Jedwabne pogrom - Knowledge

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escorted them to the execution site in the barn, while some robbed Jewish homes or simply formed a hostile crowd of onlookers. The witnesses were fairly unanimous in assigning the role of pogrom organizers to members of the temporary municipal authorities, with Mayor Karolak at the head. Probably a significant part of the massacre was performed by members of the order service subordinated to them, of which, however, we know very little."Far less clear is the role played in Jedwabne by representatives of the German occupation authorities. Undoubtedly, they fully approved and possibly inspired the murder. According to testimony of the then-messenger at the gendarmerie post, Jerzy Laudański, before the pogrom 'four or five Gestapo men had arrived in a cab, and they began to talk in the town hall.' In colloquial Polish, a 'cab' (

61: 1193: 1310: 1574: 2459:. "The plan was reportedly prepared or elaborated at the meeting between Gestapo officers and the town's administration (most sources date this July 10). On the morning of July 10, members of the administration, usually with German gendarmes, visited Polish residents. They ordered a number of men to gather at a designated location, where sticks and clubs (which someone had to have stockpiled earlier) were distributed. Polish conscripts were given specific assignments, such as driving the Jews to the market square, keeping watch over those assembled, guarding the streets leading out of town, and later escorting the Jews from the square to the barn outside town." 824: 1297:..." Hackmann emphasizes the "symbolic meaning of Jedwabne for the Polish debate on World War II", quoting Joanna Michlic: "Jedwabne on the one hand, "has become the key symbol of the counter-memory of the old, hegemonic, biased narratives of the Holocaust"... On the other hand, Jedwabne has been regarded by the critics of Jan Gross as embodiment of "'all the lies voiced against the Polish nation,' and is understood as the 'central attack' on Polishness, Polish values and traditions, and Polish identity."" He summarizes that "in this context, Jedwabne has been repeatedly addressed as core feature of a "pedagogy of disgrace" ( 1604: 1595: 1586: 1162: 1009:(1980), written by Jedwabne residents who had moved to the United States; and interviews from the 1990s conducted by Gross and a filmmaker. While several Polish historians praised Gross for having drawn attention to the pogrom, others criticized him for relying too heavily on witness accounts, which they argued were not reliable, and—where conflicting accounts existed—for choosing those that showed the Poles in the worst possible light. He was also criticized for having failed to examine the pogrom within the context of German actions during the early stages of 488:(Soviet secret police) documents about Jedwabne and the surrounding area, "few Jews were involved as agents and informers, fewer in fact than Poles", Cienciala writes. Some younger Jews did accept roles within the lower ranks of Soviet administration and militia, for "they believed in the Communist slogans of equality and social justice, while also welcoming the chance to become upwardly mobile." Nevertheless, what stuck in Poles' minds was "the image of Jews welcoming the Soviets", and the collaboration of some communist Jews with the NKVD. 3127: 3492: 1109:

the barn or were present there. The IPN found that the "Polish population" had played a "decisive role in the execution of the criminal plan". The IPN wrote: "On the basis of the evidence gathered in the investigation, it is not possible to determine the reasons for the passive behavior of the majority of the town's population in the face of the crime. In particular, it cannot be determined whether this passivity resulted from acceptance of the crime or from intimidation caused by the brutality of the perpetrators' acts."

3152: 3003: 2746: 2382: 2683: 2195: 1728:"Osobnym problemem są mieszkańcy miasteczka wymieniani podczas zeznań składanych na ręce funkcjonariuszy Urzędu Bezpieczeństwa. A to z tego powodu, że zeznania te, właśnie w tym punkcie, były gremialnie odwoływane na sali sądowej jako wymuszone torturami." English: "A separate problem concerns the townsmen who had been named during the interrogations conducted by the Security Office functionaries. That is because, on this point, the statements were all retracted in court as having been obtained through torture." 1077:

Polish archives in Warsaw, Białystok and Łomża, in German archives, and at Yad Vashem in Israel. During a visit to New York in January 2001, Leon Kieres, President of the IPN, said the IPN had found enough evidence to confirm that a group of Poles had been the perpetrators. In June 2001, the IPN said ammunition shells recovered from the site were German, prompting speculation that German soldiers had fired at Jews fleeing the barn, but the IPN later found that the shells were from a different historical period.

574:. Heydrich issued orders on 29 June and 2 July 1941 applying to newly-captured Polish territory previously controlled by the Soviets. These were for German forces to support "self-cleansing actions" by local anti-Semitic activists and anti-communists against people alleged to have collaborated with the Soviet occupation — Polish communists and Jews. Instigation of massacres in the newly-conquered region were a part of the German extermination operation, and documents show a pattern of similarity between them. 1094:

barn was set on fire. The second group consisted of about 300 people of "both sexes of various ages, including children and infants". The second group was "led into a wooden, thatched barn owned by Bronisław Śleszyński. After the building had been closed, it was doused, probably with kerosene from the former Soviet warehouse." The exact number of victims could not be determined. The previously estimated figure of 1,600 "seems highly unlikely, and was not confirmed in the course of the investigation".

1518:, "Chodakiewicz is able to present his recreation of the crime. It was well preplanned, initiated by the Germans, and utterly lacked any pogrom-like spontaneity." Chodakiewicz's good arguments, Wróbel wrote, are "overshadowed by numerous flaws", lack a sense of proportion, and make selective use of information from sources that support Chodakiewicz's view. According to Wróbel, the book has a "visible political agenda" and is "difficult to read, unoriginal, irritating, and unconvincing". 1901:, p. 900, "Some set the number of victims at 2,000, including 230 Wizna Jews, and others at 1,400, including refugees from Wizna and Radziłów. Until recently, the most widely accepted death toll was 1,600, likely drawn from the testimony of Szmul Wasersztejn. However, the Soviet population figures and an incomplete and controversial forensic investigation in 2002, which estimated 300 to 400 people perished in the barn, have led some to argue the fire claimed fewer lives". 11603: 362: 1830:, pp. 76–78 "There was an outpost of German gendarmerie in Jedwabne, staffed by eleven men. We can also infer from various sources that a group of Gestapo men arrived in town by taxi either on that day or the previous one." "At the time the undisputed bosses of life and death in Jedwabne were the Germans. No sustained organized activity could take place there without their consent. They were the only ones who could decide the fate of the Jews." 998:

account that they had been killed by Germans. Political scientist Michael Shafir writes that the pogrom had been "subjected to confinement in the Communist 'black hole of history'". While Gross recognized that no "sustained organizing activity" could have taken place without the Germans' consent, he concluded that the massacre had been carried out entirely by Poles from Jedwabne and the surrounding area, and that the Germans had not coerced them.

965: 782: 10433: 1547:. Chodakiewicz's and Stachura's conclusions were "very far from those reached by most historians", they wrote, including the IPN. Chodakiewicz and Stachura "uphold a view of the Polish past which seeks to return to an untenable vision of modern Poland as solely victim and hero ... It is a matter of considerable regret to us that you have allowed your journal to be used to advance this neo-nationalist agenda." 10445: 4809: 1839:"All these acts had four elements in common: antisemitism prevalent in a significant part of the Polish population; looting Jewish property as one of the main motives for aggression; seeking retribution for real or imaginary Jewish cooperation with the Soviet occupant; German incitement – varying in different places, from direct organisation of pogroms to giving encouragement or condoning the behavior." 1705:: "On July 10, 1941, Polish residents of Jedwabne, a small town located in Bialystok District of first Soviet-occupied and then German-occupied Poland, participated in the murder of hundreds of their Jewish neighbors. Although responsibility for instigating this 'pogrom' has not been fully established, scholars have documented at least a German police presence in the town at the time of the killings." 1285:'s ideological position, Jedwabne and other events that cast a negative light on Polish national identity must be revisited and retold for both Poles and the West. In their eyes, Jedwabne is a key sign of 'all the lies voiced against the Polish nation,' and is understood as the 'central attack' on Polishness, Polish values and traditions, and Polish identity (understood in an ethnic sense)." 1229:

Murdered and Burned Alive on This Spot on July 10, 1941." The memorial stone is surrounded by a series of stone blocks that mark the site of the barn. In August 2001 Jedwabne mayor Krzysztof Godlewski, a pioneer for the commemoration of the massacre, resigned in protest at the local council's refusal to fund a new road to the site. He received the

801:, Awigdor Białostocki, and the kosher butcher, Mendel Nornberg, led the procession. According to an eyewitness, Szmuel Wasersztajn, the group was taken to the barn, where they were made to dig a pit and throw the statue in. They were then killed and buried in the same pit. Polish government investigators found this grave during a 1093:

On 9 July 2002 the IPN issued a press release on the findings of its two-year investigation, signed by the chief prosecutor, Radosław J. Ignatiew. The IPN found that at least 340 Jews had been killed in the pogrom, in two groups. The first group consisted of 40 to 50 men, who were murdered before the

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The Polish government had to compromise and agree that only the top layer and small fragments would be examined; large pieces of bone would not be moved. The exhumation reportedly ended, according to Haglund, "with some of the non-Jewish Polish investigators weeping in frustration as they watched one

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and Aleksander Wyrzykowski, on the couple's farm, from November 1942 to January 1945. Despite a very "aggressive attitude from Polish neighbours" and inspections by German personnel, the Wyrzykowskis managed to hide the group until the Red Army liberated Janczewko from the German occupiers in January

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and his successors. Prewar Polish-Jewish relations in the town were relatively good before 1939. At their most tense, when a Jewish woman was killed in Jedwabne and a Polish peasant in another town was killed a few days later, a rumor began that the Jedwabne Jews had taken revenge. Jews anticipated a

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attended a ceremony at Jedwabne where he apologized for the massacre: "We can have no doubt that here in Jedwabne Polish citizens were killed at the hands of fellow citizens ... I apologise in my own name, and in the name of those Poles whose conscience is shattered by that crime." The ceremony

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wrote in 2007: "Even if the murders were carried out by local people - or more precisely by a group of forty or so men, distinct from other members of the indigenous population, mostly not from the town itself but from the surrounding area - closer analysis of the crime has now demonstrated that the

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Heydrich ordered: "No obstacles should be made for the efforts aimed at self-cleaning among anti-communist and anti-Jewish circles in the newly occupied territories. To the contrary, they should be instigated without leaving a trace, and if need be—intensified and directed on the right track, but in

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was then banned by Poland's government for anti-state and racist activities. Archival documents show Poland's government at this time was hostile to the Polish nationalist movement, because of the latter's attacks on Jews as well as its opposition to the Polish state; the government felt responsible

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states in this context that "Poles accused Jews of collaborating with the Soviet oppressors, but in fact it was often precisely those individuals most deeply implicated in Soviet crimes who were quickest to take the lead in attacks on Jews—attacks that would serve both to deflect the anger of their

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terrorized the local population before leading Jews and Poles to the crime scene. Chodakiewicz argues that all the primary sources are wrong or worthless, including the testimony of Szmul Wasersztajn, the investigation of the 22 suspects for the 1949 trial, and the partial exhumation of the bodies.

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Over the course of two years, IPN investigators interviewed some 111 witnesses, mainly from Poland, but also from Israel and the United States. One-third of the IPN witnesses had been eyewitnesses of some part of the pogrom; most had been children at the time. The IPN also searched for documents in

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Writing that "one day, in July 1941, half of the population of a small East European town murdered the other half—some 1,600 men, women and children", Gross concluded that the Jedwabne Jews had been rounded up and killed by a mob of their own Polish neighbors. This ran contrary to Poland's official

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was established in the 17th or 18th century. In 1937, 60 percent of the population were ethnic Poles and 40 percent Jewish. In 1939 the total population was around 2,720 to 2,800. At the time about 10 percent of the population of Poland—35 million—was Jewish; it was the largest Jewish population in

1137:, 1,034 pages. On 30 June 2003 Ignatiew announced that the investigation of "the mass murder of at least 340 Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on July 10, 1941" had found no living suspects who had not already been brought to justice, and therefore the IPN investigation was closed. 1108:

Several witnesses had testified that uniformed Germans had arrived in the town that day and drove the group of Jews to the market place. IPN could neither conclusively prove nor disprove these accounts. "Witness testimonies vary considerably" on the question of whether the Germans took the Jews to

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report, on 10 July 1941 Polish men from nearby villages began arriving in Jedwabne "with the intention of participating in the premeditated murder of the Jewish inhabitants of the town". Gross writes that a leading role in the pogrom was carried out by four men, including Jerzy Laudański and Karol

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There is general agreement that German secret police or intelligence officials were seen in Jedwabne on the morning of 10 July 1941, or the day before, and met with the town council. Szmuel Wasersztajn's witness statement in 1945 said that eight Gestapo men arrived on 10 July and met with the town

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before the war conditioned the view of Jews as Soviet collaborators; the Soviet departure then triggered revenge: "Even though the Germans were in control of the situation in Jedwabne, there is no doubt that it was not hard to find dozens of willing participants of genocidal murder among the local

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made an official complaint against the IPN's conclusion that ethnic Poles and not the Germans had committed the massacre. A 203-page expanded version of the findings was issued by the IPN on 30 June 2003; pages 60–160 contained summaries of the testimonies of witnesses interviewed by the IPN. The

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The IPN found that some Jews had been alerted by non-Jewish acquaintances the evening before that "a collective action was being prepared against the Jews". Between 100 and 125 Jews who escaped the pogrom lived in an open ghetto in Jedwabne before being transferred to the Łomża ghetto in November

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Krzysztof Persak (2011): "The direct perpetrators of those crimes was a sizeable group of residents of Jedwabne and neighboring villages. Those involved in the pogrom took different roles: some killed the victims with their own hands, others supervised the Jews assembled in the market square and

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members: "Polish accounts repeated that made up of Jews. The Jews themselves talk about Jews who made themselves of service to the Soviets in this first period, but they emphasize that were the exception rather than the rule." Regardless of the extent of the collaboration, it "strengthened the

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Wasersztajn, Szmul (5 April 1945). Deposition (Report). Warsaw: Jewish Historical Institute. "Witness Szmul Wasersztajn, written down by E. Sztejman; chairman of the Voivodeship Jewish Historical Commission, M. Turek; freely translated from the Yiddish language by M. Kwater." Collection no. 301

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The Jedwabne monument was replaced in July 2001 by a six-foot-tall stone with an inscription, in Hebrew, Polish, and Yiddish, that makes no mention of the perpetrators: "To the Memory of Jews from Jedwabne and the Surrounding Area, Men, Women, and Children, Co-inhabitants of this Land, Who Were

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Jörg Hackmann states that "three major explanations of the murders of Jedwabne prevail: First, that responsibility has to be seen within the Polish society... Second, connection between the murders and a general Polish antisemitism the image of the Pole being an "innocent and noble victim of

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in Jedwabne, staffed by eight or eleven military police. The police reportedly set up a "collaborationist civilian town council" led by a former mayor, Marian Karolak. Karolak established a local police force, whose members included Eugeniusz Kalinowski and Jerzy Laudanski. The town council is

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authorities. Another witness said four or five Gestapo men arrived and "they began to talk in the town hall". "Gestapo man" was used to refer to any German in a black uniform, Persak writes. The witnesses said they believed the meeting had been held to discuss murdering the town's Jews.

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The town's Jews were forced out of their homes and taken to the market square, where they were ordered to weed the area by pulling up grass from between the cobblestones. While doing this, they were beaten and made to dance or perform exercises by residents from Jedwabne and nearby.

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was one of the few Polish-majority areas that had, since 1939, been experiencing the cruelty of Soviet occupation. Thus, when the Germans arrived in 1941, the population saw them as liberators; together with historical antisemitism, this created conditions ripe for German incitement.

