607:. According to the law, the heirs of the first stage were the children of the testators and their offspring, born in a legal marriage and not deprived of the right to inherit. The heirs of the second stage are the brothers and sisters of the testator. In the presence of brothers, the daughters of the testators did not inherit the immovable estates of their father. They received one-fourth of the value of the rest of the property, regardless of the number of brothers and sisters. The mother's estate was inherited by them in equal shares with the brothers. After the death of her husband, the wife received no more than one-third of the estate for life, and the husband's children or brothers were the heirs. The dowry of the wife in the event of her death and in the absence of children was returned to her relatives. By will, movable property and estates purchased by the testator himself could be transferred to outsiders. Fathers were to be transferred to heirs according to the law. Dependent people could bequeath to strangers only one third of their movable property. They were obliged to leave two thirds to the children. In the absence of children, these two-thirds were at the disposal of the master. According to the Statute of 1588, the wife could inherit her husband's property, the parents of the testator were included in the number of heirs of the third stage, and other relatives were included in the fourth stage.
613:. Along with written law, the norms of customary law were widely used, which for a long time were preserved by the common population. Only a marriage concluded in compliance with church rites was officially recognized. Those who entered into marriage had to reach the age of majority, not be in another marriage and in close relationship. The husband was the head of the family and representative of its interests. If the husband lived in his wife's house (came to "primas"), the wife managed the household, while the husband's rights were limited. Children were to obey the will of their parents. The amount of the dowry was determined by customary law and by agreement of the parties. In the event of the death of the bride's parents, her brothers provided her with a dowry. In accordance with the teachings of the church (both Catholic and Orthodox), divorce was not allowed. However, according to legal custom, a marriage could be dissolved at the request of one or both spouses by a spiritual or secular court. In the event of the insolvency of the debtor – an ordinary person – the court could decide on the transfer to the creditor as a pledge of his children or wife.
633:) and golovshchina), was punishable by death; “golovshchina” and other expenses associated with causing material damage were collected from the criminal's property. In case of negligent murder, the perpetrator was released from punishment, but was obliged to pay golovschin to the relatives of the murdered. The court had to take into account the age of the offender. Minors did not bear criminal punishment (according to the Statute of 1566 – under 14 years old, from 1588 – under 16 years old). In the 16th century, simple and complex complicity in a crime was already distinguished. In the first case, when all accomplices were co-perpetrators of the crime, they were all subjected to the same punishment. With complex complicity, criminals were divided into perpetrators, accomplices, instigators and could be punished in different ways. Punishment was also determined by the class affiliation of the offender and the victim. A criminal act committed by a gentry was punished more easily than the same crime of an ordinary person. So, if a gentry inflicted wounds on another gentry, he was punished according to the
1411:("The beginnings of Russian law are documented by the Russo-Byzantine treaties of the 10th century and the oldest Russian law, the Russkaia Pravda. The tempestuous developments of the following centuries (the incessant wars among the princes, the Mongol invasion, the rise of the Novgorod republic) all left their marks on the legal system until the princes of Muscovy succeeded in reuniting the country. This resulted in the creation of major legislative monuments, such as the Codes of Ivan the Great of 1497 and of Ivan the Terrible of 1550. After the Time of Troubles the Council Code of the second Romanov Tsar, Aleksei, of 1649 became the starting point for the comprehensive Russian codification of the 19th century").
566:– the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (First Statute). The statute contained over 230 articles (articles), systematized in 13 sections. They reflected the norms of state, civil, land, criminal and procedural law. The main sources of the Statute of 1529 were local customary law, charters, the Sudebnik of 1468 and Russkaya Pravda. In 1566, the Second Statute (the second edition of the Statute) was published, consisting of 14 sections and 367 articles and fixing the socio-economic and political changes in the state. In 1588, the Third Statute (the third edition of the Statute) was published, which was in force on the territory of Belarus and Lithuania until 1840.
