2019:, designed an orthography of Khwe in which he published three volumes of texts and grammatical sketches, based on observations of language and culture made over 30 years of visits to Namibia. As Köhler's orthography was designed for academic purposes, his volumes were published in German and French, and therefore inaccessible to the Khwe themselves. Köhler never made an attempt to teach literacy to members of the community.
198:
432:, was formerly used to describe an "activity the community members perform during healing ceremonies". The semantic broadening of word meanings has also permeated other parts of Khwe-speaking culture, such as food, animals, and other forms of naming that some argue have introduced nonconformity. Noting this, the original meanings of these words is still understood and used during Khwe cultural practices.
582:
522:, and in this process, encountered the native Khwe population. While the Khwe migrated into the Caprivi and greater Kavango-Zambezi region after the Damara, they were certainly there 5,000 years ago when Bantu speakers migrated to the area, and through their linguistic and cultural exchanges, both languages were fundamentally altered. The
2026:
A collection of Khwe folktales was published in 1999 by
Christa Kilian-Hatz and David Naude, using the revised orthography along with interlinear and free translations. Kilian-Hatz also published a dictionary of Khwe, although this is written in the linguistic orthography which uses symbols from the
2022:
Attempts to teach the Khwe orthography to first language speakers were not made until 1996, by scholars of the institute who took up Köhler's work. At the request and with the consultation of the Khwe, the orthography was revised and simplified by
Matthias Brenzinger and Mathias Schladt between 1996
1492:
Khoe click inventories generally combine four anterior constrictions types with nine to eleven anterior constrictions. The exact size of the click inventory in Khwe is unclear. Köhler established an inventory of 36 click phonemes, from combinations of four influxes /ǀ ǂ ǃ ǁ/, and nine effluxes (only
1959:
Khwe has two multiverbal constructions that may denote a series of closely connected events: serial verb constructions (SVC) and converb constructions. An SVC expresses a complex event composed by two or more single events that happen at the same time, and a converb construction marks the immediate
343:
In 2000, the meeting of the
Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in South Africa (WIMSA) produced the Penduka Declaration on the Standardisation of Ju and Khoe Languages, which recommends Khwe be classified as part of the Central Khoe-San family, a cluster language comprising Khwe, ǁAni and Buga.
416:
Until the 1970s, the Khwe speaking population lived in areas that were inaccessible to most
Westerners in remote parts of Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Botswana, and South Africa. Since then, livelihoods have shifted from primarily from hunter-gatherer to more Westernized practices. The first
1963:
SVCs in Khwe consist of two or more verbs forming a single intonation unit, with only the last verb being marked for TAM. The preceding verbs obligatorily take the active voice suffix. Converb constructions may consist of two or more verbs, only one of which takes the TAM marking.
661:, as well as 25 vowel phonemes, including diphthongs and nasalised vowels. Khwe's tone system has been analysed as containing 9 syllabic tones (3 register and 6 contour), although more recent proposed analyses identify only 3 lexical tones, high, mid and low, with the
3614:
428:. Khwe is learned locally as a second language in Namibia, but the language is being lost in Botswana as speakers shift to Tswana. It is also argued that this has led to a semantic broadening in meaning of words in the Khwe language. For example, "to write",
501:
in
Khoisan languages, some argue. The Khwe, and other Khoe language speaking peoples, resided in greater Southern Africa, prior to the great Bantu Migration, which occurred about 5,000 years ago. In this migration, the Bantu speaking population of
1999:
functions both as a verb 'to be little, few, some' and as an alternative way of expressing the quantity 'three'. This term is unique in its ambiguity among numeral terms used by
African hunter-gatherer subsistence communities.
412:
techniques for subsistence. These testimonies also indicate that living Khwe speakers feel as though they are land-less, and feel as though the governments of
Botswana and Namibia have taken their land and rights to it.
2038:
The revised orthography has not been granted official status in
Namibia. The Khwe language is not taught as a subject or used as a language of instruction in formal education, and few literacy materials exist.
1956:, subjects and direct objects of transitive verbs, and one of the objects of ditransitive verbs are commonly omitted when the participants are known to the speakers through inner- or extra-linguistic context.
