295:
56:
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851:
862:
268:
5287:
475:
1234:
5704:
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934:
The
Commagenean rulers had Iranian and Greek names (Antiochus, Samos, Mithridates). The various Iranian onomasticons located in Commagene demonstrate the extensive Iranization in the region. Over the course of the first centuries BC and AD, the names given on a tomb at Sofraz Köy show a mix of
1102:. According to Josephus, this move was supported by the local nobility but opposed by the mass of the common people, who preferred to remain under their kings as before; Tacitus, on the other hand, states that "most preferred Roman, but others royal rule".
1153:
describes refugees fleeing the Romans across the
Euphrates and bemoans the Romans' refusal to let the refugees return; this might describe the Roman takeover of either 18 or 72. The descendants of Antiochus IV lived prosperously and in distinction in
1026:
conquered the territory in the 4th century BC. After the breakup of the Empire of
Alexander the Great, the region became part of the Hellenistic Seleucids, and Commagene emerged in about 163 BC as a state and province in the Greco-Syrian
946:
in the former kingdom of
Commagene, and described himself in one satirical work as "an Assyrian". Despite writing well after the Roman conquest of Commagene, Lucian claimed to be "still barbarous in speech and almost wearing a jacket
55:
1071:, it was to serve as an important centre for the transmission of Hellenistic and Roman culture in the region. Details are sketchy, but Mithridates Callinicus is thought have accepted Armenian suzerainty during the reign of
3548:
1266:, or Black Bird. An inscription there indicates the presence of a royal tomb that housed three women. The vault of that tomb, however, has also been looted. The main excavations on the site were carried out by
375:
Little is known of the region of
Commagene before the beginning of the 2nd century BC. However, it seems that, from what little evidence remains, Commagene formed part of a larger state that also included the
1066:
and the
Persian kings. This marriage may also have been part of a peace treaty between Commagene and the Seleucid Empire. From this point on, the kingdom of Commagene became more Greek than Persian. With
5739:
5734:
1141:, which Paetus led into Commagene, was not resisted by the populace; a day-long battle with Antiochus' sons Epiphanes and Callinicus ended in a draw, and Antiochus surrendered. The
294:
1133:
deposed the dynasty and definitively re-annexed the territory to Syria, acting on allegations "that
Antiochus was about to revolt from the Romans ... reported by the Governor
1213:
was under
Commagenian rule "for about 35 years"; after being governed by Antiochus Theos, it might have been incorporated into the Roman province of Syria as early as 31 BC.
3559:
958:
In keeping with
Commagene Greek and Iranian cultural elements, Antiochus' cult was a synthesis of Greco-Iranian religion, which had existed in Commagene before his time.
3539:
3535:
1031:. Perhaps Commagene was part of the kingdom of Armenia in the early Hellenistic period, and was possibly annexed to the Seleucid kingdom soon after Armenia's conquest
243:
1256:
built and dedicated a bridge. The surrounding thick forests were cut down and cleared by the Romans for wood, timber and charcoal, causing much erosion to the area.
3013:
3562:
5329:
3533:
2366:(1979). "Sculptors' Stone-Carving Techniques in Seleucid and Parthian Iran, and Their Place in the "Parthian" Cultural Milieu: Some Preliminary Observations".
3345:
1259:
Another important archaeological site dating to the
Kingdom of Commagene is the sanctuary of Zeus Soter at Damlıca, dedicated in the time of Mithridates II.
3450:
896:
considers that, "in some parts of the Euphrates region, such as Commagene, nothing approaching an answer to questions about local culture is possible."
935:"typical Hellenistic dynastic names with an early introduction of Latin personal names." Lang notes the vitality of Graeco-Roman culture in Commagene.
4528:
2751:
Shayegan, M. Rahim (2016). "The Arsacids and Commagene". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
3102:
5286:
5026:
3558:
352:" between Armenia, Parthia, Syria, and Rome; culturally, it was correspondingly mixed. The kings of the Kingdom of Commagene claimed descent from
3355:
3350:
4785:
951:) in the Assyrian style". This has been taken as a possible, but not definitive, allusion to the possibility that his native language was an
2299:
Canepa, Matthew (2010). "Achaemenid and Seleukid Royal Funerary Practices and Middle Iranian Kingship". In Börm, H.; Wiesehöfer, J. (eds.).
3592:
3514:
2793:
2525:
The above mentioned Orontids....but also because the two satraps who were contemporaries of Xenophon's are explicitly stated to be Persian.
837:
2377:
3553:
3471:
3006:
1241:
The limestone propaganda-like statues and reliefs built during Antiochus Theos' reign reflect the Parthian influence in their sculpture.
3480:
876:
The cultural identity of the Kingdom of Commagene has been variously characterized. Pierre Merlat suggests that the Commagenian city of
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3546:
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3522:
3521:
3554:
3517:
3489:
3476:
1660:
5779:
3495:
2047:
Anna F. C. Collar (2012). "Commagene, Communication and the Cult of Jupiter Dolichenus". In Michael Blömer; Engelbert Winter (eds.).
