622:
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604:, did not take this defeat lightly. After executing that fortress, he made his way eastwards to confront Jalal al-Din, using his powers of organisation to send detachments out to prevent the disparate Khwarazmid factions from uniting, one of whom al-Din managed to isolate and defeat. Al-Din knew he had no chance of winning against Genghis in a pitched battle with his diminished army and after attempts to win back Ighrak and his men failed, he marched towards India. The Khan's army managed to surround al-Din's army on the banks of the
887:
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426:, killing most of the force including two brothers of Toghachar, son in law of Genghis Khan. The Mongols pursued, past Nishapur and Herat, but lost the trail before Ghazni, where al-Din found 50,000 loyalists waiting for him. After a few days, he was joined by his maternal uncle Temur Malik, who brought an additional 30,000 veterans – al-Din now had a sizeable force with which to strike back at the Mongols. Meanwhile, back in Khwarazm,
672:. The Mongol army managed to breach the wall but the city was defended successfully by the Khwarezmians; due to the hot weather, the Mongols were forced to retreat after 42 days. Peter Jackson suggests that Doqshin, having been instructed not to return unsuccessfully, eventually converted to Islam and joined al-Din. The rest of al-Din's three years in exile in India were spent in taking large parts of
350:. War between the two new neighbours was inevitable. The Khan commanded a skilled and disciplined army: the precise size of it is disputed, but most agree on around 75,000 to 200,000 soldiers. The Khwarazmshah, meanwhile, faced many problems. His empire was vast and newly formed, with a still-developing administration. In addition, his mother
414:, a city reportedly housing 90,000 soldiers, and found the city in turmoil. The city's nobility, like Terken Khatun, were not prepared to accept Jalal ad-Din as Shah, preferring the more malleable Uzlaq, and planned a coup against al-Din. Al-Din left the capital after being warned of the coup, accompanied by
580:
was fought on a rock-strewn, narrow valley which was unsuitable for the Mongol cavalry, and the
Muslims fought dismounted until the final charge led by Jalal ad-Din, who personally commanded the center, resulting in the repulsion of the Mongols. This battle made Jalal al-Din's reputation; however, he
354:
still wielded substantial power in the realm – one historian termed the relationship between the Shah and his mother as 'an uneasy diarchy', which often acted to
Muhammad's disadvantage. The Shah also distrusted most of his commanders, with the only exception being Jalal al-Din. If he had sought open
905:
He was swarthy (dark-skinned), small in stature, Turkic in "behavior" and speech, but he also spoke
Persian. As for his courage, I have mentioned it many times when describing the battles he took part in. He was a lion among lions and the most fearless among his valiant horsemen. He was mild in his
786:
in this battle, unable to exploit their victory as they had no power left to advance. The same year, his brother
Ghiyath al-Din rebelled but was defeated. Ghiyath al-Din fled to Kerman where he and his mother were killed. The revived Khwarazmshah by this time controlled Kerman, Tabriz, Isfahan and
612:
in
November 1221. The Shah escaped the battle by jumping into the river fully armed, and reaching the other shore. This act of desperation is said to have drawn the admiration of Genghis Khan, who forbade Mongols to pursue the Shah or shoot him with arrows. The Shah's surviving troops were however
935:
Though considered a successful warrior and a general, Jalal al-Din is considered a poor ruler and the loss of his re-established empire to
Mongols has been attributed to his poor diplomacy and rulership; he was seen as untrustworthy and warmongering. His enmity with many neighbors resulted in his
846:
Jalal al-Din's kingdom swiftly collapsed after his death; his nobles squabbled over territory and would be overcome easily by the
Mongols. Several thousand, however, took up service with the princes of Anatolia and Syria to escape the Mongols. They continued to be a force in Syrian politics until