2077:
Working Group of
Indigenous Minorities of Southern Africa (WIMSA) (20 April 2011). "The Penduka Declaration on the Standardisation of Ju and Khoe Languages". Windhoek, Namibia: Penduka Training Centre.
494:'s Department of African Languages, it was revealed that proto-Damara most likely migrated through the western Caprivi area before the Khwe settled the area, as there is little lexical overlap.
1883:. Nouns are marked with person-gender-number suffixes (PGNs). Gender division in Khwe is based on sex, and is expressed by PGNs, with gender being marked even in first-person dual and plural.
2202:
Gunnink, H., Sands, B., Pakendorf, B., & Bostoen, K. (2015). Prehistoric language contact in the
Kavango-Zambezi transfrontier area: Khoisan influence on southwestern Bantu languages.
439:
in early and mid-twentieth centuries. The missionaries, for the most part, failed to convert the Khwe-speaking population. The introduction to missionaries, however, introduced
458:, and came in contact with the native Khoe speakers in the area. Several Bantu languages of this area adapted the clicks of the Khoe languages and integrated them into their
548:
from government pressures that have influenced the contemporary distribution of Khwe speakers. In 1990, 4,000 Xhu- and Khwe-speaking people, including former members of the
478:
area in Namibia, however, the entirety of the Khoe population occupies a much larger geography. Khwe speakers in the western Caprivi are somewhat distant,
462:, in a reduced manner through paralexification. Some scholars argue that the "contact-induced" changes in Bantu languages have contributed to the general
3589:
1890:
which can be used to indicate non-occurrence of an event, non-equation between entities, and the non-possession of an entity. The post-verbal particle
2180:
Chumbo, Sefako, and Kotsi Mmabo. Xom Kyakyare Khwe: Am Kuri Kx'ûî = The Khwe of the Okavango Panhandle: The past Life. Shakawe: Teemacane Trust, 2002.
628:
1843:
There are three tones in Khwe: high /V́/, mid /V̄/, low /V̀/. Long vowels and diphthongs have eight tones (missing only *mid–low as a combination).
2261:
2703:
3360:
2534:
Epps, Patience; Bowern, Claire; Hansen, Cynthia A.; Hill, Jane H.; Zentz, Jason (2012). "On numeral complexity in hunter-gatherer languages".
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3052:
1976:
regarding the primacy of the visual domain in the hierarchy of the verbs of perception, Khwe's most widely applied verb of perception is
421:-speaking education that Khwe speakers received was in 1970 at a settlement in Mùtcʼiku, a settlement proximate the Okavango River.
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435:
While Khwe-speakers were in minimal contact with the outsiders until 1970, there was limited interaction between the Khwe and
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1447:
530:, and phonology sections on this page further discuss the changes occurred, and how it has influenced contemporary Khwe.
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Today, an estimated 3,700 Khwe speakers live in Namibia, with the vast majority residing in the western region of the
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424:
Some argue that this put the language in a state of decline, as younger populations learned Bantu languages, such as
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Khwe is a suffixing language, and thus has a rich inventory of head-marking suffixes on nouns and verbs. Verbs take
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727:
474:
The Khoe mainly occupy the Okavango Delta of Botswana. Specifically, Khwe speakers primarily live in the western
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Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.),
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for several thousand years. Testimonies from living Khwe speakers note that their ancestors have come from the
2271:. Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, School of Government, University of the Western Cap. Archived from
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away from Khoe languages, such as Khwe, to Bantu languages because of the increased familiarity in phonology.
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1240:
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as the basic unit of phonological structure. Tone sandhi processes are common in Khwe and related languages.
350:
is the preferred spelling as recommended by the Penduka Declaration, but the language is also referred to as
2062:
Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal
1949:
order, in which manner adverbs precede the verb, and adjectives and possessors attributes precede the noun.
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1992:, which is semantically rooted in oral perception, is used to convey holistic modes of sensory perception.
1697:
1392:
1341:
736:
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173:
2114:"The Role of Dictionaries in the Documentation and Codification of African Languages: The Case of Khoisan"
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Generally, Khoisan languages have an SV constituent order. Central Khoisan languages have a dominant AOV
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2709:‖Xom Kyakyare Khwe: ǂAm Kuri Kxʼû͟î: Part one of a series of Buga and ǁAni Khwe oral testimonies
2582:
Haacke, W.G. (2006). "Linguistic research for literary empowerment of Khoesaan languages of Namibia".