3542:
3519:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3443:
2482:
5774:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3501:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3473:
1341:
soon after Armenia's conquest and partition into the kingdoms of Armenia and Sophene under Antiochus III." — Butcher (2004)
364:
who had a family descent from king Darius I. The territory of Commagene corresponded roughly to the modern Turkish provinces of
5749:
5744:
2999:
3540:
3534:
3529:
2475:
Another self-designated descendant from a member of one of the seven great house, Hydarnes, was the Orontid Dynasty of Armenia
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2980:
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2927:
2814:
2686:
2553:
2419:
2398:
2248:
2056:
1910:
1600:
5338:
5019:
3504:
2654:
Michels, Christoph (2021). "'Achaemenid' and 'Hellenistic' Strands of Representation in the Minor Kingdoms of Asia Minor".
17:
3549:
3547:
3486:
3436:
2637:
The Letter of Mara bar Sarapion in Context: Proceedings of the Symposium Held at Utrecht University, 10-12 December 2009
1090:
in 64 BC. Thanks to his diplomatic skills, Antiochus was able to keep Commagene independent from the Romans. In 17 when
437:
to a number of syncretistic Graeco-Iranian deities as well as to himself and the deified land of Commagene. It is now a
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2707:
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2509:
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2353:
2289:
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779:
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3541:
2781:
2760:
2741:
2644:
2625:
2603:
2330:
2229:
1670:
888:
satellite kingdom", while Blömer and Winter call it a "Hellenistic kingdom". Millar suggests that a local dialect of
3475:
1595:(Repr. ed.). New York: Barns & Noble Books. pp. 170, 173, 193, 212, 213, 216, 217, 221–223, 257, 263.
1282:
3585:
830:
3526:
5759:
5012:
3481:
3193:
2303:
Commutatio et Contentio. Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East in Memory of Zeev Rubin
903:, Commagene's rulers made no secret of their Persian affinities. The kings of Commagene claimed descent from the
784:
724:
714:
3510:
1178:, who was a benefactor of the city, upon his death in 116. Another descendant of Antiochus IV was the historian
5638:
4709:
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3536:
3520:
3039:
1938:
1334:
1206:
1079:
912:
908:
584:
434:
61:
4790:
3505:
3494:
3477:
5764:
4850:
4836:
4704:
4689:
3844:
3509:
3479:
3023:
1221:, while ruled for a time by Commagene, was popularly and traditionally considered to belong to the region of
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519:
509:
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5231:
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4699:
4684:
4659:
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4616:
3550:
805:
707:
5035:
3511:
3485:
2315:(2015). "Dynastic Sanctuaries and the Transformation of Iranian Kingship between Alexander and Islam". In
1050:
of the disintegrating Seleucid Empire, declared himself independent. Ptolemy's dynasty was related to the
414:, then deprived of it by that same emperor, then restored to it a couple of years later by his successor,
5109:
4898:
4883:
4694:
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4664:
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823:
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141:
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4714:
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4644:
4621:
4591:
4412:
3512:
3267:
3151:
3051:
2595:
1194:, who counts Commagene as part of Syria, notes the kingdom's fertility. Its capital and chief city was
1091:
754:
664:
624:
3544:
3537:
3518:
2109:
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1217:
declared itself a Commagenian city in Roman times, although originally it was not. On the other hand,
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4297:
4050:
3694:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3484:
3129:
3085:
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Messerschmidt, Wolfgang (2008). "Kommagene in vorhellenistischer Zeit." In: Winter, Engelbert (ed.),
1110:
967:
774:
649:
407:
172:
3513:
767:
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4674:
4596:
4524:
4509:
4476:
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4342:
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3528:
3525:
3523:
2322:
Persian Kingship and Architecture: Strategies of Power in Iran from the Achaemenids to the Pahlavis
1134:
1087:
1055:
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474:
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3516:
3187:
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Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West
1179:
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160:
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1577:
une de ces nombreuses localités mi-iranisées, mi-hellénisées d'Asie Mineure et de Syrie du Nord
1253:
1099:
392:
121:
5296:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
3515:
2806:
1014:, which was normally an ally of Assyria, but eventually annexed as a province in 708 BC under
5653:
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3990:
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3794:
3784:
3768:
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3628:
3543:
3531:
3183:
3135:
2430:
2390:
2320:
1072:
919:, the king erected monumental statues of deities with mixed Greek and Iranian names, such as
719:
659:
1190:
Commagene extended from the right bank of the Euphrates to the Taurus and Amanus Mountains.
850:
5226:
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Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context
2658:
Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context
2344:
Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context
1199:
938:
While few things about his origins are known with certainty, 2nd-century Attic Greek poet
365:
8:
5683:
5574:
5124:
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4916:
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4451:
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3829:
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3773:
3719:
3714:
3623:
3459:
3205:
3177:
1063:
1023:
881:
794:
487:
438:
1262:
In Commagene, there is a column topped by an eagle, which has earned the mound the name
391:, established himself as an independent ruler following the death of the Seleucid king,
5729:
5211:
5169:
5164:
4936:
4367:
4219:
3930:
3920:
3887:
3724:
3643:
3601:
3538:
3369:
3167:
3119:
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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
927:, while celebrating his own descent from the royal families of Persia and Armenia in a
885:
674:
604:
589:
574:
463:
377:
369:
357:
330:
248:
2370:. 29, No. 1/4 (December). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 221-240.