22:
641:
corporal punishment and imprisonment. The death penalty was provided for the commission of a state crime, murder, theft and a number of other acts. It was carried out in the form of hanging, burning, drowning and cutting off the head. Corporal punishment in relation to ordinary people included beating with a whip or with rods. Mutilation, such as cutting off a hand, ears, tongue, cutting nostrils, was also practiced. Imprisonment was also used – for a period of six weeks to one year and six weeks. As an additional measure of punishment against the nobility, deprivation of honor and rights could be applied.
582:. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the legal capacity of the poor landless service gentry was limited. The petty gentry, who served with the pan, could not leave the service without the consent of the master and did not have the opportunity to dispose of the well-earned estate. Dependent peasants did not have the right to acquire land by right of ownership, they could not freely dispose of their real estate. The most limited were the rights of involuntary servants, who could not receive property even by will. The land holdings of the feudal lords were of three types: fatherlands or grandfathers – estates
650:, Lithuanian legislation provided for a fine for some crimes – "guilt", as well as compensation for damage to the victims or relatives of the murdered – golovshchina. “Guilt” was exacted in favor of the treasury or the bodies and officials themselves who administer justice. The size of the golovshchina depended on the class and position of the murdered. For example, according to the Statute of 1529, for the murder of a hard-working peasant, he was 10 kops of
551:– special charters, private laws aimed at ensuring the rights of individuals or social groups. There were different land-wide privileges, which operated on the territory of the entire state, regional, given to the inhabitants of any one land (principality, voivodeship, district), volost, city and personal (personal). In 1468,
592:. The law established the form and procedure for making transactions, the statute of limitations, the sequence of penalties, etc. Thus, the contract for the sale of estates had to be made in writing in the presence of witnesses and registered in court. When concluding a loan agreement in the amount of more than 10 kops of
687:
Kievan Rus' law continued to operate in the lands annexed to the Polish crown in the 14th century, although the institutions of Polish law were gradually introduced. Private law was in force for a longer time in relation to the Rus' population, while public Rus' law was completely eliminated with the
621:
Crime in written monuments of law was understood differently. In one case, it was considered as a violation of the rule of law: "exit" from the law is a socially dangerous act. In another case – as causing harm to the victim: "Shkoda" (damage to property), "falsehood", "hustle". As a violation of the
600:
was equal to 60 grosz; a grosz is a small piece of silver) the creditor was obliged to obtain a written obligation from the debtor. As security for the loan agreement, the debtor could transfer property to the creditor as a pledge (screen saver). The termination of an obligation occurred in the event
674:
Much attention was paid to the evidence, subdivided into sufficient (perfect) and insufficient (imperfect). The first included: recognition of the party, written acts, red-handed detention, testimony of a certain number of witnesses, provided by law. Ordinary people could be subjected to torture. In
640:
Punishment was seen as retribution for a crime and as a deterrent. The purpose of punishment was also to compensate for the harm caused in the form of various monetary penalties, fines and confiscations. Innovations in comparison with the ancient
Russian period were the legalized death penalty,
678:
The party that was not satisfied with the decision of the court of first instance had to declare this to the court immediately. Otherwise, they were deprived of the right to file a complaint with the court of second instance. Presentation of new evidence to the court of second instance was not
274:
and their druzhina got together and promulgated a code concerning the violation of property rights in princely lands (Pravda of
Yaroslav's sons) in the middle of the 11th century. Yaroslav's Pravda and Pravda of Yaroslav's sons became a basis for the Short edition of Russkaya Pravda.