765:. His dominance in the region required year-after-year campaigning. In 1226, Burak Hadjib, the governor of Kerman and al-Din's father-in-law, rebelled against him, but after al-Din marched against him he was subdued. Jalal ad-Din then had a brief victory over the Seljuqs and captured the town of
921:
was seen as unbelievable. Modern historians are also positive concerning his military talent. Carl
Sverdrup described Jalal al-Din as "brave and energetic"; while Timothy May describes him as the most stalwart enemy of the Mongols in West Asia until the time of the Mamluk Sultanate. Due to his
253:
after 1225. Jalal al-Din did not have the political ability needed to underpin his martial exploits, and he was forced to combat several large revolts and increasing pressure from Mongol forces. Eventually, he was killed in August 1231. The army he had gathered would continue to terrorize the
940:
believed that Jalal al-Din executed more cruel and irrational brutality than
Genghis Khan did. Even al-Nasawi was unable to justify the negative impact Jalal al-Din's rule and conduct of his soldiers had on his subjects. Jalal al-Din is represented as a hero valianty fighting for "Persian
307:
refused to support him as heir to the throne, and instead favored his half-brother Uzlagh-Shah, whose mother was also a
Qipchaq. Jalal al-Din first appears in historical records in 1215, when Muhammad II divided his empire among his sons, giving the southwestern part (part of the former
638:
After the battle of Indus, Jalal al-Din crossed the Indus and settled in India. A local prince, who had six thousand men attacked Jalal al-Din's makeshift forces of no more than four thousand, but al-Din still triumphed, greatly enhancing his Indian appeal. He then sought asylum in the
1000:
As with the Mongol army, there is also debate as to the size and composition of the Shah's forces. Juvaini states that 50,000 were sent to aid Otrar, and gives a total of around 400,000. Most modern historians, however, prefer figures of between 50,000 and 150,000 effective
932:. Even after defeating Jalal al-Din at the battle of Indus, Genghis khan was keen on maintaining peace with Jalal al-Din, promising not to cross the demarcation between the Mongol empire and Jalal al-Din's re-established realm after being informed of Jalal al-Din's might.
862:
claimed he was Jalal al-Din. After he was defeated, the Mongols verified that his claim was false, and he was executed. In the year 1254, a leader of a merchant group claimed he was Jalal al-Din; detained and tortured, he asserted he was truthful until his death.
355:
battle, as many of his commanders wished, he would certainly have been greatly outmatched in quantity of troops, let alone quality. The Shah thus made the decision to distribute his forces as garrison troops inside his most important towns, such as Samarkand,
827:, proposing joint operation against Jalal al-Din. Ögedei Khan sent a new army of 30,000 – 50,000 men under the command of Chormagan and the remaining Khwarazmians, whose numbers were in hundreds, were swept away by the new Mongol army, which occupied
274:
personal name are obscure. Early scholarship spelled it as Manguburti (or similar variants), whilst the most common variant today is Mangburni ("with a birthmark on the nose") or Mingirini ("valiant fighter worth one thousand men"; cf. Persian
382:
specifically to pursue the Shah; although Muhammad, accompanied by Jalal-al Din and two other sons, managed to escape, he was prevented from gathering any forces as his empire collapsed around him. Fleeing to the loyal region of
584:
Jalal al-Din had won several victories against the Mongols in 1221, and after the Battle of Parwan, independent insurgency groups emerged in multiple cities inspired by his deeds. Kushteghin Pahlawan launched a revolt in
781:
and defeated. In August 1228, a new Mongol army under the leadership of Taymas Noyan invaded the re-established kingdom. Jalal al-Din met them near Isfahan and the two armies battled. The Mongols scored a
1542:
471:
1736:
706:
572:; the numerically inferior Mongols lost 1,000 and retreated across the river, destroying the bridge. Genghis sent an army numbering between thirty and forty-five thousand under
661:, who was so infuriated Doqshin was sent out at once on the same task. Meanwhile, al-Din was quarrelling with local princes, but was mostly victorious when it came to battle.