1263:
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2052:
1934:
1906:
1666:
1596:
1218:
1150:
1142:
1019:
744:
739:
669:
614:
398:
The Kingdom of Commagene maintained its independence until 17 AD, when it was made a
2718:
2461:
The Hellenistic Court: Monarchic Power and Elite Society from Alexander to Cleopatra
1058:(109 BC – 70 BC) embraced Hellenistic culture and married the Syrian Greek Princess
5184:
5154:
4729:
4548:
4199:
4083:
3985:
3778:
3753:
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3079:
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2958:ΠΑΤΡΙΣ ΠΑΝΤΡΟΦΟΣ ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΗ. Neue Funde und Forschungen zwischen Taurus und Euphrat.
2847:
2839:
2802:
2386:
2363:
2161:
1314:
1138:
1059:
654:
637:
619:
514:
104:
2532:
2432:
The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism
1281:
Many of the ancient artifacts from the Kingdom of Commagene are on display at the
1214:
5754:
5544:
5474:
5455:
5069:
4425:
4382:
4317:
4277:
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3123:
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2615:
2589:
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2409:
2219:
1338:
1146:
1028:
904:
813:
734:
729:
679:
567:
326:
323:
186:
77:
429:
One of the kingdom's most lasting visible remains is the archaeological site on
5643:
5440:
5307:
5159:
5079:
4802:
4372:
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4000:
3610:
3323:
3313:
3161:
997:
928:
900:
689:
579:
399:
309:
125:
99:
2911:
Breitenbach, Alfred; Ristow, Sebastian (2006). "Kommagene (Euphratesia)." In:
2843:
5723:
5708:
5606:
5104:
5084:
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4770:
4759:
4257:
4247:
4204:
4169:
3897:
3328:
3318:
3227:
2316:
893:
594:
361:
5129:
4812:
4775:
4739:
4392:
4377:
4292:
4232:
4194:
4174:
4159:
3834:
3257:
2263:
A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule
1245:
1122:
1118:
985:
980:
with solar rays, with Antiochus I of Commagene. (Mt Nemrut, 1st century BC)
977:
916:
880:, like others in its vicinity, was "half Iranianized and half Hellenized".
855:
430:
423:
349:
261:
73:
5678:
5590:
5425:
5382:
5271:
5200:
5134:
4352:
4347:
4287:
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4209:
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4131:
4126:
4101:
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1167:
524:
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4402:
4262:
4149:
4116:
4078:
4070:
3407:
3382:
3277:
3262:
2852:
2501:
Among the Gods: An Archaeological Exploration of Ancient Greek Religion
2282:
Making Mesopotamia: Geography and Empire in a Romano-Iranian Borderland
2258:
1903:
The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
1310:
1210:
1039:
877:
319:
5410:
3428:
2973:
Gottkönige am Euphrat. Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Kommagene.
1271:
5189:
4780:
4764:
4397:
4387:
4362:
4332:
4237:
4179:
4111:
4106:
3859:
3854:
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3570:
3242:
3075:
2920:
Commagene: The Land of the Gods between the Taurus and the Euphrates.
1706:
1318:
1170:. As a testament to the descendants of Antiochus IV, the citizens of
1130:
1015:
1001:
972:
924:
907:
and would therefore have been related to the family that founded the
419:
353:
2936:
2826:
2656:
2342:
2241:
Commagene: The Land of the Gods between the Taurus and the Euphrates
911:; while Sartre states the accuracy of these claims is uncertain. At
60:
Map showing Commagene (light pink on the left) in 50 AD; nearby are
5648:
5489:
5415:
5392:
5387:
5377:
4357:
4282:
4267:
3387:
3252:
3237:
3139:
3071:
2934:
Canepa, Matthew (2021). "Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I".
2340:
Canepa, Matthew (2021). "Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I".
1905:. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 110–114, 304.
1326:
1302:
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1195:
1155:
1126:
1106:
1095:
993:
943:
869:
644:
539:
415:
411:
403:
338:
334:
298:
89:
69:
2546:
Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens
2521:
Greek Texts and Armenian Traditions: An Interdisciplinary Approach
2301:
1244:
When the Romans conquered Commagene, the great royal sanctuary at
301:
in the early 1st century AD with Commagene as a Roman client state
5673:
5668:
5612:
5594:
5539:
5534:
5503:
5479:
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5435:
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3417:
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3297:
3247:
3232:
3091:
2753:
The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion
2374:
1468:
1337:
in the early Hellenistic period, and was possibly annexed to the
1322:
1306:
1249:
1209:, the Kingdom of Commagene controlled a particularly large area.
1114:
1068:
1051:
1035:
1005:
889:
789:
529:
110:
65:
5602:
5034:
2773:
From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire
2459:
Erskine, Andrew; Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd; Wallace, Shane (2017).