858:
Three nasal vowels are recognized as /ã ĩ ũ/. A nasal /õ/ also exists, but only in diphthongs as /õã/.
3854:
3713:
3598:
1852:
1365:
450:, have had linguistic influences on Bantu languages. The Bantu language speakers of the Okavango and
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2365:
2095:
1922:, including Khwe, though OAV order is used more frequently in casual conversation and storytelling.
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Despite the influence of Bantu languages in Khwe speakers education, historically, Khwe, and other
305:
94:
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can also be used, although its application is limited to prohibitive functions, such as negative
1125:
1118:
1008:
2957:
3540:
3517:
3281:
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2485:
2225:
Haacke, W. (2008, December). Linguistic hypotheses on the origin of Namibian Khoekhoe speakers.
1802:
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1725:
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624:
2675:
Khwe Dictionary (with a Supplement on Khwe Place-names of West Caprivi by Matthias Brenzinger)
1480:/ʃ/ is realized as only in Buma-Khwe, but as in ǁXo-Khwe and Buga-Khwe, and as in ǁXom-Khwe
3999:
3649:
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1550:
1543:
1536:
1494:
1438:
1420:
947:
940:
491:
2477:
2322:
Köhler, K. (1998). Hurford, J. (ed.). "The development of sound systems in human language".
2113:
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1973:
1942:
1880:
1683:
1136:
956:
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564:, South Africa. In 2003, the majority of this community relocated to Platfontein, outside
8:
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1690:
1635:
1320:
1195:
1070:
1063:
1052:
1045:
1038:
864:/oɛ/ and /uɛ/ are free in variation with /oe/ and /ue/, but only dependent upon speakers.
2982:
2301:. Copenhagen, Denmark: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. pp. 29–32.
3399:
3075:
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3014:
3006:
2721:
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2591:
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2401:
2210:
908:
886:
881:
855:/o/ is realized as when lengthened, but is realized as if it is pronounced short.
545:
272:
239:
2987:
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2880:
3942:
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2484:. Explorations in Linguistic Typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
1980:, 'taste, smell, touch'. Khwe has three verbs of perception, the other two being
1895:
1864:
1412:
1257:
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903:
806:
721:
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519:
498:
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The Khwe speakers' distribution in the greater Kavango-Zambezi region influenced
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409:
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1201:
983:
686:
597:
561:
483:
475:
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2432:. Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact. A. Cambridge University Press.
2214:
2032:
1903:
1508:
1029:
617:
537:. The largest known Khwe settlements are Mutc'iku, located adjacent to the
321:
49:
2652:
Kilian-Hatz, Christa (1999). "Folktales of the Kxoe in the West Caprivi".
2458:
Coding Participant Marking: Construction Types in Twelve African Languages
148:
141:
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3146:
1705:
1670:
787:
698:
681:
503:
1497:, /ǃᶢ/. Khwe is the only language to have a pre-nasalized voiced click.
3338:
2015:
In 1957, Oswin Köhler, founder of the Institut für Afrikanistik at the
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760:
691:
436:
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The Khwe-speaking population has resided around the "bush" in areas of
3030:
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1886:
Negation in Khwe is indicated with the clause-final negative particle
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3644:
3416:
2403:
Khwe dictionary with a supplement on Khwe place names of West Caprivi
2004:
1926:
1899:
1856:
654:
459:
158:
132:
2713:
4009:
3947:
3131:
2801:
2324:
Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Bases
2246:. Universität zu Köln: Institut für Afrikanistik. pp. 321–357.
515:
317:
225:
64:
45:
3615:
Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights
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3196:
3191:
2158:
Brenzinger, M (No Date). The Vanishing of Nonconformist Concepts.
1930:
511:
487:
479:
451:
401:
370:
refer to speakers of the language and are considered pejorative.
309:
221:
37:
16:
Khoe dialect continuum of the Okavango Delta, southwestern Africa
2064:(Research in Khoisan Studies 29). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
1941:, especially state verbs, can be used attributively. Khwe has a
4019:
3937:
3317:
3121:
2619:
A Multipurpose Orthography for Kxoe: Development and Challenges
527:
325:
313:
197:
53:
41:
2139:. Vol. 4. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 363.