861:
mentioned in the texts were, with a few exceptions, Vikings and the
Russian custom referred to in the texts was therefore in all likelihood Scandinavian custom. On the other hand, the "Russian law" of the treaties shows many parallels with the earliest written law of Kievan Rus (the
1055:Мельникова Е.А., Петрухин В.Я. «Легенда о призвании варягов» в сравнительно-историческом аспекте // XI Всесоюзная конференция по изучению истории, экономики, литературы и языка Скандинавских стран и Финляндии / редкол.: Ю.В. Андреев и др. – М., 1989. – Вып. 1. – С. 108–110
1073:Мельникова Е.А. Ряд в Сказании о призвании варягов и его европейские и скандинавские параллели // Мельникова Е.А. Древняя Русь и Скандинавия: Избранные труды / под ред. Г.В. Глазыриной и Т.Н. Джаксон. – М.: Русский Фонд Содействия Образованию и Науке, 2011. – С. 249–256
207:
was playing an important role in Old Rus' princedoms: the prince and his administration (druzhina) found their relationship with people ("all land", "all townsmen" in Old Rus' chronicles) on the treaty. A breach of the treaty could result in exile of the prince
601:
of its fulfillment, the expiration of the limitation period, the death of the obligated person, if it was impossible to fulfill it. Limitation periods were provided (with some exceptions): for the recovery of real estate – 10 years, movable – three years.
703:, who accepted guarantees for their members. Through the community, its members performed their duties to the state authorities. There were separate industrial courts. However, during this period, the old community (Verv) was split into smaller units (
670:
was introduced for the most serious crimes. From this period, the criminal process began to acquire an inquisitorial character. Reconciliation of the parties was allowed both in civil and criminal cases. The participation of a lawyer was envisaged.
1066:
Melnikova, Elena. Ryad in the Legend of the
Varangians Invitation and its European and Scandinavian Parallels // Melnikova, Elena. Old Rus' and Scandinavia: Selected Works / ed. by G. Glazyrina and Tatyana Dzhakson. – Moscow, 2011. – С. 249–256.
916:
531:. The Kievan Rus' law of the Principality of Lithuania, or Lithuanian-Rus' law, was closely connected with the preceding Kievan Rus' law, as evidenced by the special closeness of these legal systems.
724:
195:) on the one hand, and tribal "nobility" and formally all people on the other hand. The prince and his druzhina defended people, decide lawsuits, provided trade and built towns. And people paid
1253:Живов В.М. История русского права как лингвосемиотическая проблема // Живов В.М. Разыскания в области истории и предыстории русской культуры. – М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2002. – С. 187–305
1373:
913:
1333:Правда Русская / Под общ. ред. акад. Б.Д. Грекова. – М.; Л.: Изд-во АН СССР. – Т. I: Тексты. – 1940; Т. II: Комментарии. – 1947; Т. III: Факсимильное воспроизведение текстов. – 1963
1247:// Zhivov, Viktor. Investigations in the Field of History and Prehistory of Rus' Culture. – Moscow: Yazyki Slavyanskoy Kultury ("Languages of Slavic culture"), 2002. – P. 187–305. (
335:. The Church in Kievan Rus' did not have wide influence and depended on the power of the state. Thus, church law mainly dealt with family law and sanctions against moral violation.
666:: the victim or his representative were obliged to collect evidence themselves and present it to the court. It was only in 1566 that a rule was established according to which a
562:
In the first quarter of the 16th century, large-scale work was carried out to systematize the law of the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania. In 1529, a set of laws was published in the
637:. If a gentry inflicted wounds on a common person, the punishment was limited to a fine. If a simple person wounded a gentry, then he was subjected to the death penalty.
675:
the absence of a sufficient number of witnesses and other full evidence, an oath could be applied. The court ruled orally. Then it was recorded in court books.
155:: these particular Varangians were known as Russes, just as some are called Swedes, and others Normans, English, and Gotlanders, for they were thus named. The
625:
For intentional crimes, the perpetrator was fully responsible. Intentional murder, in contrast to the Kievan Rus' period (when the punishment was limited to
1187:
Dyakonov, Mikhail. Essays on Social and
Political System of Old Rus' / 4th edition, corrected and supplemented. – Saint Petersburg, 1912. – XVI, 489 p. (
691:
Rus' law was distributed among the rural population within the framework of self-governing communities that continued the tradition of the Kievan Rus'
1150:Юшков С.В. Курс истории государства и права СССР. – М.: Юриздат, 1949. – Т. I: Общественно-политический строй и право Киевского государства. – 542 с.)