1700:(2002): "The presence of German military policemen from the police station at Jedwabne, and of other uniformed Germans (assuming they were present at the events), even if passive, was tantamount to consent to, and tolerance of, the crime against the Jewish inhabitants of the town." 1052:, "experts agree that there are no more than 400–450 bodies. This figure is compatible with the size of the barn that constituted the killing site (19 × 7 meters, or 62 × 23 feet)." The exhumation lasted just five days because of religious objections from 1105:("in the broad sense") could be ascribed to the Germans because of the presence of German military policemen at the Jedwabne police station. Their presence, "though passive, was tantamount to consent to and tolerance of the crime against the Jewish inhabitants of the town". 1219:

said at the time: "The Jedwabne crime was a revenge for the cooperation of the Jewish community with the Soviet occupant. The Poles have already apologized many times to the Jews; we are waiting for the apology from the other side because many Jews were scoundrels."

1148:, director of Poland's Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), said in February 2019 that the IPN was ready to re-open the investigation and exhume the remaining bodies, but the National Prosecutor's Office decided in March that there were no grounds for doing so. 876:

After the war, in 1949 and 1950, 22 suspects from the town and vicinity were put on trial in Poland, accused of collaborating with the Germans during the pogrom. None of the defendants had a higher education and three were illiterate. Twelve were convicted of

1215:, Israeli Ambassador to Poland, also delivered a speech. "Living among us also are Holocaust survivors whose lives were saved as a result of the brave actions of their Polish neighbors," he said. He praised Poland's investigation. Former Polish president 1680:) denoted a motor car, and 'Gestapo man' referred to any German in a black uniform. This reference, no doubt, relates to the meeting of the temporary municipal authorities with—probably—functionaries of the German Security Police or Security Service ( 1566:

Tadeusz Słobodzianek, dealing with a massacre of Jews by Poles in a small town during the Holocaust, was performed in London. The play follows the lives of 10 Catholic and Jewish Polish students from the same class at school, beginning in 1925.

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Writing in 2011, historians Bert Hoppe and Hiltrud Glass observed that in all massacres in German-occupied territories, there are indications of the leading role of German units even where non-Germans were the murderers, such as in Jedwabne.

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as having been deployed in the area at the time of the pogroms. The methods used by Schaper's death squad in the Radziłów massacre were identical to those employed in Jedwabne only three days later. During the German investigation at

514:. The attitude to the latter was conditioned by anti-Semitism, which was widespread in the area... As a result of a combination of all those factors, German inspiration and encouragement in Jedwabne met with favorable conditions." 421:) faction. The organization referred to the violence as a "revolution" against the Polish state, which it saw as a protector of Jews. One Jew was killed by the pogromists, and four pogromists were killed by the Polish police; the 3189:[A communiqué regarding the decision to end the investigation of the murder of Polish citizens of Jewish nationality in Jedwabne on 10 July 1941] (in Polish). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (IPN). 30 June 2003. Archived from 479:

majority rejected their ideology, and businesspersons and the assimilated Jewish intelligentsia did not trust their intentions; and soon enough the Soviets had moved against the Jewish intelligentsia, arrested leaders of the

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as an auxiliary troop and which had organized several pogroms in the western part of the Voivodeship of Bialystok (in which Jedwabne was located); it had recruited local Poles as auxiliary 'pogrom police' for this purpose."

3925:"Press release on final findings of investigation S 1/00/Zn into the killing of Polish citizens of Jewish origin in the town of Jedwabne, on 10 July 1941, i.e. pursuant to Article 1 point 1 of the Decree of 31 August 1944" 4352:(2003). "Polish 'Neighbors' and German Invaders: Contextualizing Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa". In Steinlauf, Michael; Polonsky, Antony (eds.). 1688:), mentioned by other witnesses as well. Although accounts regarding that issue are all secondhand, their common denominator is that during that 'conference' the decision to murder the Jedwabne Jews was taken." 945:

According to Ewa Wolentarska-Ochman, "although almost absent from Poland's official historical record, the massacre remained very much alive in local oral tradition and among Jewish survivors from the region."

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was attended by Catholic and Jewish religious leaders and survivors of the pogrom. Most of the 2,000 locals of Jedwabne, including the town's priest, boycotted the ceremony in protest against the apology.

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asked for forgiveness at a ceremony marking the 70th anniversary. In September that year, the Jedwabne memorial was defaced with swastikas and graffiti. Poland launched an anti-hate crime investigation.

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and were now trying to recast themselves as zealous collaborators with the Germans. He also writes that no "sustained organized activity" could have taken place in the town without the Germans' consent.

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Anna Bikont writes that under Soviet occupation the Poles and Jews of Jedwabne had differing experiences of the local militia, which provided the authorities with names of anti-communist and antisemitic

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foreign violence and intrigue" by Hitler and Stalin alike. And third, ... the thesis of ascribing the responsibility solely to the Germans, which in 2016 was repeated by the current director of

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from former Soviet supplies. This group was buried in the barn near the first group. The 2001 exhumation found a mass grave within the barn's foundations and another close to the foundations.

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Poles... After two years of cruel occupation, the local Poles greeted the Wehrmacht as liberators. They also felt a strong revenge reflex toward Soviet collaborators, with Jews viewed as such

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was investigated by prosecutors in West Germany in 1960 on suspicion of involvement in the massacres of Jews in Jedwabne, Radziłów, and Wąsosz in 1941. The charges were based on research by

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conducted a forensic murder investigation; it confirmed that the direct perpetrators were ethnic Poles. The country was shocked by the findings, which challenged common narratives about the

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Findings of Investigation S1/00/Zn into the Murder of Polish Citizens of Jewish Origin in the Town of Jedwabne on 10 July 1941, pursuant to Article 1 Point 1 of the Decree of 31 August 1944

1332:("Neighbors", 2001), deals with the subject in greater depth. Gross's book of the same name was written with Arnold's permission to use the title. Gross appears in Haim Hecht's documentary 844:

for extermination, seven of them—Moshe Olszewicz, his wife, Lea, and his brother, Dov; Lea and Jacob Kubran; Józef Grądowski; and Szmuel Wasersztajn—escaped again to the nearby hamlet of

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movement, a right-wing and antisemitic bloc which sought to counter what it claimed was Jewish economic competition against Catholics and opposed the Polish socialist government of

1017:, "some historians sought to dispute the fundamentals of Gross's findings by massive attention to minute details, burying the wider picture under a pile of supposed inaccuracies". 3710: 721:

In the days before the Jedwabne massacre, the town's Jewish population increased as refugees arrived from nearby Radziłów and Wizna. In Wizna, the town's Polish "civil head" (

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In May–June 2001 the IPN conducted an exhumation at the site of the barn. Charred bodies were found in two mass graves, and broken pieces of the bust of Lenin. According to

9686: 7052: 4337: 3592: 1060:(2015), Adam Rosenblatt writes that, because of this, what happened in Jedwabne "is likely to remain forever murky". According to William Haglund, a forensic expert for 911:(CŻKH). The German prosecutors found no hard evidence implicating Birkner, but in the course of their investigation they discovered a new German witness, the former SS 6578: 8099: 1328:("Where is my elder son Cain", 1999), includes interviews with Szmul Wasersztajn and the daughter of the owner of the barn where the massacre took place. The second, 1759:

asked Rabbi Joseph Polak of Boston University for a theological opinion; he argued that reburying someone after an inappropriate burial is "not only appropriate but

1641: 942:. Its inscription blamed the Germans: "The place of destruction of the Jewish population. Here Gestapo and Nazi gendarmes burned alive 1600 people on 10 July 1941." 928:

in 1964, Schaper lied to interrogators, claiming that in 1941 he had been a truck driver. Legal proceedings against the accused were terminated on 2 September 1965.

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1945. Shortly after, the Wyrzykowskis were beaten by a group of Polish nationalists for having helped Jews; the couple had to leave the area and eventually moved to

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Wolentarska-Ochman, Ewa (May 2003). "Jedwabne and the power struggle in Poland (remembering the Polish-Jewish past a decade after the collapse of communism)".

7982: 10470: 10382: 7399: 6598: 6573: 6331: 5405: 1085: 714:, local Poles are reported to have murdered 800 Jews, 500 of whom were burned in a barn. The murders took place after the Gestapo had arrived in the towns. 443: 735:

reported to have included Eugeniusz Sliwecki, Józef Sobutka, and Józef Wasilewski. Karol Bardon, a translator for the Germans, may also have been a member.

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agreed with Chodakiewicz that the pogrom had been executed by German police, "with only limited involvement from a very small number of Poles", including "

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in a nearby square and carry part of the statue on a wooden stretcher to the market square then to a nearby barn, while singing communist songs. The local

281:. Estimates of the number of victims vary from 300 to 1,600, including women, children, and elderly, many of whom were locked in a barn and burned alive. 8611: 2305: 1841: 7506: 6542: 808:

Most of Jedwabne's remaining Jews, around 300 men, women, children and infants, were then locked inside the barn, which was set on fire, probably using

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effectively challenges the standard view that non-Jewish Poles had little responsibility for the fate of Jews living in Poland during World War II..."

1893:, "the number of the victims cannot be definitively proven, although estimates ranging from 400-800 seem much more plausible than those above 1,000" ( 4882: 4834: 3187:"Komunikat dot. postanowienia o umorzeniu śledztwa w sprawie zabójstwa obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej w Jedwabnem w dniu 10 lipca 1941 r." 3355: 982:("Neighbors: The Story of the Annihilation of a Jewish Town") caused a "moral earthquake" when it was published in Poland in May 2000, according to 7338: 7294: 5398: 4972: 3741: 468: 6537: 1573: 311:

Knowledge of the massacre did not become widespread until 1999–2003. Polish filmmakers, journalists, and academics, in particular Gross's history

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was published in 2015. Other translations include Swedish (2015), Hebrew (2016), Dutch (2016), Chinese (2018), Italian (2019) and German (2020).

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concluding that the Germans had moved through the area causing popular outbursts against the Jews without taking part in the killing themselves.

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Several witnesses reported seeing German photographers take pictures of the massacre. There was also speculation that the pogrom was filmed.

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on 22 June 1941, German forces again overran Jedwabne and other parts of Poland that had been occupied by the Soviets. American historian

308:, "the undisputed bosses of life and death in Jedwabne were the Germans," who were "the only ones who could decide the fate of the Jews." 6859: 835:'s farm. Back row, second left: Szmul Wasersztajn (who gave a statement in 1945); third, Mosze Olszewicz; and fourth, Jankiel Kubrzański. 341: 11383: 793:" against their victims, who they alleged had collaborated with the Soviet regime, 40–50 Jewish men were forced to demolish a statue of 426:

for Jews and tried to protect them – arresting violent nationalists – and perceived Jews as trying to show loyalty to the Polish state.

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Sowjetunion mit annektierten Gebieten I – Besetzte sowjetische Gebiete unter deutscher Militärverwaltung, Baltikum und Transnistrien.

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that had focused on Polish suffering and heroism, and that non-Jewish Poles had little responsibility for the fate of Poland's Jews.

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Hackmann, Jörg (2018). "Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18".

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Baker, Julius; Tzinovitz, Moshe (1980). "My Hometown Yedwabne, Province of Lomza, Poland". In Baker, Julius; Baker, Jacob (eds.).

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and her husband were beaten by fellow Poles for saving Jews in Jedwabne, and were later recognized as Righteous Among the Nations.

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In July 2000, following the publication of Gross's book, the Polish parliament ordered a new investigation to be conducted by the

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Wolentarska-Ochman, Ewa (2006). "Collective Remembrance in Jedwabne: Unsettled Memory of World War II in Postcommunist Poland".

8507: 8385: 7218: 6278: 2599:"The Testimony of Szmul Wasersztein, one of the seven Jewish survivors, about the murder of the Jews in Jedwabne, 5 April 1945" 1397:

An extensive collection of articles from the Polish and international debate, in English translation, was published in 2003 as

6171: 4341: 2272:"Mass murder of Jewish citizens in Jedwabne, Radziłów and other locations in the eastern Mazovia region in the summer of 1941" 1101:("in the strict sense") were at least 40 male "Polish inhabitants of Jedwabne and its environs". Responsibility for the crime 9003: 6682: 6176: 4782: 4761: 4686: 4667: 4538: 4516: 4392: 4323: 4304: 4197: 4032: 4012: 3990: 3777: 3751: 3730: 3637: 2506: 1413:. The book includes articles from Polish and other historians, the IPN's findings, and essays from Polish newspapers such as 3924: 1266:, for "failure to defend Poland's reputation" and for apologizing for the massacre of Jews by Poles at the Jedwabne pogrom. 671: 10266: 10256: 10239: 10234: 10151: 9155: 9076: 8745: 8341: 7225: 6879: 6362: 6317: 4965: 3442: 1991: 1274: 882: 270: 89: 1192: 578:

such a manner so that the local ‘self-defense circles’ could not refer to the orders or political promises made to them."

11653: 11612: 11606: 10437: 10408: 10276: 10249: 9680: 8211: 6817: 881:

against Poland and one was condemned to death. Some of the men confessed after being tortured during interviews with the

10541: 10516: 7173: 5377: 5126: 4464: 2719: 10536: 10318: 10291: 10271: 9599: 9568: 9541: 9473: 8848: 7000: 6357: 5056: 4361: 4234:"Jedwabne before the Court: Poland's Justice and the Jedwabne Massacre—Investigations and Court Proceedings, 1947–1974" 4102: 4064: 3661: 1651: 840:

1942. Several escaped to other towns. In November 1942, when the Germans began putting ghetto inmates on trains to the

60: 8113: 3596: 2469:

Jedwabne before the Court: Poland's Justice and the Jedwabne Massacre—Investigations and Court Proceedings, 1947–1974.

1923:

Jedwabne before the Court: Poland's Justice and the Jedwabne Massacre—Investigations and Court Proceedings, 1947–1974.

11267: 10546: 10372: 9563: 9376: 9147: 8896: 8889: 8595: 4753: 4615: 2598: 1697: 1371: 1290: 1038: 765: 318: 241: 6418: 3573: 651: 11643: 11257: 10352: 10296: 9715: 9558: 9314: 9123: 9024: 8946: 8832: 8485: 8478: 7813: 7240: 5908: 4813: 4650:

Darewicz, Krzysztof (10 March 2001). "We Trusted Each Other: Jedwabne Rabbi Jacob Baker". Trans. Peter K. Gessner.

1425:. The collection features archival documents and essays covering the entire 1939–1941 period. Contributors include 908: 475:

writes that most of the Jews understandably welcomed the Soviets as the "lesser evil than the Germans", though the

448: 27: 10531: 10521: 10506: 340:(PIS) party's rise to political power in 2015, the subject again became contentious. The PIS has a controversial " 11678: 11373: 10030: 9959: 9609: 9242: 9131: 8392: 6962: 4958: 11413: 7907: 5156: 11463: 10187: 9775: 8932: 8761: 8729: 8557: 8471: 6935: 6290: 6266: 5061: 3222: 871: 525:

writes: "Criminal orders from above and violent impulses from below created a climate of unmitigated violence.

11358: 8204: 6413: 2676: 2271: 1309: 551:, complained that pogroms had not broken out in the newly conquered Polish region where Jedwabne is located. 11388: 10743: 10526: 10511: 10453: 9884: 9832: 9710: 9573: 9179: 9171: 9084: 7598: 6957: 6767: 2551: 2309: 1845: 505:

and Hubert Zawadzki. Krzysztof Persak writes that the antisemitic stereotype of Jewish Communism used by the

262: 170: 11363: 11328: 8674: 5286: 5009: 3111: 2101: 805:. It held the remains of about 40 men, a kosher butcher's knife, and the head of the concrete Lenin statue. 11348: 10853: 10687: 10362: 10192: 10109: 9842: 9536: 9369: 9038: 8816: 8737: 8713: 8183: 7286: 6423: 5036: 2295:

Peter Longerich (2007) Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews Oxford University Press p.196

841: 96: 11343: 11104: 8364: 7675: 6408: 4112:

Michlic, Joanna Beata (2017). "'At the Crossroads': Jedwabne and Polish Historiography of the Holocaust".

