352:
with mining towns, manufacturing communities, and farms. The salmon that the tribe relied on for food became less plentiful because of contamination in the water from mining, and many members of the Karuk tribe died from either starvation or new diseases that the
Europeans brought with them to the area. Many members of the Karuk tribe were also killed or sold into slavery by the Europeans. Karuk children were sent to boarding schools where they were Americanized and told not to use their native language. These combined factors caused the use of the Karuk language to steadily decline over the years until measures were taken to attempt to revitalize the language.
252:
260:
3438:
1639:, which was published in 2005. They recorded everyday conversations, songs, stories, and poetry of fluent Karuk speakers to attempt to capture the language and what it meant to those speaking it. Bright spent over fifty years studying, researching, and documenting Karuk, and is the only non-Indian to be inducted as an honorary member of the tribe thanks to his contributions to the community. Bright was buried on Karuk land when he died in 2006.
202:
361:
193:
380:, although little evidence supports this proposal. As Bright wrote, "The Karok language is not closely or obviously related to any other (in the area), but has been classified as a member of the northern group of Hokan languages, in a subgroup which includes Chimariko and the Shasta languages, spoken in the same general part of California as Karok itself."
1731:
fluent native speaker who they follow throughout the day. During this time spent with the native speaker, learners are only allowed to speak Karuk. The program is intensive, typically lasting 40 hours a week for 3 years. Around 20 groups had successfully gone through the entire program as of the year 2011.
1701:
and tribal member Julian Lang, a dedicated researcher of the language. Their studies suggest that the decline of the language is caused by a combination of a lack of younger fluent speakers, a decline in the number of speakers, not being typically taught at home at young ages, a feeling of disconnect
351:
The region where the Karuk tribe lived remained largely undisturbed until beaver trappers came through the area in 1827. In 1848, gold was discovered in
California, and thousands of Europeans came to the Klamath River and its surrounding region to search for gold. The Karuk territory was soon filled
1730:
An immersion method called the master-apprentice program was started in 1992 by
Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival to aid in Karuk revitalization efforts. In order to fully immerse a beginning speaker in Karuk, people who are interested in learning the language are paired with a
1696:
In 1990, attempts were made to revive the language by the Karuk
Language Restoration Committee. The committee, composed of eight volunteers, drafted a 5-year minimum plan in an attempt to preserve the Karuk language and help it regain its standing in the community. The committee was advised by Dr.
427:
The Karuk people originally owned 1.04 million acres of land until it was claimed as public territory in 1905 under the Forest
Reserve Act during the Roosevelt administration. In 1887, some members of the Karuk tribe were given small plots of land under the General Allotment Act. In the 1970's,
1278:
known for its method of arranging old and new information: "... skilled Karuk speakers use separate words to communicate new, salient detail, or to underscore known detail; and they use affixes for background details so that a listener's attention is not diverted."
347:
documented the Karuk language. When Bright began his studies in 1949, there were "a couple of hundred fluent speakers," but by 2011, there were fewer than a dozen fluent elders. A standardized system for writing the languages was adopted in the 1980s.
769:
Karuk has 16 phonemic consonants (all of them with no voicing contrast), a small number compared to the relatively large consonant inventories of most
California languages. Karuk also lacks secondary articulation to its consonants such as
2340:
1323:. Karuk uses accents where vowels can sound different in each word, making the language difficult to learn. Although the structure may be similar, Karuk is considered to be very different from its neighboring languages, such as
1295:" on its verbs. Depending on the subject and the object the speaker is referring to, there is a prefix for both positive and negative indicatives as well as a prefix for the potential mood. Through his research,
428:
elders from the Karuk tribe bought back two properties in
Orleans and Happy Camp and have acquired 1,661 acres of land that the tribe can use for ceremonies, housing, and resource management.
1680:
populations either further develop their
English for higher education or develop their native language to preserve culture. Bilingual teachers in both Karuk and English would teach at
6942:
5968:
5959:
2565:
7008:
1266:, respectively, above the vowels. The low tone is not represented, and tones on long vowels are notated only on the first letter in the digraph.
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2465:
2454:
6848:
5824:
2445:
327:
and increase the number of speakers led by linguists such as Dr. William Bright and Susan Gehr, as well as members of the Karuk community.
1632:. Bright set himself apart from linguists from his time for incorporating elements of the cultural context of Karuk into his descriptions.
1715:
Raising tribal members' and local communities' aware of the importance of learning the language also as a vehicle of Karuk culture itself.
1676:, and would be employed in local public schools to teach American Indian children. The university developed this initiative to help local
6993:
6983:
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212:
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957:
Karuk consonants have been historically written using several different conventions. A comparison between these conventions follows:
5952:
1656:
started the "American Indian
Bilingual Teacher Credential Program", where they brought in teachers from four local tribes, the
7003:
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1810:
1677:
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4920:
5449:
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234:
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2537:
6901:
5945:
5606:
6998:
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5582:
4821:
3442:
2551:
1116:
1026:
6351:
6320:
4740:
4676:
3919:
1071:
569:. Vowel qualities /a i u/ occur as both long and short vowels, while mid vowels /e o/ only occur as long vowels.
224:
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In two-consonant sequences or are distinguished from the digraphs ⟨sh th⟩ which represent the single phonemes
5353:
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3350:
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2007:
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Tones are marked for vowels in Karuk using accent marks. The high and falling tones are represented using the
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4206:
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Long vowels are represented by doubling the letters: ⟨ii⟩, ⟨aa ⟩ and ⟨uu⟩ are used for /iː/ /aː/ and /uː/.
5829:
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between its use and the contemporary world, and the lack of literacy in the language among tribal members.
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with only around 12 fluent native speakers of the language left. Most members of the Karuk nation now use
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3306:
2215:
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6287:
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4147:
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3150:
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Note: More translations can be found online in the
Dictionary section depicting Dr. Bright's research.
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Elementary Schools, where children would learn how to live in America while keeping their identity.
1307:
on verbs to describe relevant direction. Many motion verbs have a singular and plural form. Through
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409:
372:, sharing few if any similarities with other nearby languages. Historically, the American linguist
336:
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Karuk is spoken within the range of the original territory where the Karuk people lived prior to
324:
82:
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in showing "a complex person-marking system, where subject and object are marked in portmanteau
855:
When /i u/ occur next to one another in a word, whichever is the first vowel is pronounced as a
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5853:
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5496:
5272:
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4855:
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Facilitating the community participation in programs that have people practice and speak Karuk.