1082:(reigned 70 –38 BC). Antiochus was an ally of the Roman general
5617:
5598:
5586:
5569:
5549:
5519:
5494:
5362:
5357:
5261:
5241:
5236:
4337:
3287:
2375:
Drower, M; Grey, E.; Sherwin-White, S.; Wiesehöfer, J. (2021).
2126:
1953:
1572:
Jupiter Dolichenus : Essai d'interprétation et de synthèse
1191:
1171:
1159:
1129:' accession in 41 AD, Antiochus reigned until 72, when Emperor
1083:
1047:
1010:
989:
939:
554:
549:
534:
342:
286:
3469:
1843:
1278:, which also served as a residence of the kings of Commagene.
5578:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5524:
5484:
5450:
5445:
5396:
3412:
2458:
2138:
1959:
1785:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1686:
1412:
1163:
544:
418:. The re-emergent state lasted until 72 AD, when the Emperor
360:
as their ancestor, by his marriage to Rhodogune, daughter of
313:
39:
3021:
854:
Monumental head of the goddess Commagene (Tyche-Bakht) from
333:. The kingdom was located in and around the ancient city of
5498:
3292:
3282:
2176:
1819:
1225:; Strabo says it had been assigned to Commagene by Pompey.
920:
504:
2065:
1882:
1870:
1720:
1624:
1514:
1237:
Eagle-topped column from the royal burial mound at Karakuş
899:
While the language used on public monuments was typically
2028:
1618:
The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times - 2 Vols
5740:
States and territories disestablished in the 1st century
5735:
States and territories established in the 2nd century BC
1860:
1858:
1831:
1761:
1759:
1746:
1744:
1704:
1641:
1639:
1205:
The boundaries of Commagene fluctuated over time. Under
1145:
would occupy the area by 73 AD. A 1st-century letter in
2114:
2018:
2016:
1976:
1974:
2681:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2584:
Lang, David M (1983). "Iran, Armenia and Georgia". In
2519:
Gaggero, Gianfranco (2016). "Armenians in Xenophon".
2450:
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah, eds. (2007),
2049:
Iuppiter Dolichenus: Vom Lokalkult zur Reichsreligion
2009:. Vol. 8. Longmans, Green, & Co. p. 23.
1855:
1756:
1741:
1636:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1354:
2013:
1986:
1971:
1931:
Coinage in Roman Syria: Northern Syria, 64 BC-AD 253
1174:
erected a funeral monument in honor of his grandson
1022:then conquered Commagene in the 6th century BC and
2935:
2915:, volume 21. Stuttgart: Hiersemann, coll. 233–273.
2825:
2792:
2769:
2655:
2376:
2341:
2300:
1543:
1526:
1504:
1366:
318:) was an ancient Greco-Iranian kingdom ruled by a
2221:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire
2046:
1042:on the north, arose in 162 BC when its governor,
1034:The Hellenistic kingdom of Commagene, bounded by
5721:
5337:
2203:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 37.
2770:Sherwin-White, Susan M.; Kuhrt, Amélie (1993).
2562:
1924:
1922:
1849:
1574:. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 3.
1492:
406:. It re-emerged as an independent kingdom when
1125:. Deposed by Caligula and restored again upon
1062:. His dynasty could thus claim ties with both
5323:
5020:
3586:
3444:
3007:
2454:, Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, London: I. B. Tauris
2449:
1825:
1569:
831:
422:finally and definitively made it part of the
2871:
2634:
2566:A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire
2261:; Grenet, Frantz (1991). Beck, Roger (ed.).
2238:
2182:
2144:
2132:
2071:
2051:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 102–103.
1965:
1919:
1900:
1801:
1735:
1692:
1630:
1570:Pierre Merlat (1960). "Le site de Doliché".
1520:
1480:
1428:
1248:was abandoned. The Romans looted the burial
2918:Blömer, Michael; Winter, Engelbert (2011).
2257:
2239:Blömer, Michael; Winter, Engelbert (2011).
1888:
1786:Erskine, Llewellyn-Jones & Wallace 2017
1615:
1476:
1413:Erskine, Llewellyn-Jones & Wallace 2017
5330:
5316:
5027:
5013:
3593:
3579:
3451:
3437:
3014:
3000:
2662:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 475–496.
838:
824:
54:
2942:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 71–103.
2890:
2860:
2851:
2823:
2790:
2719:"Armenia and Iran iii. Armenian Religion"
2563:Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (2021).
2348:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 71–103.
1933:. Royal Numismatic Society. p. 454.
1813:
1797:
1658:
1565:
1563:
1500:
1452:
1440:
1424:
1392:
1228:
988:kingdom, located in modern south-central
410:was reinstated to the throne by order of
2975:2nd edition. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern,
2750:
2699:Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.)
2695:
2635:Merz, Annette; Tieleman, Teun L (2012).
2530:
2497:
2407:
2362:
2120:
1809:
1781:
1508:
1472:
1464:
1436:
1408:
1384:
1360:
1301:"Commagene was a district separate from
1232:
971:
860:
849:
345:, probably gives its name to Commagene.