3746:. Vol. IIA. Bloomington and Indianapolis: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 899–902. 3266: 2346:

Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945

1039:

Institute of National Remembrance –Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation

986:. It appeared in English, German and Hebrew within the year. In English it was published in April 2001 by 11403: 11398: 11368: 11207: 10347: 10161: 9906: 9879: 9872: 9163: 8579: 8464: 6992: 6258: 5136: 5091: 5081: 5071: 5014: 2841: 1756: 1743: 1177: 1061: 1002: 464: 410: 386: 215: 11408: 11149: 6003: 5505: 5121: 4095:

The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942

3653:

The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942

11658: 11338: 11192: 10224: 9901: 9847: 9668: 9456: 9010: 8960: 8769: 8587: 8521: 8298: 7978: 7554: 7118: 6904: 6846: 6787: 6728: 6382: 6286: 6226: 5809: 5372: 5086: 5031: 4912: 2714: 1415: 987: 559: 481: 4387:. Berlin, Boston and Jerusalem: Walter de Gruyter and Hebrew University Magnes Press. pp. 27–66. 4192:. Berlin, Boston and Jerusalem: Walter de Gruyter and Hebrew University Magnes Press. pp. 67–84. 402: 11418: 10848: 10389: 10204: 10199: 10035: 9416: 9195: 9068: 9031: 8953: 8634: 7482: 7091: 6889: 6677: 6262: 5953: 5898: 5367: 5096: 5076: 5026: 4932: 4887: 4750:

Poland 1939–1945: Casualties and the Victims of Repressions under the Nazi and the Soviet Occupations

2238: 1478: 1341: 1113: 823: 439: 11333: 4150:

Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

1205: 1197: 1117: 329: 11673: 11633: 11547: 11177: 10823: 10357: 10146: 10040: 9500: 9468: 9203: 9187: 8918: 8840: 8824: 8291: 7957: 7391: 7004: 6708: 6270: 5151: 5048: 4987: 4937: 4922: 4902: 4892: 4877: 4872: 6100: 11638: 11378: 11353: 11298: 11182: 11139: 10768: 10748: 10637: 10313: 10281: 10156: 9421: 9115: 8176: 6718: 6647: 6372: 6206: 5331: 4927: 4917: 4907: 4897: 4850: 4599: 1430: 506: 493: 382: 322: 11154: 8041: 7622: 1646: 1603: 1594: 1263: 1246: 333: 11575: 10960: 10833: 10367: 10342: 10308: 10286: 10261: 10244: 10229: 10209: 10166: 10136: 9989: 9753: 9730: 9604: 9490: 9451: 9426: 9293: 9258: 9060: 8996: 8666: 8284: 8012: 7941: 7771: 7715: 7455: 7324: 7126: 6428: 5978: 5893: 4333: 3695: 2662: 1585: 1501:

challenges Gross's interpretation of events. It suggests that four or five truckloads of armed

1494: 9017: 4496: 4086: 3937: 3057: 2561: 1161: 11262: 10843: 10828: 10803: 10337: 10303: 10219: 10214: 10099: 9862: 9655: 9615: 9553: 9548: 9485: 9411: 9344: 9230: 8792: 8682: 8371: 8334: 8248: 7538: 7383: 7302: 7256: 7211: 7189: 6967: 6387: 4504: 3620:. Jerusalem and New York: The Yedwabner Societies in Israel and the United States of America. 3121: 2480: 2111: 1618: 1112:

Leon Kieres delivered the IPN report to the Polish parliament. A small opposition party, the

1014: 590:. This was probably a commando from the Gestapo office in Zichenau that had been assigned to 7787: 7755: 5241: 1068:

of the rabbis lowering the charred teeth and bone fragments ... back into the graves".

730: 614:

region, with varying degrees of German involvement. Generally smaller attacks took place at

11197: 11128: 11110: 10980: 10838: 10074: 10025: 9997: 9720: 9650: 9436: 8690: 8650: 8535: 8197: 7925: 7917: 7802: 7779: 7707: 7615: 7586: 7578: 7530: 7474: 7099: 6444: 6155: 6040: 5676: 5601: 5545: 4349: 4090: 4082: 3647: 1173: 1165: 849: 832: 711: 710:, Polish residents knifed and beat to death about 150–250 Jews. Two days later, during the 538: 522: 518: 414: 390: 11498: 11187: 10950: 10930: 8048: 6282: 6120: 5141: 4461:"90. posiedzenie Senatu RP [90th session of the Senate of the Republic of Poland]" 4402:

Shore, Marci (2005). "Conversing with Ghosts: Jedwabne, Zydokomuna, and Totalitarianism".

3615: 8: 11663: 11021: 11016: 10975: 10940: 10813: 10758: 10565: 10104: 10015: 10007: 9770: 9763: 9495: 9480: 9431: 8721: 8658: 8603: 8528: 8141: 7949: 7879: 7645: 7439: 7415: 7345: 7201: 6982: 6854: 6494: 6454: 5903: 5726: 5265: 5166: 4575: 2623: 1996: 1469: 1410: 936:

In 1963 a monument to the victims was placed in Jedwabne by the Polish communist state's

467:. The Germans transferred the area around Jedwabne to the Soviets in accordance with the 11089: 7723: 6504: 5296: 5271: 5231: 4042: 3950: 1375: 11164: 11031: 10935: 10778: 10712: 10647: 10400: 10084: 9911: 9594: 9251: 9107: 8974: 8925: 8800: 8753: 8320: 8255: 7739: 7699: 7608: 7447: 6723: 6692: 6479: 6231: 5779: 5716: 5646: 5636: 5555: 5236: 5020: 4996: 4721: 4713: 4626: 4579: 4571: 4419: 4274: 4253: 4129: 3911: 3903: 3870: 3862: 3821: 3683: 3239: 2992: 1349: 1121: 587: 564: 435: 366: 332:

apologized on behalf of the country, an apology that was repeated in 2011 by President

293: 6772: 6484: 6055: 5993: 5276: 4819: 4451: 2471:

East European Politics and Societies. 25 (3): 410–432. Krzysztof Persak p. 412 (2011).

1294: 1281:

explains that "according to the politicians, historians, and journalists representing

1043:

Instytut Pamięci Narodowej –Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu

11116: 11026: 10985: 10652: 10612: 9953: 9758: 9621: 9406: 9286: 9279: 9272: 8939: 8457: 8428: 7367: 7313: 7181: 7150: 6747: 6449: 6125: 5852: 5817: 5769: 5611: 5550: 4788: 4778: 4757: 4725: 4682: 4663: 4611: 4534: 4512: 4492: 4431: 4423: 4388: 4367: 4357: 4319: 4300: 4257: 4233: 4193: 4173: 4146:"Coming to Terms with the 'Dark Past': The Polish Debate about the Jedwabne Massacre" 4133: 4098: 4070: 4060: 4028: 4008: 3986: 3915: 3874: 3854: 3813: 3773: 3747: 3726: 3671: 3657: 3651: 3633: 2996: 2984: 2705: 2512: 2502: 1528: 1523: 1450: 555: 543:

Shortly after the German invasion of Soviet-held Polish territory in late June 1941,

472: 394:

pogrom, but the local priest and rabbi stepped in and addressed the matter together.

297: 70: 11449: 10965: 10894: 8327: 7030: 6972: 6657: 6474: 6469: 5475: 4583: 3825: 1941:, Chapter 10: "The Shock of Jedwabne", p.204-, University of California Press (2011) 1925:

East European Politics and Societies. 25 (3): 410–432. Krzysztof Persak p.412 (2011)

11582: 11308: 11202: 10995: 10990: 10889: 10788: 10707: 10697: 9921: 9916: 9790: 9463: 9321: 8218: 8127: 7872: 7546: 7498: 7375: 6909: 6514: 6464: 6254: 6075: 5933: 5721: 5711: 5686: 5570: 5560: 5535: 5485: 5326: 5198: 5161: 5146: 4705: 4563: 4484: 4447: 4411: 4245: 4169: 4121: 3895: 3846: 3805: 3761: 3725:. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press. 2976: 1992:"Poland elects right-wing president who criticized predecessor's apologies to Jews" 1321: 896: 544: 288:

carried out the killing; their ringleaders decided on it beforehand with Germany's

11237: 11212: 8378: 8148: 5913: 5883: 5661: 5490: 5321: 5256: 5226: 5208: 4356:. Vol. 16. Oxford: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. pp. 450–471. 4125: 3809: 707: 534: 11568: 11540: 11435: 11041: 10970: 10602: 9947: 9700: 9300: 8642: 8169: 8055: 7933: 7865: 7683: 7570: 7431: 7352: 6930: 6925: 6782: 6713: 6662: 6642: 6403: 6210: 6140: 6070: 6008: 5998: 5938: 5873: 5741: 5651: 5540: 5525: 5510: 5470: 5336: 4380: 4379:

Shafir, Michael (2012). "Denying the Shoah in Post-Communist Eastern Europe". In

4294: 4286: 4185: 4000: 3928: 3377: 1970: 1540: 1421: 1406: 1145: 920: 916: 615: 591: 582: 337: 301: 185: 10925: 6652: 5983: 5565: 5445: 5420: 5301: 4591: 4265:

Polak, Joseph A. (Winter 2001). "Exhuming Their Neighbors: A Halakhic Inquiry".

3740:

Crago, Laura (2012). "Jedwabne". In Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Dean, Martin (eds.).

1511: 1382:(525 pages) contains historical and legal research by IPN historians. Volume 2, 983: 11442: 11393: 11122: 11083: 11061: 11046: 11036: 11000: 10915: 10884: 10672: 10627: 10079: 9889: 9857: 9822: 9743: 9307: 9265: 8967: 8435: 8262: 8106: 8077: 7965: 7858: 7747: 7731: 7331: 6672: 6667: 6499: 6367: 6274: 6196: 6150: 6065: 5963: 5924: 5847: 5706: 5691: 5666: 5606: 5495: 5480: 5460: 5450: 5311: 5203: 4741: 4290: 4181: 4157: 4141: 3630:

The Crime and the Silence: Confronting the Massacre of Jews in Wartime Jedwabne

3302: 2648: 1536: 1402: 1386:(1,034 pages), contains original documents collected by the IPN investigation. 1278: 794: 725:) had ordered the Jewish community's expulsion; 230–240 Jews fled to Jedwabne. 570: 502: 8134: 5888: 5696: 5656: 5261: 5131: 4792: 4567: 3766: 2980: 1258:

In Poland's 2015 presidential election campaign debate, the future president,

11627: 11533: 11477: 11303: 11232: 11159: 11095: 10677: 10052: 9894: 9827: 9674: 8421: 8225: 8120: 8019: 7996: 7894: 7830: 7691: 7522: 6869: 6687: 6459: 6200: 6135: 6130: 6115: 6085: 6080: 6050: 5988: 5943: 5857: 5842: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5794: 5784: 5764: 5736: 5626: 5596: 5515: 5500: 5455: 5346: 5316: 5291: 5281: 5251: 5246: 5182: 4864: 4603: 4472: 4460: 4371: 4249: 4207: 4074: 3858: 3817: 3555: 2988: 2516: 1890: 1738: 1636: 1631: 1502: 1446: 1442: 1434: 1345: 1049: 1010: 900: 663: 406: 285: 278: 181: 118: 105: 52: 23: 9626: 7823: 6090: 4608:

Lessons and Legacies: The Holocaust in International Perspective, Volume VII

4475:(Spring 2003). "Jedwabne: Revisiting the Evidence and Nature of the Crime". 1005:; witness statements and other trial records from the 1949–1950 trials; the 790: 635: 498: 11554: 11470: 11456: 11051: 10945: 10910: 10863: 10702: 10587: 10116: 10062: 9926: 9738: 9638: 9589: 9446: 9392: 8808: 6777: 6489: 6296: 6236: 6145: 6110: 6105: 5973: 5958: 5799: 5731: 5701: 5671: 5621: 5591: 5586: 5440: 5341: 5306: 5193: 4772: 4488: 4296:

The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland

3322:"Poland asks Jews for forgiveness on 70th anniversary of Yedvabne massacre" 3145:

Hooper, John (10 July 2002). "No trial for Poles who killed Jews in 1941".

2332:"Timeline of pogroms in the former Soviet occupation zone – summer of 1941" 1934: 1715: 1438: 1399:

The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland

1353: 1337: 1259: 1212: 1053: 975: 968: 548: 476: 452: 345: 305: 274: 234: 195: 48: 5631: 4598:

by Jan T. Gross: Politics, Public Opinion and Historical Methodology". In

4415: 1001:

Gross's sources were Szmuel Wasersztajn's 1945 witness statement from the

904: 885:. The confessions were retracted in court and the accused were released. 854: 743: 607: 11056: 10955: 10920: 10722: 10662: 10617: 9979: 9785: 9780: 9748: 7851: 7490: 6509: 6045: 6035: 5968: 5948: 5878: 5837: 5774: 5759: 5681: 5641: 5530: 5520: 4526: 4087:"Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, June–December 1941" 3625: 1426: 1216: 925: 398: 4746:

Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami

4278: 4145: 3907: 3687: 695: 659: 10582: 10171: 10057: 9974: 9705: 9644: 7844: 7837: 7763: 7407: 6095: 6060: 5616: 5465: 4717: 4184:(2012). "The Jedwabne Debate: Reshaping Polish National Mythology". In 3866: 3700:"Research Before Conclusion: The Problems of Shock Therapy in Jedwabne" 1563: 1506: 1230: 1181: 739: 728:

According to various accounts, Persak writes, the Germans had set up a

639: 603: 361: 203: 3768:

Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

3443:"Sensu Stricto, Sensu Largo: The Battle Over Poland's 'Holocaust Law'" 1535:(Polish citizens of German origin) and petty criminals". In response, 1204:

In July 2001, on the 60th anniversary of the pogrom, Polish president

1116:(LPR) called him a "servant of the Jews" and blamed him and President 992:

Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

960:

Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

781: 667: 627: 568:, which in turn controlled Germany's SS paramilitary death squads, or 314:

Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland

11512: 11484: 10094: 9969: 9964: 9852: 6352: 5789: 5362: 3899: 2539: 845: 687: 683: 679: 619: 6377: 6339: 4709: 4627:"The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, and After" 4046: 3850: 3632:. Translated by Alissa Valles. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 699: 623: 11589: 11526: 10879: 10592: 10068: 9984: 9837: 9796: 8190: 7562: 7061: 6792: 1324:

made two documentary films interviewing witnesses of the massacre.

964: 828: 809: 675: 611: 456: 374: 266: 159: 85: 66: 2734: 1953:, p. 454. "By focusing so intensely on this single massacre, 11561: 11505: 10444: 4436:

The Massacre in Jedwabne, 10 July 1941: Before, During, and After

4210:. "The Pogrom in Jedwabne: Critical Remarks about Jan T. Gross's 3927:. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). Archived from 3206:"Poland calls off exhumation of bodies from 1941 Jedwabne pogrom" 1499:

The Massacre in Jedwabne, 10 July 1941: Before, During, and After

1125:

report was supplemented by two volumes of studies and documents,

878: 691: 655: 643: 631: 289: 199: 10432: 3548:"Our Class and the bloody history of Poland that refuses to die" 2842:"Poland faces up to the horror of its own role in the Holocaust" 1486: 11491: 10089: 10045: 9867: 9802: 9441: 9361: 8162: 7065: 6864: 4980: 4808: 3223:"Wyrzykowski Aleksander & Wyrzykowska Antonina (Karwowska)" 3169: 3167: 2183: 831:, 1933, including three boys who survived the war by hiding on 599: 245: 155: 74: 9241: 3884:

The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, After

3723:

The Massacre in Jedwabne, July 10, 1941: Before, During, After

3461: 3348:"Poland's president asks for forgiveness at Jedwabne memorial" 2770: 598:

After the German occupation, Polish villagers participated in

11519: 4610:. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. pp. 387–399. 2308:. POLIN, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from 1844:. POLIN, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from 1027: 798: 703: 647: 460: 7812: 5421:

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

4316:

Digging for the Disappeared: Forensic Science after Atrocity

3833:

Holc, Janine P. (Autumn 2002). "Working through Jan Gross's

3528: 3468: 3422: 3164: 3037: 3035: 1719:

neighbors and to curry favor with the new German occupiers."