621:
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Having gathered an army and entered Persia, Jalal ad-Din sought to re-establish the Khwarazm kingdom, but he never fully consolidated his power. In 1224, he confirmed
2073:
1943:
464:
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and the Shah, in which Jalal al-Din's military acumen had saved the Shah from a humiliating defeat. However, he could not ignore the seizure of a trade caravan in
202:; however, since he was the son of a concubine, he was challenged as successor by a younger brother, whose cause was supported by the powerful Queen Mother,
1709:
726:, and received the submission of his brother Ghiyath, who had established himself in Hamadan and Isfahan, and the province of Fars, and clashed with the
457:
1557:
581:
soon lost half of his army through infighting: the sources report a dispute over booty between Temur Malik and Ighrak, commander of the right flank.
537:
391:. Jalal al-Din would later claim that his father had appointed him as his successor on his deathbed. Meanwhile, the Mongols had occupied all of
2141:
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to pursue al-Din, whom he still regarded as a threat, in early 1222; one account has Doqshin fail to secure al-Din, and return to the Khan in
366:
However, through a combination of excellent manoeuvering and planning, the Mongols managed to carve a path of destruction through Khwarazmia.
2017:
1059:
241:, and fled across the river. Now essentially a warlord, Jalal al-Din managed to establish a succession of short-lived states: first in the
964:
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351:
326:
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207:
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680:; he returned to Persia at the behest of his brother Ghiyath al-Din Pirshah, who still controlled parts of Persia, in late 1223.
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in Khuzestan, from whom he captured parts of Western Iran. The next year, he dethroned the Uzbek Muzaffar al-Din, ruler of the
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Some pretenders to the name of Jalal al-Din arose after his death. In 1236, the founder and the leader of an insurgency in
945:(died 1283), who, however, was in reality aware that Jalal al-Din was fighting for his own survival and selfish motives.
751:
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which was under siege by a Mongol army and defeated them after a two-day battle. In autumn 1221, he then moved north to
2134:
2074:"Juvaini's Account of Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and the Crossing of the Indus: Historiographical and Pictorial Aspects"
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reputation for resisting the Mongols, Jalal al-Din is commonly depicted on artwork resembling that of the Persian epic
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1933:
1877:
1440:
1415:
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898:
198:, the wealthy capital of the Khwarazmid homeland. An able general, he served as second-in-command to his father in
217:
The new Shah Jalal al-Din moved to Gurganj, but departed eastwards after Terken Khatun moved against him; evading
363:. Meanwhile, the Shah raised taxes to raise a field army, with whom he would harass the besieging Mongol forces.
651:; he did however give one of his daughters to al-Din as a peace offering. The Khan sent Dorbei Doqshin with two
299:
origin, whose name was Ay-Chichek. Due to the low status of Jalal al-Din's mother, his powerful grandmother and
597:
also rebelled. These revolts would be crushed by the Mongols, and many atrocities perpetuated as retribution.
2127:
1737:"Hormatly Prezidentimiz Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Türkmen bedewiniň baýramyna bagyşlanan dabaralara gatnaşdy"
335:
2265:
1847:
Cahen, Claude (1971). "ʿAbdallaṭīf al-Baghdādī et les Khwārizmiens". In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (ed.).
757:
Jalal ad-Din spent the rest of his days struggling against the Mongols, pretenders to the throne and the
1947:
1526:
Irwin, Robert (1999). "Islam and the Mediterranean: The rise of the Mamluks". In Abulafia, David (ed.).
1022:
495:
1617:
Shikhab an-Nasawi. Sirat as-sultan Jalal al-Din Mankburni (Biography of sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu)
971:. A sculpture of him by Saragt Babaýew won a national competition in 2015, receiving a prize from the
1887:
1465:
976:
972:
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Jalal al-Din was considered by many to be a fearless commander and a great warrior. His biographer,
233:, but soon lost a good portion of his army in a dispute over spoils. He was defeated by a vengeful
917:
notes that Jalal al-Din was known as a bellicose warrior and Jalal al-Din's passiveness after the
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1027:
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described al-Din as "endowed with great heroism, valour and high talents and accomplishments".
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from one of the lieutenants of Jalal ad-Din, sacked it, then proceeded to besiege the larger
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Jalal al-Din, who had just married Temur Malik's daughter to solidify ties, marched towards
90:
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525:
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1468:(1990). "Jalāl Al-Dīn, the Mongols, and the Khwarazmian Conquest of the Panjāb and Sind".