293:
3458:
3190:, Shanazarians and Avanians, 1603–1822)
2897:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2
2807:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4376
2723:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4
2716:
2653:
2613:
2518:
2480:
2279:
1928:
1837:
1496:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1078:Mithridates and Laodice's son was King
348:Commagene has been characterized as a "
14:
5722:
3600:
2933:
2913:Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum
2864:Studies in Christian Caucasian history
2729:
2676:
2391:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.777
2339:
2311:
2298:
2198:
2096:
2034:
2022:
1992:
1980:
1876:
1864:
1793:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1750:
1560:
1460:
1420:
1416:
1404:
1086:during the latter's campaigns against
27:Greco-Iranian kingdom (163 BC – 72 AD)
5311:
5008:
4525:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos
3574:
3432:
2995:
2428:
2004:
1998:
1484:
1117:to govern. Antiochus IV was the only
1098:annexed Commagene to the province of
5036:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
4993:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by
2583:
2543:
2491:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2217:
1805:
1590:
1554:
1537:
1488:
1432:
1388:
1372:
1113:and also gave him the wild areas of
444:
2679:The Roman Near East, 31 BC – AD 337
337:, which served as its capital. The
24:
2905:
2827:"Hellenism and Persianism in Iran"
2776:. University of California Press.
2493:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
2201:The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History
1274:. Another royal burial site is at
473:
25:
5791:
2987:
2411:Mithraic iconography and ideology
2160:(in German). 2011. Archived from
2158:"Yeni Kale / Eski Kâhta - Türkei"
984:Commagene was originally a small
884:describes Commagene as "a former
5780:Seleucid Empire successor states
5702:
5285:
3101:
3058:Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)
2463:. The Classical Press of Wales.
1665:. Psychology Press. p. 13.
1616:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1997).
1182:, who lived in the 3rd century.
433:, a sanctuary dedicated by King
266:
241:
3194:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
3174:Zakarid Principality of Armenia
2150:
2102:
2089:
2077:
2040:
1947:
1894:
1771:
1698:
1652:
1620:. St. Martin's Press, New York.
1609:
1313:. Its natural borders were the
1295:
1109:reinstated Antiochus III's son
785:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
5775:States in Hellenistic Anatolia
3040:Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
2876:. Cambridge University Press.
2867:. Georgetown University Press.
2435:. Cambridge University Press.
2325:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–288.
1705:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
1584:
1505:Sherwin-White & Kuhrt 1993
1398:
1378:
1283:Adıyaman Archaeological Museum
1080:Antiochus I Theos of Commagene
892:might have been spoken there,
380:. This situation lasted until
13:
1:
5750:1st-century disestablishments
5745:2nd-century BC establishments
4997:in most of their territories.
3795:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
2872:Vlassopoulos, Kostas (2013).
1850:Jacobs & Rollinger (2021)
1348:
1333:. It was perhaps part of the
1004:). It was first mentioned in
942:claimed to have been born in
381:
5339:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
2736:. Harvard University Press.
2696:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021).
2481:Facella, Margherita (2021).
2307:. Düsseldorf. pp. 1–21.
1662:Who's Who in the Roman World
1288:
1185:
7:
3790:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
3068:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
2799:Oxford Classical Dictionary
2408:Campbell, Leroy A. (2015).
2383:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1826:Curtis & Stewart (2007)
1493:Jacobs & Rollinger 2021
600:Christianization of Armenia
10:
5796:
3152:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
2791:Spawforth, Antony (2016).
2733:The Middle East Under Rome
2596:Cambridge University Press
2199:Allsen, Thomas T. (2011).
2191:
2183:Blömer & Winter (2011)
2145:Blömer & Winter (2011)
2133:Blömer & Winter (2011)
2072:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1966:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1736:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1693:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1647:The Middle East under Rome
1631:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1521:Blömer & Winter (2011)
1321:to the east. It occurs in
1092:Antiochus III of Commagene
1054:kings, but his descendant
965:
961:
665:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
625:Muslim conquest of Armenia
314:
40:
5697:
5626:
5512:
5345:
5294:
5283:
5045:
4991:
4897:
4728:
4635:
4577:
4490:
4411:
4218:
4140:
4092:
4069:
3911:
3868:
3739:
3695:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
3685:
3642:
3609:
3466:
3366:
3306:
3215:
3208:(1991–2023, unrecognized)
3186:(Beglarians, Israelians,
3130:Principality of Hamamshen
3110:
3099:
3030:
2861:Toumanoff, Cyril (1963).
2844:10.1163/29497833-00701016
2569:. John Wiley & Sons.
2319:; Grigor, Talinn (eds.).
1889:Boyce & Grenet (1991)
968:Royal Family of Commagene
775:First Republic of Armenia
650:Principality of Hamamshen
520:Lchashen–Metsamor culture
510:Trialeti–Vanadzor culture
408:Antiochus IV of Commagene
387:, when the local satrap,
282:
220:
216:
206:
196:
192:
182:
178:
166:
154:
150:
140:
132:
117:
95:
85:
53:
48:
34:
5075:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
4056:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
3855:Cleopatra VII Philopator
2893:"Antiochus of Commagene"
2824:Strootman, Rolf (2020).