7069: 4160:; Polonsky, Antony (January 2008). "Letter to the Editor". 4097:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 244–308. 3410: 2004: 860: 770: 485: 3983:

A World in Flames: A Short History of the Second World War

2579: 2161: 2159: 2134: 2132: 2089: 785:

Jedwabne crime scene, compiled from Polish court documents

7597: 4027:(Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3393:"ABW szuka wandali, którzy zniszczyli pomnik w Jedwabnem" 3278: 3276: 3087: 3032: 2397: 2370: 2171: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 1642:

List of anti-Jewish pogroms in Poland during World War II

1282: 1270: 554:

The complaint was responded to by Himmler's subordinate,

451:

began on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by

10430: 6978:

International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz

4777:(in Catalan) (1st ed.). Barcelona: Editorial Base. 3656:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press and Yad Vashem. 2416: 2414: 2412: 1097:

The report concluded that the perpetrators of the crime

1020:

According to Ewa Wolentarska-Ochman, the publication of

6839: 4849: 4549:("Individual Depositions"), document no. 152 (301/152). 2794: 2360: 2358: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2219: 2207: 2156: 2144: 2129: 2028: 2016: 1971:"Poland Duda victory: Why have Poles voted for change?" 1233:

Award in 2002, along with Rabbi Jacob Baker, author of

4223:

Nowak-Jezioranski, Jan. "A Need for Compensation". In

4005:

Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

3273: 3233: 3231: 2904: 2782: 2079: 2077: 2055: 2045: 2043: 1481:: Confronting the Massacre of Jews in Wartime Jedwabne 501:

promoted by right-wing parties before the war", write

7060: 4404:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

3516: 3099: 2835: 2833: 2567: 2409: 1468:(2004) ("Jedwabne: Battlefield of Memory”), won the 769:

Bardoń, who had earlier collaborated with the Soviet

317:(2001) raised public interest. In 2000–2003 Poland's 4299:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 3772:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 3674:(2003). "The Jedwabne Massacre: Update and Review". 3504: 3378:"Polish Jewish memorial marking massacre vandalised" 3063: 3020: 2929:, pp. 323–324, 334; for not reliable, also see 2852: 2806: 2758: 2700: 2698: 2655: 2501:(Third ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 2499:

War and genocide: a concise history of the Holocaust

2355: 2245: 1986: 1984: 1336:(2014), along other prominent Holocaust historians ( 484:, and nationalized private businesses. According to 3956:. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). 3228: 3225:. The Righteous Among Nations database. Yad Vashem. 3075: 2948: 2936: 2669: 2426: 2074: 2040: 1253: 328:In a 2001 memorial ceremony at Jedwabne, President 7796:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920) 4770: 4553: 3765: 3434: 3133: 2966: 2830: 2818: 2776: 2624:"Were the Jews in Jedwabne killed by the Gestapo?" 1823: 1821: 888: 4660:Sąsiedzi: Historia zagłady żydowskiego miasteczka 4222: 3480: 3308: 2695: 2117: 1981: 1939:In Search of Lost Meaning: The New Eastern Europe 980:Sąsiedzi: Historia zagłady żydowskiego miasteczka 949: 444:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946) 11625: 10142:Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP) 6340:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical 4041: 4022: 3256: 3173: 2189: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 9695:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews 4285: 4267:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 4224: 4215: 4156: 3973: 3941: 3788: 3534: 3474: 3257:Holley, David; Kasprzycka, Ela (11 July 2001). 3053: 1818: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1389: 1156: 9140:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting 3613: 3296:"Jedwabne mayor resigns over memorial to Jews" 2334:. POLIN, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. 2010: 1176:and Aleksander Wyrzykowski were recognized as 10416: 9377: 7110: 7046: 6825: 6325: 5406: 4966: 4835: 2969:Perspectives on European Politics and Society 2352:München 2011, ISBN 978-3-486-58911-5, Page 31 1543:complained about the review to the editor of 1464:The French translation of Anna Bikont’s book 939:Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy 10152:Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) 7011:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 3743:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 3720: 3694: 3498: 2922: 2712:[A different picture of neighbors]. 2585: 1775: 4981:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks 4696:Gross, Jan T. (Autumn 2002). "A Response". 4547: 4340:. American Jewish Committee. Archived from 2529: 1965: 1963: 827:Jewish children with their schoolteachers, 10423: 10409: 9663:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 9384: 9370: 7315:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 7053: 7039: 6832: 6818: 6332: 6318: 5413: 5399: 4973: 4959: 4842: 4828: 4313: 4023:Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (2019). 3787:Gross, Jan. "Critical Remarks Indeed". In 3571: 3390: 3093: 3041: 2704: 2487:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1370:("On Jedwabne") is an official two-volume 1359: 1314:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews 1028:Polish government investigation, 2000–2003 562:commanding the German Security Police, or 348:publicly criticized Komorowski's apology. 59: 4736:. Spencer, New York: LogTV (documentary). 4458: 4385:Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy 4332: 4190:Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy 3999: 3967: 3948: 3670: 3572:Billington, Michael (24 September 2009). 3282: 3240:"Poland says sorry for slaughter of Jews" 3105: 3014: 2839: 2800: 2718:(in Polish). Vol. 77. Archived from 2165: 2150: 2138: 2095: 2034: 2022: 1627:Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946 1579:77th anniversary, 2018, Jedwabne monument 1456: 1240: 750: 401:, residents of Jedwabne knew of the 1933 9052: 7135:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus 4463:. The Senate of the Republic of Poland. 4430: 4081: 3935: 3922: 3795: 3646: 3522: 3440: 3428: 3237: 2225: 2213: 1960: 1812: 1808: 1308: 1191: 1160: 1120:for "stoning the Polish nation". LPR MP 1084: 963: 861:Early criminal investigations, 1949–1965 822: 780: 360: 11291: 9337:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus 6936:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission 4624: 4590: 4348: 4318:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 4180: 4140: 4111: 3980: 3968:Kaczyński, Andrzej. "'Burnt Offering', 3949:Ignatiew, Radosław J. (30 June 2003a). 3510: 3416: 3203: 3158: 3117: 2942: 2930: 2910: 2788: 2752: 2107: 1744:Bulletin of Jewish Historical Institute 1703:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1262:, criticized his rival, then-president 789:Evoking the antisemitic stereotype of " 586:pogrom was engineered by a unit of the 11626: 6919:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials 6279:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions 4774:Jedwabne : una història universal 4679:Wokół Sąsiadów. Polemiki i wyjaśnienia 4594:(2006a). "Polish-Jewish Relations and 4378: 4231: 4206: 4059:. Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 3963:from the original on 14 November 2012. 3624: 3459: 3391:Przybylski, Jacek (2 September 2011). 2926: 2898: 2858: 2840:Kauffmann, Sylvie (19 December 2002). 2764: 2740: 2573: 2557: 2545: 2496: 2420: 2403: 2391: 2376: 2306:"Pogrom in Jedwabne: Course of Events" 2284: 2201: 2177: 2068: 1889:, pp. 140, 145–146; according to 1874: 1842:"Pogrom in Jedwabne: Course of Events" 1488:The Massacre in Jedwabne, 10 July 1941 1187: 11278:Union of Jewish Religious Communities 10404: 9365: 9004:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre 7034: 6813: 6313: 5394: 4954: 4823: 4533:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4511:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4503: 4471: 4467:from the original on 18 October 2014. 4401: 4264: 3923:Ignatiew, Radosław J. (9 July 2002). 3786: 3760: 3739: 3081: 3069: 3026: 2954: 2882: 2870: 2824: 2812: 2689: 2677:"Woman who helped Jedwabne Jews dies" 2663:"Aleksander and Antonina Wyrzykowski" 2649:"Woman who helped Jedwabne Jews dies" 2533: 2456: 2444: 2432: 2364: 2344:Bert Hoppe, Hiltrud Glass (Editors): 2258: 2083: 2049: 1910: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1870: 1866: 1827: 1140: 915:of Łomża, who named the paramilitary 602:against Jews in 23 localities of the 11684:Local participation in the Holocaust 9156:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege 8746:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack 4459:Stokarska, Jadwiga (23 April 2008). 4238:East European Politics and Societies 3881: 3832: 3486: 3340: 3204:Markusz, Katarzyna (19 March 2019). 2894: 1950: 1200:apologized for the massacre in 2001. 9681:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 8881: 8413: 8004: 6840:Aftermath, trials and commemoration 4851:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland 4525: 4007:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3716:from the original on 2 August 2020. 3617:Yedwabne: History and Memorial Book 2123: 1550: 1245:On 11 July 2011 Poland's President 1235:Yedwabne: History and Memorial Book 1007:Yedwabne: History and Memorial Book 865: 738:Persak writes that the area around 528: 13: 10162:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) 7001:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 4771:Serrano i Blanquer, David (2022). 4643: 4045:; Persak, Krzysztof, eds. (2002). 3546:Nathan, John (11 September 2009). 3441:Omolesky, Matthew (5 March 2018). 3298:. Associated Press. 7 August 2001. 1652:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 14: 11700: 11689:Looting of Poland in World War II 11669:Polish war crimes in World War II 11649:Religious controversies in Poland 11268:Jewish Community Centre of Krakow 9148:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting 8897:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing 8890:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 6683:Special Prosecution Book – Poland 4801: 4754:Institute of National Remembrance 4452:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2007.394_31.x 4232:Persak, Krzysztof (August 2011). 3590: 1698:Institute of National Remembrance 1372:Institute of National Remembrance 381:Many in the region supported the 369:accidentally burned down in 1913. 319:Institute of National Remembrance 242:Institute of National Remembrance 11602: 11601: 11258:Central Committee of Polish Jews 10443: 10431: 9716:White genocide conspiracy theory 9391: 9124:Toulouse and Montauban shootings 9025:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing 8947:Matza restaurant suicide bombing 6860:Population transfers (1944–1946) 5909:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg 4807: 4681:(in Polish). Sejny: Pogranicze. 4662:(in Polish). Sejny: Pogranicze. 4174:10.1111/j.1468-229x.2008.00415.x 3882:Holc, Janine P. (Spring 2008). " 3721:Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2005). 3584: 3565: 3540: 3453: 3384: 3370: 3314: 3288: 3250: 2679:. Radio Poland. 2 December 2011. 1602: 1593: 1584: 1572: 1378:and Krzysztof Persak. Volume 1, 1254:Influence on political discourse 909:Central Committee of Polish Jews 9960:Institute for Historical Review 9880:General Order No. 11 (US, 1862) 9610:International Jewish conspiracy 9507: 9243:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 8342:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres 7143:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 6963:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 6875:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946 4531:Defiance: The Bielski Partisans 4114:Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust 3595:. Wilma Theater. Archived from 3238:Connolly, Kate (11 July 2001). 3216: 3197: 3179: 3139: 2960: 2916: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2641: 2616: 2591: 2523: 2490: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2438: 2338: 2324: 2298: 2289: 2278: 2264: 2231: 1750: 1731: 1722: 1709: 1691: 1669: 1223: 889:German investigation, 1960–1965 802: 755: 547:, the most powerful Nazi after 455:. Later that month, the Soviet 429: 397:According to Polish journalist 16:1941 massacre of Jews in Poland 11464:Der Beobachter an der Weichsel 8933:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre 8762:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre 7772:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation 6291:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118 6267:36th Estonian Police Battalion 4477:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4354:Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 3886:. By Marek Jan Chodakiewicz". 3606: 3460:Mandel, Roy (27 August 2014). 3354:. 11 July 2011. Archived from 3259:"A Town Honors Massacred Jews" 1944: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1880: 1860: 1833: 1: 10744:Chanokh Heynekh of Aleksander 10157:Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) 9885:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 9863:Beilis trial (Russian Empire) 9833:Pogroms in the Russian Empire 9180:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 8849:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings 6958:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes 6788:Human medical experimentation 4225:Polonsky & Michlic (2003) 4216:Polonsky & Michlic (2003) 4126:10.1080/23256249.2017.1376793 3974:Polonsky & Michlic (2003) 3942:Polonsky & Michlic (2003) 3810:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742 3789:Polonsky & Michlic (2003) 3380:. BBC News. 1 September 2011. 1897:, p. 141); according to 1374:(IPN) publication, edited by 1071: 1032: 706:. On 5 July 1941, during the 469:German–Soviet Boundary Treaty 351: 10854:Yaakov Yitzchak of Peshischa 10137:Anti-Defamation League (ADL) 9843:1968 Polish political crisis 9132:Jerusalem synagogue massacre 9039:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing 8817:Dizengoff Street bus bombing 7249:Massacres at London and York 3798:Journal of Genocide Research 3174:Machcewicz & Persak 2002 2743:, pp. 194–195, 422–423. 2190:Lukowski & Zawadzki 2019 1769: 1157:Recognizing the Wyrzykowskis 931: 848:. There they were hidden by 842:Auschwitz concentration camp 818: 519:invasion of the Soviet Union 7: 9907:Night of the Murdered Poets 8580:Night of the Murdered Poets 6993:Righteous Among the Nations 6880:Ministry of Public Security 6259:Belarusian Auxiliary Police 4869:Related articles by country 4732:Grünberg, Slawomir (2005). 4025:A Concise History of Poland 3535:Michlic & Polonsky 2008 3475:Polonsky & Michlic 2003 3462:"Two Barns—English version" 3265:. p. 3. Archived from 3054:Polonsky & Michlic 2003 1757:Physicians for Human Rights 1611: 1178:Righteous Among the Nations 1080: 1062:Physicians for Human Rights 1058:Digging for the Disappeared 1003:Jewish Historical Institute 872:People's Republic of Poland 356: 300:, and they cooperated with 10: 11705: 11654:July 1941 events in Europe 11193:Operation Harvest Festival 10439:Jews and Judaism in Poland 9902:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 9873:Anti-Zionist League (Iraq) 9848:Jewish Anti-Zionist League 9813:Antisemitic laws, policies 9669:On the Jews and Their Lies 9011:Davidka Square bus bombing 8722:Antwerp summer camp attack 8596:Shafrir synagogue shooting 8299:Operation Harvest Festival 7408:Massacre of the Assumption 6905:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 6287:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 4509:Histories of the Holocaust 2548:, p. 429, n. 12. 2348:(Quellensammlung) Band 7: 2011:Baker & Tzinovitz 1980 1658: 1476:. The English translation 1326:Gdzie mój starszy syn Kain 988:Princeton University Press 957: 869: 803:partial exhumation in 2001 560:Reich Main Security Office 532: 497:widely held stereotype of 433: 273:, on 10 July 1941, during 11614:List of active synagogues 11611: . 11599: 11427: 11321: 11250: 11221: 11138: 11074: 11009: 10903: 10872: 10849:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa 10736: 10575: 10564: 10499: 10463: 10452: 10180: 10125: 10006: 9940: 9811: 9729: 9582: 9529: 9399: 9214: 9099: 9077:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing 9032:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing 8988: 8954:Hebrew University bombing 8910: 8874: 8867: 8784: 8705: 8675:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 8635:Avivim school bus bombing 8626: 8571: 8558:Menarsha synagogue attack 8549: 8522:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 8499: 8449: 8406: 8356: 8312: 8276: 8240: 8091: 8069: 8033: 7995: 7667: 7660: 7466: 7278: 7271: 7200: 7165: 7083: 7076: 6991: 6948: 6918: 6897: 6888: 6845: 6809: 6760: 6740: 6701: 6678:Sobibor perpetrator album 6635: 6626: 6561: 6530: 6523: 6437: 6396: 6345: 6309: 6263:Estonian Auxiliary Police 6245: 6189: 6164: 6028: 6021: 5922: 5866: 5808: 5750: 5579: 5433: 5426: 5390: 5373:Human medical experiments 5355: 5217: 5175: 5114: 5047: 4995: 4986: 4950: 4946: 4857: 4576:10.2979/his.2006.18.1.152 4568:10.2979/his.2006.18.1.152 4314:Rosenblatt, Adam (2015). 2981:10.1080/15705850308438859 2497:Bergen, Doris L. (2016). 1741:wrote an article for the 1479:The Crime and the Silence 1151: 1133:, 525 pages, and Vol. 2: 1114:League of Polish Families 919:under SS-Obersturmführer 461:eastern regions of Poland 440:Soviet invasion of Poland 304:. According to historian 233:1960–1965 investigation ( 226: 222: 210: 191: 176: 165: 149: 134: 95: 81: 58: 46: 41: 11548:Lodzer Naje Folkscajtung 10824:Menachem Mendel of Kotzk 10808:Saba Kadisha of Radzymin 10673:Shalom Shachna of Lublin 10147:Community Security Trust 10021:Black Death persecutions 9204:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing 9188:Poway synagogue shooting 9085:Jerusalem yeshiva attack 8919:Ghriba synagogue bombing 8841:Island of Peace massacre 8292:Kielce cemetery massacre 6926:Auschwitz trial (Poland) 6271:Latvian Auxiliary Police 6004:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 5506:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger 4250:10.1177/0888325411398915 3981:Kitchen, Martin (1990). 3648:Browning, Christopher R. 3311:, p. 89, n. 2. 1663: 1304: 618:(the village of Pilki), 373:The Jewish community in 277:and the early stages of 216:Polish People's Republic 11644:Controversies in Poland 11299:Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva 10769:Yehuda Aryeh Leib Alter 10749:Avraham Mordechai Alter 10638:Aaron Samuel Kaidanover 10353:Palestinian Territories 9858:Dreyfus Affair (France) 8738:Vienna synagogue attack 8714:Paris synagogue bombing 7958:The Bloody Day in Jaffa 7016:Garden of the Righteous 6768:Identification in camps 6761:Technical and logistics 6207:Order Police battalions 4625:Wróbel, Piotr (2006b). 4434:(April 2007). "Review: 3936:Ignatiew, Radosław J. " 3696:Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan 3134:Wolentarska-Ochman 2006 2777:Wolentarska-Ochman 2006 1521:Reviewing the book for 1089:Jedwabne memorial, 2011 465:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 119:53.288792°N 22.309542°E 28:Infobox civilian attack 20: 11679:1941 murders in Poland 11379:Okopowa Street, Warsaw 10834:Mordechai Yosef Leiner 10167:Stephen Roth Institute 9815:and government actions 9754:Portuguese Inquisition 9731:Religious antisemitism 9605:Double genocide theory 9491:Secondary antisemitism 9427:Religious antisemitism 9061:Beersheba bus bombings 8667:Kiryat Shmona massacre 8588:Scorpion Pass massacre 8285:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 7716:Second Kishinev pogrom 7456:Portuguese Inquisition 7100:2nd Alexandrian pogrom 6429:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 5894:Heinrich Klaustermeyer 4734:The Legacy of Jedwabne 4677:Gross, Jan T. (2003). 4658:Gross, Jan T. (2000). 3447:The American Spectator 3309:Nowak-Jezioranski 2003 2628:info-poland.icm.edu.pl 2485:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1495:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz 1474:Le crime et le silence 1317: 1241:Asking for forgiveness 1206:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 1201: 1198:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 1169: 1118:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 1090: 972: 836: 786: 751:Jedwabne pogrom (1941) 588:German Security Police 471:of 28 September 1939. 449:World War II in Europe 370: 330:Aleksander Kwaśniewski 302:German military police 271:German-occupied Poland 186:German military police 138:10 July 1941 90:German-occupied Poland 33:considered for merging 11263:Council of Four Lands 10844:Elimelech of Lizhensk 10829:Gershon Henoch Leiner 10804:Yaakov Aryeh Guterman 10127:Organizations working 9687:Contemporary imprints 9616:The International Jew 9486:Rootless cosmopolitan 8961:Rishon LeZion bombing 8683:Coastal Road massacre 7684:First Kishinev pogrom 7475:Chmielnicki massacres 7384:Schaffhausen Massacre 7303:Armleder persecutions 7257:Rintfleisch massacres 6968:Majdanek State Museum 6101:Karl-Friedrich Höcker 5005:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 4416:10.1353/kri.2005.0027 4350:Rossino, Alexander B. 4091:Browning, Christopher 3263:The Los Angeles Times 2885:, pp. 86–87, 133 2710:"Inny obraz sąsiadów" 1391:The Neighbors Respond 1312: 1271:Poland's ruling party 1195: 1180:medal by the Israeli 1164: 1088: 967: 826: 784: 533:Further information: 364: 244:(IPN) investigation ( 11283:Vaad Rosh Hashochtim 10981:Abraham Silberschein 10839:Shmuel Shlomo Leiner 10129:against antisemitism 10075:Martyrdom in Judaism 9941:Antisemitic websites 9853:Leo Frank trial (US) 9749:Catholic Inquisition 9721:Zionist antisemitism 9437:Antisemitism studies 9196:Jersey City shooting 9069:Ashdod Port bombings 8651:Lod Airport massacre 8612:Purge of Polish Jews 8536:Kfar Etzion massacre 8042:Częstochowa massacre 7803:1920 Nebi Musa riots 7623:Fourth Odessa pogrom 7579:Second Odessa pogrom 6445:Mordechai Anielewicz 6156:Elisabeth Volkenrath 6041:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann 5677:Arthur Liebehenschel 5602:Hermine Braunsteiner 5546:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 4816:at Wikimedia Commons 4740:Materski, Wojciech; 4631:The Sarmatian Review 4489:10.1093/hgs/17.1.139 2901:, pp. 304, 316. 