8:
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1604:(in Turkish). Ankara: Publications of the Ministry of Culture. pp. 81–83, 85–91.
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Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander The Great to the Fall of The Taliban
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2022:
1710:"New Turkish series about Sultan Jalaluddin Khwarazmshah to release in Uzbekistan"
960:
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914:
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783:
743:
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1974:
1619:(in Russian). Vostochnaya Literatura, Russian Academy of Sciences. p. 288.
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their destruction in 1246. His daughter, Turkan, would grow up in the court of
419:
1956:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIV/4: Jade III–Jamalzadeh, Mohammad-Ali II. Work
848:
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374:, as was Samarkand. Genghis Khan then sent an army under his elite generals
214:, Jalal-al Din gained the loyalty of the majority of Khwarazmian loyalists.
1677:]. Translated by Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas. Moscow: Nauka.
1289:
773:. In 1227, after the death of Genghis Khan, a new Mongol army commanded by
573:
549:
331:
259:
234:
226:
179:
56:
1928:. Translated by Boyle, J. A. (3rd ed.). Mancherter University Press.
1647:
The Mongol Conquests The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and Sübe'etei
1244:]. Translated by Mustafayev, Shahin; Welsford, Thomas. Moscow: Nauka.
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and ousted the Mongol administration; he then made a successful attack on
1808:
1530:. Vol. 5: c. 1198 – c.1300. Cambridge University Press. p. 611.
852:
719:
715:
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415:
404:
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149:
819:, the Mongols learned that Jalal ad-Din had recently been defeated; the
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temper though, did not get easily provoked and never used bad language.
859:
796:
731:
1501:"Mongol Empire: Chormaquan and the Mongol Conquest of the Middle East"
688:
2177:
1958:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 404–405.
1095:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
924:
839:
who claimed that he was avenging his brother, who had been killed in
774:
693:
658:
644:
1675:
A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097–1231
1242:
A History of the Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids, 1097–1231
1830:
A History of The Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids 1097–1231
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again in 1229. However, he was defeated in this campaign by Sultan
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770:
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Sverdrup, Carl (2013). "Sübe'etei Ba'atur, Anonymous Strategist".
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denied this to him because of al-Din's poor relationship with the
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Jalal al-Din was reportedly the eldest son of the Khwarazmshah
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222:
1892:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
2169:
840:
792:
594:
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Jalal al-Din was the subject of the Uzbek-Turkish TV series
1678:
1124:"Description of life of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu. Chapter 38"
836:
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were allegedly put to death for not renouncing Christianity
586:
375:
356:
210:
led to his father's flight and death on an island in the
1850:
Iran and Islam: In Memory of the Late Vladimir Minorsky
928:, where he is associated with the mythological warrior
941:
independence" by the Iranian bureaucrat and historian
777:
was sent to invade al Din's lands; they were met near
625:
Coinage of Jalal al-Din Mangubarni. AR Double Dirham.
1192:
May, Timothy (2018). "The Mongols outside Mongolia".
422:, he attacked the garrison of a Mongol detachment at
276:
1870:
The Empire of The Steppes: A History of Central Asia
1671:
Gosudarstvo Khorezmshakhov-Anushteginidov: 1097–1231
1238:
Gosudarstvo Khorezmshakhov-Anushteginidov: 1097–1231
1690:
1164:
Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy
2016:
1998:Genghis Khan His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy
1973:Lane, George E. (2012). "The Mongols in Iran". In
479:
445:
835:mountains and there in August he was killed by a
664:Under Doqshin's leadership, the Mongol army took
2232:
1853:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 149–166.
936:isolation against the Mongol army of Chormaqan.
613:slaughtered, along with his harem and children.
544:: Jalal al-Din Khwarazm-Shah crossing the rapid
320:
27:Shah of the Khwarazmian Empire from 1220 to 1231
1476:. British Institute of Persian Studies: 45–54.
1328:] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Translated by
225:. He managed to inflict an excellent defeat on
1581:
1196:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 58–61.