1304:
Russian
Legislation of 10th–20th centuries / ed. by Oleg Chistyakov. Moscow: Yuridichtskaya Literatura ("Juridical Literature"), 1984–. – Vol. 1–4. (
707:) and, under the pressure of the gentry's possessions, lost self-government. In the XV-XVI centuries, a mass transfer of villages with Rus' law to
413:
367:
237:
89:
1290:: Source: The Laws of Rus' – Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries, tr., ed. Daniel H. Kaiser (Salt Lake City: Charles Schlacks Publisher, 1992).
733:, p. 147: "The continuing influence of Kievan Rus' law was evident not only in the content of the Lithuanian codes, but in their form.".
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allowed. The weakest link in procedural law was the execution of court decisions, since the feudal lords often ignored court decisions.
1225:Щапов Я.Н. Византийское и южнославянское правовое наследие на Руси в XI–XIII вв. / отв. ред. Л.В. Черепнин. – М.: Наука, 1978. – 290 с.
233:
1264:
1009:
1171:/ Под ред. О. И. Чистякова; Издание 3-е, переработанное и дополненное. М. : МГУ имени М. В. Ломоносова (
1418:
1443:
1408:
838:
662:
There was still no clear distinction between civil and criminal proceedings in the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania. The process was
892:
844:
815:
One of the most important historical sources of Kievan Rus law is a document known as
Russkaia Pravda, or "Russian Justice".
802:
760:
1097:Петрухин В.Я. Русь в IX—X веках. От призвания варягов до выбора веры / Издание 2-е, испр. и доп. – М.: ФОРУМ: Неолит, 2014
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1487:
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in the 10th century, where, apart from
Byzantine legal rules, also Zakon Russkiy (Law of Rus') – rules of Old Rus' oral
1088:
1168:
1477:
1472:
796:
754:
543:, international treaties and Rus' church law were applied. From the end of the 14th century, monarchs (including the
428:
423:
343:
339:
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from a father or grandfather; estates bought by the feudal lord himself; estates served, granted for temporary use.
1467:
773:
Depending on how one defines a distinct class, there were as many as eleven classes stipulated by Kievan Rus' law.
1310:Российское законодательство X–XX веков: в 9 т. / Под общ. ред. О.И. Чистякова. – М.: Юрид. лит., 1984–. – Том 1–4
1193:
965:
Kaiser, Daniel H. The growth of the law in Medieval Russia. – Princeton: Princeton univ. press, 1980. – 308 p.
949:
559:, which is the first attempt to codify the norms of the Rus'-Lithuanian criminal and criminal procedure law.
1462:
1403:
Ferdinand J.M. Feldbrugge. A History of Russian Law. Series: Law in Eastern Europe. Vol. 66. Brill, 2018.
163:, and the Ves' then said to the people of Rus', "Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it.
1005:
250:'s Pravda of the beginning of the 11th century was the first written law code in Kievan Rus'. This short
104:, the oldest text of which dates back to the beginning of the 6th century. The main written sources were
1394:
1377:
924:
900:
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was made. Polish law became widespread. However, some norms of Rus' law were preserved in the form of
21:
1387:
453:
448:
1140:. – Moscow: Yurizdat (Juridical Publisher), 1949. – Vol. 1: Social and Political System and Law of
544:
528:
302:
70:
1348:Древнерусские княжеские уставы XI–XV вв. / Изд. подготовил Я.Н. Щапов. – М.: Наука, 1976. – 239 с.
1327:. – Vol. 1: Texts. – 1940. Vol. 2: Commentaries. – 1947. Vol. 3: Facsimile of the texts. – 1963. (
1422:
1172:
1037:. "The Legend of the Varangians Invitation" in comparative historical perspective // 11th All-
459:
291:
66:
470:
271:
111:
667:
552:
492:
279:
331:), but it wasn't widely applied in secular or church legal practice, restricted mainly in
8:
1429:
398:
1287:
695:. Villages with Rus' law enjoyed broad self-government, they chose their chiefs: tiuns,
301:
Later written secular law also included statutory charters, trade treaties, statutes of
1356:
1084:
1034:
996:
995:
Samuel Hazzard Cross (1953). Samuel Hazzard Cross; Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (eds.).