281:
4034:
3895:
2679:. Namibian African Studies 7. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
2456:
Killian-Hatz, Christa (2009). Dimmendaal, Gerrit Jan (ed.).
3921:
2704:
Khwe basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
2617:
Schladt, Mathias (2000). Batibo, H.M.; Tsonope, J. (eds.).
1938:
1934:
251:
224:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2124:. Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS).
2499:
Viberg, Ake (2001). Haspelmath, M.; et al. (eds.).
2480:
Serial Verb Constructions: A Cross-Linguistic Typology
2590:(2). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: 157–176.
290:
278:
260:
248:
245:
2533:
568:, following the Schmidtsdrift Community Land Claim.
275:
242:
2672:
2503:. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter. pp. 1294–1309.
2400:
2244:Moving to Survive: Kxoe Communities in Arid Lands
623:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
340:branch of the larger Khoe-Kwadi language family.
4051:
2386:Perception and Cognition in Language and Culture
2383:
2296:
443:and languages, in addition to Bantu languages.
2475:
2460:. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing.
3597:
3583:
3354:
3046:
2729:
2621:. Basarwa Language Project. pp. 125–139.
2299:Indigenous Peoples' Rights in Southern Africa
2204:Journal of African Languages and Linguistics,
2137:The International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1493:five on the alveolar), as well as a borrowed
482:, from other similar Khoe languages, such as
2501:The verbs of perception: a typological study
2476:Aikenvald, Alexandra; Dixon, R.M.W. (2005).
2455:
2297:Hitchcock, Robert K.; Vindig, Diana (2004).
2056:
2054:
2052:
2670:
2651:
2398:
2384:Storch, Ann; Aikhenvald, Alexandra (2013).
2343:
2003:Khwe has a large number of loan words from
3590:
3576:
3361:
3347:
3053:
3039:
2736:
2722:
2427:
2241:
861:Nasal diphthongs include /ãĩ, ũĩ, ãũ, õã/.
373:Other names and spellings of ǁAni include
196:
2555:
2259:
2049:
3368:
2111:
454:regions migrated to the area during the
3060:
2616:
218:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
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2581:
2498:
2321:
2255:
2253:
3571:
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2469:
2467:
2451:
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2379:
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2339:
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2335:
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878:
2262:"Schmidtsdrift Community Land Claim"
2198:
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2176:
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2154:
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2148:
2146:
2107:
2105:
2072:
2070:
575:
2428:Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (2007).
2250:
1487:
544:Noting this, there have been major
13:
2572:
2464:
2446:
2372:
2330:
2134:
1960:succession of two or more events.
613:for transliterated languages, and
593:of its non-English content, using
14:
4081:
2697:
2407:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
2183:
2161:
2143:
2102:
2067:
2035:use for the applied orthography.
1828:
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1786:
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767:
749:
735:
726:
712:
703:
560:, were settled in a tent town in
331:
3610:Pan South African Language Board
2260:Kleinbooi, Karin (August 2007).
1972:In opposition to the postulated
1483:/l/ is only found in borrowings.
580:
271:
238:
2664:
2645:
2610:
2527:
2492:
2421:
2392:
2315:
2290:
2112:Chebanne, Andy (19 July 2010).
2029:International Phonetic Alphabet
1925:Khwe lacks a separate class of
469:
3620:Department of Arts and Culture
2430:Linguistic Geography of Africa
2235:
2219:
2128:
2010:
629:multilingual support templates
1:
2671:Kilian-Hatz, Christa (2003).
2399:Kilian-Hatz, Christa (2003).
2344:Kilian-Hatz, Christa (2008).
2242:Brenzinger, Matthias (1997).
2042:
1967:
1846:
868:
381:with various combinations of
2227:Southern African Humanities,
571:
408:, where they primarily used
328:, with some 8,000 speakers.
7:
554:South African Defence Force
541:, and Gudigoa in Botswana.
