
903:
in 1757. The cheap textiles and other manufactured goods from Bengal directly contributed to the
722:
676:
266:. These coins may have been minted simply for prestige or to facilitate trade with the expanding
102:
6094:
3457:
3056:
titled "Defending the Transgressed by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians".
267:
7081:
6803:
5817:
4898:"Lascar Sailors and English Converts: The Imperial Port and Islam in late 19th-Century England"
4298:
4089:
3429:
2936:
2562:
1515:
1084:
1068:
869:
854:
639:
541:
326:
6602:
6424:
5037:
5018:
4996:
4924:
4745:
4690:
4612:
4579:
4366:
524:
of our Queen's guard, whom the king's son had enforced to turn Turk; his name was John Nelson.
481:
institutions they came across in the Middle East. Paul Brand also notes parallels between the
5154:
5136:
5117:
4975:
The 'forgotten' army of 400,000 Muslim soldiers who fought for British freedom in World War I
4518:
4195:
3443:
Islamic Britain: religion, politics and identity among British Muslims; Bradford in the 1990s
3304:
3292:
3276:
3252:
2956:
2707:
1232:
1088:
904:
892:
633:
512:
331:
83:
6451:
5413:
5200:
4642:
4504:
Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature
4077:
3956:
7171:
6884:
6364:
5702:
4481:
The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought
3265:
3152:
1080:
750:
364:
Professor John Makdisi's article "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law", published in the
8:
7106:
7091:
6976:
6864:
6818:
6572:
6541:
5607:
3957:
3758:
3412:
3308:
3296:
3060:
2921:
2782:
2622:
1914:
1304:
1104:
1072:
997:
984:
941:
815:
668:
656:
628:
585:
426:
6236:
6222:
5921:
4950:
2733:
8% of Muslims in England and Wales are of Indian descent, especially those who are from
2674:
Initial limited mosque availability meant that prayers were conducted in small rooms of
1222:
The local authorities with a Muslim population greater than 10 percent as of 2021 were:
1076:
7086:
6828:
4058:
4023:
4015:
3724:
3716:
3351:
3271:
3260:
3053:
3014:
3009:
2680:
2594:
2485:
1690:
1665:
1590:
1540:
1442:
1435:
1013:
949:
931:
896:
807:
762:
738:
727:
577:
548:
422:
284:
4041:
Badr, Gamal Moursi (Spring 1978). "Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems".
659:
as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish
573:
wrote so favourably about Islam that it is thought he too had converted to the faith.
7201:
7156:
7151:
7131:
6996:
6889:
6403:
6123:"London's Mecca rich: the rise of the Muslim multi-millionaires splashing their cash"
5919:
5876:
5837:
5472:
5056:
4930:
4876:
4851:
4821:
4771:
4648:
4618:
4585:
4523:
4484:
4460:
4432:
4334:
4264:
4201:
4128:
4093:
4078:
4027:
3972:
3857:
3832:
3810:
3784:
3728:
3507:
3487:
3465:
3446:
3418:
3387:
3049:
2765:
in Yorkshire and parts of Lancashire. There are large numbers of Gujarati Muslims in
2491:
1888:
1796:
1776:
1274:
1100:
976:
972:
968:
900:
785:
746:
443:) may have also originated from Islamic law. He states that the methodology of legal
344:
221:
397:" (a petty assize adopted in the 1166 at the Assizes of Clarendon) and the "Islamic
7181:
7136:
7101:
7056:
7051:
7041:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7001:
6986:
6981:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6514:
6151:
5829:
5818:"Muslims in the 2001 Census of England and Wales: Gender and economic disadvantage"
5057:"muslims in the 2001 Census of England and Wales: Gender and Economic Disadvantage"
4792:"Lascar lives and the east India company - Archaeology - University of Southampton"
4711:
4608:
4428:
4050:
4007:
3708:
3402:
3185:
2906:
2890:
2207:
1256:
1033:
859:
819:
793:
758:
710:
645:
528:
490:
305:
300:
278:
5649:
5569:
3906:
2831:-born residents in 2001, and an estimated 101,000 in 2008, is home to the largest
689:
7176:
7166:
7146:
7141:
7126:
7121:
7076:
7071:
7046:
7031:
7006:
6905:
6813:
6713:
6395:(Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers
6393:
5465:
5248:
5224:
5101:
4992:
4847:
Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600-1857
4845:
4581:
Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets
4316:
4305:
3853:
3765:
3754:
3424:
3407:
3337:
2894:
2711:
2636:
2546:
2499:
1966:
1780:
1615:
960:
849:
754:
593:
560:
516:
494:
244:, Muslims have been trading and exchanging ideas with the English for centuries.
5920:
Robin Lustig; Martin Bailey; Simon de Bruxelles; Ian Mather (18 February 1989).
5389:
4333:. Buḥūṯ al-Qāhira fī 'l-ʿulūm al-iǧtimāʿīya. Cairo: American Univ. in Cairo Pr.
3028:
led to Muslim men first in Bolton and then in Bradford organised book-burnings.
78:
7206:
7161:
7096:
7066:
6940:
6910:
6355:
5989:"Al-Qaeda commander linked to 2005 London bombings led attacks on Nato convoys"
3392:
3323:
3037:
2917:
2824:
2802:
2728:
2582:
2570:
2542:
2507:
1940:
1490:
1393:
1178:
1060:
1026:
924:
912:
828:
733:
In 17th-century England, there was a "second wave" of interest in the study of
702:
698:
609:
581:
486:
358:
353:
248:
217:
91:
5833:
5414:"Genetics, Religion and Identity: A Study of British Bangladeshis – 2004-2007"
4768:
Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600–1857
3712:
2757:
districts in India started to arrive from the 1930s, settling in the towns of
7223:
6652:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 417–424.
6643:
5841:
5539:. Delwar Hussain – openDemocracy: free thinking for the world. Archived from
4740:
4294:
3690:
3677:
3288:
2944:
2832:
2742:
2675:
2519:
2133:
1640:
888:
840:
706:
434:
6537:"79 per cent of Muslims say Christianity should have strong role in Britain"
6064:
5897:"BBC ON THIS DAY | 14 | 1989: Ayatollah sentences author to death"
5624:
5272:
6935:
6429:
6334:
6327:
6306:
6241:
6099:
5468:
5156:
European Social Movements and Muslim Activism: Another World but with Whom?
5122:
4979:
4900:. Seascapes, Littoral Cultures, and Trans-Oceanic Exchanges. Archived from
4561:
4180:
3199:
3195:
3172:
3121:
2692:
2606:
2393:
1334:
1152:
1064:
1050:
1009:
1005:
864:
844:
832:
624:
601:
570:
566:
462:
329:, Chaucer mentions part of Avicenna's work concerning poisons. Avicenna's
256:
162:
6637:
5731:
5699:"Liverpool City Council/Liverpool PCT Equality Impact Assessment Template"
4873:
The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present
3648:"England and Wales more ethnically mixed and less religious, census shows"
3247:
2971:
There are also a number of Muslim immigrants in England that arrived from
6859:
6767:
4770:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 172, 181.
4476:
3216:
3180:
3103:
3099:
2738:
2535:
2503:
2231:
2159:
1362:
1108:
1092:
1001:
916:
884:
714:
371:
336:
138:
134:
5794:
5792:
3155:'s European Muslim Research Centre noted that the number of anti-Muslim
417:, and argued that these institutions were transmitted to England by the
6772:
6732:
4019:
3589:"2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales"
3168:
3156:
2860:
2790:
2715:
2664:
2640:
2628:
2590:
2566:
2531:
2511:
1772:
1262:
1168:
1140:
1053:
in the early 1960s, also played a key role in the establishment of the
1046:
964:
880:
811:
671:
around 1600. A portrait was painted of one of the Moorish ambassadors,
660:
612:. During this time there were reports of captured slaves being sent to
597:
555:
was one of a number of English sailors who became pirates based in the
430:
374:
114:
110:
6044:"RESEARCH REPORT: Pilot evaluation of Kumon Y'all befriending project"
5515:
4062:
3720:
1063:(both Muslim and non-Muslim) faced increased discrimination following
129:) or descendants of immigrants from that region. Many others are from
5789:
5606:
Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent
4744:
3360:
3341:
2868:
2867:. It has been estimated that between 7,000 and 9,000 Somalis live in
2864:
2856:
2770:
1354:
1286:
1172:
1164:
1156:
1136:
1112:
1021:
796:
during the 17th and 18th centuries. The most famous of these was the
718:
458:
444:
263:
122:
5767:"UK immigration analysis needed on Turkish legal migration, say MPs"
4820:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 181.
4011:
6762:
5044:
4644:
Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857)
4425:
interest of the natural philosophers in seventeenth-century England
4054:
3327:
3064:
2960:
2948:
2786:
2766:
2758:
2684:
2574:
2558:
2515:
2495:
1408:
1373:
1366:
1322:
1148:
1128:
1042:
979:, the Hindoostane Coffee House. He is also reputed for introducing
631:. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's
466:
439:
382:
322:
314:
142:
118:
87:
6682:
6302:"Media and politicians 'fuel rise in hate crimes against Muslims'"
5872:
Radical Islam and International Security: Challenges and Responses
4926:
Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History
4617:. Vol. 1: Abba - Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174.