387:, the Shah died destitute on an island in the
2135:
738:on 25 July 1225. That same year, he attacked
465:
346:and subsequent execution of Mongol envoys in
173:
1779:
855:, who married her to the governor of Mosul.
710:manuscript created in Shiraz, Iran, in 1438.
1981:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
1793:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press.
1634:. Translated by Raverty, H. G. p. 285.
1433:Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection
1343:Golden, Peter (2009). "Inner Asia c.1200".
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1128:Vostochnaya Literatura (Eastern Literature)
1091:
221:patrols, he gathered a substantial army at
2142:
2128:
1926:Genghis Khan History of the World Conqurer
1788:
1784:(third ed.). Messers, Luzac & Co.
1311:
1275:
1273:
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750:, after which a hundred thousand citizens
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1305:
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1183:
734:, and set himself up in their capital of
442:had all been taken by the Mongol forces.
327:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
208:Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
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1867:
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1375:
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1218:
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1023:"Jalāl-Al-Din Kwārazmšāh (I) Mengübirni"
885:
870:
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687:
620:
536:
1923:
1886:
1540:
1464:
1401:
1399:
1258:
1092:Mikaberidze, Alexander (22 July 2011).
878:of Jalal ad-Din, citing Abbasid caliph
564:and attacked a besieging army north of
295:), while his mother was a concubine of
14:
2233:
2045:
1995:
1979:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
1924:Juvaini, Ala-ad-Din Ata-Malik (1997).
1807:
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1782:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1761:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
1602:Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah and his era
1525:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1284:(2nd ed.). Gibb Memorial Trust.
1282:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1142:
1121:
1112:
948:
890:Equestrian statue of Jalal ad-Din in
683:
453:
2014:
1972:
1696:
1396:
1057:
965:Uzbek Ministry of Culture and Sports
1629:
1435:. St. Martin's Press. p. 181.
1430:
1345:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
1191:
1042:
803:in 1230, from whence he escaped to
315:
174:
165:
24:
2065:
1813:A Historical Atlas of Central Asia
1649:. West Midlands: Helion & Co.
1638:
1623:
1528:The New Cambridge Medieval History
1488:
831:. Jalal ad-Din took refuge in the
616:
186:. The eldest son and successor of
25:
2277:
2149:
194:, Jalal al-Din was brought up at
66:1220 – August 1231
2102:Sultan of the Khwarezmian Empire
2025:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
899:Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi
407:during the latter half of 1220.
270:The spelling and meaning of his
262:until its final defeat in 1246.
1773:
1729:
1702:
1663:
1608:
1575:
1534:
1519:
1424:
1369:
1072:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32712
994:
446:Battles at Parwan and the Indus
290:
245:from 1222 to 1224, and then in
50:coin commemorating Jalal al-Din
2246:13th-century murdered monarchs
2033:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1584:Sîret-i Celâleddîn-i Mingburnî
1384:(1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 37.
1326:History of the World Conqueror
1085:
1015:
742:, defeating its forces in the
483:Battles involving Jalal ad-Din
418:and 300 cavalry. Crossing the
13:
1:
2256:13th-century monarchs in Asia
1791:The Cambridge History of Iran
982:
791:. Jalal ad-Din moved against
321:Mongol invasion and accession
1872:. Rutgers University Press.
1582:Khorandezî Zeydârî, Nasawî.
1410:. Rutgers University Press.
1390:10.13173/jasiahist.47.1.0033
1353:10.1017/CBO9781139056045.004
1347:. The Chinggisid Age: 9–25.
1008:
901:, described him as follows:
7:
2223:usurpers or rival claimants
1543:"Les Mongols et la Papauté"
338:between the Mongol general
277:
10:
2282:
2072:Melville, Charles (2021).
1789:Boyle, J. A., ed. (1968).
1669:Buniyatov, Z. M. (2015) .
1550:Revue de l'Orient Chrétien
1280:Barthold, Vasily (1968) .
1236:Buniyatov, Z. M. (2015) .