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6857:
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6754:
6395:
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5289:
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3019:
3007:
2859:
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1983:
1206:
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587:
413:
6809:
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5325:
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consisting of three tones: high, low, and falling. Falling tones only occur in long vowels.
6736:
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5874:
5631:
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5412:
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4397:
4178:
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3013:
2993:
2628:
5759:
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8:
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6760:
6718:
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6367:
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6258:
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3401:
3000:
2673:
2389:
2245:
2144:
Macaulay, Monica (1993-01-01). "Reduplication and the Structure of the Karuk Verb Stem".
1681:
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312:
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251:
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1300:
787:
597:
582:
6055:
5662:
5625:
3125:
171:
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6574:
6549:
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6390:
6253:
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1806:
612:
602:
5667:
5656:
5636:
3974:
2414:(2nd ed.). Center for Indian Community Development, Humboldt State University.
1635:
Bright later worked with Susan Gehr, a tribe member and fellow linguist, on a Karuk
230:
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6871:
6864:
6782:
6723:
6651:
6644:
6563:
6521:
6486:
6444:
6425:
6400:
6361:
6340:
6334:
6297:
6204:
6102:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6013:
5884:
5744:
5734:
5729:
5683:
5677:
5646:
5539:
5434:
5358:
5296:
5248:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5144:
5128:
5063:
5058:
5041:
4982:
4876:
4808:
4719:
4686:
4654:
4550:
4522:
4471:
4392:
4376:
4362:
4344:
4337:
4323:
4283:
4265:
4249:
4235:
4057:
4040:
3862:
3831:
3725:
3683:
3642:
3579:
3561:
3396:
3386:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3333:
3301:
3295:
3279:
3243:
3212:
3166:
3055:
2955:
2872:
2768:
2730:
2661:
2647:
2440:
2415:
2153:
2050:
2041:
1673:
592:
369:
320:
106:
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4664:
2523:
6729:
6686:
6679:
6556:
6542:
6492:
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6304:
6270:
6264:
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6127:
6027:
5989:
5879:
5754:
5739:
5708:
5429:
5390:
5255:
5201:
5073:
4935:
4701:
4696:
4561:
4476:
4357:
4350:
4330:
4312:
4217:
4200:
3999:
3699:
3678:
3626:
3611:
3523:
3485:
3391:
3343:
3218:
3180:
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3049:
2980:
2928:
2882:
2800:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2761:
2740:
2636:
2601:
2474:
2313:
2123:
2096:
2054:
1934:
1800:
919:
607:
377:
343:
contact, it is estimated that there may have been up to 1,500 speakers. Linguist
110:
98:
88:
2508:
184:
6978:
6795:
6627:
6605:
6458:
6329:
6223:
6143:
6136:
6075:
6020:
5889:
5749:
5718:
5689:
5320:
5206:
5189:
5134:
5005:
4942:
4712:
4706:
4626:
4621:
4567:
4544:
4289:
4111:
4068:
4051:
4045:
4023:
4011:
3895:
3873:
3769:
3657:
3259:
3231:
3044:
3038:
2975:
2941:
2877:
2654:
2617:
2610:
2494:
2482:
1698:
1609:
1336:
1324:
1296:
771:
720:
646:
344:
283:
275:
128:
5967:
1774:
1620:. Bright was met with open arms by tribal elders and was given the Karuk name
6972:
6499:
6465:
6451:
6109:
6006:
5773:
5713:
5695:
5211:
5195:
5149:
4906:
4726:
4691:
4681:
4659:
4616:
4481:
4062:
3994:
3879:
3868:
3647:
3253:
2968:
2900:
2893:
2641:
2486:
2257:
1617:
856:
775:
562:
451:
405:
295:
44:
3904:
1672:. These teachers were bilingual in their tribe's native language as well as
4670:
3842:
3191:
2470:
2341:"Karuk Language Restoration Committee nearing completion of five-year plan"
1612:
started studying the Karuk language in 1949 in pursuit of his doctorate in
1256:
1059:
566:
373:
259:
135:
65:
2543:
2420:
1740:
155:
2533:
1922:. Internet Archive. Happy Camp, CA, U.S.A. : Naturegraph Publishers.
1885:"In Karuk: A family struggles to bring its ancestral tongue back to life"
1613:
495:
446:
4317:
2165:
1779:
1647:
1636:
1260:
619:
539:
456:
299:
55:
2528:
1954:
1718:
Reviewing and receiving community feedback regarding the current plan.
416:, which is near the Karuk Center of the World (in Karuk, "Katimiin"),
1955:"Karuk Ancestral Territory Map – Karuk Language Resources on the Web"
1263:
518:
164:
148:
201:
2490:
2157:
242:
3454:
2039:
Levi, Susannah V. (December 2008). "Phonemic vs. derived glides".
1709:
Recording and writing down fluent speakers communicating in Karuk.
1624:, or "little word-asker". Around a decade later, Bright published
392:
contact. The ancestral territory is in Northwestern California in
360:
2498:
2473:
Working to speak and understand the traditional languages of the
238:
2400:
565:
in Karuk /i e a o u/, some of which may also differ in terms of
323:
in their everyday lives. Since 1949, there have been efforts to
5913:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
5894:
5792:
2513:
1669:
1629:
1304:
1292:
914:
Note: Syllabification in these examples are from right-to-left.
389:
340:
335:
The Karuk language originated around the Klamath River between
316:
209:
2518:
412:
and Bluff Creek. Most Karuk speakers now live in the towns of
2478:
2411:
Now you're speaking – Karuk!: Araráhih, the people's language
2246:"William Bright, 78, Expert in Indigenous Languages, Is Dead"
1665:
1661:
918:
The following example is a more rare case in Karuk where the
291:
192:
2466:
Karuk basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
2094:
1603:
1744:
1657:
1712:
Training more people to become fluent as a long-term goal.
241:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1860:"Karuk – Survey of California and Other Indian Languages"
2435:
2098:
American Indian languages: cultural and social contexts
1691:
1648:
American Indian Bilingual Teacher Credential Program
1705:The committee ultimately created a five-step plan:
1355:. The following are examples of prefixes in Karuk.