79:(7,000 Khwe and 1,000 ǁAni)
10:
4086:
1853:tense-aspect-mood suffixes
391:
375:ǀAnda, Gǀanda, Handá, Gani
4070:Languages of South Africa
3992:
3967:
3960:
3930:
3873:
3812:
3797:
3770:
3749:
3704:
3667:
3658:
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3599:Languages of South Africa
3549:
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3392:
3376:
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3084:
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3005:
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2886:Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung
2861:
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2825:
2760:
2751:
2660:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
2596:10.1080/00020180500355652
2348:. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
1913:
1437:
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1411:
1403:
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1247:
1219:
1194:
1101:
976:
933:
912:
907:
902:
897:
890:
885:
880:
874:Khwe pulmonic consonants
805:
781:
734:
668:
518:borderlands, migrated to
204:
195:
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156:
152: – ǁAni (Handa)
130:
125:
83:
71:
59:
33:
28:
23:
2654:Namibian African Studies
2346:A grammar of modern Khwe
1906:constructions, in which
1838:
490:survey conducted by the
336:Khwe is a member of the
2871:Sekele / Northern ǃKung
2135:Bright, William (ed.).
3541:Namibian Sign Language
2548:10.1515/lity-2012-0002
2215:10.1515/jall-2015-0009
2090:Cite journal requires
206:This article contains
63:Northwest District in
4065:Languages of Botswana
4000:Tsotsitaal and Camtho
3432:Other Bantu languages
2017:University of Cologne
1952:In Khwe, subjects of
1495:voiced alveolar click
653:Khwe has 70 phonemic
552:who fought under the
492:University of Namibia
364:Barakwena, Barakwengo
67:, Khwai River, Mababe
3800:unofficial languages
3370:Languages of Namibia
1974:linguistic universal
1855:(TAMs), marking for
591:specify the language
589:This article should
550:31 Battalion (SWATF)
104:Kalahari (Tshu–Khwe)
3550:Immigrant languages
3393:Recognized regional
3062:Languages of Angola
2536:Linguistic Typology
1502:
875:
675:
3679:(Sesotho sa Leboa)
3085:National languages
1954:intransitive verbs
1910:can also be used.
1803:Affricate ejective
1500:
873:
673:
398:sub-Saharan Africa
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
3956:
3955:
3805:1996 constitution
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3714:Southern Ndebele
3565:
3564:
3377:Official language
3336:
3335:
3069:Official language
3028:
3027:
3001:
3000:
2911:
2910:
2848:
2847:
2745:Khoisan languages
2278:on 4 January 2014
1920:constituent order
1898:and the negative
1836:
1835:
1477:
1476:
1388:
1329:
1289:
1260:
1232:
1204:
1159:
1114:
1086:
1041:
986:
929:
922:
852:
851:
777:
776:
651:
650:
631:may also be used.
546:forced migrations
486:. According to a
448:Khoisan languages
298:dialect continuum
232:
231:
214:rendering support
210:phonetic symbols.
145: – Khwe
77:8,000 (2011)
4077:
4025:SA Sign Language
3965:
3964:
3855:Northern Ndebele
3810:
3809:
3802:mentioned in the
3665:
3664:
3633:
3632:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3055:
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3041:
3032:
3031:
2922:
2921:
2859:
2858:
2758:
2757:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2691:
2690:
2678:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2559:
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2525:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2473:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2406:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2388:. Leiden: Brill.