2730:Sartre, Maurice (2005).
2614:Marciak, Michał (2017).
2452:The Age of the Parthians
2429:Crone, Patricia (2012).
2280:Cameron, Hamish (2018).
2005:Ewald, Heinrich (1886).
1802:Merz & Tieleman 2012
1429:Merz & Tieleman 2012
1088:Mithridates VI of Pontus
1056:Mithridates I Callinicus
866:Antiochus I of Commagene
5222:Mauretania Caesariensis
4853:'s attempted rule with
4534:Mithridates V Euergetes
3946:Antiochus III the Great
3759:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
3700:Demetrius I Poliorcetes
3624:Alexander III the Great
2717:Russell, J. R. (1986).
2677:Millar, Fergus (1993).
2544:Graf, David F. (2019).
2531:Garsoian, Nina (2005).
2498:Ferguson, John (2021).
2095:Strabo XVI.2, cited in
1929:Butcher, Kevin (2004).
1477:Boyce & Grenet 1991
1252:of their goods and the
1180:Gaius Asinius Quadratus
1121:of Commagene under the
685:Principality of Khachen
550:Urartu (Kingdom of Van)
495:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
478:Coat of Arms of Armenia
389:Ptolemaeus of Commagene
5760:160s BC establishments
5195:Hispania Tarraconensis
4637:Monarchs of Cappadocia
4539:Mithridates VI Eupator
4061:Philip II Philoromaeus
4046:Antiochus XII Dionysus
4036:Demetrius III Eucaerus
4031:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
4016:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
3956:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
3951:Seleucus IV Philopator
3936:Seleucus II Callinicus
3835:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
3710:Demetrius II Aetolicus
3367:Other provinces under
3307:Other Armenian regions
3154:(Kiurikians, 979–1118)
3022:Historical states and
2891:Widengren, G. (1986).
2548:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
2364:Colledge, Malcolm A.R.
2218:Ball, Warwick (2002).
1254:Legio XVI Flavia Firma
1238:
1229:Archaeological remains
992:, with its capital at
981:
873:
858:
479:
393:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
302:
208:• Disestablished
4579:Monarchs of Commagene
4500:Mithridates I Ctistes
4041:Philip I Philadelphus
4021:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
4011:Antiochus VIII Grypus
4006:Seleucus V Philometor
3991:Antiochus VII Sidetes
3981:Antiochus VI Dionysus
3941:Seleucus III Ceraunus
3840:Berenice IV Epiphanea
3785:Ptolemy VI Philometor
3769:Ptolemy IV Philopator
3764:Ptolemy III Euergetes
3629:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3184:Melikdoms of Karabakh
3136:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
2971:Wagner, Jörg (2012).
2960:Bonn: Rudolf Habelt,
2874:Greeks and Barbarians
2537:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2007:The History of Israel
1901:Trevor Bryce (2012).
1317:on the north and the
1270:of the University of
1268:Friedrich Karl Dörner
1236:
1198:(now submerged under
1073:Tigranes II the Great
975:
868:, shaking hands with
864:
853:
660:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
477:
297:
96:Common languages
5765:72 disestablishments
5227:Mauretania Tingitana
5120:Corsica and Sardinia
5060:Africa proconsularis
4413:Monarchs of Bithynia
3996:Alexander II Zabinas
3976:Demetrius II Nicator
3893:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
3860:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
3825:Ptolemy XI Alexander
3800:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
3705:Antigonus II Gonatas
3336:Armenian Mesopotamia
3196:(1921, unrecognized)
3170:(Khachen, 1000–1261)
3031:Independent Armenian
2598:. pp. 512–537.
2164:on 23 September 2015
1879:, pp. 453, 456.
1800:, pp. 135–136;
1499:, pp. 438–444;
1427:, pp. 135–136;
790:Contemporary Armenia
329:that had ruled over
128:religious syncretism
49:163 BC – 72 AD
18:Kingdom of Commagene
5770:Roman buffer states
5125:Crete and Cyrenaica
5100:Bithynia and Pontus
4995:Hellenistic satraps
4026:Antiochus X Eusebes
3961:Antiochus V Eupator
3903:Cleopatra Selene II
3830:Ptolemy XII Auletes
3815:Ptolemy X Alexander
3810:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
3774:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
3715:Antigonus III Doson
3460:History of Anatolia
3092:Republic of Armenia
3086:Republic of Armenia
2899:. pp. 135–136.
2725:. pp. 438–444.
2037:, pp. 460–462.
1591:Cook, J.M. (1993).