663:
563:
516:
267:
263:
213:
209:
200:
93:
1439:
1404:
1339:
1338:
Old Russian Princely Statutes of the 11–15th centuries / Yaroslav Schapov. – Moscow:
1324:
1216:
834:
792:
750:
556:
510:
328:
247:
174:
1400:
Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria. Law in Medieval Russia. – Leiden– Boston, 2009.
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1343:
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1188:
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law, the violation of both the law and the norms of customary law was considered.
1433:
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654:, "an involuntary couple" – 5 kops of groszes, a gentry – 100 kops of groszes.
634:
287:
255:
152:
85:
62:
1041:
Conference on the Study of History, Economics, Literature and Language of the
1456:
1236:
1196:/ Изд. 4-е, испр. и доп. – СПб.: Юридич. кн. склад Право, 1912. – XVI, 489 с.
1114:. Pravda Russkaya. – Moscow: Drevlekhranilische ("Archive"), 1999. – 421 p. (
1049:/ ed. by Yuriy Andreev and others. – Moscow, 1989. – Issue 1. – P. 108–110. (
712:
385:
314:
77:
1316:
1137:
1038:
363:
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241:
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132:
1393:
Kaiser, Daniel H. The growth of the law in Medieval Russia. – Princeton:
1210:
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583:
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1194:Дьяконов М.А. Очерки общественного и государственного строя Древней Руси
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295:
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128:
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It was in part a record of oral law and revision of foreign sources:
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332:
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320:
97:
32:
946:
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626:
593:
465:
439:
305:, major codes of Muscovy – Sudebniks (see below), and other texts.
282:'s reign at the beginning of the 12th century, the Vast edition of
192:
160:
1087:. Rus' in the 9–10th centuries. From Varangians Invitation to the
539:
In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus' customary law, the norms of
1046:
746:
Russia: A Historical Introduction from Kievan Rus' to the Present
700:
696:
692:
480:
196:
101:
1136:
Yushkov, Serafim. Course of the History of State and Law of the
1120:Зимин А.А. Правда Русская. – М.: Древлехранилище, 1999. – 421 с.
857:
To return to the main topic of the treaties of 911 and 944, the
830:
A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code
688:
introduction of the Polish system of courts in Galicia in 1506.
788:
Soviet Land and Housing Law: A Historical and Comparative Study
833:. Law in Eastern Europe. Vol. 66. Leiden: Brill. p. 98.
188:
140:
743:
Thompson, John Means; Ward, Christopher J. (23 April 2023).
254:
regulated the relationship between the princely druzhina ("
156:
1315:
Main edition of Russkaya Pravda: Pravda Russkaya / ed. by
1091:/ 2nd edition, corrected and supplemented. Moscow, 2014.
1293:
Memorials of Russian Law. Issue 1–7. – Moscow, 1952–. (
977:
Memorials of Russian Law. Issue 1–7. – Moscow, 1952–. (
149:
who may rule over us and judge us according to the Law
1438:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 896.
994:
1374:
Legal Analysis and the History of Early Russian Law
914:
Legal Analysis and the History of Early Russian Law
749:(Ninth ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 19.
1299:Памятники русского права. – М., 1952–. – Вып. 1–7.
983:Памятники русского права. – М., 1952–. – Вып. 1–7.
522:
92:. A number of articles have similarities with the
319:Translations of Byzantine legal codes, including
183:Early Rus' state settled on the oral treaty, or "
1454:
1325:publisher of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
1241:The History of Russian Law as a Linguistic and
644:Property punishments were widespread. Like the
308:
147:They said to themselves, "Let us seek a prince
1435:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples
998:The Russian Primary chronicle: Laurentian text
286:was given, which contained rules of criminal,
110:("Rus' Justice") (since the 11th century) and
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1162:
1160:
1158:
73:from the 13th century. Its main sources were
939:
937:
935:
933:
742:
527:Kievan Rus' law continued to develop in the
354:Main historical sources of Kievan Rus' law:
1281:
1213:Legal Heritage in Rus' at 11–13th centuries
1183:
1181:
258:") and the people ("Slovenins") concerning
25:First page of the oldest surviving copy of
1169:История отечественного государства и права
1155:
1132:
1130:
1128:
956:. Kyiv: Type. S. V. Kulzhenko, 1904. 14 p.