2381:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2269:www.plaas.org.za
2266:
2257:
2248:
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2239:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2200:
2181:
2178:
2159:
2156:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2058:
2031:in place of the
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1797:
1790:
1783:
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1757:
1752:
1747:
1735:
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1714:
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1693:
1686:
1679:
1665:
1658:
1651:
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1623:
1616:
1609:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1503:
1499:
1488:Click consonants
1467:
1460:
1450:
1423:
1395:
1384:
1379:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1325:
1309:
1300:
1285:
1272:
1267:
1256:
1243:
1228:
1215:
1200:
1184:
1173:
1166:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1128:
1121:
1110:
1095:
1082:
1073:
1066:
1055:
1048:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1000:
993:
982:
966:
959:
950:
943:
925:
920:
876:
872:
779:
778:
771:
753:
739:
730:
716:
707:
676:
672:
646:
643:
637:
622:
616:
612:
606:
602:
596:
584:
583:
576:
293:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
263:
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
200:
168:
151:
144:
135:
89:
21:
20:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4039:
3988:
3952:
3926:
3869:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3785:
3766:
3745:
3700:
3685:Southern Sotho
3677:Northern Sotho
3654:
3624:
3601:
3596:
3566:
3561:
3545:
3527:
3484:
3426:
3388:
3372:
3367:
3337:
3332:
3296:
3080:
3064:
3059:
3029:
3024:
2997:
2941:
2907:
2905:ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)
2895:
2844:
2821:
2747:
2742:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2669:
2665:
2650:
2646:
2634:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2584:African Studies
2580:
2573:
2532:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2474:
2465:
2454:
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2422:
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2397:
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2373:
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2342:
2331:
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2316:
2309:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
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2264:
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2240:
2236:
2224:
2220:
2201:
2184:
2179:
2162:
2157:
2144:
2133:
2129:
2110:
2103:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2045:
2013:
1970:
1916:
1849:
1841:
1490:
893:
871:
671:
657:, including 36
647:
641:
638:
632:
620:
614:
610:
608:transliteration
604:
600:
594:
585:
581:
574:
520:Southern Africa
472:
456:Bantu Migration
441:Western culture
410:hunter-gatherer
394:
334:
324:, and parts of
291:
274:
270:
266:(also rendered
261:
241:
237:
212:Without proper
191:
164:
147:
146:
140:
139:
131:
121:
90:
87:Language family
85:
78:
74:
73:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4060:Khoe languages
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4015:Pretoria Sotho
4012:
4007:
4005:Oorlams Creole
4002:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3954:
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3727:
3719:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3673:
3671:
3662:
3660:Southern Bantu
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
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3595:
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3563:
3562:
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3533:Sign languages
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3515:
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3500:
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3380:
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3374:
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3333:
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3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
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3199:
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3179:
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3149:
3144:
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3017:
3011:
3009:
3003:
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2999:
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2699:
2698:External links
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2142:
2127:
2101:
2092:|journal=
2066:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2012:
2009:
1995:The Khwe term
1969:
1966:
1915:
1912:
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648:
642:September 2021
627:. Knowledge's
588:
586:
579:
573:
570:
539:Okavango River
535:Zambezi Region
508:Central Africa
471:
468:
464:language shift
406:Okavango Delta
393:
390:
383:-kwe/khwe/khoe
333:
332:Classification
330:
304:branch of the
230:
229:
216:, you may see
202:
201:
193:
192:
190:
189:
184:
178:
176:
170:
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162:
154:
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136:
128:
127:
126:Language codes
123:
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120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
93:
91:
84:
81:
80:
75:
72:
69:
68:
61:
57:
56:
35:
34:Native to
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4082:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
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3959:
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3823:
3821:
3818:
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3811:
3808:
3806:
3796:
3782:
3781:
3776:
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3666:
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3648:
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3640:
3638:
3637:West Germanic
3634:
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3627:
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562:Schmidtsdrift
559:
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531:
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510:, around the
509:
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402:Tsodilo Hills
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66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3981:
3908:(historical)
3779:
3760:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3716:(isiNdebele)
3715:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3669:Sotho–Tswana
3522:
3301:Non-official
3126:
2932:Lower Nossob
2796:
2674:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2618:
2612:
2587:
2583:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2500:
2494:
2479:
2457:
2429:
2423:
2402:
2394:
2385:
2345:
2323:
2317:
2298:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2273:the original
2268:
2243:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2206:
2203:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2083:cite journal
2061:
2037:
2033:Latin script
2025:
2021:
2014:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:'hear', but
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1924:
1917:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1850:
1842:
1706:Voiced nasal
1501:Khwe clicks
1491:
674:Khwe vowels
652:
639:
625:ISO 639 code
621:}}
615:{{
611:}}
605:{{
601:}}
595:{{
590:
558:Namibian War
543:
532:
496:
473:
470:Distribution
445:
437:missionaries
434:
429:
423:
415:
395:
386:
382:
378:
374:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
342:
335:
322:South Africa
267:
234:
233:
205:
157:
110:
50:South Africa
18:
4030:Angloromani
3969:LGBTQ slang
3780:(Tshivenḓa)
3518:ǂKxʼauǁʼein
3498:Nama/Damara
3475:Thimbukushu
2968:Nǁng (Nǀuu)
2937:Taa (ǃXoon)
2635:|work=
2517:|work=
2362:|work=
2011:Orthography
1984:'see', and
1896:imperatives
1861:applicative
1741:Uvular stop
1566:Glottalized
1439:Approximant
782:Diphthongs
220:instead of
4054:Categories
3901:Portuguese
3850:Nhlangwini
3813:Indigenous
3798:Recognised
3761:(Xitsonga)
3751:Tswa–Ronga
3732:(isiXhosa)
3695:(Setswana)
3557:Portuguese
3513:Kung-Ekoka
3445:Rukwangali
3440:Otjiherero
3147:Kung-Ekoka
3076:Portuguese
2953:Boshof ǃUi
2890:ǂKxʼaoǁʼae
2753:Khoe–Kwadi
2557:1885/61320
2308:8791563089
2232:, 163-177.