2388:
1628:, describing the Karuk language, its grammar, and
302:. The name ‘Karuk’ is derived from the Karuk word
208:Karuk is classified as Severely Endangered by the
1827:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
6970:
2088:
2455:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
6668:
2509:OLAC resources in and about the Karuk language
1932:
5953:
3934:
3920:
3470:
2559:
2338:
2146:International Journal of American Linguistics
1798:
404:counties. The language originated around the
5923:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1725:
1642:
6847:
2573:
778:, also unusual for a Californian language.
303:
32:
5960:
5946:
3927:
3913:
3477:
3463:
2566:
2552:
2407:
2357:
1794:
1792:
1335:Karuk uses prefixes and suffixes in a way
383:
200:
191:
5969:Indigenous language families and isolates
2460:Karuk language dictionary online from IDS
2419:
2339:Burcell-Price, Suzanne (30 August 1990).
1926:
1604:Work by Dr. William Bright and Susan Gehr
1598:
376:proposed it be classified as part of the
6573:
2519:The Karuk Language Restoration Committee
2143:
359:
258:
250:
213:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
7009:Native American language revitalization
2386:
2311:
2121:
2095:Shirley Silver; Wick R. Miller (1997).
1882:
1789:
235:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6971:
2307:
2305:
2185:
2183:
2000:
1876:
5941:
3908:
3458:
2547:
2529:Ancestral Territory Map by Susan Gehr
2446:Traditional Karuk Songs Audio Gallery
2358:Gehr, Susan; Bright, William (2005).
2334:
2332:
2330:
2314:"American Indian Bilingual Education"
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2124:"American Indian Bilingual Education"
2034:
2032:
2030:
1936:The Karok Language, by William Bright
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1770:
1768:
850:
294:people in the region surrounding the
290:) is the traditional language of the
16:Endangered language of California, US
2462:(select simple or advanced browsing)
2061:
2038:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1948:
1946:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1692:Karuk Language Restoration Committee
1458:
330:
3484:
2395:. San Francisco: Chandler Pub. Co.
2391:Cultures of the North Pacific Coast
2362:. Los Angeles, CA: LBD Publishers.
2302:
2283:
2243:
2180:
1883:Walters, Heidi (October 27, 2011).
1488:kári xás pihnêefich upiip, pûuhara.
1464:From Dr. William Bright's research
1299:found the language lacks words for
13:
6994:Language isolates of North America
6984:Indigenous languages of California
2538:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
2471:Live Your Language Alliance (LYLA)
2380:
2327:
2270:
2232:
2213:
2115:
2027:
1843:
1765:
1743:Online Karuk dictionary hosted by
14:
7020:
2429:
1971:
1943:
1939:. University of California Press.
1902:
1311:, long-form vowels are used when
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1130:
1115:
1097:
1085:
1070:
1058:
1037:
1025:
1007:
995:
355:
3437:
3436:
1952:
859:, as in the following examples.
311:Karuk is classified as severely
2351:
2207:
2137:
2101:. University of Arizona Press.
1919:Karuk : the upriver people
1734:
1388:'to become broken due to heat'
1287:Karuk is similar to many other
2312:Bennett, Ruth (1 March 1987).
2122:Bennett, Ruth (1 March 1987).
1819:
1518:koovúra yúruk kámvuunupahitih.
952:
1:
1758:
1534:From Phil Albers, Jr.'s work
1339:relates to how English words
1282:
572:
7004:Endangered language isolates
2244:Fox, Margalit (2006-10-23).
2055:10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.003
1799:Lyle Campbell (2000-09-21).
1522:Let it all flow downstream.
431:
7:
1805:. Oxford University Press.
1247:
959:
792:
263:Klamath River in California
10:
7025:
2586:indicate extinct languages
2441:Karuk Dictionary and Texts
2408:Richardson, Nancy (1993).
1269:
907:nut of a giant chinquapin
420:("Athithufvuunupma"), and
6935:
6889:
6820:
6700:
6626:
6509:
6475:
6380:
6350:
6319:
6286:
6233:
6193:
6160:
6126:
6092:
6065:
5979:
5908:
5867:
5844:
5783:
5772:
5616:
5349:
5338:
5306:
5233:
5224:
5113:
4930:
4919:
4886:
4748:
4739:
4647:
4405:
4391:
4305:
4100:
4082:
4033:
3951:
3942:
3936:Primary language families
3889:
3816:
3786:
3738:
3692:
3666:
3635:
3610:
3560:
3533:
3492:
3432:
3410:
3379:
3326:
3319:
3269:
3241:
3200:
3110:
3067:
2912:
2799:
2728:
2671:
2627:
2600:
2591:
2581:
2008:"Karuk Orthography Key 2"
1802:American Indian Languages
1726:Master-apprentice program
1654:Humboldt State University
1643:Revival through education
1289:American Indian Languages
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1138:
1123:
1111:
1093:
1081:
1066:
1033:
1021:
1003:
991:
968:
965:
455:
450:
445:
443:
436:
221:
199:
190:
178:
162:
146:
141:
125:
95:
81:
71:
61:
50:
40:
31:
26:
21:
4753:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2436:Karuk Language Resources
2387:Drucker, Philip (1965).
2195:linguistics.berkeley.edu
2076:linguistics.berkeley.edu
2015:linguistics.berkeley.edu
1864:linguistics.berkeley.edu
1582:it's time to go outside
1492:Then coyote said, "no."
1377:'involving heat or fire'
1330:
781:
339:and Bluff Creek. Before
6999:Polysynthetic languages
5920:have no living members.
3808:Highland Oaxaca Chontal
2575:Languages of California
2069:"Karuk Orthography Key"
1933:William Bright (1957).
1785:(subscription required)
1750:William Bright (2005).
1242:⟨s-h t-h⟩
1240:with the use of a dash
922:is from left-to-right.
384:Geographic distribution
325:revitalize the language
304:
300:Northwestern California
287:
279:
33:
6953:Unclassified languages
5900:Unclassified languages
5854:list of sign languages
4822:Northeastern Tasmanian
3420:American Sign Language
1916:Bell, Maureen (1991).
1599:Revitalization efforts
1276:polysynthetic language
365:
308:, meaning “upriver”.