2885:
Turks first began to emigrate in large numbers from the island of
6177:"Christian and atheist children least likely to go to university"
3891:(5): 1635 – via University of North Carolina School of Law.
3106:
is a Muslim majority town in England with 93% being Asian Muslims
2984:
2972:
2952:
2844:
2840:
2828:
2754:
2734:
2696:
2539:
2523:
1724:
980:
664:
651:
613:
556:
448:
418:
241:
229:
154:
146:
5020:
Identity and Migration in Europe: Multidisciplinary Perspectives
967:. One of the most famous early Muslim immigrants to England was
773:, and also encompassed subjects ranging from science, religion,
605:
6328:
Jonathan Githens-Mazer & Robert Lambert (28 January 2010).
4148:
Voyager's Tales, 3, The voyage made to Tripolis in Barbary,1584
4085:
3317:
2940:
2902:
2898:
2886:
2852:
2836:
2798:
2794:
2778:
2774:
2762:
2703:
2691:, and their identity based on their religion rather than their
2668:
2644:
2632:
2610:
2602:
2586:
2578:
2527:
1792:
1397:
1268:
1160:
1144:
1087:, throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Drawing inspiration from the
945:
936:
876:
682:
477:
421:, "through the close connection between the Norman kingdoms of
410:
378:
348:
340:
318:
260:
252:
209:
158:
150:
106:
6358:"Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: a London Case Study"
4331:
Images of the other: Europe and the Muslim world before 1700;
3623:"Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics"
1372:
In September 2009, the ONS published information showing that
6503:"Poll: European Muslims more patriotic than average populace"
5746:
5537:"Bangladeshis in east London: from secular politics to Islam"
5388:. David Garbin – Cronem, University of Surrey. Archived from
3850:
Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva in the Middle Ages
3018:
2990:
2750:
2746:
2688:
2660:
2598:
1768:
1412:
1358:
1244:
1132:
1075:
in the late 1960s. This included overt racism in the form of
1038:
789:
620:
589:
537:
453:
237:
213:
126:
5730:. Federation of Adult Education Associations. Archived from
5386:"bdirectory: Islamist politics among Bangladeshis in the UK"
4368:
The Encyclopedia of world history by Peter N. Stearns, p.353
3044:, and the Islamic Centre Lecturer in Islamic Studies in the
5488:
4850:. Delhi: Permanent Black. pp. 140, 154–6, 160–8, 172.
4755:. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3806:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
721:. In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that
552:
471:
414:
402:
386:
6677:
784:
Besides scientific and philosophical literature, works of
4302:
4164:
1054:
761:
at Oxford. These Arabic manuscripts were sought after by
5855:
4669:
Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution
705:
and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the
511:
The first English convert to Islam mentioned by name is
3803:
Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith:
425:— ruling over a conquered Islamic administration — and
6025:"Lee Rigby killer sues prison service over lost teeth"
5952:
Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain
5798:
5566:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
3696:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
3496:
381:. Makdisi drew comparisons between the "royal English
6617:"11.2007 Evening Standard - Is Islam good for London"
6356:
Dr. Jonathan Githens-Mazer & Dr. Robert Lambert.
4923:
Behal, Rana P.; van der Linden, Marcel, eds. (2006).
4409:
Nabil I. Matar, "Renaissance England and the Turban."
1182:
Muslim population in English local authority areas.
240:
is generally thought of as a contemporary arrival in
72:
Religious Affiliation was not recorded prior to 2001.
6276:"Muslim teenager stabbed during attack on UK mosque"
4453:
Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources
3480:
Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery
3238:
List of mosques in the United Kingdom § England
3194:
similar qualms about the opening of a church." The "
697:
Diplomatic relations were also established with the
507:
Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance
6668:
Private Arrangements: Recognizing sharia in Britain
6662:
Reassessing what we collect website – Muslim London
6203:"8 Muslim schools in top 50 exam league in England"
6007:"University of Nottingham confers honorary degrees"
4922:
4175:
4173:
857:, in 1719. Later translated literary works include
3831:, page 237, iUniverse, Inc., 9 June 2004, 308 pp,
3279:, aka the Islamic Cultural Centre in Regent's Park
2538:and also from the north-west Punjab including the
5728:"Integration of the Somali Community into Europe"
1127:The settlements with large number of Muslims are
1119:following the murder of Akhtar Ali Baig in 1980.
7221:
6664:History of Muslim London with objects and images
5593:. Office for National Statistics. Archived from
4607:
4170:
3070:In 2017, there were four terrorist attacks: the
2506:Muslim communities to permanently settle in the
1020:from 1916 to 1922, stated: "we are the greatest
911:, aided by the invention of devices such as the
4116:. BBC. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22
3904:
3809:, first edition, Routledge, 29 September 2005,
891:with a Muslim majority and Hindu minority, was
437:" in England (which he asserts are parallel to
5869:Inbar, Efraim; Frisch, Hillel (January 2008).
5618:
5616:
5583:
5318:"2001 Census Profiles: Bangladeshis in London"
4256:
281:, which describes the islands of "Bratiniya".
273:References to Britain are also found in early
200:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
6698:
6278:. Arabic News. 3 October 2006. Archived from
6171:
6169:
5516:"East London Mosque and London Muslim Centre"
5489:M. Jawed Iqbal; Ebrahim Desai (9 June 2007).
5198:
4895:
4875:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 35.
4839:
4837:
4735:
4733:
4577:
4418:
3959:Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice
3745:Harmondsworth Penguin 1951 p280 and note p522
3689:
3320:was the first purpose-built mosque in Britain
3167:has been criticised for propagating negative
3061:British soldier Lee Rigby was publicly killed
831:the Younger in 1671 and then into English by
673:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun
608:occupied Lundy, before they were expelled by
5036:Richard D. Hecht, Vincent F. Biondo (2010),
4640:
4352:
4350:
4226:
3900:
3898:
3776:
3040:, the KFAS Fellow in Islamic Studies at the
2893:were forced to leave their homes during the
2702:Other groups also attract a few people, the
1428:
6422:
6299:
6268:
6234:
6092:
5868:
5758:
5666:
5622:
5613:
5201:"A glad day for mourning | World news"
4929:. Cambridge University Press. p. 114.
4707:
4705:
4603:
4601:
3205:
623:had a noticeable influence on the works of
616:and of the Islamic flag flying over Lundy.
299:among the learned in England by 1386, when
6705:
6691:
6534:
6425:"White pupils less tolerant, survey shows"
6391:
6166:
6088:
6086:
6041:
5752:
5554:
5408:
5406:
5380:
5378:
5323:. Greater London Authority. Archived from
5013:
5011:
4834:
4730:
4685:
4683:
4549:
4291:Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Stage Moor
3693:(1957). "The Muslim Discovery of Europe".
3455:
1799:, where they form 5.0% of the population.
351:in the 13th century was influenced by the
6789:Reception of Islam in early modern Europe
6576:. London. 11 January 2010. Archived from
5625:"British Somalis play politics from afar"
4347:
3895:
2635:. Majority of these Muslim come from the
469:, may have been adapted from the Islamic
90:is the largest mosque by capacity in the
6635:
6568:"Britain divided by Islam, survey finds"
6475:
5848:
5647:
5641:
4739:
4721:The Oxford History of the British Empire
4702:
4598:
4405:
4403:
3991:
3954:
3847:
3645:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3462:Youngspeak in a Multilingual Perspective
3287:
3246:
3093:
2916:
1767:
1177:
688:
527:
203:
77:
6931:Hijab and burka controversies in Europe
6921:Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe
6083:
5403:
5375:
5346:
5344:
5008:
4716:The British Empire and the Muslim world
4680:
4573:
4571:
4193:
4043:The American Journal of Comparative Law
3929:
3907:"Is English law related to Muslim law?"
3879:"The Islamic Origins of the Common Law"
3876:
2683:recently expanding into a large former
2490:The single largest group of Muslims in
765:for their research in subjects such as
465:institutions, which were introduced by
7222:
6824:Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5944:
5764:
5482:
5357:. University of Surrey. Archived from
5071:"UK MUSLIM DEMOGRAPHICS (C-RE8-02527)"
5039:Religion and Everyday Life and Culture
4896:Robinson-Dunn, Diane (February 2003).
4870:
4864:
4843:
4815:
4765:
4636:
4634:
4328:
4319:, pp. 14-15, Greater London Authority)
4075:
3930:Hussain, Jamila (2001). "Book Review:
3089:
927:ruled over a large Muslim population.
559:and also converted to Islam (see also
500:
189:List of English words of Arabic origin
32:
6686:
6636:Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911).
5815:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5430:
4916:
4533:
4470:
4400:
3999:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
3905:Mukul Devichand (24 September 2008).
3576:
3299:, known for its architectural design.
3052:, wrote an internationally acclaimed
823:, which was translated into Latin as
101:is the second largest religion after
6758:Medieval Christian views on Muhammad
6330:"Muslims in the UK: beyond the hype"
6051:Equality and Human Rights Commission
5720:
5623:Dissanayake, Samanthi (2008-12-04).