963:in collaboration with the
882:623–628 AH (1226–1231 AD).
576:to confront the Shah. The
324:
206:. Nevertheless, after the
2221:
2157:
2108:
2099:
2091:
1948:"Jalāl-al-Din Mengübirni"
1894:. Yale University Press.
1828:Buniyatov, Z. M. (2015).
1630:Juzjani, Minhaj-i Siraj.
1615:Buniyatov, Z. M. (1996).
1408:The Empire of the Steppes
1098:. ABC-CLIO. p. 441.
977:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
973:president of Turkmenistan
967:, where he was played by
491:
170:Jalal al-Din Khwarazmshah
145:
137:
127:
115:
96:
84:
74:
70:
62:
55:
39:
34:
2046:Tanner, Stephen (2002).
2018:"Jalāl al-Dīn Mangburnī"
1378:Journal of Asian History
1320:
1060:"Jalāl al-Dīn Mangburnī"
987:
821:Nizari Ismaili Assassins
810:
608:and crushed them in the
1868:Grousset, Rene (2005).
1645:Sverdrup, Carl (2017).
1586:. Tehran. p. 1344.
1406:Grousset, Rene (1991).
1212:10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11
548:on horseback, escaping
2031:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1996:Mclynn, Frank (2015).
1743:(in tm). 24 April 2015
1715:The News International
1600:Taneri, Aydin (1977).
1556:: 3–30. Archived from
1162:Mclynn, Frank (2015).
1064:Encyclopaedia of Islam
908:
894:
883:
711:
630:
553:
286:Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
188:Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
158:Jalal al-Din Mangburni
35:Jalal al-Din Mangburni
18:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
2015:Paul, Jürgen (2017).
1917:registration required
1058:Paul, Jürgen (2017).
903:
889:
874:
867:Legacy and assessment
815:Through the ruler of
691:
624:
540:
410:Jalal ad-Din rode to
334:had chosen to ignore
166:جلال الدین مِنکُبِرنی
1910:10.3366/j.ctt1n2tvq0
1780:Barthold W. (1968).
1563:on 22 September 2020
1541:Pelliot, P. (1923).
1318:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
1028:Encyclopædia Iranica
956:Mendirman Jaloliddin
919:Battle of Yassıçemen
880:Al-Mustansir Bi'llah
801:Battle of Yassıçemen
707:Tarikh-i Jahangushay
552:and the Mongol army.
175:جلال الدین خوارزمشاه
1944:Bosworth, C. Edmund
1832:. IICAS Samarkand.
1741:turkmenistan.gov.tm
769:in Turkey from the
696:(left) against the
634:Indian subcontinent
542:Battle of the Indus
312:) to Jalal al-Din.
266:Name and early life
239:Battle of the Indus
200:at least one battle
2266:Anushtegin dynasty
2021:. In Fleet, Kate;
1431:Man, John (2004).
1330:Andrew Boyle, John
1313:Juvaini, Ata-Malik
949:Cultural influence
895:
884:
712:
704:in 1227. From the
684:Persia and Georgia
641:Sultanate of Delhi
631:
600:Genghis Khan, now
554:
395:, and had invaded
192:Khwarazmian Empire
184:Anushtegin dynasty
122:Anushtegin dynasty
91:Silvan, Diyarbakır
2228:
2227:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2118:
2117:
2109:Succeeded by
2007:978-0-306-82396-1
1988:978-0-19-987575-7
1965:978-1-934283-04-2
1901:978-0-300-22728-4
1860:978-0-85224-200-1
1839:978-9943-357-21-1
1800:978-0-521-06936-6
1684:978-9943-357-21-1
1656:978-1-910777-71-8
1362:978-1-139-05604-5
1251:978-9943-357-21-1
1203:978-0-7486-4237-3
1194:The Mongol Empire
1173:978-0-306-82396-1
1166:. Da Capo Press.