2043:References
2023:and 1997.
1968:Vocabulary
1927:adjectives
1881:reciprocal
1865:comitative
1847:Morphology
869:Consonants
655:consonants
524:morphology
368:Mbarakwena
308:family of
306:Khoe-Kwadi
268:Kxoe, Khoe
95:Khoe–Kwadi
3983:IsiNgqumo
3931:Religious
3740:(isiZulu)
3724:(siSwati)
3687:(Sesotho)
3645:Afrikaans
3417:Afrikaans
3400:Oshiwambo
3187:Oshiwambo
2637:ignored (
2627:cite book
2604:145575707
2566:199664616
2519:ignored (
2509:cite book
2364:ignored (
2354:cite book
2282:4 October
2005:Afrikaans
1900:hortative
1877:reflexive
1857:causative
1768:Fricative
1636:Aspirated
1531:Voiceless
1327:voiceless
1321:Fricative
1202:voiceless
1196:Affricate
1039:aspirated
984:voiceless
807:Close-mid
722:Close-mid
572:Phonology
566:Kimberley
480:lexically
460:phonology
404:, in the
159:Glottolog
133:ISO 639-3
107:Northwest
4010:Fanagalo
3948:Sanskrit
3891:Gujarati
3629:Official
3450:Setswana
3405:Kwanyama
3237:Mbukushu
3232:Mbangala
3167:Kwanyama
3162:Kwangali
3132:Kimbundu
3007:Isolates
2792:Khoekhoe
1943:modifier
1931:Pronouns
1869:locative
1514:Alveolar
1287:ejective
1157:prenasal
1084:ejective
894:alveolar
887:Alveolar
745:Open-mid
516:Cameroon
356:Khoe-dam
318:Botswana
226:Help:IPA
166:kxoe1242
65:Botswana
46:Botswana
3874:Foreign
3830:Khoisan
3759:Tsonga
3693:Tswana
3650:English
3490:Khoisan
3480:Shiyeyi
3460:Gciriku
3384:English
3323:Chinese
3308:English
3267:Nyaneka
3247:Ngambwe
3197:Lingala
3192:Umbundu
3107:Hakaona
3102:Gciriku
3015:Sandawe
2983:ǂUngkue
2900:ǂʼAmkoe
2838:Zorotua
2118:Lexikos
1904:jussive
1873:passive
1524:Lateral
1519:Palatal
978:Plosive
914:Glottal
899:Palatal
687:Central
634:See why
556:in the
512:Nigeria
488:dialect
476:Caprivi
452:Zambezi
392:History
360:Khwedam
310:Namibia
300:of the
296:) is a
222:Unicode
138:Either:
38:Namibia
4020:Scamto
3943:Hebrew
3938:Arabic
3917:Telugu
3881:German
3860:Phuthi
3778:Venda
3730:Xhosa
3722:Swazi
3470:Kuhane
3422:German
3410:Ndonga
3328:Romani
3318:Arabic
3313:French
3287:Sekele
3272:Nyengo
3262:Nsongo
3257:Nkumbi
3242:Ndombe
3217:Luyana
3212:Luvale
3207:Luimbi
3202:Lucazi
3182:Ndonga
3177:Mbunda
3152:Kuvale
3122:Ibinda
3112:Herero
3097:Chokwe
2993:ǁXegwi
2958:ǃGãǃne
2683:
2602:
2564:
2436:
2411:
2305:
1914:Syntax
1601:Voiced
1509:Dental
1386:voiced
1230:voiced
1112:voiced
909:Uvular
882:Labial
669:Vowels
659:clicks
528:syntax
499:clicks
484:Damara
430:ǁgàràá
426:Tswana
326:Zambia
314:Angola
60:Region
54:Zambia
42:Angola
4035:Kaaps
3993:Other
3977:Gayle
3961:Other
3912:Tamil
3906:Malay
3896:Hindi
3886:Greek
3820:Bhaca
3771:Venda
3738:Zulu
3706:Nguni
3455:Zemba
3292:Zemba
3277:Ruund
3252:Ngoya
3227:Mbali
3222:Mashi
3172:Lunda
3157:Kwadi
3142:!Kung
3137:Kongo
3020:Hadza
2978:ǁŨǁʼe
2973:Seroa
2875:Ekoka
2863:ǃKung
2833:Kwadi
2826:Kwadi
2817:Tshwa
2787:ǂHaba
2775:Gǁana
2600:S2CID
2562:S2CID
2542:(1).