1064:Alexander the Great
1024:Alexander the Great
976:Mithras-Helios, in
795:Republic of Artsakh
545:Nairi Confederation
500:Kura–Araxes culture
439:World Heritage Site
198:• Established
5212:Lycia et Pamphylia
5190:Hispania Lusitania
5170:Gallia Narbonensis
5165:Gallia Lugdunensis
4899:Monarchs of Epirus
4732:Cimmerian Bosporus
4492:Monarchs of Pontus
4051:Cleopatra Selene I
3931:Antiochus II Theos
3921:Seleucus I Nicator
3888:Demetrius the Fair
3870:Monarchs of Cyrene
3370:Tigranes the Great
3168:Kingdom of Artsakh
3120:Satrapy of Armenia
3111:Minor or dependent
3024:regions of Armenia
2313:Canepa, Matthew P.
2243:. Homer Kitabevi.
2135:, p. 150-155.
1812:, pp. 8, 13;
1659:Hazel, J. (2002).
1593:The Persian Empire
1469:Drower et al. 2021
1439:, pp. 8, 13;
1335:kingdom of Armenia
1239:
982:
940:Lucian of Samosata
909:Kingdom of Armenia
874:
859:
695:Kingdom of Cilicia
675:Kingdom of Artsakh
655:Kingdom of Armenia
645:Emirate of Armenia
605:Kingdom of Sophene
585:Kingdom of Armenia
575:Satrapy of Armenia
480:
378:Kingdom of Sophene
358:Darius I of Persia
341:name of Samosata,
303:
249:Kingdom of Sophene
156:• 163–130 BC
5717:
5716:
5709:Turkey portal
5305:
5304:
5257:Pannonia Superior
5252:Pannonia Inferior
5180:Germania Superior
5175:Germania Inferior
5039:
5002:
5001:
4482:Socrates Chrestus
3971:Alexander I Balas
3966:Demetrius I Soter
3926:Antiochus I Soter
3672:Antipater Etesias
3568:
3567:
3426:
3425:
3158:Kingdom of Syunik
3146:Kingdom of Vanand
2981:978-3-8053-4218-6
2966:978-3-7749-3517-4
2928:978-9944-483-35-3
2816:978-0-19-938113-5
2688:978-0-674-77885-6
2639:. Leiden: Brill.
2555:978-0-86078-658-0
2421:978-90-04-29617-6
2400:978-0-19-938113-5
2265:. Leiden: Brill.
2250:978-9944-483-35-3
2147:, pp. 96–97.
2058:978-3-16-151797-6
1968:, pp. 24–25.
1912:978-0-19-921872-1
1840:, pp. 16–17.
1695:, pp. 10–11.
1602:978-1-56619-115-9
1481:Vlassopoulos 2013
1200:Atatürk Reservoir
1151:Mara Bar Serapion
1143:Legio III Gallica
1135:Caesennius Paetus
1020:Achaemenid Empire
848:
847:
755:National movement
745:Armenian genocide
740:Armenian question
670:Kingdom of Syunik
615:Byzantine Armenia
445:Cultural identity
292:
291:
278:
277:
274:
273:
254:
253:
16:(Redirected from
5787:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5289:
5185:Hispania Baetica
5155:Gallia Aquitania
5037:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5006:
5005:
4794:
4710:Ariobarzanes III
4084:Ptolemy Epigonos
3986:Diodotus Tryphon
3779:Cleopatra I Syra
3754:Ptolemy Keraunos
3595:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3221:of Armenia Major
3105:
3054:, 553 BC–428 AD)
3016:
3009:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2953:
2941:
2922:Homer Kitabevi.
2900:
2887:
2868:
2857:
2855:
2829:
2820:
2796:
2787:
2766:
2747:
2726:
2713:
2692:
2673:
2661:
2650:
2631:
2609:
2586:Yarshater, Ehsan
2580:
2559:
2540:
2527:
2515:
2494:
2487:Yarshater, Ehsan
2477:
2455:
2446:
2425:
2404:
2380:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2336:
2308:
2306:
2295:
2276:
2254:
2235:
2214:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1733:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1541:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1495:, p. 1660;
1402:
1396:
1393:Strootman (2020)
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1342:
1339:Seleucid kingdom
1299:
1139:Legio VI Ferrata
1060:Laodice VII Thea
1038:on the west and
840:
833:
826:
708:Early modern age
620:Sasanian Armenia
467:
449:
448:
386:
383:
317:
316:
270:
269:
258:
257:
245:
244:
238:
237:
222:
221:
168:• 38–72 AD
107:(ruling dynasty)
58:
43:
42:
32:
31:
21:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5703:
5701:
5693:
5622:
5508:
5341:
5336:
5306:
5301:
5290:
5281:
5242:Moesia Superior
5237:Moesia Inferior
5070:Alpes Maritimae
5041:
5033:
5003:
4998:
4987:
4893:
4884:Mithridates III
4788:
4731:
4730:Monarchs of the
4724:
4705:Ariobarzanes II
4690:Ariarathes VIII
4631:
4617:Mithridates III
4573:
4515:Mithridates III
4486:
4407:
4214:
4142:Greco-Bactrians
4136:
4088:
4065:
3907:
3864:
3749:Ptolemy I Soter
3735:
3681:
3638:
3605:
3599:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3462:
3457:
3427:
3422:
3368:
3362:
3302:
3220:
3211:
3188:Hasan-Jalalians
3113:Armenian states
3112:
3106:
3097:
3032:
3026:
3020:
2990:
2950:
2908:
2906:Further reading
2903:
2884:
2817:
2784:
2763:
2755:. Oxbow Books.