5529:
5455:
5341:
5174:"Development of an Estates Strategy"
4998:Critical Muslim 2: The Idea of Islam
4568:
4289:Professor Nabil Matar (April 2004),
4040:
3780:Introduction to Forensic Engineering
3531:
3529:
2597:, and several industrial towns like
835:in 1708. The English translation of
604:operating from the Moroccan port of
569:became interested in the faith, and
325:(Ibn Rushd, Arabic ابن رشد). In the
303:was writing. In the Prologue to the
247:An early example is the decision of
6712:
6478:"Muslims more patriotic than Brits"
5932:from the original on 8 October 2014
5508:
5444:. University of Southern California
5310:
5289:
5249:"KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011"
4631:
4614:The Islamic World: Past and Present
4445:
4161:British Slaves on the Barbary Coast
3877:Makdisi, John A. (6 January 1999).
2912:
975:who in 1810 founded London's first
224:(774); it includes the Arabic text
13:
6839:Orientalism in early modern France
6674:explores Islamic courts in England
6144:"Ten Wealthiest Muslims In The UK"
6042:Hirst, Andy; Rinne, Sinni (2017).
5804:
4506:, Al-Rashid House for Publication.
4227:de Bruxelles, Simon (2007-02-28).
3992:Gaudiosi, Monica M. (April 1988).
3559:"Born Abroad - Countries of birth"
3460:; Jørgensen, Annette Myre (eds.),
3231:
3147:Islamophobia in the United Kingdom
3036:and other conflicts. In response,
1483:
1475:
1467:
277:, such as the 9th century work of
27:
14:
7241:
6629:
6452:"Muslim students 'more tolerant'"
6400:John Benjamins Publishing Company
6263:Muslim graves damaged in cemetery
6223:Muslims threatened after bombings
6065:"Muslim hardship under spotlight"
5493:. www.askimam.org. Archived from
5273:"KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001"
5017:MariaCaterina La Barbera (2014),
4951:"Curry house founder is honoured"
4200:. Osprey Publishing. p. 91.
3526:
3140:
3042:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
2927:The Meaning of the Glorious Koran
1151:. There are also high numbers in
485:and the trusts used to establish
429:." Makdisi also argued that the "
6609:
6591:
6560:
6528:
6495:
6469:
6444:
6416:
6385:
6349:
6321:
6293:
6256:
6237:"Islamophobia blamed for attack"
6228:
6216:
6195:
6136:
6115:
6057:
6035:
6017:
5999:
5981:
5648:Casciani, Dominic (2006-05-30).
5118:How migrants helped make the NHS
4816:Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006).
4766:Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006).
4088:: Cavendish Publishing. p.
2897:. Turks then began to come from
2855:, and newer ones have formed in
1803:English Muslims by Ethnic group
1779:and the first Muslim elected as
1717:
1382:
1293:London Borough of Waltham Forest
588:. In 1625, it was reported that
226:Muhammad is the Apostle of Allah
220:, copied from the dinars of the
6880:Nazi Germany and the Arab world
6875:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
6535:Nick Allen (24 February 2009).
6423:Vikram Dood (21 October 2006).
6300:Vikram Dood (28 January 2010).
6093:John Carvel (12 October 2004).
5965:"Indepth | London Attacks"
5957:
5913:
5889:
5862:
5777:from the original on 2011-08-02
5691:
5265:
5241:
5217:
5192:
5166:
5162:Springer Science+Business Media
5147:
5129:
5111:
5088:
5063:
5049:
5030:
5026:Springer Science+Business Media
4986:
4968:
4943:
4889:
4809:
4784:
4759:
4661:
4509:
4496:
4412:
4391:
4382:
4359:
4322:
4283:
4250:
4220:
4187:
4153:
4141:
4106:
4069:
4034:
3985:
3948:
3937:Melbourne University Law Review
3923:
3870:
3841:
3828:Frameworks: Conflict in Balance
3819:
3797:
3770:
3748:
3497:Home Affairs Committee (2011),
3191:British Social Attitudes Survey
3003:Terrorism in the United Kingdom
2616:
1763:
1423:
1227:London Borough of Tower Hamlets
584:, who sold the passengers into
493:, who had connections with the
275:Islamic geographical literature
6926:Religion in the European Union
6095:"Census shows Muslims' plight"
5954:. Abacus, London: 2013: p. 414
5765:Travis, Alan (1 August 2011).
5438:"Compendium of Muslim texts –
4692:Islam and the European Empires
4541:Journal of Religion and Health
4502:Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980),
4329:Blanks, David R., ed. (1997).
4233:Study of sails on pirate ships
4229:"Pirates who got away with it"
3735:
3683:
3664:
3646:Milliken, David (2022-11-29).
3639:
3615:
3603:
3551:
1281:Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
1083:, the National Front, and the
193:
1:
6753:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
5650:"Somalis' struggle in the UK"
5440:Volume 3, Book 48, Number 819
5225:"TS030 - Religion Edit query"
3955:El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006).
3759:Science in Islamic philosophy
3520:
3464:, John Benjamins Publishing,
3435:
2889:for work and then again when
2819:Somalis in the United Kingdom
2479:
1122:
1071:and the establishment of the
990:
950:Honourable East India Company
940:(sailors) recruited from the
675:, who had come to promote an
6743:Transmission of the Classics
6513:. 7 May 2009. Archived from
6392:Richardson, John E. (2004).
6235:Vikram Dood (13 July 2005).
5199:Esther Addley (2003-06-28).
4647:. Routledge. pp. 7–10.
4197:Piracy: the complete history
4114:"History of Islam in the UK"
3671:Gold imitation dinar of Offa
3283:
3242:
3175:prejudice. In 2006, several
3127:
2996:
2978:
2922:Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall
2749:. The Gujarati Muslims from
2549:, and some from villages of
1107:activists began a number of
915:. With the establishment of
7:
6639:"Mahommedan Religion"
5799:Home Affairs Committee 2011
5562:"Country-of-birth database"
5135:Nahid Afrose Kabir (2012),
4844:Fisher, Michael H. (2004).
4818:Counterflows to Colonialism
4724:, volume 4, pages 398-420,
4522:, p. 202, Rowman Altamira,
4263:. Oxford University Press.
3848:Lindberg, David C. (1996).
3398:Islam in the United Kingdom
3366:
3202:in the early 20th century.
3084:Parsons Green train bombing
3033:7 July 2005 London bombings
2966:
2881:Turks in the United Kingdom
2522:which included cities like
2325:– White and Black Caribbean
1251:London Borough of Redbridge
799:One Thousand and One Nights
786:Arabic fictional literature
701:with the chartering of the
655:, which featured a Moorish
385:protected by the action of
10:
7246:
6480:. Politics. Archived from
5143:Edinburgh University Press
5095:Muslim Migration to Europe
4584:. CRC Press. p. 151.
4457:Hackett Publishing Company
3965:Cambridge University Press
3705:Cambridge University Press
3235:
3144:
3110:
3017:condemned the book with a
3000:
2982:
2878:
2816:
2812:
2726:
2722:
2620:
2483:
2454:
2415:
2391:
2370:
2347:
2324:
2301:
2278:
2255:
2229:
2205:
2183:
2157:
2131:
2108:
2085:
2059:
2036:
2013:
1990:
1964:
1938:
1912:
1886:
1863:
1347:London Borough of Haringey
1000:fought for Britain during
955:Due to the majority being
810:. Another famous work was
788:were also translated into
534:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud
515:. The 16th-century writer
504:
251:, the 8th-century King of
197:
186:
182:
177:2021 United Kingdom census
6949:
6898:
6847:
6781:
6720:
6265:BBC News, 2 November 2006
5834:10.1080/01419870600665284
5822:Ethnic and Racial Studies
5816:Peach, Ceri (July 2006).
4133:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3884:North Carolina Law Review
3713:10.1017/S0041977X00061954
3506:, The Stationery Office,
3484:Columbia University Press
3383:Islam in Northern Ireland
3347:Birmingham Central Mosque
3333:Manchester Central Mosque
3221:British debate over veils
3080:2017 London Bridge attack
2643:, mainly concentrated in
2498:descent. Pakistanis from
2302:– White and Black African
2208:Gypsy and Irish Traveller
1820:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1429:Geographical distribution
1418:Islamic Centre of England
1407:Shia mosques are usually
1341:London Borough of Hackney
1317:London Borough of Enfield
395:assize of novel disseisin
377:was inspired by medieval
367:North Carolina Law Review
295:, was well known through
71:
45:—
6545:. London. Archived from
5297:"Ethnicity and identity"
4871:Ansari, Humayun (2004).
4235:. London. Archived from
3445:, London: Tauris, 1994.
3378:Islamic Party of Britain
3206:Views on Islam in London
3076:Manchester Arena bombing
2874:
1566:Yorkshire and the Humber
1387:
1329:London Borough of Camden
1311:London Borough of Ealing
1239:London Borough of Newham
948:region) to work for the
825:Philosophus Autodidactus
289:early Islamic philosophy
175:According to the latest
131:Muslim-dominated regions
6834:Islamization of Albania
6799:Anglo-Moroccan alliance
6794:Protestantism and Islam
6738:Islam in southern Italy
6649:Encyclopædia Britannica
6511:Deutsche Presse-Agentur
6476:Ian Dunt (7 May 2009).