2312:on 29 September 2019 1848:on 29 September 2019 1647:Mieczysław Kosmowski 1516:The Sarmatian Review 1264:Bronisław Komorowski 1247:Bronisław Komorowski 1174:Antonina Wyrzykowska 1166:Antonina Wyrzykowska 883:Security Office (UB) 850:Antonina Wyrzykowska 833:Antonina Wyrzykowska 581:Holocaust historian 523:Christopher Browning 517:Following Germany's 415:Camp of Great Poland 334:Bronisław Komorowski 206:, German incitement 184:in cooperation with 124:53.288792; 22.309542 11022:Shmuel Yankev Imber 11017:Yechiel Granatstein 10976:Adam Daniel Rotfeld 10941:Maksymilian Horwitz 10814:Ben Zion Halberstam 10759:Yitzchak Meir Alter 10105:Spanish Inquisition 10016:Rhineland massacres 9771:Rhineland massacres 9764:Spanish Inquisition 9496:Stereotypes of Jews 9481:Racial antisemitism 9432:Persecution of Jews 9018:Café Hillel bombing 8386:Tripolitania pogrom 8184:Kamianets-Podilskyi 7708:Fifth Odessa pogrom 7646:1898 Algerian riots 7587:Third Odessa pogrom 7531:First Odessa pogrom 7416:Spanish Inquisition 7392:Moroccan revolution 7272:14th – 19th century 7202:Rhineland massacres 6983:March of the Living 6855:Holocaust survivors 6719:Vrba–Wetzler report 6495:Alexander Pechersky 6455:Mordechai Tenenbaum 5904:Alexander Palfinger 5727:Johann Schwarzhuber 5287:Międzyrzec Podlaski 5266:Lviv pogroms (1941) 5167:Sonderaktion Krakau 4752:] (in Polish). 4218:, pp. 304–343. 3976:, pp. 133–136. 3944:, pp. 133–136. 3791:, pp. 344–370. 3431:, pp. 592–593. 3419:, pp. 296–306. 3210:The Times of Israel 2406:, pp. 412–413. 2379:, pp. 411–412. 2180:, pp. 167–174. 1997:The Times of Israel 1470:European Book Prize 1411:Brandeis University 1188:President's apology 894:SS-Hauptsturmführer 323:Holocaust in Poland 115: / 11273:Judaica Foundation 10936:Apolinary Hartglas 10779:Avrohom Bornsztain 10713:David HaLevi Segal 10688:Moses ha-Levi Minz 10648:Yitzhak-Meir Levin 10324:Conservative Party 10085:Pale of Settlement 9595:Christian Identity 9569:Soviet mathematics 9474:Working definition 9116:Burgas bus bombing 8801:Crown Heights riot 8754:Ras Burqa massacre 8465:Haifa Oil Refinery 8321:Ardeatine massacre 8256:Dzyatlava massacre 7676:Częstochowa pogrom 7287:Shepherds' Crusade 7092:Alexandrian pogrom 7077:1st – 13th century 6898:West German trials 6693:Wannsee Conference 6480:Itzhak Katzenelson 6232:General Government 5717:Franz Reichleitner 5647:Fritz Hartjenstein 5637:Maximilian Grabner 5556:Bruno Streckenbach 5368:Grossaktion Warsaw 5021:Operation Reinhard 4556:History and Memory 4291:Michlic, Joanna B. 4158:Michlic, Joanna B. 4142:Michlic, Joanna B. 3972:, 5 May 2000". In 3931:on 3 October 2002. 3672:Cienciala, Anna M. 3599:on 22 August 2011. 3464:– via Vimeo. 2706:Strzembosz, Tomasz 2239:"Heinrich Himmler" 1869:, pp. 14–20; 1682:Sicherheitspolizei 1350:Wislawa Szymborska 1320:Polish film-maker 1318: 1202: 1170: 1141:2019 IPN statement 1122:Antoni Macierewicz 1091: 973: 837: 787: 565:Sicherheitspolizei 436:Invasion of Poland 411:National Democracy 387:National Democracy 371: 367:Jedwabne Synagogue 294:SS security police 261:was a massacre of 246:Republic of Poland 214:1949–1950 trials ( 11659:Massacres in 1941 11621: 11620: 11576:Włocławker Sztyme 11317: 11316: 11246: 11245: 11224:Post-World War II 11070: 11069: 11027:Julian Kornhauser 10986:Stefan Staszewski 10951:Józef Lewartowski 10931:Bronisław Geremek 10794:Shmuel Bornsztain 10653:Yaakov Lorberbaum 10613:Aryeh Tzvi Frumer 10560: 10559: 10398: 10397: 10041:Ghettos in Europe 9954:The Daily Stormer 9759:Roman Inquisition 9622:Jewish Bolshevism 9359: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9331: 9330: 9172:Halamish stabbing 9164:Tel Aviv shooting 9095: 9094: 9048: 9047: 8984: 8983: 8940:Passover massacre 8906: 8905: 8863: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8825:Beit Lid massacre 8780: 8779: 8701: 8700: 8691:Nahariya massacre 8622: 8621: 8567: 8566: 8545: 8544: 8495: 8494: 8458:Fajja bus attacks 8445: 8444: 8402: 8401: 8352: 8351: 8308: 8307: 8272: 8271: 8236: 8235: 8087: 8086: 8065: 8064: 8029: 8028: 8013:Tiberias massacre 7942:Constantine riots 7889: 7888: 7814:Russian Civil War 7656: 7655: 7632: 7631: 7368:Brussels massacre 7362: 7361: 7267: 7266: 7235: 7234: 7161: 7160: 7151:Battle of Khaybar 7127:Bar Kokhba revolt 7028: 7027: 7024: 7023: 6944: 6943: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6756: 6755: 6748:Sonderaktion 1005 6622: 6621: 6305: 6304: 6283:Ypatingasis būrys 6185: 6184: 6126:Johanna Langefeld 6121:Hildegard Lächert 6017: 6016: 5853:Alfred Trzebinski 5818:Franz von Bodmann 5770:Lorenz Hackenholt 5612:Theodor van Eupen 5551:Jakob Sporrenberg 5386: 5385: 5110: 5109: 4812:Media related to 4784:978-84-19007-46-9 4763:978-83-7629-067-6 4688:978-83-86872-48-0 4669:978-83-86872-13-8 4540:978-0-19-509390-2 4518:978-0-19-956679-2 4394:978-3-11-028814-8 4338:"Facing Jedwabne" 4325:978-0-8047-8877-9 4306:978-0-691-11306-7 4227:, pp. 87–92. 4199:978-3-11-028814-8 4043:Machcewicz, Paweł 4034:978-1-108-42436-3 4014:978-0-19-280436-5 3992:978-0-582-03408-2 3779:978-0-14-200240-7 3753:978-0-253-35328-3 3732:978-0-88033-554-6 3676:The Polish Review 3639:978-0-374-17879-6 3499:Chodakiewicz 2005 3269:on 16 April 2020. 2923:Chodakiewicz 2001 2708:(31 March 2001). 2603:www.yadvashem.org 2586:Chodakiewicz 2005 2536:, pp. 19–20. 2508:978-1-4422-4227-2 2098:, pp. 53–54. 1737:In December 1966 1686:Sicherheitsdienst 1529:Peter D. Stachura 1451:Tomasz Strzembosz 1299:pedagogika wstydu 1275:historical policy 1196:Polish president 764:According to the 556:Reinhard Heydrich 473:Anna M. Cienciala 255: 254: 11696: 11615: 11609: 11605: 11604: 11583:Wloclawker Weker 11309:Novardok Yeshiva 11289: 11288: 11225: 11142: 11136: 11135: 11096:Cossack riots - 10996:Szmul Zygielbojm 10991:Roman Zambrowski 10890:Herman Lieberman 10789:Dovid Bornsztain 10708:Moshe Rosenstain 10698:Meir Dan Plotzky 10573: 10572: 10568: 10461: 10460: 10456: 10447: 10440: 10435: 10425: 10418: 10411: 10402: 10401: 9922:Holocaust denial 9791:Host desecration 9600:Cultural Marxism 9530:Antisemitism and 9509: 9464:New antisemitism 9386: 9379: 9372: 9363: 9362: 9348: 9345:Dagestan attacks 9340: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9239: 9238: 9234: 9231:Beersheba attack 9226: 9207: 9199: 9191: 9183: 9175: 9167: 9159: 9151: 9143: 9135: 9127: 9119: 9111: 9088: 9080: 9072: 9064: 9050: 9049: 9041: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8986: 8985: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8942: 8935: 8928: 8921: 8908: 8907: 8899: 8892: 8879: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8852: 8844: 8836: 8828: 8820: 8812: 8804: 8796: 8793:Cairo bus attack 8782: 8781: 8773: 8765: 8757: 8749: 8741: 8733: 8725: 8717: 8703: 8702: 8694: 8686: 8678: 8670: 8662: 8659:Ma'alot massacre 8654: 8646: 8638: 8624: 8623: 8615: 8607: 8599: 8591: 8583: 8569: 8568: 8560: 8547: 8546: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8497: 8496: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8467: 8460: 8447: 8446: 8438: 8431: 8424: 8411: 8410: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8372:Topoľčany pogrom 8367: 8365:Deutsch Schützen 8354: 8353: 8345: 8337: 8335:Sărmașu massacre 8330: 8323: 8310: 8309: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8274: 8273: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8249:Dünamünde Action 8238: 8237: 8229: 8221: 8214: 8212:Kaunas (October) 8207: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8089: 8088: 8080: 8067: 8066: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8031: 8030: 8022: 8015: 8002: 8001: 7988: 7986: 7969: 7961: 7953: 7945: 7937: 7929: 7921: 7913: 7911: 7898: 7895:Zavirtcha pogrom 7882: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7783: 7775: 7767: 7759: 7751: 7743: 7735: 7727: 7724:Białystok pogrom 7719: 7711: 7703: 7695: 7687: 7679: 7665: 7664: 7649: 7641: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7582: 7574: 7566: 7558: 7550: 7542: 7534: 7526: 7518: 7515:Algiers massacre 7510: 7502: 7499:Massacre of Uman 7494: 7486: 7478: 7459: 7451: 7443: 7435: 7427: 7419: 7411: 7403: 7395: 7387: 7379: 7371: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7290: 7276: 7275: 7260: 7252: 7244: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7190:Granada massacre 7185: 7177: 7174:Córdoba massacre 7154: 7146: 7138: 7130: 7122: 7119:The Great Revolt 7108: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7081: 7080: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7032: 7031: 6910:Treblinka trials 6895: 6894: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6811: 6810: 6709:Graebe affidavit 6702:Witness accounts 6648:Frank memorandum 6633: 6632: 6528: 6527: 6515:Szmul Zygielbojm 6505:Frumka Płotnicka 6465:Leon Feldhendler 6450:Icchak Cukierman 6404:Ghetto uprisings 6334: 6327: 6320: 6311: 6310: 6255:Schutzmannschaft 6076:Feodor Fedorenko 6026: 6025: 5934:Wolfgang Birkner 5722:Heinrich Schwarz 5712:Josef Oberhauser 5687:Heinrich Matthes 5571:Dieter Wisliceny 5561:Richard Thomalla 5536:Heinz Reinefarth 5486:Heinrich Himmler 5431: 5430: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5392: 5391: 5356:Other atrocities 4993: 4992: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4821: 4820: 4811: 4796: 4767: 4729: 4692: 4673: 4638: 4621: 4587: 4550: 4544: 4522: 4500: 4468: 4455: 4446:(306): 276–277. 4427: 4398: 4381:Wistrich, Robert 4375: 4345: 4334:Rosenfeld, Alvin 4329: 4310: 4287:Polonsky, Antony 4282: 4261: 4228: 4219: 4203: 4186:Wistrich, Robert 4177: 4168:(309): 154–158. 4153: 4137: 4108: 4083:Matthäus, Jürgen 4078: 4048:Wokół Jedwabnego 4038: 4018: 4001:Longerich, Peter 3996: 3977: 3964: 3962: 3955: 3945: 3932: 3919: 3900:10.2307/27652785 3878: 3829: 3792: 3783: 3771: 3757: 3736: 3717: 3715: 3704: 3691: 3667: 3643: 3621: 3601: 3600: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3569: 3563: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3235: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3193:on 20 June 2013. 3183: 3177: 3171: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3001: 3000: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2837: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2530:Wasersztajn 1945 2527: 2521: 2520: 2494: 2488: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2353: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2072: 2071:, pp. 9–31. 2066: 2053: 2047: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1967: 1958: 1948: 1942: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1884: 1878: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1816: 1806: 1764: 1754: 1748: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1713: 1707: 1695: 1689: 1673: 1606: 1597: 1588: 1576: 1376:Paweł Machcewicz 1368:Wokół Jedwabnego 1361:Wokół Jedwabnego 1322:Agnieszka Arnold 1172:In January 1976 1127:Wokół Jedwabnego 897:Wolfgang Birkner 866:1949–1950 trials 545:Heinrich Himmler 529:Spate of pogroms 499:Judaeo-communism 145: 143: 130: 129: 127: 126: 125: 120: 116: 113: 112: 111: 108: 63: 39: 38: 36: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11674:1941 in Judaism 11634:Jedwabne pogrom 11624: 11623: 11622: 11617: 11613: 11607: 11595: 11569:The Jewish Word 11541:Lubliner Sztyme 11436:Arbeiter Fragen 11423: 11313: 11287: 11242: 11223: 11217: 11208:Valley of Death 11178:Kielce Cemetery 11140: 11134: 11076: 11066: 11042:Yosef Rosenthal 11005: 10971:Roman Romkowski 10899: 10868: 10763:Chidushei Harim 10732: 10603:Meir Eisenstadt 10566: 10556: 10522:Gdańsk (Danzig) 10495: 10454: 10448: 10438: 10429: 10399: 10394: 10176: 10130: 10128: 10121: 10002: 9991:The Right Stuff 9948:Bible Believers 9936: 9816: 9814: 9807: 9725: 9701:Self-hating Jew 9578: 9559:Nation of Islam 9525: 9395: 9390: 9360: 9351: 9343: 9335: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9237: 9229: 9221: 9210: 9202: 9194: 9186: 9178: 9170: 9162: 9154: 9146: 9138: 9130: 9122: 9114: 9106: 9091: 9083: 9075: 9067: 9059: 9044: 9037: 9030: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8980: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8855: 8847: 8839: 8831: 8823: 8815: 8807: 8799: 8791: 8776: 8768: 8760: 8752: 8744: 8736: 8730:Antwerp bombing 8728: 8720: 8712: 8697: 8689: 8681: 8673: 8665: 8657: 8649: 8643:Munich massacre 8641: 8633: 8618: 8610: 8602: 8594: 8586: 8578: 8563: 8556: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8441: 8434: 8427: 8420: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8348: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8232: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8182: 8175: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8083: 8076: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8040: 8025: 8018: 8011: 7991: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7956: 7948: 7940: 7934:Campbell pogrom 7932: 7926:Hebron massacre 7924: 7916: 7905: 7901: 7893: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7786: 7778: 7770: 7762: 7754: 7746: 7738: 7730: 7722: 7714: 7706: 7698: 7692:Zablotov pogrom 7690: 7682: 7674: 7652: 7644: 7636: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7593: 7585: 7577: 7571:Damascus affair 7569: 7561: 7553: 7545: 7537: 7529: 7521: 7513: 7505: 7497: 7489: 7481: 7473: 7462: 7454: 7446: 7438: 7432:Lisbon massacre 7430: 7422: 7414: 7406: 7398: 7390: 7382: 7374: 7366: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7309: 7301: 7293: 7285: 7263: 7255: 7247: 7239: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7196: 7188: 7180: 7172: 7157: 7149: 7141: 7133: 7125: 7117: 7106: 7098: 7090: 7072: 7059: 7029: 7020: 6987: 6940: 6931:Stutthof trials 6914: 6884: 6841: 6838: 6797: 6783:Holocaust train 6752: 6736: 6724:Witold's Report 6714:Gerstein Report 6697: 6663:Katzmann Report 6643:Auschwitz Album 6618: 6557: 6519: 6485:Michał Klepfisz 6433: 6392: 6341: 6338: 6301: 6241: 6211:Ordnungspolizei 6181: 6160: 6141:Erich Muhsfeldt 6071:Margot Dreschel 6056:Alexander Bülow 6013: 6009:Udo von Woyrsch 5999:Hermann Schaper 5994:Emanuel Schäfer 5979:Josef Meisinger 5939:Helmut Bischoff 5918: 5874:Heinz Auerswald 5862: 5804: 5752: 5746: 5742:Christian Wirth 5652:Gottlieb Hering 5575: 5541:Julian Scherner 5526:Georg Michalsen 5511:Franz Kutschera 5471:Odilo Globocnik 5422: 5419: 5382: 5351: 5213: 5171: 5152:Kielce cemetery 5106: 5043: 4982: 4979: 4942: 4853: 4848: 4814:Jedwabne pogrom 4804: 4799: 4785: 4764: 4742:Szarota, Tomasz 4739: 4710:10.2307/3090298 4695: 4689: 4676: 4670: 4657: 4646: 4644:Further reading 4641: 4637:(3): 1238–1241. 4618: 4541: 4519: 4432:Stachura, Peter 4395: 4364: 4344:on 24 May 2012. 4326: 4307: 4293:, eds. (2003). 4200: 4182:Michlic, Joanna 4105: 4067: 4051:. Vol. 1: 4035: 4015: 3993: 3960: 3953: 3951:"Postanowienie" 3851:10.2307/3090294 3780: 3754: 3733: 3713: 3702: 3664: 3640: 3609: 3604: 3589: 3585: 3570: 3566: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3458: 3454: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3397:Rzeczpospolitej 3389: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3358:on 13 July 2011 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3274: 3255: 3251: 3236: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3202: 3198: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3094:Rosenblatt 2015 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3060:, "Chronology". 3052: 3048: 3042:Rosenblatt 2015 3040: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3004: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2722:on 10 June 2001 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2528: 2524: 2509: 2495: 2491: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2356: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2279: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2106: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2075: 2067: 2056: 2048: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1949: 1945: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1885: 1881: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1819: 1807: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1755: 1751: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1714: 1710: 1696: 1692: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1614: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1580: 1577: 1556: 1541:Antony Polonsky 1492: 1466:My z Jedwabnego 1462: 1458:My z Jedwabnego 1422:Gazeta Wyborcza 1407:Antony Polonsky 1395: 1365: 1307: 1295:Jarosław Szarek 1256: 1243: 1226: 1190: 1159: 1154: 1146:Jaroslaw Szarek 1143: 1083: 1074: 1035: 1030: 1013:. According to 962: 956: 950:Jan T. Gross's 934: 921:Hermann Schaper 917:Einsatzgruppe B 891: 874: 868: 863: 857:, near Warsaw. 