264:
256:
223:This article contains
5875:Constructed languages
3026:Southern Sierra Miwok
3020:Northern Sierra Miwok
363:
262:
254:
4422:Binanderean–Goilalan
3014:Central Sierra Miwok
1592:be quiet/quiet down
1542:English Translation
1472:English Translation
1364:English Translation
934:English Translation
871:English Translation
6902:Algonquian–Wakashan
5704:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
5607:Tequiraca–Canichana
5450:Harákmbut–Katukinan
4213:Northwest Caucasian
4207:Northeast Caucasian
4131:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3351:Californian Spanish
2290:North Coast Journal
1889:North Coast Journal
1652:In the late 1980s,
1535:
1478:xâatik vaa ukupítih
1465:
1301:cardinal directions
962:
795:
794:Karuk vowel stress
6890:Proposed groupings
5980:Language families
5326:Tarascan/Purépecha
4815:Northern Tasmanian
4573:South Bougainville
4534:North Bougainville
3339:California English
3270:Language isolates
2963:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
2949:Kings River Yokuts
2935:Buena Vista Yokuts
2250:The New York Times
1626:The Karok Language
1622:Uhyanapatánvaanich
1533:
1463:
960:
851:Syllable structure
810:high-falling tone
793:
366:
265:
257:
6966:
6965:
6948:Extinct languages
6885:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6696:
6695:
6622:
6621:
6376:
6375:
6352:Takelma–Kalapuyan
5935:
5934:
5885:Language isolates
5863:
5862:
5768:
5767:
5334:
5333:
5220:
5219:
4915:
4914:
4862:Western Tasmanian
4780:Eastern Tasmanian
4735:
4734:
4457:East Geelvink Bay
4387:
4386:
4078:
4077:
3902:
3901:
3896:extinct languages
3734:
3733:
3720:
3718:Havasupai dialect
3713:
3602:Southeastern Pomo
3586:Northeastern Pomo
3452:
3451:
3428:
3427:
3315:
3314:
2847:Southeastern Pomo
2834:Northeastern Pomo
2369:978-1-933408-03-3
2214:Albers, Phil Jr.
2191:"Ararahih'urípih"
2108:978-0-8165-1802-9
2049:(12): 1956–1978.
1984:"Land Management"
1812:978-0-19-534983-2
1783:(18th ed., 2015)
1752:Karuk Dictionary.
1596:
1595:
1526:
1525:
1459:Words and phrases
1456:
1455:
1351:all start with a
1234:
1233:
961:Karuk consonants
950:
949:
931:Glide Transition
911:
910:
868:Glide Transition
848:
847:
767:
766:
559:
558:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
331:History and usage
249:
248:
231:rendering support
227:phonetic symbols.
7016:
6958:Linguistic areas
6845:
6844:
6666:
6665:
6571:
6570:
6284:
6283:
6063:
6062:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5939:
5938:
5781:
5780:
5735:Huaorani/Waorani
5619:(extant in 2000)
5583:Esmeralda–Yaruro
5354:Andoque–Urequena
5347:
5346:
5231:
5230:
5037:Plateau Penutian
4928:
4927:
4903:(Northern Daly?)
4746:
4745:
4632:Northwest Papuan
4596:Trans–New Guinea
4462:East New Britain
4437:Central Solomons
4403:
4402:
4148:Great Andamanese
4098:
4097:
3949:
3948:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3906:
3905:
3716:
3711:Hualapai dialect
3709:
3636:Delta–California
3633:
3632:
3510:New River Shasta
3479:
3472:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3440:
3439:
3334:American English
3324:
3323:
3307:Plains Sign Talk
3272:and unclassified
3087:New River Shasta
2598:
2597:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2453:Overview at the
2425:
2423:
2404:
2394:
2374:
2373:
2360:Karuk Dictionary
2355:
2349:
2348:
2336:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2284:Walters, Heidi.
2281:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2036:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1856:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1772:
1754:Los Angeles, CA.
1741:Karuk Dictionary
1536:
1532:
1466:
1462:
1358:
1357:
1243:
1239:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1134:
1119:
1101:
1089:
1074:
1062:
1041:
1029:
1011:
999:
963:
941:
925:
924:
902:
890:
878:
862:
861:
796:
759:
733:
715:
710:
702:
697:
692:
687:
675:
670:
662:
653:
635:
626:
577:
576:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
441:
440:
370:language isolate
307:
255:Karuk Tribe Flag
215:
204:
195:
174:
158:
151:
131:
107:Language isolate
101:
36:
19:
18:
7024:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7013:
6989:Hokan languages
6969:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6931:
6877:
6843:
6825:linguistic area
6824:
6816:
6705:linguistic area
6704:
6692:
6664:
6618:
6569:
6514:linguistic area
6513:
6505:
6479:linguistic area
6478:
6471:
6372:
6346:
6315:
6282:
6229:
6189:
6156:
6122:
6088:
6061:
5981:
5975:
5966:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5904:
5890:Mixed languages
5859:
5840:
5775:
5764:
5618:
5612:
5467:Katembri–Taruma
5341:
5330:
5302:
5216:
5109:
4922:
4911:
4882:
4731:
4643:
4602:Turama–Kikorian
4512:Lower Mamberamo
4467:East Strickland
4395:
4383:
4301:
4089:
4084:
4074:
4029:
3938:
3933:
3903:
3898:
3885:
3849:Western Jicaque
3812:
3782:
3730:
3688:
3662:
3631:
3606:
3556:
3529:
3488:
3486:Hokan languages
3483:
3453:
3448:
3424:
3406:
3375:
3344:Chicano English
3311:
3305:
3271:
3265:
3237:
3225:Southern Patwin
3196:
3156:Northern Paiute
3145:Luiseño-Juaneño
3106:
3063:
2908:
2795:
2724:
2667:
2623:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2432:
2383:
2381:Further reading
2378:
2377:
2370:
2356:
2352:
2337:
2328:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2282:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2142:
2138:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1951:
1944:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1737:
1728:
1694:
1678:American Indian
1650:
1645:
1606:
1601:
1482:Let it do that
1461:
1421:'with the hand'
1398:'to get burnt'
1333:
1285:
1272:
1250:
1241:
1226:
1221:
986:
981:
955:
946:to bequeath to
920:syllabification
853:
784:
575:
563:vowel qualities
439:
434:
424:("Panamniik").