5106:University of Minnesota
5004:Oxford University Press
4752:Encyclopædia Britannica
4726:Oxford University Press
4698:Oxford University Press
4257:Davies, Norman (1996).
4194:Konstam, Angus (2008).
3373:List of British Muslims
3212:London Evening Standard
3171:of Muslims and fueling
3054:Fatwa against terrorism
1402:
1299:London Borough of Brent
987:to the United Kingdom.
973:East India Company army
767:observational astronomy
723:Islam and Protestantism
677:Anglo-Moroccan alliance
586:slavery in North Africa
6992:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6855:Islam in the Far North
6804:Ottoman wars in Europe
5753:Lytra & Baraç 2009
5674:"Born abroad: Somalia"
5153:Timothy Peace (2015),
4746:"British Empire"
4689:David Motadel (2014),
4578:Junie T. Tong (2016).
4419:G. A. Russell (1994).
4315:June 26, 2008, at the
3430:English Defence League
3300:
3256:
3107:
2937:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2931:
2502:were one of the first
1784:
1219:
1085:British National Party
1069:Rivers of Blood speech
1018:British Prime Minister
917:Crown control in India
870:Theologus Autodidactus
855:first novel in English
751:Cambridge Universities
694:
640:The Merchant of Venice
545:
526:
339:, one of the earliest
233:
95:
6809:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
6748:Cultural transmission
6225:BBC News 12 July 2005
5299:. National Statistics
5138:Young British Muslims
4674:The Financial Express
4641:Indrajit Ray (2011).
4557:Desert island scripts
4519:Encyclopedia of Islam
4515:Cyril Glasse (2001),
3777:Randall Noon (1992).
3458:Stenström, Anna-Brita
3291:
3277:London Central Mosque
3253:London Central Mosque
3250:
3097:
2920:
2708:Abdul Latif Chowdhury
1771:
1396:which majority being
1233:Blackburn with Darwen
1181:
1175:of Northern England.
1117:Newham Youth Movement
1089:civil rights movement
1081:white power skinheads
1079:, predominantly from
909:textile manufacturing
905:Industrial Revolution
692:
634:The Battle of Alcazar
531:
521:
415:Islamic jurisprudence
332:The Canon of Medicine
207:
149:, and other parts of
81:
19:Historical Population
6885:Islam and secularism
6728:Conquest of Hispania
6365:University of Exeter
5608:confidence intervals
5518:. East London Mosque
4297:Fellowship Lecture,
3934:by Lawrence Rosen".
3932:The Justice of Islam
3743:The Canterbury Tales
3266:Finsbury Park Mosque
3153:University of Exeter
3050:University of Oxford
2416:– Other Ethnic group
843:, may have inspired
777:, to typography and
763:natural philosophers
401:", and the "English
268:Caliphate of Córdoba
109:are immigrants from
6899:Contemporary issues
6865:Islam and modernity
6819:Barbary slave trade
6573:The Daily Telegraph
6549:on 24 December 2010
6542:The Daily Telegraph
5734:on 16 December 2009
5491:"Inviting to Islam"
5075:www.telegraph.co.uk
4957:. 29 September 2005
4555:Martin Wainwright,
4483:, Lexington Books,
4299:Shakespeare's Globe
4076:Hudson, A. (2003).
3413:Religion in England
3090:Position in society
3046:Faculty of Theology
2623:British Bangladeshi
1804:
1438:
1434:English Muslims by
1337:14.1%, 9,708 (2010)
1305:City of Westminster
1105:British Bangladeshi
998:British Indian Army
985:therapeutic massage
971:, a captain of the
942:Indian subcontinent
932:Union with Scotland
816:philosophical novel
669:Elizabethan England
629:William Shakespeare
610:Sir John Pennington
592:, an island in the
576:From 1609 to 1616,
501:Early modern period
427:Henry II in England
409:" in the classical
405:" and the "Islamic
389:" and the "Islamic
20:
6829:Russo-Turkish wars
6580:on 14 January 2010
6154:on October 6, 2011
5995:. 22 January 2009.
5497:on 15 January 2009
5277:www.nomisweb.co.uk
5253:www.nomisweb.co.uk
5229:www.nomisweb.co.uk
5100:2017-07-01 at the
4677:, February 8, 2010
4667:Shombit Sengupta,
3764:2009-05-05 at the
3352:Leeds Grand Mosque
3301:
3272:Abbey Mills Mosque
3261:East London Mosque
3257:
3108:
3098:Markazi Masjid in
3072:Westminster attack
3038:Dr. Afifi al-Akiti
3024:The Satanic Verses
3015:Ayatollah Khomeini
3010:The Satanic Verses
2932:
2681:East London Mosque
2595:Greater Manchester
2486:British Pakistanis
1802:
1785:
1433:
1220:
1217: 20% and more
1095:movement, and the
1014:David Lloyd George
944:(largely from the
897:East India Company
808:English literature
739:Islamic philosophy
728:Francis Walsingham
695:
637:and Shakespeare's
580:lost 466 ships to
546:
423:Roger II in Sicily
285:Muslim scholarship
234:
228:, a line from the
153:countries such as
96:
18:
7217:
7216:
6916:Islamic terrorism
6890:Islamic democracy
6870:Islam in the USSR
6670:- anthropologist
6458:. 11 October 2006
5922:"War of the Word"
5077:. 4 February 2011
4936:978-0-521-69974-7
4857:978-81-7824-154-8
4654:978-1-136-82552-1
4624:978-0-19-516520-3
4591:978-1-317-13522-7
4340:978-977-424-388-2
4310:Muslims in London
4270:978-0-19-820171-7
4207:978-1-84603-240-0
4150:, Richard Haklyut
4080:Equity and Trusts
3837:978-0-595-31824-7
3825:Moorstein, Mark:
3815:978-0-415-96930-7
3565:. BBC. 2005-09-07
3537:"Religion (2019)"
3513:978-0-215-56114-5
3471:978-90-272-5429-0
3419:The Muslim Weekly
3388:Islam in Scotland
3314:Shah Jahan Mosque
2492:England and Wales
2477:
2476:
2279:– White and Asian
1797:England and Wales
1787:According to the
1777:British Pakistani
1761:
1760:
1115:in 1978, and the
1101:British Pakistani
977:Indian restaurant
969:Sake Dean Mahomet
901:Battle of Plassey
887:), a province of
853:, considered the
549:Captain John Ward
542:Queen Elizabeth I
447:and reasoning by
345:scientific method
343:advocates of the
297:Latin translation
222:Abbasid Caliphate
168:According to the
76:
75:
7237:
7230:Islam in England
7197:Northern Ireland
6707:
6700:
6693:
6684:
6683:
6653:
6641:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6605:on May 10, 2011.
6601:. Archived from
6595:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6373:
6367:. Archived from
6362:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6173:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6150:. Archived from
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6090:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6048:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5961:
5955:
5950:Winder, Robert.
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5813:
5802:
5796:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5762:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5708:on April 8, 2010
5707:
5701:. Archived from
5695:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5620:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5568:. Archived from
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5486:
5480:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5418:
5410:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5363:
5356:
5348:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:on April 7, 2005
5329:
5322:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5176:. Archived from
5170:
5164:
5151:
5145:
5133:
5127:
5115:
5109:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5053:
5047:
5034:
5028:
5015:
5006:
4990:
4984:
4983:, 9 January 2017
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4904:on 2 August 2012
4893:
4887:
4886:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4794:. Archived from
4788:
4782:
4781:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4748:
4737:
4728:
4712:Francis Robinson
4709:
4700:
4687:
4678:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4609:John L. Esposito
4605:
4596:
4595:
4575:
4566:
4565:, 22 March 2003.
4553:
4547:
4537:
4531:
4513:
4507:
4500:
4494:
4474:
4468:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4429:Brill Publishers
4416:
4410:
4407:
4398:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4345:
4344:
4326:
4320:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4260:Europe a History
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:on March 2, 2007
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4168:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4084:(3rd ed.).
4083:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4006:(4): 1231–1261.
3989:
3983:
3982:
3962:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3902:
3893:
3892:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3845:
3839:
3823:
3817:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3774:
3768:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3687:
3681:
3680:, British Museum
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3619:
3613:
3612:January 10, 2013
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3585:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3533:
3516:
3505:
3474:
3403:Islam by country
3268:, de-radicalised
3255:, built in 1977.
2913:White (European)
2907:Turkish Cypriots
2891:Turkish Cypriots
1805:
1801:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1439:
1432:
1257:City of Bradford
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1099:movement, young
1057:health service.