821: 758: 753: 731:Feldgendarmerie 712:Radziłów pogrom 616:Bielsk Podlaski 592:Einsatzgruppe B 583:Peter Longerich 558:, chief of the 541: 539:Radziłów pogrom 531: 477:Orthodox Jewish 446: 434:Main articles: 432: 409:, organized by 403:Radziłów pogrom 391:Józef Piłsudski 359: 354: 338:Law and Justice 298:SS intelligence 265:in the town of 259:Jedwabne pogrom 251: 152: 141: 139: 123: 121: 117: 114: 109: 106: 104: 102: 101: 77: 42:Jedwabne pogrom 37: 21: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11702: 11692: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11639:1941 in Poland 11636: 11619: 11618: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11586: 11579: 11572: 11565: 11558: 11551: 11544: 11537: 11530: 11523: 11516: 11509: 11502: 11495: 11488: 11481: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11450:Chełmer Sztyme 11446: 11443:Arbeiterstimme 11439: 11431: 11429: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11295: 11293: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11254: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11240: 11235: 11229: 11227: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11146: 11144: 11133: 11132: 11126: 11120: 11114: 11108: 11102: 11093: 11087: 11084:Alfonse Pogrom 11080: 11078: 11072: 11071: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11064: 11062:Lidia Zamenhof 11059: 11054: 11049: 11047:Artur Sandauer 11044: 11039: 11037:Roman Polanski 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11013: 11011: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11003: 11001:Jakub Wygodzki 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10966:Noach Pryłucki 10963: 10961:Roza Pomerantz 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10916:Jerzy Borejsza 10913: 10907: 10905: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10897: 10895:Noach Pryłucki 10892: 10887: 10885:Herman Diamand 10882: 10876: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10811: 10801: 10791: 10786: 10776: 10766: 10756: 10746: 10740: 10738: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10720: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10685: 10675: 10670: 10667:Maharam Lublin 10660: 10650: 10645: 10635: 10628:Moses Isserles 10625: 10615: 10610: 10600: 10590: 10585: 10579: 10577: 10570: 10562: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10467: 10465: 10458: 10450: 10449: 10428: 10427: 10420: 10413: 10405: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10392: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10380: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10319:United Kingdom 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10242: 10237: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10196: 10195: 10184: 10182: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10133: 10131: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10080:Nuremberg Laws 10077: 10072: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10036:Jewish quarter 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10012: 10010: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9950: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9932:ZOG conspiracy 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9890:Final Solution 9882: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9823:Ghetto benches 9819: 9817: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9746: 9744:Jewish deicide 9741: 9735: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9677: 9672: 9665: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9619: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9586: 9584: 9583:Related topics 9580: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9544: 9533: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9389: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9366: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9341: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9297: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9247: 9245: 9236: 9235: 9227: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9200: 9192: 9184: 9176: 9168: 9160: 9152: 9144: 9136: 9128: 9120: 9112: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9089: 9081: 9073: 9065: 9056: 9054: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9021: 9014: 9007: 9000: 8992: 8990: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8971: 8968:Matzuva attack 8964: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8936: 8929: 8922: 8914: 8912: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8893: 8885: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8845: 8837: 8833:Purim massacre 8829: 8821: 8813: 8805: 8797: 8788: 8786: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8770:Purim stabbing 8766: 8758: 8750: 8742: 8734: 8726: 8718: 8709: 8707: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8687: 8679: 8671: 8663: 8655: 8647: 8639: 8630: 8628: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8608: 8604:Tripoli pogrom 8600: 8592: 8584: 8575: 8573: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8553: 8551: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8532: 8529:Cairo bombings 8525: 8518: 8511: 8503: 8501: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8461: 8453: 8451: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8432: 8425: 8417: 8415: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8360: 8358: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8338: 8331: 8328:Luduș massacre 8324: 8316: 8314: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8280: 8278: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8263:Sarny massacre 8259: 8252: 8244: 8242: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8095: 8093: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8078:Dorohoi pogrom 8073: 8071: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8052: 8049:Dynów massacre 8045: 8037: 8035: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8016: 8008: 8006: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7970: 7966:Przytyk pogrom 7962: 7954: 7950:Thrace pogroms 7946: 7938: 7930: 7922: 7918:Safed massacre 7914: 7899: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7819: 7817: 7807: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7784: 7776: 7768: 7760: 7752: 7744: 7736: 7732:Siedlce pogrom 7728: 7720: 7712: 7704: 7696: 7688: 7680: 7671: 7669: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7642: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7604: 7602: 7599:Russian Empire 7592: 7591: 7583: 7575: 7567: 7559: 7555:Safed massacre 7551: 7543: 7535: 7527: 7519: 7511: 7507:Tétouan pogrom 7503: 7495: 7487: 7483:Safed massacre 7479: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7452: 7444: 7436: 7428: 7420: 7412: 7404: 7400:Cordoba pogrom 7396: 7388: 7380: 7372: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7320: 7318: 7308: 7307: 7299: 7295:Navarre pogrom 7291: 7282: 7280: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7253: 7245: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7207: 7205: 7195: 7194: 7186: 7178: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7147: 7139: 7131: 7123: 7114: 7112: 7111:Jewish revolts 7105: 7104: 7096: 7087: 7085: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7058: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7035: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7008: 6997: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6973:Sobibór Museum 6970: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6901: 6899: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6814: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6730:Sonderkommando 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6673:Posen speeches 6670: 6668:Korherr Report 6665: 6660: 6658:Höfle telegram 6655: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6534: 6532: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6500:Witold Pilecki 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6475:Henryk Iwański 6472: 6470:Paweł Frenkiel 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6314: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6275:Arajs Kommando 6251: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6204: 6197:Einsatzgruppen 6193: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6151:Alice Orlowski 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6066:John Demjanjuk 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5964:Gerhard Flesch 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5930: 5928: 5925:Einsatzgruppen 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5867:Ghetto command 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5848:Horst Schumann 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5707:Johann Niemann 5704: 5699: 5694: 5692:Hermann Michel 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5667:Karl-Otto Koch 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5607:Irmfried Eberl 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5496:Fritz Katzmann 5493: 5488: 5483: 5481:Arthur Greiser 5478: 5476:Richard Glücks 5473: 5468: 5463: 5461:Ludwig Fischer 5458: 5453: 5451:Adolf Eichmann 5448: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5395: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5115:Mass shootings 5112: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5102:Danzig-Matzkau 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5067:Kraków-Płaszów 5064: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4803: 4802:External links 4800: 4798: 4797: 4783: 4768: 4762: 4737: 4730: 4704:(3): 483–489. 4693: 4687: 4674: 4668: 4655: 4652:Rzeczpospolita 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4622: 4616: 4604:Herzog, Dagmar 4588: 4562:(1): 152–178. 4551: 4545: 4539: 4523: 4517: 4501: 4483:(1): 139–152. 4473:Stola, Dariusz 4469: 4456: 4428: 4410:(2): 345–374. 4399: 4393: 4376: 4363:978-1874774747 4362: 4346: 4330: 4324: 4311: 4305: 4283: 4262: 4244:(3): 410–432. 4229: 4220: 4208:Musial, Bogdan 4204: 4198: 4178: 4154: 4138: 4120:(3): 296–306. 4109: 4104:978-0803259799 4103: 4079: 4066:978-8389078087 4065: 4039: 4033: 4020: 4013: 3997: 3991: 3978: 3970:Rzcezpospolita 3965: 3946: 3933: 3920: 3894:(1): 202–203. 3879: 3845:(3): 453–459. 3830: 3804:(4): 587–606. 3793: 3784: 3778: 3758: 3752: 3737: 3731: 3718: 3692: 3668: 3663:978-0803259799 3662: 3644: 3638: 3622: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3583: 3564: 3554:2022-11-26 at 3539: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3452: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3383: 3369: 3339: 3328:. 11 July 2011 3313: 3301: 3287: 3283:Rosenfeld 2002 3272: 3249: 3227: 3215: 3196: 3178: 3163: 3151: 3138: 3126: 3110: 3106:Stokarska 2008 3098: 3096:, p. 127. 3086: 3074: 3072:, p. 359. 3062: 3046: 3044:, p. 126. 3031: 3029:, p. 140. 3019: 3015:Ignatiew 2003a 3002: 2975:(2): 171–189. 2959: 2947: 2935: 2933:, p. 391. 2915: 2913:, p. 391. 2903: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2829: 2817: 2815:, p. 139. 2805: 2801:Kaczyński 2003 2793: 2791:, p. 387. 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2715:Rzeczpospolita 2694: 2682: 2668: 2654: 2640: 2615: 2590: 2578: 2576:, p. 246. 2566: 2550: 2538: 2522: 2507: 2489: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2423:, p. 412. 2408: 2396: 2381: 2369: 2367:, p. 900. 2354: 2337: 2323: 2297: 2288: 2277: 2263: 2261:, p. 141. 2244: 2230: 2228:, p. 259. 2218: 2216:, p. 244. 2206: 2194: 2192:, p. 334. 2182: 2170: 2166:Cienciala 2003 2155: 2151:Cienciala 2003 2143: 2139:Cienciala 2003 2128: 2116: 2100: 2096:Cienciala 2003 2088: 2073: 2054: 2039: 2035:Cienciala 2003 2027: 2023:Cienciala 2003 2015: 2003: 1980: 1977:. 25 May 2015. 1959: 1943: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1879: 1859: 1832: 1817: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1749: 1730: 1721: 1708: 1690: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1599: 1592: 1590: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1571: 1555: 1549: 1537:Joanna Michlic 1491: 1485: 1461: 1455: 1416:Rzeczpospolita 1403:Joanna Michlic 1394: 1388: 1364: 1358: 1348:), as well as 1316:, Warsaw, 2014 1306: 1303: 1279:Joanna Michlic 1255: 1252: 1242: 1239: 1225: 1222: 1189: 1186: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1142: 1139: 1082: 1079: 1073: 1070: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 958:Main article: 955: 948: 933: 930: 913:Kreiskommissar 907:branch of the 903:, head of the 890: 887: 867: 864: 862: 859: 820: 817: 757: 754: 752: 749: 571:Einsatzgruppen 530: 527: 507:National Party 503:Jerzy Lukowski 494:National Party 431: 428: 385:branch of the 383:National Party 358: 355: 353: 350: 342:history policy 253: 252: 250: 249: 238: 230: 228: 224: 223: 220: 219: 212: 208: 207: 193: 189: 188: 178: 174: 173: 167: 163: 162: 153: 150: 147: 146: 136: 132: 131: 99: 93: 92: 83: 79: 78: 64: 56: 55: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11701: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11616: 11610: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11587: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11571: 11570: 11566: 11564: 11563: 11559: 11557: 11556: 11552: 11550: 11549: 11545: 11543: 11542: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11534:Kaliszer Woch 11531: 11529: 11528: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11515: 11514: 11510: 11508: 11507: 11503: 11501: 11500: 11496: 11494: 11493: 11489: 11487: 11486: 11482: 11480: 11479: 11478:Folkstsaytung 11475: 11473: 11472: 11468: 11466: 11465: 11461: 11459: 11458: 11454: 11452: 11451: 11447: 11445: 11444: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11304:Lomza Yeshiva 11302: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11290: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11253: 11251:Organizations 11249: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11226: 11220: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11163: 11161: 11160:Easter Pogrom 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11141:The Holocaust 11137: 11130: 11127: 11124: 11121: 11118: 11115: 11112: 11109: 11106: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11079: 11073: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10902: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10865: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10819: 10818:Kedushas Zion 10815: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10799: 10798:Shem MiShmuel 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10764: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10728: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10693: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10679: 10678:Solomon Luria 10676: 10674: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10643: 10639: 10636: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10623: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10608: 10604: 10601: 10598: 10594: 10593:Shmuel Eidels 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10563: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10471:Early history 10469: 10468: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10434: 10426: 10421: 10419: 10414: 10412: 10407: 10406: 10403: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10373:United States 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10124: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10053:The Holocaust 10051: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9955: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9917:Doctors' plot 9915: 9913: 9912:Slánský trial 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9896: 9895:The Holocaust 9893: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9868:Farhud (Iraq) 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9828:Hep-Hep riots 9826: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9810: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9776:Martin Luther 9774: 9772: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9711:Weaponization 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9676: 9675:Philosemitism 9673: 9671: 9670: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9634:Khazar theory 9632: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9564:Olympic Games 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9542:New Testament 9540: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9387: 9382: 9380: 9375: 9373: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9333: 9323: 9319: 9316: 9312: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9298: 9295: 9294:Netiv HaAsara 9291: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9277: 9274: 9270: 9267: 9263: 9260: 9259:Ein HaShlosha 9256: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9108:Itamar attack 9105: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8976: 8975:Hebron ambush 8972: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8944: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8927: 8926:Hadera attack 8923: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8898: 8894: 8891: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8866: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8476: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8409: 8405: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8379:Kraków pogrom 8376: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8227: 8226:The Holocaust 8223: 8220: 8216: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8205:Švenčionėliai 8202: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8121:Kaunas (June) 8118: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8057: 8056:Silc massacre 8053: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8021: 8020:Kristallnacht 8017: 8014: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7984: 7980: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7904: 7903:Oradea pogrom 7900: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7811: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7780:Kielce pogrom 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7740:Shiraz pogrom 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7547:Hebron pogrom 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7523:Hep-Hep riots 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7440:Hebron pogrom 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7042: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6870:Kielce pogrom 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6835: 6830: 6828: 6823: 6821: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6688:Stroop Report 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628:Documentation 6625: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6460:Marek Edelman 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346:Organizations 6344: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6247:Collaboration 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190:Organizations 6188: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6136:Eduard Lorenz 6134: 6132: 6131:Anton Lechner 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6116:Josef Kollmer 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086:Kurt Gerstein 6084: 6082: 6081:Hans Hoffmann 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:Juana Bormann 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5989:Erich Naumann 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5944:Lothar Beutel 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5914:Jürgen Stroop 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5884:Josef Blösche 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5858:Eduard Wirths 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5843:Josef Mengele 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833:Horst Fischer 5831: 5829: 5828:Karl Gebhardt 5826: 5824: 5823:Carl Clauberg 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5795:Ludwig Plagge 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5785:Herbert Lange 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5765:Kurt Bolender 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5737:Gustav Wagner 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5662:Franz Hössler 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627:Karl Fritzsch 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5597:Wilhelm Boger 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516:Erwin Lambert 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5501:Wilhelm Koppe 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Hermann Höfle 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5456:Theodor Eicke 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157:Aktion Krakau 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127:Bloody Sunday 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5049:Concentration 5046: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4997:Extermination 4994: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865:The Holocaust 4863: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4698:Slavic Review 4694: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4617:0-8101-2370-3 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592:Wróbel, Piotr 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888:Slavic Review 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3839:Slavic Review 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3763: 3762:Gross, Jan T. 3759: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3598: 3594: 3591:Craig, Ryan. 3587: 3579: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3557: 3556:archive.today 3553: 3549: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3524: 3523:Stachura 2007 3519: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3463: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3429:Hackmann 2018 3425: 3418: 3413: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3373: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3297: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3160: 3155: 3149:, p. 13. 