386:
364:Hokan Languages
358:
333:
288:Ararahih'uripih
229:Without proper
217:
216:
207:
170:
154:
147:
132:
127:
121:
102:
99:Language family
97:
74:
73:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
7022:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6943:Classification
6939:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6917:Macro-Chibchan
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6853:
6851:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6828:
6826:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6780:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6764:
6752:
6750:Tequistlatecan
6747:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6708:
6706:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6683:
6675:
6673:
6663:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6633:
6631:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6580:
6578:
6568:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6517:
6515:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6483:
6481:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6413:Tequistlatecan
6410:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6357:
6355:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6324:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6301:
6293:
6291:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6208:
6200:
6198:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6175:
6167:
6165:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6132:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6098:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6079:
6071:
6069:
6060:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5985:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5965:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5942:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5815:Indo-Pakistani
5812:
5807:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5770:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5698:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5622:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5514:Piaroa–Saliban
5511:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5415:
5410:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5344:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5279:Tequistlatecan
5276:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5015:
5008:
5003:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4931:
4925:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4830:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4806:
4802:Marrku–Wurrugu
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4592:
4587:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4355:
4347:
4342:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4161:Hurro-Urartian
4157:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4101:
4095:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3992:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3909:
3900:
3899:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3788:Tequistlatecan
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3330:
3328:
3321:
3320:Non-Indigenous
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3249:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2942:Gashowu Yokuts
2938:
2926:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2604:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2451:Karuk language
2448:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2430:External links
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:10211.3/161156
2405:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2350:
2326:
2301:
2269:
2231:
2206:
2179:
2158:10.1086/466185
2136:
2114:
2107:
2087:
2060:
2026:
1999:
1970:
1942:
1925:
1901:
1875:
1842:
1831:www.unesco.org
1818:
1811:
1788:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1699:William Bright
1693:
1690:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1610:William Bright
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1442:'to pluck at'
1440:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1337:William Bright
1332:
1329:
1297:William Bright
1284:
1281:
1271:
1268:
1249:
1246:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1001:
1000:
993:
989:
988:
983:
978:
975:
971:
970:
967:
954:
951:
948:
947:
944:
942:
936:
935:
932:
929:
909:
908:
905:
903:
897:
896:
893:
891:
885:
884:
881:
879:
873:
872:
869:
866:
852:
849:
846:
845:
840:
837:
833:
832:
827:
824:
820:
819:
814:
811:
807:
806:
803:
800:
783:
780:
772:glottalization
765:
764:
762:
760:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
734:
729:
727:
725:
723:
717:
716:
711:
706:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
677:
676:
671:
666:
663:
658:
656:
654:
649:
643:
642:
640:
638:
636:
631:
629:
627:
622:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
574:
571:
557:
556:
554:
552:
549:
546:
544:
542:
536:
535:
532:
530:
528:
526:
523:
521:
515:
514:
511:
508:
506:
504:
501:
498:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
435:
433:
430:
385:
382:
357:
356:Classification
354:
345:William Bright
332:
329:
247:
246:
233:, you may see
219:
218:
206:
205:
197:
196:
188:
187:
182:
176:
175:
168:
160:
159:
152:
144:
143:
142:Language codes
139:
138:
133:
129:Writing system
126:
123:
122:
120:
119:
105:
103:
96:
93:
92:
85:
79:
78:
77:12 (2007)
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
47:
42:
41:Native to
38:
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7021:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6874:
6873:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:Calusa–Tunica
6667:
6661:
6660:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5973:North America
5970:
5963:
5958:
5956:
5951:
5949:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5825:Original Thai
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5771:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5615:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5589:Hibito–Cholón
5587:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5105:Yuman–Cochimí
5103:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4840:Southern Daly
4838:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:Darwin Region
4762:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Demta–Sentani
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4168:Indo-European
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4118:Austroasiatic
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3925:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Southern Pomo
3595:
3593:
3592:Northern Pomo
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3445:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3412:Sign language
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:Indo-European
3325:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2969:Valley Yokuts
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:Klamath-Modoc
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:Southern Pomo
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:Northern Pomo
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2221:
2217:
2216:"Karuk Words"
2210:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1953:Gehr, Susan.
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1452:'to scratch'
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
984:
979:
976:
973:
972:
964:
958:
945:
943:
938:
937:
933:
930:
927:
926:
923:
921:
916:
915:
906:
904:
899:
898:
894:
892:
887:
886:
882:
880:
875:
874:
870:
867:
864:
863:
860:
858:
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
804:
801:
798:
797:
791:
789:
779:
777:
776:labialization
773:
763:
761:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
743:
742:
739:
737:
735:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
719:
718:
712:
707:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
682:
679:
678:
672:
667:
664:
659:
657:
655:
650:
648:
645:
644:
641:
639:
637:
632:
630:
628:
623:
621:
618:
617:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
578:
570:
568:
564:
555:
553:
550:
547:
545:
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
531:
529:
527:
524:
522:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
507:
505:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
461:
458:
453:
448:
442:
429:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:Klamath River
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
375:
371:
362:
353:
349:
346:
342:
338:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
306:
301:
297:
296:Klamath River
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
261:
253:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
226:
220:
214:
211:
203:
198:
194:
189:
186:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
167:
166:
161:
157:
153:
150:
145:
140:
137:
134:
130:
124:
118:
115:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:Northwestern
53:
49:
46:
45:United States
43:
39:
35:
30:
25:
20:
6907:Aztec–Tanoan
6870:
6863:
6858:Guanahatabey
6856:
6849:Pre-Arawakan
6831:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6775:
6766:
6759:
6744:Oto-Manguean
6742:
6735:
6728:
6711:
6702:Mesoamerican
6685:
6678:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6511:Coahuiltecan
6498:
6491:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6424:
6417:
6405:
6360:
6339:
6321:Coast Oregon
6303:
6296:
6263:
6222:
6215:
6203:
6195:Macro-Siouan
6177:
6170:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6081:
6074:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5988:
5982:and isolates
5924:
5917:
5916:Families in
5851:
5802:
5700:
5688:
5538:
5506:
5497:Pano-Tacanan
5454:
5417:
5405:
5376:Arutani–Sape
5368:
5313:
5295:
5288:
5273:Oto-Manguean
5271:
5254:
5247:
5194:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5139:
5127:
5120:
5097:
5090:
5078:
5051:
5029:
5022:
5010:
4998:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4941:
4934:
4893:
4860:
4856:Western Daly
4834:Pama–Nyungan
4832:
4820:
4813:
4800:
4778:
4773:Eastern Daly
4771:
4763:
4718:
4594:
4582:
4560:
4543:
4521:
4492:Kaure–Kosare
4452:Doso–Turumsa
4442:Chimbu–Wahgi
4432:Bulaka River
4416:Austronesian
4414:
4375:
4368:
4349:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4224:Sino-Tibetan
4222:
4205:
4188:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4135:
4125:Austronesian
4123:
4116:
4104:
4050:
3988:Nilo-Saharan
3986:
3979:
3964:Austronesian
3962:
3955:
3891:
3878:
3861:
3856:
3847:
3830:
3823:
3802:Tequistlatec
3800:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3705:Upland Yuman
3619:
3584:
3575:Eastern Pomo
3570:Central Pomo
3549:
3542:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3441:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3258:
3252:
3242:
3230:
3223:
3211:
3201:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3143:
3136:
3124:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3068:
3054:
3037:
3018:
3008:Plains Miwok
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2921:
2899:
2892:
2865:
2860:Central Pomo
2858:
2851:
2841:Eastern Pomo
2839:
2832:
2825:
2815:
2808:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2729:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2672:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2616:
2609:
2583:
2410:
2390:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2320:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:
2261:. Retrieved
2249:
2223:. Retrieved
2220:www.karuk.us
2219:
2209:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:
2152:(1): 64–81.