1034:mass immigration
860:Layla and Majnun
837:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
820:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
759:Bodleian Library
711:William Harborne
646:Titus Andronicus
491:Walter de Merton
393:", the "English
370:, suggests that
306:Canterbury Tales
301:Geoffrey Chaucer
279:Ahmad ibn Rustah
99:Islam in England
34:
29:
21:
17:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7117:North Macedonia
6945:
6906:Islam in Europe
6894:
6843:
6814:Barbary pirates
6777:
6716:
6714:Islam in Europe
6711:
6632:
6627:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6597:
6596:
6592:
6583:
6581:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6552:
6550:
6533:
6529:
6520:
6518:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6487:
6485:
6474:
6470:
6461:
6459:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6436:
6434:
6421:
6417:
6410:
6390:
6386:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6360:
6354:
6350:
6341:
6339:
6326:
6322:
6313:
6311:
6298:
6294:
6285:
6283:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6261:
6257:
6248:
6246:
6233:
6229:
6221:
6217:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6186:
6184:
6175:
6174:
6167:
6157:
6155:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6106:
6104:
6091:
6084:
6074:
6072:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6046:
6040:
6036:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5973:
5971:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5949:
5945:
5935:
5933:
5918:
5914:
5905:
5903:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5867:
5863:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5814:
5805:
5797:
5790:
5780:
5778:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5747:
5737:
5735:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5683:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5658:
5656:
5646:
5642:
5633:
5631:
5621:
5614:
5600:
5598:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5575:
5573:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5546:
5544:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5500:
5498:
5487:
5483:
5466:Daniel Benjamin
5462:The Next Attack
5460:
5456:
5447:
5445:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5404:
5395:
5393:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5281:
5279:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5257:
5255:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5233:
5231:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5209:
5207:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5181:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5152:
5148:
5134:
5130:
5116:
5112:
5102:Wayback Machine
5093:
5089:
5080:
5078:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5035:
5031:
5016:
5009:
4993:Ziauddin Sardar
4991:
4987:
4973:
4969:
4960:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4814:
4810:
4801:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4764:
4760:
4738:
4731:
4710:
4703:
4688:
4681:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4576:
4569:
4554:
4550:
4538:
4534:
4514:
4510:
4501:
4497:
4475:
4471:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4397:Kupperman, p.41
4396:
4392:
4388:Kupperman, p.40
4387:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4356:Kupperman, p.39
4355:
4348:
4341:
4327:
4323:
4317:Wayback Machine
4306:Mayor of London
4288:
4284:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4255:
4251:
4242:
4240:
4225:
4221:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4192:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4074:
4070:
4039:
4035:
4012:10.2307/3312162
3990:
3986:
3979:
3953:
3949:
3928:
3924:
3915:
3913:
3903:
3896:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3854:Clarendon Press
3846:
3842:
3824:
3820:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3775:
3771:
3766:Wayback Machine
3755:Ziauddin Sardar
3753:
3749:
3740:
3736:
3688:
3684:
3669:
3665:
3656:
3654:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3503:
3472:
3441:Lewis, Philip:
3438:
3425:Islam in London
3408:Islam in Europe
3369:
3338:Al-Rahma mosque
3286:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:Notable mosques
3208:
3177:British cabinet
3149:
3143:
3130:
3113:
3092:
3005:
2999:
2987:
2981:
2969:
2915:
2895:Cyprus conflict
2883:
2877:
2821:
2815:
2731:
2725:
2712:Tablighi Jamaat
2625:
2619:
2547:Attock District
2500:Mirpur District
2488:
2482:
1781:Mayor of London
1766:
1718:
1716:
1431:
1426:
1405:
1390:
1385:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1211: 10%-19.9%
1208:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187: 0.0%-0.9%
1184:
1125:
993:
963:of what is now
961:Sylhet Division
930:By the time of
850:Robinson Crusoe
594:Bristol Channel
582:Barbary pirates
561:Barbary pirates
517:Richard Hakluyt
509:
503:
495:Knights Templar
327:Pardoner's Tale
293:Islamic science
202:
196:
191:
185:
113:(in particular
12:
11:
5:
7243:
7233:
7232:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7187:United Kingdom
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7012:Czech Republic
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6953:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6941:Jihadi tourism
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6911:European Islam
6908:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6710:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6665:
6659:
6654:
6644:Chisholm, Hugh
6631:
6630:External links
6628:
6626:
6625:
6608:
6590:
6559:
6527:
6494:
6468:
6443:
6415:
6408:
6384:
6348:
6320:
6292:
6267:
6255:
6227:
6215:
6194:
6165:
6135:
6114:
6082:
6056:
6034:
6016:
5998:
5980:
5956:
5943:
5912:
5888:
5881:
5861:
5847:
5828:(4): 629–655.
5803:
5788:
5757:
5745:
5719:
5690:
5665:
5640:
5612:
5582:
5553:
5528:
5507:
5481:
5454:
5429:
5402:
5374:
5340:
5309:
5288:
5264:
5240:
5216:
5191:
5165:
5146:
5128:
5126:, 18 June 2008
5110:
5108:, 17 June 2015
5087:
5062:
5048:
5029:
5007:
4985:
4967:
4942:
4935:
4915:
4888:
4881:
4863:
4856:
4833:
4826:
4808:
4783:
4776:
4758:
4743:, ed. (1911).
4741:Chisholm, Hugh
4729:
4701:
4679:
4660:
4653:
4630:
4623:
4611:, ed. (2004).
4597:
4590:
4567:
4548:
4546:(4): 357-377 .
4532:
4508:
4495:
4469:
4451:Jon Mcginnis,
4444:
4437:
4411:
4399:
4390:
4381:
4358:
4346:
4339:
4321:
4282:
4269:
4249:
4219:
4206:
4186:
4169:
4152:
4140:
4105:
4098:
4068:
4055:10.2307/839667
4033:
3984:
3977:
3947:
3922:
3894:
3869:
3862:
3856:. p. 11.
3840:
3818:
3796:
3789:
3769:
3747:
3734:
3682:
3676:2012-09-12 at
3663:
3638:
3627:www.ons.gov.uk
3614:
3602:
3575:
3550:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3494:
3476:
3470:
3453:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3393:Islam in Wales
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3335:
3330:
3324:Markazi mosque
3321:
3311:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3244:
3241:
3236:Main article:
3233:
3230:
3225:7 July attacks
3210:A poll by the
3207:
3204:
3142:
3141:Discrimination
3139:
3129:
3126:
3112:
3109:
3091:
3088:
2998:
2995:
2983:Main article:
2980:
2977:
2968:
2965:
2914:
2911:
2879:Main article:
2876:
2873:
2827:, with 43,532
2825:United Kingdom
2814:
2811:
2803:Waltham Forest
2729:British Indian
2724:
2721:
2618:
2615:
2583:Waltham Forest
2571:West Yorkshire
2510:, arriving in
2508:United Kingdom
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1791:, 2.7 million
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:Greater London
1487:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:, Maida Vale.
1404:
1401:
1394:United Kingdom
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1124:
1121:
1097:anti-apartheid
1073:National Front
1061:British Asians
992:
989:
925:British Empire
913:spinning jenny
829:Edward Pococke
804:Arabian Nights
735:Arabic science
703:Levant Company
699:Ottoman Empire
540:ambassador to
502:
499:
487:Merton College
359:Ibn al-Haytham
354:Book of Optics
321:ابن سينا) and
195:
192:
184:
181:
92:United Kingdom
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
40:
36:
35:
30:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7242:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7082:Liechtenstein
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6696:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6672:John R. Bowen
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6618:
6612:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6563:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6531:
6517:on 2016-05-29
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6484:on 2009-12-07
6483:
6479:
6472:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6419:
6411:
6409:90-272-2699-7
6405:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6388:
6374:on 2013-05-28
6370:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6324:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6296:
6282:on 2011-11-07
6281:
6277:
6271:
6264:
6259:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6219:
6204:
6198:
6183:. 14 May 2006
6182:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6153:
6149:
6148:Islamic Times
6145:
6139:
6124:
6118:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6089:
6087:
6071:. 14 May 2006
6070:
6066:
6060:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5994:
5993:The Telegraph
5990:
5984:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5953:
5947:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5916:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5884:
5882:9780415444606
5878:
5875:. Routledge.
5874:
5873:
5865:
5857:
5851:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5800:
5795:
5793:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5749:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5630:
5626:
5619:
5617:
5609:
5597:on 2011-06-05
5596:
5592:
5586:
5572:on 2009-06-17
5571:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5543:on 2008-08-30
5542:
5538:
5532:
5517:
5511:
5496:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5477:0-8050-7941-6
5474:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5443:
5441:
5433:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5392:on 2009-01-12
5391:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5364:on 2010-09-23
5360:
5353:
5347:
5345:
5326:
5319:
5313:
5298:
5292:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5189:paragraph 4.3
5180:on 2007-09-29
5179:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5157:
5150:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5033:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5014:
5012:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4919:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4882:1-85065-685-1
4878:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4840:
4838:
4829:
4827:81-7824-154-4
4823:
4819:
4812:
4798:on 2020-10-23
4797:
4793:
4787:
4779:
4777:81-7824-154-4
4773:
4769:
4762:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4706:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4686:
4684:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4656:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4637:
4635:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4574:
4572:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4545:
4542:
4536:
4529:
4528:0-7591-0190-6
4525:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4489:0-7391-1989-3
4486:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4466:
4465:0-87220-871-0
4462:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4440:
4438:90-04-09888-7
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4406:
4404:
4394:
4385:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4295:Sam Wanamaker
4292:
4286:
4272:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4167:, 1 July 2003
4166:
4162:
4159:Rees Davies,
4156:
4149:
4144:
4136:
4130:
4115:
4109:
4101:
4099:1-85941-729-9
4095:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3988:
3980:
3978:0-521-86414-3
3974:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3951:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3926:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3863:9780198239925
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3786:
3783:. CRC Press.