2488:–110.
2276:(PDF)
2265:(PDF)
2209:(2).
1939:verbs
1935:nouns
1839:Tones
1671:Nasal
1413:Trill
1258:velar
935:Nasal
921:plain
904:Velar
892:Post-
788:Close
699:Close
682:Front
419:Bantu
387:-dam.
379:Tanne
3922:Urdu
3845:Nama
3840:Lozi
3835:Lala
3825:Khoe
3523:Kxoe
3508:ǃXóõ
3503:Naro
3282:Sama
3127:Khwe
3117:Holu
3092:Bolo
2988:ǀXam
2946:ǃKwi
2854:Kxʼa
2812:Shua
2807:Naro
2797:Khwe
2780:Gǀwi
2770:Eini
2762:Khoe
2681:ISBN
2639:help
2521:help
2434:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2366:help
2303:ISBN
2284:2015
2096:help
1997:xǀóa
1990:ǁám̀
1978:ǁám̀
1947:head
1937:and
1902:and
1879:and
1830:ǁᵏˣʼ
1823:ǂᵏˣʼ
1816:ǃᵏˣʼ
1809:ǀᵏˣʼ
1298:t͡ʃʼ
1271:t͡ʃx
927:pal.
837:Open
761:Open
692:Back
663:mora
598:lang
506:and
504:West
385:and
377:and
366:and
358:and
352:Kxoe
348:Khwe
338:Khoe
302:Khoe
262:KWAY
235:Khwe
187:ǁAni
182:Khwe
111:Khwe
100:Khoe
29:Kxoe
24:Khwe
3865:Tuu
3465:Fwe
2963:ǁKā
2925:Taa
2917:Tuu
2592:doi
2552:hdl
2544:doi
2486:108
2211:doi
1986:kóḿ
1982:mṹũ
1888:vé,
1795:ǁᵏˣ
1788:ǂᵏˣ
1781:ǃᵏˣ
1774:ǀᵏˣ
1733:ᵑǁᶢ
1726:ᵑǂᶢ
1719:ᵑǃᶢ
1712:ᵑǀᶢ
1663:ǁᵏʰ
1656:ǂᵏʰ
1649:ǃᵏʰ
1642:ǀᵏʰ
1307:kxʼ
1241:d͡ʒ
1213:t͡ʃ
1071:kʰʲ
844:ao
841:ae
829:oa
826:oɛ
823:oe
814:eu
811:ei
801:ua
798:uɛ
795:ue
792:ui
618:IPA
292:KOY
208:IPA
174:ELP
149:hnh
142:xuu
4056::
2656:.
2631::
2629:}}
2625:{{
2598:.
2588:64
2586:.
2574:^
2560:.
2550:.
2540:16
2538:.
2513::
2511:}}
2507:{{
2466:^
2448:^
2374:^
2358::
2356:}}
2352:{{
2332:^
2267:.
2252:^
2230:20
2207:36
2185:^
2163:^
2145:^
2122:24
2120:.
2116:.
2104:^
2087::
2085:}}
2081:{{
2069:^
2051:^
2007:.
1933:,
1929:.
1908:vé
1892:tí
1875:,
1871:,
1867:,
1863:,
1859:,
1761:ǁq
1756:ǂq
1751:ǃq
1746:ǀq
1698:ᵑǁ
1691:ᵑǂ
1684:ᵑǃ
1677:ᵑǀ
1628:ǁᶢ
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