2149:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2117:
2097:
2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:
2063:
2046:
2040:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1988:www.karuk.us
1987:
1962:. Retrieved
1958:
1935:
1928:
1918:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1878:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:
1821:
1801:
1778:
1751:
1747:Linguistics.
1735:Dictionaries
1729:
1704:
1695:
1651:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1618:U.C Berkeley
1607:
1587:
1577:
1572:time to eat
1567:
1557:
1547:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1497:
1487:
1477:
1447:
1437:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1408:'to be hot'
1403:
1393:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1286:
1273:
1254:
1251:
1235:
956:
928:First Vowel
917:
913:
912:
865:First Vowel
854:
842:
829:
816:
799:Description
786:Karuk has a
785:
768:
561:There are 5
560:
426:
410:Seiad Valley
387:
378:Hokan family
374:Edward Sapir
367:
350:
337:Seiad Valley
334:
310:
271:
267:
266:
222:
163:
116:
6912:Macro-Mayan
6777:Uto-Aztecan
6755:Totozoquean
6585:Coahuilteco
6396:Palaihnihan
6278:Tsimshianic
5810:Germanosign
5714:Mura-Pirahã
5595:Lule–Vilela
5571:Bora-Witoto
5546:Uru–Chipaya
5519:Ticuna–Yuri
5502:Peba–Yaguan
5487:Nambikwaran
5290:Uto-Aztecan
5226:Mesoamerica
5080:Uto-Aztecan
5069:Tsimshianic
5031:Palaihnihan
4901:Malak-Malak
4638:Papuan Gulf
4612:West Papuan
4517:Lower Sepik
4507:Lakes Plain
4410:Arai–Samaia
4398:the Pacific
4106:Afroasiatic
3981:Niger–Congo
3957:Afroasiatic
3796:Huamelultec
3749:Coahuilteco
3535:Palaihnihan
3187:Tübatulabal
3112:Uto Aztecan
2994:Coast Miwok
2524:Julian Lang
2321:eric.ed.gov
2131:eric.ed.gov
1745:UC Berkeley
1614:linguistics
1432:'to thump'
1315:is next to
1303:, but uses
1274:Karuk is a
1225:Harrington
1220:Harrington
1052:' ? ʔ
985:Harrington
980:Harrington
953:Orthography
895:soap plant
788:tone system
745:Approximant
588:Labiodental
368:Karuk is a
237:instead of
89:L2 speakers
6973:Categories
6768:Mixe–Zoque
6737:Misumalpan
6659:Chitimacha
6151:Algonquian
6117:Athabaskan
5996:Yuki–Wappo
5804:Francosign
5652:Chiquitano
5632:Alacalufan
5440:Guaicuruan
5413:Chapacuran
5396:Cahuapanan
5364:Araucanian
5267:Mixe–Zoque
5262:Misumalpan
4976:Comecrudan
4828:Nyulnyulan
4607:Upper Yuat
4584:Torricelli
4556:Senu River
4487:Foja Range
4393:New Guinea
4318:Burushaski
4179:Kartvelian
4154:Hmong–Mien
3970:Khoe–Kwadi
3402:Vietnamese
3001:Lake Miwok
2698:Purisimeño
2629:Athabaskan
2593:Indigenous
2514:Susan Gehr
2295:2017-04-29
2286:"In Karuk"
2263:2017-04-29
2225:2017-04-29
2200:2017-04-29
2081:2019-12-26
2020:2019-12-26
1993:2020-05-27
1964:2017-04-30
1894:October 4,
1869:2017-04-29
1836:2020-05-27
1780:Ethnologue
1759:References
1686:Happy Camp
1637:dictionary
1498:pihnêefich
1309:morphology
1283:Morphology
1264:diacritics
1261:circumflex
940:/uiriwsaw/
901:/suniiθih/
823:high tone
573:Consonants
418:Happy Camp
313:endangered
56:California
6922:Tolatecan
6822:Caribbean
6810:Alagüilac
6803:Purépecha
6789:Cuitlatec
6761:Totonacan
6719:Jicaquean
6638:Muskogean
6613:Mamulique
6599:Comecrudo
6529:Karankawa
6432:Jicaquean
6419:Chimariko
6368:Kalapuyan
6311:Sahaptian
6259:Yok-Utian
6244:Chinookan
6217:Iroquoian
6185:Chimakuan
6001:Chumashan
5835:Tanzanian
5776:languages
5673:Hodï/Joti
5617:Isolates
5556:Yanomaman
5492:Otomákoan
5456:Jirajaran
5445:Guajiboan
5407:Catacaoan
5386:Barbacoan
5315:Cuitlatec
5284:Totonacan
5243:Jicaquean
5122:Chimariko
5018:Muskogean