3782:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3691:Bernard Lewis
3686:
3679:
3678:archive.today
3675:
3672:
3667:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3515:
3509:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3492:0-231-11015-4
3489:
3485:
3481:
3478:Matar, Nabil
3477:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3451:1-85043-861-7
3448:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3357:Medina Mosque
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3165:British media
3161:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3059:In May 2013,
3057:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:community in
2834:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:Uttar Pradesh
2740:
2736:
2730:
2720:
2717:
2714:– which is a
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2676:council flats
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:Tower Hamlets
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:Sylhet region
2634:
2630:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:West Midlands
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:– Other Mixed
2346:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2086:– Other Black
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:– Other Asian
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:Ethnic group
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:East Midlands
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:West Midlands
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1411:but cater to
1410:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1383:Denominations
1380:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1325:18.5% 80,046
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1265:29.9% 341,811
1264:
1261:
1259:30.5% 166,846
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1241:34.8% 122,146
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:39.9% 123,912
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1205: 5%-9.9%
1199: 2%-4.9%
1193: 1%-1.9%
1180:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
872:
871:
866:
862:
861:
856:
852:
851:
846:
842:
841:desert island
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
779:garden plants
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:Arabic chairs
740:
736:
731:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
691:
687:
684:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:
648:
647:
642:
641:
636:
635:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
539:
535:
530:
525:
520:
518:
514:
508:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:
450:
446:
442:
441:
436:
435:Inns of Court
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
369:
368:
362:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:, especially
286:
282:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
201:
190:
180:
178:
173:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
93:
89:
85:
80:
70:
66:
63:
60:
59:
55:
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
38:
37:
31:
26:
23:
22:
16:
7191:
6936:Islamophobia
6782:Early Modern
6647:
6611:
6603:the original
6593:
6582:. Retrieved
6578:the original
6571:
6562:
6551:. Retrieved
6547:the original
6540:
6530:
6519:. Retrieved
6515:the original
6506:
6497:
6486:. Retrieved
6482:the original
6471:
6460:. Retrieved
6455:
6446:
6435:. Retrieved
6430:The Guardian
6428:
6418:
6394:
6387:
6376:. Retrieved
6369:the original
6351:
6340:. Retrieved
6335:The Guardian
6333:
6323:
6312:. Retrieved
6307:The Guardian
6305:
6295:
6284:. Retrieved
6280:the original
6270:
6258:
6247:. Retrieved
6242:The Guardian
6240:
6230:
6218:
6206:. Retrieved
6197:
6185:. Retrieved
6180:
6158:February 27,
6156:. Retrieved
6152:the original
6147:
6138:
6126:. Retrieved
6117:
6105:. Retrieved
6100:The Guardian
6098:
6073:. Retrieved
6068:
6059:
6050:
6037:
6028:
6019:
6010:
6001:
5992:
5983:
5972:. Retrieved
5968:
5959:
5951:
5946:
5934:. Retrieved
5926:The Guardian
5925:
5915:
5904:. Retrieved
5900:
5891:
5871:
5864:
5850:
5825:
5821:
5779:. Retrieved
5771:The Guardian
5770:
5760:
5748:
5736:. Retrieved
5732:the original
5722:
5710:. Retrieved
5703:the original
5693:
5682:. Retrieved
5680:. 2005-09-07
5677:
5668:
5657:. Retrieved
5653:
5643:
5632:. Retrieved
5628:
5599:. Retrieved
5595:the original
5585:
5574:. Retrieved
5570:the original
5556:
5545:. Retrieved
5541:the original
5531:
5520:. Retrieved
5510:
5499:. Retrieved
5495:the original
5484:
5469:Steven Simon
5461:
5457:
5446:. Retrieved
5439:
5432:
5421:. Retrieved
5394:. Retrieved
5390:the original
5366:. Retrieved
5359:the original
5332:. Retrieved
5325:the original
5312:
5301:. Retrieved
5291:
5280:. Retrieved
5276:
5267:
5256:. Retrieved
5252:
5243:
5232:. Retrieved
5228:
5219:
5208:. Retrieved
5205:The Guardian
5204:
5194:
5182:. Retrieved
5178:the original
5168:
5155:
5149:
5137:
5131:
5123:The Guardian
5121:
5113:
5090:
5079:. Retrieved
5074:
5065:
5051:
5038:
5032:
5019:
4997:
4988:
4980:Daily Mirror
4978:
4970:
4959:. Retrieved
4954:
4945:
4925:
4918:
4906:. Retrieved
4902:the original
4891:
4872:
4866:
4846:
4817:
4811:
4800:. Retrieved
4796:the original
4786:
4767:
4761:
4750:
4719:
4691:
4672:
4663:
4643:
4613:
4580:
4562:The Guardian
4560:
4551:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4516:
4511:
4503:
4498:
4480:
4472:
4452:
4447:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4393:
4384:
4372:. Retrieved
4367:
4361:
4330:
4324:
4290:
4285:
4274:. Retrieved
4259:
4252:
4241:. Retrieved
4237:the original
4232:
4222:
4211:. Retrieved
4196:
4189:
4155:
4143:
4118:. Retrieved
4108:
4079:
4071:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4003:
3997:
3987:
3958:
3950:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3914:. Retrieved
3910:
3888:
3882:
3872:
3849:
3843:
3826:
3821:
3804:
3799:
3779:
3772:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3707:: 409–416 .
3700:
3694:
3685:
3666:
3655:. Retrieved
3651:
3641:
3630:. Retrieved
3626:
3617:
3605:
3593:. Retrieved
3591:. ons.gov.uk
3567:. Retrieved
3562:
3553:
3541:. Retrieved
3539:. ons.gov.uk
3499:
3479:
3461:
3442:
3417:
3305:Jamea Masjid
3293:Jamea Masjid
3209:
3200:antisemitism
3196:scapegoating
3173:Islamophobic
3162:
3150:
3135:
3131:
3122:Anwar Pervez
3118:
3114:
3069:
3058:
3030:
3023:
3008:
3006:
2988:
2970:
2933:
2925:
2924:, author of
2884:
2822:
2732:
2701:
2693:ethnic group
2673:
2626:
2617:Bangladeshis
2607:High Wycombe
2489:
1786:
1764:Ethnic group
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1715:
1424:Demographics
1406:
1391:
1378:
1371:
1352:
1349:12.6% 33,295
1343:13.3% 34,578
1335:High Wycombe
1331:16.1% 33,830
1319:18.6% 61,477
1313:18.8% 68,907
1307:20.0% 40,873
1301:21.4% 72,574
1295:21.6% 60,157
1289:23.5% 86,443
1283:24.4% 59,031
1277:26.0% 24,900
1271:29.4% 46,661
1253:31.3% 97,068
1247:32.9% 74,191
1235:35.0% 54,146
1221:
1153:High Wycombe
1126:
1077:Paki bashing
1065:Enoch Powell
1059:
1051:Enoch Powell
1031:
1010:World War II
994:
956:
954:
935:
929:
889:Mughal India
875:
868:
865:Ibn al-Nafis
858:
848:
845:Daniel Defoe
836:
833:Simon Ockley
824:
818:
803:
797:
783:
775:and medicine
732:
696:
681:
650:
644:
638:
632:
625:George Peele
618:
602:Jan Janszoon
575:
571:Henry Stubbe
565:
547:
532:Portrait of
522:
510:
482:
476:
470:
452:
438:
406:
398:
390:
365:
363:
352:
330:
304:
283:
272:
255:(one of the
246:
235:
225:
174:
167:
163:Sierra Leone
133:such as the
103:Christianity
98:
97:
84:Grand Mosque
15:
7172:Switzerland
7112:Netherlands
6860:Orientalism
6768:Reconquista
6721:Middle Ages
4477:Samar Attar
4301:Theatre]] (
3595:15 December
3181:Home Office
3169:stereotypes
3157:hate crimes
3104:Savile Town
3100:Savile Town
3026:controversy
3013:in London.
2739:West Bengal
2710:), and the
2629:Bangladeshi
2504:South Asian
2232:Other White
1915:Bangladeshi
1789:2011 census
1392:Largest in
1363:Savile Town
1109:anti-racist
1093:black power
1002:World War I
885:West Bengal
839:, set on a
771:mathematics
717:and Sultan
661:delegations
619:The Muslim
513:John Nelson
431:law schools
379:Islamic law
361:(Alhazen).