3148: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3084:, p. 24. 3083: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2957:, p. 27. 2956: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2897:, p. 3; 2896: 2891: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2861:, p. 23. 2860: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2834: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2803:, p. 55. 2802: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2767:, p. 43. 2766: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2665:. Yad Vashem. 2664: 2658: 2650: 2644: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2588:, p. 88. 2587: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2447:, pp. 77 2446: 2441: 2435:, p. 75. 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2333: 2327: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2292: 2286: 2281: 2273: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2226:Browning 2004 2222: 2215: 2214:Matthäus 2004 2210: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2168:, p. 57. 2167: 2162: 2160: 2153:, p. 58. 2152: 2147: 2141:, p. 56. 2140: 2135: 2133: 2126:, p. 17. 2125: 2120: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2086:, p. 39. 2085: 2080: 2078: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2052:, p. 18. 2051: 2046: 2044: 2037:, p. 55. 2036: 2031: 2025:, p. 52. 2024: 2019: 2012: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1924: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891:Dariusz Stola 1888: 1883: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1814: 1813:Ignatiew 2003 1810: 1809:Ignatiew 2002 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1774: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1739:Szymon Datner 1734: 1725: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1668: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1637:Kielce pogrom 1635: 1633: 1632:Kaunas pogrom 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558:A 2009 play, 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:Volksdeutsche 1530: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1447:Dariusz Stola 1444: 1443:Bogdan Musial 1440: 1436: 1435:Israel Gutman 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346:Havi Dreifuss 1343: 1342:Jan Grabowski 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1311: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1251: 1248: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1199: 1194: 1185: 1184:institution. 1183: 1179: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1149: 1147: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1099:sensu stricto 1095: 1087: 1078: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:Orthodox Jews 1051: 1050:Dariusz Stola 1046: 1044: 1040: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1011:the Holocaust 1008: 1004: 999: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 970: 966: 961: 953: 947: 943: 941: 940: 929: 927: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901:Szymon Datner 898: 895: 886: 884: 880: 873: 858: 856: 851: 847: 843: 834: 830: 825: 816: 813: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 783: 779: 775: 772: 767: 762: 748: 745: 741: 736: 733: 732: 726: 724: 719: 715: 713: 709: 708:Wąsosz pogrom 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 610:areas of the 609: 605: 601: 596: 593: 589: 584: 579: 575: 573: 572: 567: 566: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 540: 536: 535:Wąsosz pogrom 526: 524: 520: 515: 513: 508: 504: 500: 495: 489: 487: 483: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 441: 437: 427: 424: 420: 416: 413:'s far-right 412: 408: 404: 400: 395: 392: 388: 384: 379: 376: 368: 363: 349: 347: 344:"; President 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 315: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 279:the Holocaust 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 247: 243: 239: 236: 232: 231: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 194: 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 172: 169:At least 340 168: 164: 161: 157: 154: 148: 137: 133: 128: 100: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 62: 57: 54: 53:the Holocaust 50: 45: 40: 34: 30: 29: 25: 19: 11588: 11581: 11574: 11567: 11560: 11555:Lodzer Veker 11553: 11546: 11539: 11532: 11525: 11518: 11511: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11483: 11476: 11471:Folks-Sztyme 11469: 11462: 11457:Der Arbeyter 11455: 11448: 11441: 11434: 11428:Publications 11339:Chełm-Gdańsk 11172: 11165: 11097: 11052:Julian Tuwim 10946:Alfred Lampe 10926:Paweł Finder 10911:Jakub Berman 10864:Meir Shapiro 10858:Yid HaKadosh 10857: 10817: 10807: 10797: 10782: 10772: 10762: 10752: 10726: 10716: 10703:Jacob Pollak 10692:Maharam Minz 10691: 10681: 10666: 10656: 10641: 10631: 10621: 10606: 10596: 10588:Solomon Eger 10491:1989–present 10486:20th century 10481:19th century 10476:18th century 10442: 10436: 10383:21st century 10363:South Africa 10329:Labour Party 10250:21st century 10193:Saudi Arabia 10117:Yellow badge 10067: 10063:Jewish quota 9990: 9952: 9927:Yellow badge 9795: 9739:Anti-Judaism 9693: 9679: 9667: 9643: 9639:Ku Klux Klan 9614: 9590:Anti-Zionism 9574:Universities 9537:Christianity 9447:Adolf Hitler 9393:Antisemitism 9223:Israel riots 9215:2020–present 8868:21st century 8809:AMIA bombing 8393:Cairo pogrom 8155: 7974:Brest pogrom 7764:Skver pogrom 7661:20th century 7638:Corfu pogrom 7539:Tzfat pogrom 7448:Safed pogrom 7424:Arles pogrom 7376:1391 pogroms 7241:Ham massacre 7182:Fez massacre 6729: 6653:Höcker Album 6636:Nazi sources 6524:Victim lists 6490:Miles Lerman 6297:Trawniki men 6237:Hotel Polski 6146:Detlef Nebbe 6111:Oswald Kaduk 6106:Karl Jeschke 5984:Bruno Müller 5974:Felix Landau 5959:Ernst Damzog 5954:Karl Brunner 5923: 5899:Franz Konrad 5800:Adolf Theuer 5753:executioners 5732:Franz Stangl 5702:Robert Mulka 5672:Josef Kramer 5622:Karl Frenzel 5592:Richard Baer 5587:Hans Aumeier 5580:Camp command 5566:Otto Wächter 5446:Josef Bühler 5441:Viktor Brack 5427:Perpetrators 5188: 5019: 4861:Main article 4773: 4749: 4745: 4733: 4701: 4697: 4678: 4659: 4651: 4634: 4630: 4607: 4600:Hayes, Peter 4595: 4559: 4555: 4530: 4527:Tec, Nechama 4508: 4480: 4476: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4407: 4403: 4384: 4353: 4342:the original 4315: 4295: 4273:(4): 23–43. 4270: 4266: 4241: 4237: 4211: 4189: 4165: 4161: 4152:. Jerusalem. 4149: 4117: 4113: 4094: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4024: 4004: 3982: 3969: 3929:the original 3891: 3887: 3883: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3801: 3797: 3767: 3742: 3722: 3706: 3682:(1): 49–72. 3679: 3675: 3652: 3629: 3626:Bikont, Anna 3616: 3597:the original 3586: 3578:The Guardian 3577: 3567: 3559: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3511:Wróbel 2006b 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3455: 3446: 3436: 3424: 3417:Michlic 2017 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3396: 3386: 3372: 3360:. Retrieved 3356:the original 3351: 3342: 3330:. Retrieved 3325: 3316: 3304: 3290: 3267:the original 3262: 3252: 3244:The Guardian 3243: 3218: 3209: 3199: 3191:the original 3181: 3159:Michlic 2002 3154: 3147:The Guardian 3146: 3141: 3129: 3118:Michlic 2012 3113: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3049: 3022: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2950: 2943:Rossino 2003 2938: 2931:Wróbel 2006a 2918: 2911:Wróbel 2006a 2906: 2890: 2878: 2873:, p. 77 2866: 2854: 2846:The Guardian 2845: 2827:, p. 7. 2820: 2808: 2796: 2789:Wróbel 2006a 2784: 2772: 2760: 2753:Michlic 2002 2748: 2736: 2724:. Retrieved 2720:the original 2713: 2685: 2671: 2657: 2643: 2631:. Retrieved 2627: 2618: 2606:. Retrieved 2602: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2553: 2541: 2532:, quoted in 2525: 2498: 2492: 2484: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2399: 2372: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2326: 2314:. Retrieved 2310:the original 2300: 2291: 2280: 2266: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2146: 2119: 2108:Kitchen 1990 2103: 2091: 2030: 2018: 2013:, p. 5. 2006: 1995: 1974: 1954: 1946: 1938: 1935:Adam Michnik 1930: 1922: 1918: 1906: 1882: 1862: 1850:. Retrieved 1846:the original 1835: 1760: 1752: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1716:Doris Bergen 1711: 1701: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1619: 1559: 1557: 1551: 1544: 1532: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1512:Piotr Wróbel 1498: 1493: 1487: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1439:Adam Michnik 1420: 1414: 1398: 1396: 1390: 1383: 1379: 1367: 1366: 1360: 1354:Shevah Weiss 1338:Yehuda Bauer 1333: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1298: 1287: 1268: 1260:Andrzej Duda 1257: 1244: 1234: 1227: 1224:New monument 1213:Shevah Weiss 1211: 1203: 1171: 1144: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1075: 1066: 1057: 1047: 1042: 1036: 1021: 1019: 1006: 1000: 996: 991: 984:Piotr Wróbel 979: 976:Jan T. Gross 974: 969:Jan T. Gross 951: 944: 937: 935: 912: 893: 892: 875: 838: 814: 807: 788: 776: 763: 759: 756:10 July 1941 742:and western 737: 729: 727: 722: 720: 716: 597: 580: 576: 569: 563: 553: 549:Adolf Hitler 542: 516: 511: 490: 459:invaded the 453:Nazi Germany 447: 430:World War II 422: 418: 396: 380: 372: 346:Andrzej Duda 327: 312: 310: 306:Jan T. Gross 286:ethnic Poles 284:At least 40 283: 275:World War II 258: 256: 235:West Germany 196:Antisemitism 182:ethnic Poles 180:At least 40 177:Perpetrators 71:Łomża County 65:Memorial in 49:World War II 26: 18: 11166:Grossaktion 11155:Częstochowa 11105:Częstochowa 11077:and Pogroms 11057:Jerzy Urban 11032:Louis Meyer 10956:Hilary Minc 10921:Ludwik Dorn 10904:Politicians 10783:Avnei Nezer 10723:Joel Sirkis 10663:Meir Lublin 10618:Joshua Falk 10607:Maharam Ash 10348:New Zealand 10100:Segregation 10008:Persecution 9980:Radio Islam 9786:Blood libel 9781:Blood curse 9554:Middle Ages 9400:Core topics 8572:1950s–1960s 8344:(1944–1945) 8228:(1941–1945) 7977: [ 7906: [ 7816:(1918–1920) 7788:Lwów pogrom 7756:Lwów pogrom 7700:Kiev pogrom 7601:(1881–1884) 7491:Mawza Exile 7477:(1648–1657) 7317:(1348–1350) 7305:(1336–1339) 7251:(1189–1190) 6773:Gas chamber 6741:Concealment 6732:photographs 6579:Gross-Rosen 6548:Lviv (Lwów) 6510:Roza Robota 6414:Częstochowa 6046:Herta Bothe 6036:Hans Anhalt 6029:Camp guards 5969:Ludwig Hahn 5949:Paul Blobel 5889:Franz Bürkl 5879:Hans Biebow 5838:Fritz Klein 5775:Josef Klehr 5760:Erich Bauer 5751:Gas chamber 5697:Karl Möckel 5682:Maria Mandl 5657:Rudolf Höss 5642:Otto Hantke 5531:Oswald Pohl 5521:Ernst Lerch 5332:Stanisławów 5242:Częstochowa 5132:Bronna Góra 5062:Gross-Rosen 5057:Auschwitz I 3985:. Longman. 3607:Works cited 3593:"Our Class" 3574:"Our Class" 3501:, p. . 3161:, p. . 3136:, p. . 3017:, p. . 2927:Musial 2003 2899:Musial 2003 2859:Shafir 2012 2765:Shafir 2012 2755:, p. . 2741:Bikont 2015 2692:, p. . 2574:Bikont 2015 2558:Musial 2003 2546:Persak 2011 2421:Persak 2011 2404:Persak 2011 2394:, p. . 2392:Persak 2011 2377:Persak 2011 2285:Persak 2011 2204:, p. . 2202:Persak 2011 2178:Bikont 2015 2069:Bikont 2015 1875:Persak 2011 1622:(2012 film) 1510:"And yet," 1472:in 2011 as 1431:David Engel 1427:Anna Bikont 1269:Writing on 1217:Lech Walesa 1103:sensu largo 1045:, or IPN). 926:Ludwigsburg 482:Jewish Bund 399:Anna Bikont 378:the world. 336:. With the 263:Polish Jews 204:retribution 171:Polish Jews 151:Attack type 122: / 97:Coordinates 22:‹ The 11664:1941 riots 11628:Categories 11499:Głos Bundu 11399:Tarnobrzeg 11322:Cemeteries 11098:Tach VeTat 10753:Imrei Emes 10682:Maharashal 10583:Akiva Eger 10225:Costa Rica 10188:Arab world 10172:Yad Vashem 10095:Refuseniks 10058:Jewish hat 10031:Expulsions 9998:Stormfront 9706:Xenophobia 9656:in English 9645:Mein Kampf 9627:Żydokomuna 9457:Propaganda 8429:Kunmadaras 7838:Justingrad 7346:Strasbourg 6096:Irma Grese 6091:Paul Götze 6061:Luise Danz 5810:Physicians 5617:Kurt Franz 5466:Hans Frank 5434:Organizers 5378:Heidelager 4793:1354301800 4505:Stone, Dan 3120:, p. 3082:Polak 2001 3070:Gross 2003 3056:, p. 3027:Stola 2003 2955:Stone 2010 2883:Gross 2001 2871:Gross 2001 2825:Gross 2001 2813:Stola 2003 2690:Shore 2005 2560:, p. 2534:Gross 2001 2457:Stola 2003 2445:Gross 2001 2433:Gross 2001 2365:Crago 2012 2259:Stola 2003 2110:, p. 2084:Gross 2001 2050:Gross 2001 1911:Stola 2003 1899:Crago 2012 1895:Stola 2003 1887:Stola 2003 1871:Stola 2003 1867:Gross 2001 1828:Gross 2001 1761:obligatory 1564:playwright 1562:by Polish 1231:Jan Karski 1182:Yad Vashem 1072:Interviews 1033:Exhumation 870:See also: 791:Żydokomuna 640:Kleszczele 636:Jasionówka 463:under the 405:in nearby 352:Background 240:2000–2003 142:1941-07-10 110:22°18′34″E 107:53°17′20″N 11513:Ha-Tsfira 11485:Folkswort 11329:Białystok 11203:Szczuczyn 11150:Białystok 11090:Białystok 11075:Massacres 10773:Sfas Emes 10642:Maharshak 10517:Białystok 10390:Venezuela 10205:Australia 10200:Argentina 10181:By region 10110:Expulsion 9970:Metapedia 9965:Jew Watch 9651:in Arabic 9417:Geography 9412:Economics 9100:2010–2019 9053:2004–2009 8875:2000–2009 8407:1946–1999 8128:Szczuczyn 8100:Bucharest 7997:1938–1945 7873:Proskurov 7831:Radomyshl 7748:The Tritl 7668:1900–1937 7467:1600–1899 7279:1300–1599 7166:1000–1299 7145:(614–617) 7137:(351–352) 7129:(132–136) 7062:Massacres 6950:Memorials 6847:Aftermath 6614:Treblinka 6569:Auschwitz 6424:Treblinka 6409:Białystok 6397:Uprisings 6177:Treblinka 6022:Personnel 5790:Otto Moll 5780:Hans Koch 5632:Amon Göth 5363:Action T4 5327:Sosnowiec 5297:Nowy Sącz 5232:Białystok 5199:Szczuczyn 5147:Erntefest 5137:Bydgoszcz 5122:Białystok 5037:Treblinka 4913:Lithuania 4726:233360956 4596:Neighbors 4424:159586240 4372:936831526 4258:145167433 4212:Neighbors 4134:165177860 4075:470327322 4057:Dokumenty 3916:165057267 3875:163923238 3859:0037-6779 3835:Neighbors 3818:1462-3528 3707:Glaukopis 3628:(2015) . 3560:The Times 3487:Holc 2008 3402:7 October 2997:145456528 2989:1570-5854 2895:Holc 2002 2517:928239082 2481:"Pogroms" 1955:Neighbors 1951:Holc 2002 1770:Citations 1620:Aftermath 1560:Our Class 1552:Our Class 1514:wrote in 1505:men from 1384:Documents 1334:Two Barns 1135:Documents 1129:(Vol. 1: 1022:Neighbors 1015:Dan Stone 952:Neighbors 932:Aftermath 905:Białystok 855:Milanówek 846:Janczewko 819:Survivors 744:Białystok 688:Trzcianne 684:Szczuczyn 680:Suchowola 620:Choroszcz 608:Białystok 31:is being 11608:Category 11590:Zibn teg 11527:In Kampf 11419:Wrzeszcz 11389:Oświęcim 11374:Obrzycko 11344:Chrzanów 11292:Yeshivas 11198:Radziłów 11173:Jedwabne 11117:Naliboki 10880:Emil Byk 10597:Maharsha 10358:Pakistan 10292:Imperial 10069:Judensau 10026:Boycotts 9985:Redwatch 9975:Podblanc 9838:May Laws 9797:Judensau 9501:Timeline 9469:Three Ds 9452:Americas 9287:Nahal Oz 9280:Kissufim 9273:Kfar Aza 8997:Istanbul 8191:Babi Yar 8156:Jedwabne 7563:Allahdad 7153:(628 CE) 7068:against 6793:Zyklon B 6609:Trawniki 6604:Stutthof 6589:Majdanek 5337:Tarnopol 5277:Lubartów 5189:Jedwabne 5092:Trawniki 5082:Stutthof 5072:Potulice 5015:Majdanek 4933:Slovakia 4744:(2009). 4606:(eds.). 4584:24138353 4529:(1993). 4507:(2010). 4465:Archived 4336:(2002). 4279:23262406 4144:(2002). 4085:(2004). 4003:(2010). 3958:Archived 3908:27652785 3826:81922100 3764:(2001). 3711:Archived 3698:(2001). 3688:25779370 3650:(2004). 3552:Archived 2316:12 March 2124:Tec 1993 1975:BBC News 1852:12 March 1678:taksówka 1612:See also 1497:'s book 1330:Sąsiedzi 1273:and its 1237:(1980). 1081:Findings 978:'s book 829:Jedwabne 810:kerosene 696:Wasilków 676:Stawiski 664:Radziłów 660:Piątnica 612:Podlasie 457:Red Army 407:Radziłów 375:Jedwabne 357:Jedwabne 267:Jedwabne 160:massacre 86:Jedwabne 82:Location 67:Jedwabne 47:Part of 35:. › 24:template 11562:Midrasz 11506:Ha-Asif 11414:Wrocław 11409:Wiślica 11349:Cieszyn 11183:Tykocin 11123:Przytyk 11010:Writers 10873:Lawyers 10657:Nesivos 10512:Beuthen 10500:By city 10455:History 10378:History 10314:Ukraine 10282:Romania 10267:Hungary 10257:Germany 10240:Belgium 10235:Austria 10090:Pogroms 9422:History 9407:Canards 9322:Yakhini 9190:(2019) 8515:Djerada 8508:Tripoli 8436:Miskolc 8219:Rumbula 8177:Tykocin 8107:Antwerp 7968:(1936) 7852:Zviahel 7121:(66–73) 7066:pogroms 6778:Gas van 6594:Sobibór 6531:Ghettos 6438:Leaders 6419:Sobibor 6172:Sobibor 6165:By camp 5312:Siedlce 5219:Ghettos 5204:Tykocin 5176:Pogroms 5162:Palmiry 5087:Szebnie 5032:Sobibor 5010:Chełmno 4938:Ukraine 4923:Romania 4903:Germany 4893:Estonia 4888:Denmark 4883:Croatia 4878:Belgium 4873:Belarus 4718:3090298 4497:2831412 4440:History 4383:(ed.). 4188:(ed.). 4162:History 4093:(ed.). 3867:3090294 3362:11 July 3332:11 July 3326:Haaretz 1659:Sources 1545:History 1524:History 1380:Studies 1131:Studies 879:treason 692:Tykocin 668:Rajgród 656:Narewka 652:Kuźnica 644:Knyszyn 632:Grajewo 628:Goniądz 600:pogroms 512:en bloc 290:Gestapo 227:Inquiry 200:looting 140: ( 11492:Forojs 11404:Warsaw 11384:Ostrów 11369:Lublin 11359:Krakow 11354:Kielce 11334:Bródno 11238:Kraków 11233:Kielce 11213:Wąsosz 11168:Warsaw 11131:(1881) 11129:Warsaw 11125:(1936) 11119:(1943) 11113:(1918) 11111:Kielce 11107:(1902) 11101:(1684) 11092:(1906) 11086:(1905) 10737:Rebbes 10576:Rabbis 10567:People 10552:Wieluń 10537:Łęczna 10532:Kraków 10527:Kalisz 10507:Adamów 10464:By era 10368:Turkey 10343:Mexico 10309:Sweden 10297:Soviet 10287:Russia 10277:Norway 10262:Greece 10245:France 10230:Europe 10210:Canada 10046:Mellah 9993:(blog) 9803:Pogrom 9442:Nazism 9347:(2024) 9339:(2023) 9301:Nir Oz 9252:Be'eri 9233:(2022) 9225:(2021) 9206:(2019) 9198:(2019) 9182:(2018) 9174:(2017) 9166:(2016) 9158:(2015) 9150:(2014) 9142:(2014) 9134:(2014) 9126:(2012) 9118:(2012) 9110:(2011) 9087:(2008) 9079:(2006) 9071:(2004) 9063:(2004) 8851:(1997) 8843:(1997) 8835:(1996) 8827:(1995) 8819:(1994) 8811:(1994) 8803:(1991) 8795:(1990) 8772:(1989) 8764:(1986) 8756:(1985) 8748:(1982) 8740:(1981) 8732:(1981) 8724:(1980) 8716:(1980) 8693:(1979) 8685:(1978) 8677:(1975) 8669:(1974) 8661:(1974) 8653:(1972) 8645:(1972) 8637:(1970) 8614:(1968) 8606:(1967) 8598:(1956) 8590:(1954) 8582:(1952) 8486:Manama 8479:Aleppo 8422:Kielce 8198:Odessa 8170:Ponary 8163:Farhud 8149:Wąsosz 7987:(1937) 7960:(1936) 7952:(1934) 7944:(1934) 7936:(1931) 7928:(1929) 7920:(1929) 7912:(1927) 7897:(1921) 7866:Fastov 7790:(1918) 7782:(1918) 7774:(1917) 7766:(1917) 7758:(1914) 7750:(1912) 7742:(1910) 7734:(1906) 7726:(1906) 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