5000:Kalapuyan
4994:Iroquoian
4969:Chumashan
4962:Chinookan
4955:Chimakuan
4873:Yangmanic
4868:Worrorran
4851:Wagaydyic
4741:Australia
4590:Trans-Fly
4256:Yeniseian
4243:Tyrsenian
4137:Dravidian
3894:indicate
3880:Yana/Yahi
3838:Jicaquean
3825:Chimariko
3777:Mamulique
3763:Comecrudo
3517:Okwanuchu
3286:Chimariko
3138:Kitanemuk
3094:Okwanuchu
2987:Bay Miwok
2956:Palewyami
2810:Chimariko
2755:Ramaytush
2748:Chochenyo
2719:Ventureño
2712:Barbareño
2674:Chumashan
2345:Ebscohost
2258:0362-4331
2174:144335898
1959:karuk.org
1568:ta'ávahiv
1512:mountain
966:Spelling
839:/à/ /àː/
836:low tone
826:/á/ /áː/
805:Spelling
681:Fricative
432:Phonology
414:Somes Bar
402:Del Norte
165:Glottolog
149:ISO 639-3
62:Ethnicity
6833:Arawakan
6713:Chibchan
6592:Cotoname
6550:Quinigua
6536:Maratino
6235:Penutian
6179:Wakashan
6172:Salishan
6083:Eskimoan
6067:Eskaleut
5868:See also
5845:Isolates
5820:Japanese
5760:Yuracaré
5642:Candoshi
5601:Macro-Jê
5566:Zaparoan
5561:Zamucoan
5551:Witotoan
5534:Tucanoan
5529:Tiniguan
5524:Timotean
5508:Quechuan
5477:Matacoan
5472:Mascoian
5462:Jivaroan
5425:Chibchan
5419:Charruan
5370:Arawakan
5307:Isolates
5238:Chibchan
5114:Isolates
5086:Wakashan
5047:Salishan
4989:Eskaleut
4895:Giimbiyu
4887:Isolates
4796:Jarrakan
4791:Iwaidjan
4648:Isolates
4502:Kutubuan
4370:Sumerian
4306:Isolates
4261:Yukaghir
4230:Tungusic
4196:Mongolic
4184:Koreanic
4143:Eskaleut
4034:Isolates
4018:Ubangian
3756:Cotoname
3674:Maricopa
3653:Kumeyaay
3551:Atsugewi
3544:Achumawi
3503:Konomihu
3443:Category
3356:Armenian
3174:Tataviam
3161:Panamint
3132:Kawaiisu
3120:Cahuilla
3080:Konomihu
2914:Penutian
2888:Kumeyaay
2827:Atsugewi
2821:Achomawi
2684:Obispeño
2491:Tsnungwe
2401:63-20546
1508:túuyship
1305:suffixes
1293:prefixes
1230:Phoneme
1227:(notes)
1222:(typed)
987:(notes)
982:(typed)
969:Phoneme
889:/imiuha/
883:fishery
877:/imuira/
598:Alveolar
583:Bilabial
408:between
398:Humboldt
394:Siskiyou
390:European
341:European
280:Araráhih
243:Help:IPA
172:karo1304
34:Araráhih
6897:Amerind
6872:Ciguayo
6865:Macorix
6839:Cariban
6813: ?
6672: ?
6652:Atakapa
6645:Natchez
6630: ?
6577: ?
6575:Pakawan
6564:Tonkawa
6522:Aranama
6477:Pueblo
6445:Salinan
6426:Esselen
6391:Shastan
6384: ?
6362:Takelma
6354: ?
6341:Siuslaw
6323: ?
6298:Klamath
6290: ?
6288:Plateau
6254:Maiduan
6249:Wintuan
6237: ?
6211:Caddoan
6197: ?
6164: ?
6103:Tlingit
6094:Na-Dene
6049:Waikuri
6042:Timucua
6035:Kutenai
6014:Beothuk
5918:italics
5895:Pidgins
5880:Creoles
5830:Swedish
5798:Chinese
5745:Urarina
5730:Puinave
5684:Itonama
5678:Irantxe
5647:Chimane
5577:Chimuan
5482:Nadahup
5401:Cariban
5381:Aymaran
5342:America
5184:Waikuri
5177:Tonkawa
5170:Timucua
5163:Takelma
5156:Siuslaw
5145:Kutenai
5129:Esselen
5092:Wintuan
5053:Shastan
5024:Na-Dene
5012:Maiduan
4949:Caddoan
4923:America
4877:Wagiman
4875:(incl.
4846:Tangkic
4786:Garawan
4759:Bunuban
4720:Tambora
4687:Maybrat
4655:Abinomn
4578:Teberan
4539:Pauwasi
4529:Mairasi
4497:Kiwaian
4377:Tambora
4363:Shompen
4345:Kusunda
4338:Kenaboi
4324:Elamite
4296:Siangic
4278:Kho-Bwa
4272:Hrusish
4190:Kra–Dai
4174:Japonic
4083:Eurasia
4058:Sandawe
4041:Bangime
4006:Songhay
3892:Italics
3863:Salinan
3832:Esselen
3740:Pakawan
3726:Yavapai
3684:Quechan
3643:Cocopah
3621:Cochimí
3580:Kashaya
3494:Shastan
3397:Tagalog
3387:Chinese
3371:Russian
3366:Punjabi
3361:Persian
3302:Takelma
3296:Salinan
3280:Esselen
3213:Nomlaki
3203:Wintuan
3167:Serrano
3070:Shastan
3056:Nisenan
3033:Maiduan
2873:Kashaya
2769:Awaswas
2705:Ineseño
2691:Cruzeño
2662:Wailaki
2648:Mattole
2584:Italics
2505:people.