337:Roger Bacon
317:(Ibn Sina,
313:(Al-Razi),
257:Anglo-Saxon
194:Middle Ages
170:2011 census
139:Afghanistan
135:Middle East
7107:Montenegro
7092:Luxembourg
6977:Azerbaijan
6950:By country
6773:Tatar yoke
6733:Al-Andalus
6678:FaizeIslam
6584:2010-04-04
6553:2010-04-05
6521:2010-04-05
6488:2010-04-05
6462:2010-04-05
6437:2010-04-04
6378:2010-04-08
6342:2010-04-04
6314:2010-04-04
6286:2010-04-04
6249:2010-04-04
5974:2013-10-20
5906:2013-10-20
5738:3 February
5712:January 5,
5684:2009-01-25
5659:2009-01-25
5634:2009-01-25
5601:2009-10-04
5576:2009-01-25
5547:2008-07-27
5522:2008-07-26
5501:2008-08-16
5448:2008-08-16
5423:2008-09-15
5396:2008-07-27
5368:2008-06-03
5334:2004-08-01
5303:2008-07-21
5282:2022-10-18
5258:2022-10-18
5234:2022-11-29
5210:2013-10-20
5184:2009-02-25
5081:2022-12-13
5041:, page 859
5022:, page 230
5000:, page 131
4961:2008-10-09
4908:13 January
4802:2016-01-31
4694:, page 267
4455:, p. 284,
4276:2007-11-25
4243:2007-11-25
4213:2011-04-15
4120:2013-10-20
3967:. p.
3916:2008-10-05
3790:0849381029
3657:2022-11-30
3632:2022-11-30
3569:2008-02-16
3521:References
3436:Literature
3189:2010, the
3184:survey by
3145:See also:
3001:See also:
2861:Manchester
2817:See also:
2791:Gloucester
2727:See also:
2716:missionary
2665:Birmingham
2641:Bangladesh
2621:See also:
2591:Lancashire
2567:Birmingham
2532:Gujar Khan
2512:Birmingham
2484:See also:
2480:Pakistanis
1773:Sadiq Khan
1691:North East
1666:South West
1591:South East
1541:North West
1501:1,012,823
1495:1,318,754
1263:Birmingham
1173:mill towns
1169:Manchester
1141:Birmingham
1123:Demography
1047:Bangladesh
991:Modern era
965:Bangladesh
899:after the
881:Bangladesh
812:Ibn Tufail
598:Ilfracombe
567:Unitarians
505:See also:
413:school of
375:common law
357:(1021) by
198:See also:
187:See also:
115:Bangladesh
111:South Asia
7087:Lithuania
6181:Telegraph
5842:0141-9870
5479:– Page 55
5158:, page 55
4028:153149243
3729:246638865
3563:bbc.co.uk
3543:7 October
3361:Sheffield
3342:Liverpool
3284:Elsewhere
3243:In London
3128:Education
3021:in 1989.
2997:Conflicts
2979:Maghrebis
2957:Macedonia
2869:Liverpool
2865:Sheffield
2857:Leicester
2849:Liverpool
2771:Blackburn
2657:Redbridge
2496:Pakistani
2470:3,801,186
2464:2,660,116
2458:1,524,887
2062:Caribbean
2037:– African
1905:1,454,944
1899:1,017,463
1889:Pakistani
1879:2,515,133
1873:1,805,375
1867:1,125,420
1751:1,524,887
1741:2,660,116
1731:3,801,186
1355:Harehills
1287:Leicester
1165:Leicester
1157:Aylesbury
1137:Blackburn
1113:Altab Ali
1029:in 1920.
1022:Mahomedan
847:to write
719:Murad III
715:Elizabeth
467:Crusaders
445:precedent
440:Madrasahs
433:known as
264:Al-Mansur
236:Although
123:Sri Lanka
64:3,801,186
53:2,660,116
42:1,524,887
7224:Category
7202:Scotland
7157:Slovenia
7152:Slovakia
7132:Portugal
6997:Bulgaria
6763:Crusades
6456:BBC News
6433:. London
6338:. London
6310:. London
6245:. London
6103:. London
6069:BBC News
6029:The Week
6011:The Week
5969:BBC News
5930:Archived
5901:BBC News
5781:1 August
5775:Archived
5678:BBC News
5654:BBC News
5629:BBC News
5098:Archived
5045:ABC-CLIO
4995:(2012),
4955:BBC News
4714:(2001),
4313:Archived
4308:(2006),
4129:cite web
3911:BBC News
3762:Archived
3741:Chaucer
3674:Archived
3486:, 2000.
3367:See also
3328:Dewsbury
3082:and the
3065:Woolwich
2967:Nigerian
2961:Bulgaria
2949:Chechnya
2903:European
2787:Nuneaton
2767:Dewsbury
2759:Dewsbury
2697:Cultural
2685:car park
2575:Bradford
2559:Peshawar
2555:Nowshera
2540:Chhachhi
2516:Bradford
1795:live in
1651:140,649
1645:210,766
1626:148,341
1620:234,744
1607:108,725
1601:201,651
1595:309,067
1582:189,089
1576:326,050
1570:442,533
1557:204,261
1551:356,458
1545:563,105
1532:216,184
1526:376,152
1520:569,963
1507:607,083
1409:Twelvers
1374:Mohammed
1367:Dewsbury
1323:Kirklees
1171:and the
1149:Dewsbury
1129:Bradford
1043:Pakistan
753:, where
399:Istihqaq
383:contract
341:European
323:Averroes
315:Avicenna
216:of king
143:Malaysia
119:Pakistan
88:Bradford
7192:England
7182:Ukraine
7137:Romania
7102:Moldova
7062:Ireland
7057:Iceland
7052:Hungary
7042:Germany
7037:Georgia
7027:Finland
7022:Estonia
7017:Denmark
7002:Croatia
6987:Belgium
6982:Belarus
6972:Austria
6967:Armenia
6962:Andorra
6957:Albania
6646:(ed.).
6599:"Login"
6507:Haaretz
6107:17 June
6075:17 June
5801:, Ev 34
4423:Arabick
4181:"Lundy"
4020:3312162
3703:(1/3).
3652:Reuters
3309:Preston
3297:Preston
3111:Poverty
2985:Maghreb
2973:Nigeria
2953:Albania
2845:Cardiff
2841:Bristol
2829:Somalia
2813:Somalis
2807:Hackney
2783:Preston
2755:Bharuch
2735:Gujarat
2723:Indians
2543:Pathans
2524:Sialkot
2494:are of
2431:250,829
2425:109,782
2408:267,727
2402:170,300
2384:518,556
2378:280,082
2271:138,297
2265:100,383
2248:129,196
2242:129,661
2236:114,848
2134:British
2124:220,880
2118:206,982
2112:177,231
2052:370,967
2046:203,774
2029:408,320
2023:267,294
2017:104,714
2006:233,591
2000:191,522
1967:Chinese
1957:245,681
1951:195,952
1945:131,098
1931:579,117
1925:392,636
1919:254,704
1893:650,516
1840:Number
1834:Number
1828:Number
1793:Muslims
1725:England
1707:26,925
1701:46,764
1695:72,102
1682:23,465
1676:51,228
1670:80,152
1657:70,224
1632:78,931
1480:Number
1472:Number
1464:Number
1032:Muslim
981:shampoo
957:lascars
937:lascars
895:by the
893:annexed
794:English
683:Turbans
665:Morocco
657:Othello
652:Othello
614:Algiers
578:England
557:Maghreb
544:in 1600
538:Moorish
449:analogy
419:Normans
372:English
242:England
230:Shahada
212:/ gold
183:History
155:Nigeria
151:African
147:Somalia
107:Muslims
105:. Most
7177:Turkey
7167:Sweden
7147:Serbia
7142:Russia
7127:Poland
7122:Norway
7077:Latvia
7072:Kosovo
7047:Greece
7032:France
7007:Cyprus
6848:Modern
6406:
6187:22 Jul
5936:7 July
5879:
5840:
5475:
4933:
4879:
4854:
4824:
4774:
4651:
4621:
4588:
4526:
4487:
4463:
4435:
4337:
4267:
4204:
4096:
4086:London
4063:839667
4061:
4026:
4018:
3975:
3860:
3835:
3813:
3787:
3727:
3721:610392
3719:
3510:
3490:
3468:
3449:
3318:Woking
3186:Gallup
3078:, the
3074:, the
2959:, and
2945:Adyghe
2941:Kosovo
2899:Turkey
2887:Cyprus
2853:London
2837:Europe
2833:Somali
2799:Newham
2795:London
2779:Bolton
2775:Darwen
2773:(inc.