1105:978-1-59884-337-8
943:Ata-Malik Juvayni
823:sent a letter to
702:battle of Bolnisi
570:Battle of Waliyan
534:
533:
372:Bukhara was taken
258:as the mercenary
168:), also known as
155:
154:
16:(Redirected from
2273:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2092:Preceded by
2089:
2088:
2085:
2061:
2042:
2020:
2011:
1992:
1969:
1952:Yarshater, Ehsan
1939:
1920:
1913:
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1824:
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1785:
1767:
1766:
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1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1632:Tabakat-i Nasiri
1627:
1621:
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1612:
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1078:
1055:
1040:
1039:
1037:
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1019:
1002:
998:
746:, and conquered
728:Caliph An Nasser
578:Battle of Parwan
486:
484:
474:
467:
460:
451:
450:
316:Mongol campaigns
294:
293: 1200–1220
292:
280:
231:Battle of Parwan
178:), was the last
177:
176:
167:
103:Qutlubika Khatun
44:
32:
31:
21:
2281:
2280:
2276:
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2272:
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2229:
2224:
2217:
2153:
2148:
2114:
2112:Mongol conquest
2105:
2097:
2068:
2066:Further reading
2058:
2027:Rowson, Everett
2008:
1989:
1975:Daryaee, Touraj
1966:
1936:
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995:
990:
985:
951:
915:Yaqut al-Hamawi
869:
813:
784:pyrrhic victory
744:battle of Garni
718:, ruler of the
700:(right) in the
686:
649:Abbasid caliphs
636:
619:
617:Later campaigns
535:
530:
487:
482:
480:
478:
448:
329:
323:
318:
289:
268:
111:
89:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2199:
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2110:
2107:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2043:
2023:Krämer, Gudrun
2012:
2006:
1993:
1987:
1970:
1964:
1940:
1934:
1921:
1900:
1888:Jackson, Peter
1884:
1878:
1865:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1825:
1805:
1799:
1786:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1728:
1701:
1699:, p. 251.
1689:
1683:
1662:
1655:
1637:
1622:
1607:
1589:
1574:
1533:
1518:
1507:. 12 June 2006
1487:
1466:Jackson, Peter
1448:
1441:
1423:
1416:
1395:
1368:
1361:
1335:
1321:تاریخ جهانگشای
1295:
1257:
1250:
1217:
1202:
1179:
1172:
1141:
1111:
1104:
1084:
1041:
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1003:
992:
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989:
986:
984:
981:
950:
947:
938:Vasily Bartold
868:
865:
812:
809:
685:
682:
635:
632:
618:
615:
610:ensuing battle
532:
531:
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
489:
488:
477:
476:
469:
462:
454:
447:
444:
420:Karakum Desert
325:Main article:
322:
319:
317:
314:
267:
264:
247:northwest Iran
153:
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2203:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:(1127/8–1156)
2171:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:Khwarazmshahs
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2057:0-306-81233-9
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1935:0-7190-5144-4
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1889:
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1881:
1879:0-8135-0627-1
1875:
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1453:
1444:
1442:0-312-31444-2
1438:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1417:0-8135-1304-9
1413:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
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1364:
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1199:
1195:
1188:
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1116:
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1088:
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1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1014:
997:
993:
980:
978:
974:
970:
969:Emre Kıvılcım
966:
962:
961:Mehmet Bozdağ
959:, created by
958:
957:
946:
944:
939:
933:
931:
927:
926:
920:
916:
912:
907:
902:
900:
893:
888:
881:
877:
873:
864:
861:
856:
854:
850:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:Northern Iran
826:
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
708:
703:
699:
695:
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681:
679:
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671:
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582:
579:
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377:
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369:
364:
362:
358:
353:
352:Terken Khatun
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
313:
311:
310:Ghurid Empire
306:
305:Terken Khatun
302:
298:
287:
282:
279:
273:
263:
261:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
204:Terken Khatun
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
171:
163:
159:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
118:
114:
108:
107:Sulafa Khatun
105:
102:
101:
99:
95:
92:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2209:
2100:
2081:
2077:
2047:
2030:
1997:
1978:
1955:
1925:
1891:
1869:
1849:
1829:
1812:
1809:Bregel, Yuri
1790:
1781:
1774:Bibliography
1747:12 September
1745:. Retrieved
1740:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:
1692:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1583:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1558:the original
1553:
1549:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1504:
1473:
1469:
1432:
1426:
1407:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1344:
1338:
1325:
1317:
1281:
1241:
1237:
1193:
1163:
1132:. Retrieved
1130:(in Russian)
1127:
1094:
1087:
1075:. Retrieved
1063:
1032:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
996:
954:
952:
934:
923:
909:
904:
896:
857:
845:
814:
756:
716:Burak Hadjib
713:
705:
698:Khwarezmians
663:
652:
637:
599:
583:
574:Shigi Qutuqu
555:
550:Genghis Khan
409:
365:
332:Genghis Khan
330:
283:
269:
260:Khwarazmiyya
235:Genghis Khan
227:Shigi Qutuqu
216:
180:Khwarazmshah
169:
157:
156:
57:Khwarazmshah
29:
2251:1199 births
2241:1231 deaths
2213:(1220–1231)
2205:(1200–1220)
2202:Muhammad II
2197:(1172–1193)
2194:Sultan-Shah
2189:(1172–1200)
2181:(1156–1172)
2165:(1097–1127)
2095:Muhammad II
2050:. Da Capo.
2000:. Da Capo.
1315:(c. 1260).
1122:An-Nasawi.
853:Hulagu Khan
849:Ögedei Khan
825:Ögedei Khan
720:Qara Khitai
606:River Indus
546:Indus River
416:Timur Malik
405:Gharchistan
397:Tocharistan
393:Transoxania
389:Caspian Sea
212:Caspian Sea
150:Sunni Islam
132:Muhammad II
88:August 1231
2235:Categories
2210:Manguberdi
2162:Muhammad I
2106:1220–1231
2078:Iran Namag
1511:5 February
1505:HistoryNet
1134:2 November
1077:8 February
983:References
860:Mazandaran
805:Diyarbakır
797:Kayqubad I
732:Eldiguzids
602:at Bamiyan
526:Yasi Cemen
370:fell, and
336:a skirmish
141:Ay-Chichek
2178:Il-Arslan
2039:1873-9830
1821:938109618
1815:. Brill.
1697:Lane 2012
1066:. Brill.
1034:28 August
1009:Citations
1001:soldiers.
925:Shahnameh
851:and then
775:Chormagan
694:Georgians
659:Samarkand
645:Iltutmish
303:princess
278:hazarmard
2029:(eds.).
1946:(2008).
1890:(2017).
1811:(2003).
1757:cite web
1567:21 March
779:Dameghan
771:Ayyubids
676:and the
627:Qara Nay
593:, while
566:Charikar
558:Kandahar
440:Nishapur
385:Khorasan
361:Nishapur
146:Religion
2261:Sultans
1977:(ed.).
1954:(ed.).
1721:7 April
1482:4299834
1290:4523164
911:Juzjani
892:Urgench
799:at the
759:Seljuqs
748:Tbilisi
740:Georgia
666:Nandana
591:Bukhara
568:in the
521:Bolnisi
501:Waliyan
428:Gurganj
412:Gurganj
380:Subutai
348:Gurganj
301:Kipchak
297:Turkmen
251:Georgia
237:at the
229:at the
196:Gurganj
190:of the
182:of the
162:Persian
117:Dynasty
79:Gurganj
48:25 soʻm
2186:Tekish
2084:(3–4).
2054:
2037:
2004:
1985:
1962:
1932:
1908:
1898:
1876:
1857:
1836:
1819:
1797:
1681:
1673:[
1653:
1480:
1439:
1414:
1388:
1359:
1288:
1248:
1210:
1200:
1170:
1102:
930:Rostam
876:Dirham
833:Silvan
817:Alamut
767:Akhlat
736:Tabriz
724:Kerman
678:Punjab
674:Lahore
670:Multan
654:tumens
562:Parwan
506:Parwan
496:Irghiz
438:, and
401:Guzgan
272:Turkic
256:Levant
243:Punjab
223:Ghazni
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