826:
323:, were widely spread in Kievan Rus' (see:
127:According to Old Rus' chronicles, in 862,
1265:Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles
930:
298:law and rules of the bond of obligation.
151:." They accordingly went overseas to the
1288:English translations of the Laws of Rus'
1178:
1107:
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947:Russian Truth and Lithuanian-Russian Law
890:The Growth of the Law in Medieval Russia
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
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870:
100:" – a collection of legislative acts of
20:
1428:
1275:. — СПб.; М, 1843; М., 1989. — Т. 1—38.
1125:
784:
730:
187:" (Old Rus': рядъ) between the prince (
1455:
227:
1366:
1102:
988:
973:
971:
867:
1015:from the original on 16 October 2013
827:Feldbrugge, Ferdinand J.M. (2017).
262:. After Yaroslav's death, his sons
216:) or even in murder of the prince (
203:. During the ensuing centuries the
13:
1215:/ ed. by Lev Cherepnin. – Moscow:
968:
847:from the original on 23 April 2023
805:from the original on 25 April 2023
763:from the original on 23 April 2023
569:
340:church statutes of prince Vladimir
238:treaties with the Byzantine Empire
65:(since the 9th century), in later
14:
1499:
1273:Полное собрание русских летописей
657:
534:
429:Church Statute of Prince Yaroslav
424:Church Statute of Prince Vladimir
366:: Zakon Russkiy (Law of Rus') in
1386:. Medieval Russian Laws. – NY:
1258:
1230:
1201:
1078:
1060:
1027:
616:
523:In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
349:
139:under the leadership of prince
88:), which was partly written in
959:
923:. (1972). Published online by
906:
820:
785:Sawicki, Stanislaw J. (1977).
778:
736:
165:Come to rule and reign over us
1:
515:Collections in supplement of
682:
574:
489:Sobornoye Ulozheniye of 1607
309:Byzantine law and church law
31:(Vast edition) from Synodic
7:
1361:A study of Russkaya Pravda.
1006:Medieval Academy of America
16:Legal system in Kievan Rus'
10:
1504:
1483:Legal history of Lithuania
1395:Princeton University Press
1378:Cambridge University Press
925:Cambridge University Press
901:Princeton University Press
312:
117:
114:(since the 16th century).
1388:Columbia University Press
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1332:
1309:
1298:
1272:
1252:
1224:
1192:
1149:
1119:
1096:
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1054:
982:
454:Novgorod Judicial Charter
449:Pravosudiye Mitropolichye
94:Germanic (barbarian) laws
1478:Legal history of Belarus
1473:Legal history of Ukraine
1282:Some editions of sources
1175:), 2005. Часть 1. 430 с.
718:
545:Grand Dukes of Lithuania
529:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
303:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
191:) with his armed force (
71:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
61:, was a legal system in
1468:Legal history of Russia
1423:Encyclopedia of Ukraine
1173:Moscow State University
611:Marriage and family law
500:Some collections of law
414:Rus'–Byzantine Treaties
368:Rus'–Byzantine Treaties
173:The Laurentian Text of
143:to rule in their land:
122:
90:Rus'–Byzantine Treaties
1488:Society of Kievan Rus'
1376:. Published online by
1372:Oswald P. Backus III.
1043:Scandinavian countries
912:Oswald P. Backus III.
791:. Praeger. p. 3.
460:Pskov Judicial Charter
294:law, including trade,
181:
40:
895:25 April 2023 at the
471:Statutes of Lithuania
433:Local church statutes
232:One of the result of
145:
112:Statutes of Lithuania
24:
952:13 July 2022 at the
903:, 2014 . p. 26, 218.