2763:Batley
2704:Salafi
2669:Oldham
2653:Newham
2645:London
2633:Muslim
2611:Oxford
2603:Slough
2587:Newham
2579:London
2536:Gujrat
2528:Jhelum
2520:Punjab
2473:100.0
2419:55,026
2387:13.64
2363:55,646
2357:31,189
2351:21,284
2317:22,365
2311:15,279
2305:10,209
2294:54,938
2288:48,636
2282:29,663
2259:62,496
2150:87,889
2144:75,008
2138:61,513
2101:30,248
2095:56,226
2040:94,665
2032:10.74
1994:88,367
1941:Indian
1934:15.24
1908:38.28
1882:66.17
1722:
1504:12.4%
1498:15.0%
1443:Region
1436:Region
1413:Zaydis
1398:Hanafi
1275:Pendle
1269:Slough
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1161:Slough
1145:London
1091:, the
1045:, and
1027:Gandhi
946:Bengal
923:, the
919:after
877:Bengal
755:Arabic
747:Oxford
478:Hawala
463:agency
411:Maliki
349:optics
319:Arabic
311:Rhazes
261:Caliph
253:Mercia
210:mancus
159:Uganda
67:+42.9%
56:+74.4%
7207:Wales
7162:Spain
7097:Malta
7067:Italy
6642:. In
6620:(PDF)
6372:(PDF)
6361:(PDF)
6208:7 May
6128:7 May
6047:(PDF)
5856:"NMF"
5706:(DOC)
5464:, By
5417:(PDF)
5362:(PDF)
5355:(PDF)
5328:(PDF)
5321:(PDF)
4374:2 May
4059:JSTOR
4024:S2CID
4016:JSTOR
3725:S2CID
3717:JSTOR
3504:(PDF)
3102:.The
3019:fatwa
2991:Moors
2875:Turks
2751:Surat
2747:Bihar
2689:ummah
2661:Luton
2599:Luton
2551:Ghazi
2545:from
2467:100.0
2461:100.0
2455:TOTAL
2434:6.60
2411:7.04
2381:10.53
2371:Other
2366:1.46
2343:0.14
2340:5,348
2334:5,279
2328:1,340
2320:0.59
2297:1.45
2274:3.64
2256:Mixed
2251:3.40
2225:0.01
2201:0.05
2198:2,012
2179:0.04
2176:1,339
2170:1,872
2160:Irish
2153:2.31
2127:5.81
2115:11.62
2109:White
2104:0.80
2089:5,604
2081:0.19
2078:7,105
2072:7,294
2066:4,445
2055:9.76
2026:10.05
2014:Black
2009:6.15
1986:0.05
1983:1,800
1977:7,802
1960:6.46
1928:14.76
1922:16.70
1902:38.25
1896:42.66
1876:67.87
1870:73.80
1864:Asian
1710:1.1%
1704:1.8%
1698:2.7%
1685:0.5%
1679:1.0%
1673:1.4%
1660:1.7%
1654:3.1%
1648:4.3%
1635:1.5%
1629:2.5%
1623:3.3%
1610:1.4%
1604:2.3%
1598:3.3%
1585:3.8%
1579:6.2%
1573:8.1%
1560:3.0%
1554:5.1%
1548:7.6%
1535:4.1%
1529:6.7%
1523:9.6%
1510:8.5%
1388:Sunni
1359:Leeds
1245:Luton
1133:Luton
1039:India
1006:Nazis
879:(now
790:Latin
707:Porte
663:from
621:Moors
590:Lundy
459:trust
454:Qiyas
407:Lafif
238:Islam
214:dinar
127:India
61:2021
50:2011
39:2001
6404:ISBN
6210:2020
6189:2011
6160:2011
6130:2020
6109:2010
6077:2010
5938:2014
5877:ISBN
5838:ISSN
5783:2011
5755:, 60
5740:2010
5714:2024
5473:ISBN
4931:ISBN
4910:2009
4877:ISBN
4852:ISBN
4822:ISBN
4772:ISBN
4649:ISBN
4619:ISBN
4586:ISBN
4524:ISBN
4517:New
4485:ISBN
4461:ISBN
4433:ISBN
4421:The
4376:2010
4335:ISBN
4265:ISBN
4202:ISBN
4135:link
4094:ISBN
3973:ISBN
3858:ISBN
3833:ISBN
3811:ISBN
3785:ISBN
3597:2012
3545:2022
3508:ISBN
3488:ISBN
3466:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3251:The
3163:The
3031:The
2863:and
2851:and
2823:The
2805:and
2793:and
2761:and
2753:and
2745:and
2667:and
2655:and
2609:and
2557:and
2534:and
2514:and
2428:4.13
2422:3.61
2405:6.40
2394:Arab
2360:1.17
2354:1.40
2337:0.20
2314:0.57
2308:0.67
2291:1.83
2285:1.95
2268:3.77
2262:4.10
2245:4.87
2239:7.53
2219:0.01
2186:Roma
2173:0.07
2167:0.05
2147:2.82
2141:4.03
2121:7.78
2098:2.11
2092:0.37
2075:0.27
2069:0.29
2049:7.66
2043:6.21
2020:6.87
2003:7.20
1997:5.79
1980:0.29
1974:0.05
1954:7.37
1948:8.60
1822:2021
1817:2011
1812:2001
1775:, a
1756:3.1%
1746:5.0%
1736:6.7%
1616:East
1458:2001
1453:2011
1448:2021
1403:Shia
1147:and
1103:and
983:and
921:1857
883:and
863:and
792:and
749:and
737:and
649:and
627:and
606:Salé
553:Kent
536:, a
483:Waqf
475:and
472:Waqf
461:and
403:jury
387:debt
291:and
249:Offa
218:Offa
161:and
145:and
125:and
82:The
28:Pop.
24:Year
5830:doi
4303:cf.
4165:BBC
4051:doi
4008:doi
4004:136
3709:doi
3359:in
3340:in
3326:in
3316:in
3307:in
3295:in
3217:Eid
3063:in
2777:),
2659:),
2639:of
2589:),
2577:),
2569:),
2331:0.1
2222:444
2216:361
2164:870
1971:735
1365:in
1357:in
1067:'s
1055:NHS
1008:in
827:by
814:'s
769:or
745:at
667:to
563:).
551:of
489:by
391:Aqd
86:of
7226::
6570:.
6539:.
6509:.
6505:.
6454:.
6427:.
6402:.
6398:.
6363:.
6332:.
6304:.
6239:.
6179:.
6168:^
6146:.
6097:.
6085:^
6067:.
6049:.
6027:.
6009:.
5991:.
5967:.
5928:.
5924:.
5899:.
5836:.
5826:29
5824:.
5820:.
5806:^
5791:^
5773:.
5769:.
5676:.
5652:.
5627:.
5615:^
5564:.
5471:,
5405:^
5377:^
5343:^
5275:.
5251:.
5227:.
5203:.
5160:,
5141:,
5120:,
5104:,
5073:.
5043:,
5024:,
5010:^
5002:,
4977:,
4953:.
4836:^
4749:.
4732:^
4718:,
4704:^
4696:,
4682:^
4671:,
4633:^
4600:^
4570:^
4559:,
4544:43
4479:,
4459:,
4431:.
4427:.
4402:^
4349:^
4293:,
4231:.
4172:^
4163:,
4131:}}
4127:{{
4092:.
4090:32
4057:.
4047:26
4045:.
4022:.
4014:.
4002:.
3996:.
3971:.
3969:16
3963:.
3942:30
3940:.
3909:.
3897:^
3889:77
3887:.
3881:.
3852:.
3757:,
3723:.
3715:.
3701:20
3699:.
3650:.
3625:.
3578:^
3561:.
3528:^
3482:,
3124:.
3086:.
3048:–
2955:,
2951:,
2947:,
2943:,
2939:,
2871:.
2859:,
2847:,
2843:,
2801:,
2789:,
2785:,
2781:,
2769:,
2741:,
2737:,
2695:.
2663:,
2651:,
2613:.
2605:,
2601:,
2585:,
2553:,
2530:,
2526:,
2392:–
2230:–
2206:–
2184:–
2158:–
2132:–
2060:–
1965:–
1939:–
1913:–
1887:–
1843:%
1837:%
1831:%
1369:.
1167:,
1163:,
1159:,
1155:,
1143:,
1139:,
1135:,
1131:,
1041:,
1016:,
1012:.
873:.
867:'
781:.
709:,
679:.
643:,
208:A
157:,
141:,
137:,
121:,
117:,
33:±%
6706:e
6699:t
6692:v
6622:.
6587:.
6556:.
6524:.
6491:.
6465:.
6440:.
6412:.
6381:.
6345:.
6317:.
6289:.
6252:.
6212:.
6191:.
6162:.
6132:.
6111:.
6079:.
6053:.
6031:.
6013:.
5977:.
5940:.
5909:.
5885:.
5858:.
5844:.
5832::
5785:.
5742:.
5716:.
5687:.
5662:.
5637:.
5610:.
5604:.
5579:.
5550:.
5525:.
5504:.
5451:.
5442:"
5426:.
5399:.
5371:.
5337:.
5306:.
5285:.
5261:.
5237:.
5213:.
5187:.
5084:.
5059:.
4964:.
4939:.
4912:.
4885:.
4860:.
4830:.
4805:.
4780:.
4657:.
4627:.
4594:.
4530:.
4491:.
4467:.
4441:.
4378:.
4343:.
4279:.
4246:.
4216:.
4183:.
4137:)
4123:.
4102:.
4065:.
4053::
4030:.
4010::
3981:.
3944:.
3919:.
3866:.
3793:.
3731:.
3711::
3660:.
3635:.
3599:.
3572:.
3547:.
3475:.
2930:.
2797:(
2647:(
2593:/
2581:(
2573:(
2565:(
1783:.
1484:%
1476:%
1468:%
802:(
451:(
232:.
94:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.