2503:Wailaki
2499:Mattole
2166:1265470
1682:Orleans
1674:English
1558:pûuhara
1502:coyote
1448:akxárap
1270:Grammar
1217:Bright
1214:Modern
977:Bright
974:Modern
613:Glottal
603:Palatal
452:Central
422:Orleans
321:English
239:Unicode
83:Revival
6927:Waroid
6783:Xincan
6724:Lencan
6687:Calusa
6680:Tunica
6557:Solano
6543:Naolan
6487:Tanoan
6401:Pomoan
6335:Coosan
6330:Alsean
6305:Molala
6265:Yokuts
6205:Siouan
6056:Pericú
6028:Cayuse
5793:BANZSL
5755:Yamana
5740:Trumai
5709:Movima
5663:Fulniô
5626:Aikanã
5540:Tupian
5435:Chonan
5359:Arauan
5297:Xincan
5249:Lencan
5202:Yokuts
5099:Yukian
5064:Tanoan
5059:Siouan
5042:Pomoan
4983:Coosan
4809:Mirndi
4702:Porome
4697:Pawaia
4551:Senagi
4523:Madang
4472:Eleman
4427:Border
4358:Nihali
4351:Minoan
4331:Hattic
4313:Basque
4284:Mijiic
4266:Digaro
4250:Uralic
4236:Turkic
4087:Europe
3944:Africa
3700:Paipai
3679:Mojave
3627:Kiliwa
3562:Pomoan
3524:Shasta
3392:Korean
3244:Yukian
3219:Patwin
3181:Tongva
3126:Cupeño
3101:Shasta
3050:Konkow
2929:Yokuts
2883:Mojave
2790:Chalon
2783:Rumsen
2776:Mutsun
2762:Tamyen
2741:Karkin
2731:Ohlone
2637:Tolowa
2501:, and
2475:Tolowa
2399:
2366:
2256:
2172:
2164:
2105:
2042:Lingua
1809:
1670:Tolowa
1668:, and
1630:syntax
1588:ka'íru
1539:Karuk
1469:Karuk
1438:'aktuṽ
1428:'aknup
1404:imchax
1394:imchak
1361:Karuk
1349:sneeze
1347:, and
1248:Vowels
593:Dental
567:length
437:Vowels
400:, and
317:UNESCO
210:UNESCO
91:(2007)
51:Region
6979:Karuk
6936:Lists
6796:Huave
6730:Mayan
6606:Garza
6493:Keres
6459:Washo
6438:Karuk
6407:Yuman
6382:Hokan
6271:Utian
6224:Yuchi
6162:Mosan
6144:Yurok
6137:Wiyot
6128:Algic
6076:Aleut
6021:Bidai
5990:Haida
5750:Warao
5719:Nukak
5690:Kunza
5668:Guató
5657:Cofán
5637:Camsá
5430:Choco
5391:Boran
5340:South
5321:Huave
5256:Mayan
5207:Yuchi
5190:Washo
5140:Karuk
5135:Haida
5074:Utian
5006:Keres
4943:Alsea
4936:Algic
4921:North
4713:Taiap
4707:Sulka
4562:Sepik
4477:Engan
4218:Ongan
4201:Nivkh
4069:Shabo
4052:Jalaa
4046:Hadza
4000:Mande
3874:Washo
3857:Karuk
3817:Other
3770:Garza
3667:River
3658:Tipai
3612:Yuman
3380:Asian
3291:Karuk
3260:Wappo
3232:Wintu
3045:Maidu
3039:Chico
2981:Miwok
2976:Wintu
2878:Washo
2816:Karuk
2801:Hokan
2655:Cahto
2618:Yurok
2611:Wiyot
2602:Algic
2534:Karok
2495:Wiyot
2483:Yurok
2479:Karuk
2317:(PDF)
2170:S2CID
2162:JSTOR
2127:(PDF)
2072:(PDF)
2011:(PDF)
1775:Karuk
1666:Karuk
1662:Yurok
1578:íikam
1384:impat
1345:sniff
1341:snort
1331:Verbs
1325:Yurok
1257:acute
857:glide
813:/âː/
782:Tones
620:Nasal
608:Velar
496:Close
484:short
474:short
464:short
447:Front
305:káruk
298:, in
292:Karuk
284:Karok
276:Karok
272:Karok
268:Karuk
185:Karuk
136:Latin
117:Karuk
111:Hokan
66:Karuk
27:Karok
22:Karuk
6628:Gulf
6500:Zuni
6466:Yana
6452:Seri
6110:Eyak
6007:Adai
5925:bold
5852:See
5788:Arab
5774:Sign
5725:Páez
5702:Maku
5696:Leco
5212:Zuni
5196:Yana
5150:Seri
4907:Tiwi
4727:Wiru
4692:Mpur
4682:Kuot
4665:Anêm
4660:Abun
4627:Yuat
4622:Yawa
4568:Skou
4545:Ramu
4396:and
4290:Miju
4112:Ainu
4092:Asia
4090:and
4063:Laal
4024:Kadu
4012:Ijaw
3975:Kx'a
3869:Seri
3648:Ipai
3254:Yuki
3151:Mono
2901:Yahi
2894:Yana
2642:Hupa
2487:Hupa
2397:LCCN
2364:ISBN
2254:ISSN
2103:ISBN
1896:2013
1807:ISBN
1684:and
1658:Hupa
1608:Dr.
1552:yes
1415:'ak-
1259:and
1238:/ʃθ/
1142:h '
1055:' ʔ
843:a aa
830:á áa
802:IPA
721:Flap
705:(ʃ)
665:t͡ʃ
647:Stop
540:Open
489:long
479:long
469:long
457:Back
5971:of
4677:Kol
4671:Ata
4617:Yam
4482:Fas
3995:Tuu
3843:Tol
3693:Pai
3192:Ute
2416:hdl
2154:doi
2051:doi
2047:118
1777:at
1616:at
1562:no
1548:hãa
1371:im-
1353:sn-
1319:or
1112:cc
1106:sh
1079:th
1022:tc
1016:ch
774:or
551:aː
534:oː
525:eː
519:Mid
513:uː
503:iː
315:by
282:or
270:or
225:IPA
180:ELP
156:kyh
113:?)
87:30
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4879:)?
3299:,
3293:,
3289:,
3283:,
3257:,
2497:,
2493:,
2489:,
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2481:,
2477:,
2343:.
2329:^
2319:.
2304:^
2288:.
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2252:.
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2150:59
2148:.
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1791:^
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1664:,
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1202:n
1190:m
1178:y
1166:r
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1127:q
1124:x
1109:š
1094:s
1082:θ
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1034:k
1019:č
1004:t
992:p
817:âa
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1039:k
1027:ʧ
1009:t
997:p
758:j
732:ɾ
714:h
709:x
701:s
696:θ
691:f
686:β
674:ʔ
669:k
661:t
652:p
634:n
625:m
548:a
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