664:accusatory in nature
493:Sobornoye Ulozheniye
442:Trade Treaty of 1229
214:Vsevolod Yaroslavich
210:Izyaslav Yaroslavich
96:, for example, the "
1357:Tikhomirov, Mikhail
1207:Schapov, Yaroslav.
1085:Petrukhin, Vladimir
1035:Petrukhin, Vladimir
668:state investigation
456:of the 15th century
445:Novgorod's Treaties
399:Zakon Sudnyi Liudem
234:Rus'–Byzantine Wars
228:Written secular law
67:Rus' principalities
1380:: 27 January 2017.
1367:English references
1342:, 1976. – 239 p. (
1219:, 1978. – 290 p. (
1033:Melnikova, Elena.
944:Nikolai Maksimeyko
927:: 27 January 2017.
919:9 May 2022 at the
888:Kaiser, Daniel H.
564:Ruthenian language
436:Statutory Charters
236:was conclusion of
201:irregular military
41:
1445:978-1-4426-1021-7
1409:978-90-04-35214-8
1384:Vernadsky, George
840:978-90-04-35214-8
511:Merilo Pravednoye
329:Merilo Pravednoye
280:Vladimir Monomakh
278:In the period of
199:and took part in
175:Primary Chronicle
159:, the Slavs, the
59:early Russian law
48:law of Kievan Rus
1495:
1449:
1430:Magocsi, Paul R.
1415:Padokh, Yaroslav
1397:, 1980. – 308 p.
1390:, 1947. – 106 p.
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635:talion principle
486:Sudebnik of 1589
476:Sudebnik of 1550
466:Sudebnik of 1497
179:
153:Varangian Russes
53:, also known as
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1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1496:
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1463:Kievan Rus' law
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1425:. Vol. 4. 1993.
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570:Branches of law
553:King Casimir IV
541:Russkaya Pravda
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419:Russkaya Pravda
380:Foreign sources
375:Written sources
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344:prince Yaroslav
317:
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284:Russkaya Pravda
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218:Igor Rurikovich
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107:Russkaya Pravda
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1317:Boris Grekov
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1211:South Slavic
1208:
1203:
1144:. – 542 p. (
1142:Kievan State
1080:
1062:
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
997:
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856:
849:. Retrieved
829:
822:
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807:. Retrieved
787:
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765:. Retrieved
745:
738:
731:Magocsi 2010
726:
690:
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350:Main sources
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256:Rus' people
244:reflected.
161:Krivichians
63:Kievan Rus'
1457:Categories
709:German Law
705:Hearth tax
549:privileges
338:See also:
313:See also:
288:procedural
272:Svyatoslav
137:Varangians
1321:Leningrad
699:and even
683:In Poland
584:inherited
580:Ownership
575:Civil law
547:) issued
506:Kormchaia
394:Kormchaia
390:Nomocanon
333:canon law
325:Kormchaia
321:Nomocanon
98:Salic law
35:of 1282 (
33:Kormchaia
1432:(2010).
1243:Semiotic
1010:Archived
950:Archived
917:Archived
893:Archived
851:23 April
845:Archived
809:23 April
803:Archived
767:23 April
761:Archived
631:Weregild
440:Smolensk
268:Vsevolod
264:Izyaslav
248:Yaroslav
193:druzhina
170:—
135:invited
84:(Law of
37:Novgorod
1344:Russian
1329:Russian
1306:Russian
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1269:Russian
1249:Russian
1245:Problem
1221:Russian
1189:Russian
1146:Russian
1116:Russian
1093:Russian
1069:Russian
1051:Russian
1047:Finland
1019:22 June
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701:priests
697:starets
652:groszes
594:groszes
495:of 1649
483:of 1551
481:Stoglav
462:of 1467
197:tribute
118:History
102:Francia
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557:Statut
392:, see
296:family
1340:Nauka
1217:Nauka
1039:Union
1013:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
719:Notes
292:civil
189:knyaz
157:Chuds
141:Rurik
133:Finns
129:Slavs
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1138:USSR
1045:and
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