2744:
2710:
2689:
2670:
2647:
2628:
2606:
2577:
2556:
2512:
2471:
2443:
2422:
2401:
2356:
2333:
2292:
2273:
2251:
2232:
2211:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2121:Colledge (1979)
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1808:, p. 436;
1776:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1589:
1585:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1544:
1536:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:, p. 193;
1491:, p. III;
1487:, p. 351;
1483:, p. 312;
1479:, p. 309;
1475:, p. 170;
1455:, p. 278;
1451:, p. 485;
1443:, p. 205;
1435:, p. 436;
1403:
1399:
1391:, p. 436;
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1361:Shayegan (2016)
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1305:, bordering on
1300:
1296:
1291:
1231:
1207:Antiochus Theos
1188:
1029:Seleucid Empire
970:
964:
953:Aramaic dialect
915:' sanctuary at
913:Antiochus Theos
905:Orontid dynasty
844:
800:
799:
780:Armenian S.S.R.
770:
760:
759:
750:Western Armenia
735:Armenian Oblast
730:Russian Armenia
725:Ottoman Armenia
715:Iranian Armenia
710:
700:
699:
680:Zakarid Armenia
640:
630:
629:
590:Armenian Empire
570:
560:
559:
490:
465:
458:
447:
435:Antiochus Theos
384:
327:Orontid dynasty
267:
242:
209:
199:
187:Hellenistic Age
169:
157:
108:
103:
81:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5793:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5393:Hurrian States
5390:
5388:Hittite Empire
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5335:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5312:
5303:
5302:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5160:Gallia Belgica
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:Arabia Petraea
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5017:
5009:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4942:Neoptolemus II
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4837:Mithridates II
4834:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:Paerisades III
4800:
4795:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4700:Ariobarzanes I
4697:
4692:
4687:
4685:Ariarathes VII
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4660:Ariarathes III
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4607:Mithridates II
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Mithridates II
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:Apollodotus II
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4001:Cleopatra Thea
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3314:Lesser Armenia
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3200:Soviet Armenia
3197:
3191:
3181:
3171:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3133:
3127:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:(1991–present)
3089:
3083:
3065:
3055:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2989:
2988:External links
2986:
2985:
2984:
2969:
2954:
2949:978-3515129251
2948:
2931:
2916:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2888:
2883:978-0521148023
2882:
2869:
2858:
2821:
2815:
2788:
2782:
2767:
2761:
2748:
2742:
2727:
2714:
2709:978-9004460751
2708:
2693:
2687:
2674:
2669:978-3515129251
2668:
2651:
2645:
2632:
2626:
2611:
2604:
2581:
2576:978-1119174288
2575:
2560:
2554:
2541:
2528:
2523:. De Gruyter.
2516:
2511:978-0367750633
2510:
2495:
2478:
2470:978-1910589625
2469:
2456:
2447:
2442:978-1107642386
2441:
2426:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2372:
2360:
2355:978-3515129251
2354:
2337:
2331:
2317:Babaie, Sussan
2309:
2296:
2291:978-9004388628
2290:
2277:
2272:978-9004293915
2271:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2215:
2210:978-0812201079
2209:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2185:, p. 124.
2175:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2123:, p. 229.
2113:
2101:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2057:
2039:
2027:
2012:
1997:
1985:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1939:
1918:
1911:
1893:
1891:, p. 347.
1881:
1869:
1867:, p. 453.
1854:
1852:, p. 739.
1842:
1838:Cameron (2018)
1830:
1818:
1814:Strootman 2020
1804:, p. 68;
1798:Widengren 1986
1796:, p. 23;
1792:, p. 80;
1788:, p. 75;
1780:, p. 13;
1770:
1768:, p. 452.
1755:
1753:, p. 454.
1740:
1719:
1697:
1685:
1671:
1651:
1635:
1623:
1608:
1601:
1583:
1559:
1557:, p. 535.
1542:
1540:, p. 510.
1525:
1523:, p. 142.
1513:
1501:Spawforth 2016
1467:, p. 38;
1463:, p. 37;
1459:, p. 79;
1453:Toumanoff 1963
1441:Strootman 2020
1431:, p. 68;
1425:Widengren 1986
1423:, p. 23;
1419:, p. 80;
1415:, p. 75;
1407:, p. 13;
1397:
1387:, p. 13;
1377:
1375:, p. 436.
1365:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1230:
1227:
1187:
1184:
1094:died, Emperor
963:
960:
931:inscription.
929:Greek-language
846:
845:
843:
842:
835:
828:
820:
817:
816:
802:
801:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
771:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
720:Five Melikdoms
717:
711:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
692:
690:Mongol Armenia
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
641:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
571:
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:Legend of Hayk
502:
497:
491:
486:
485:
482:
481:
470:
469:
460:
459:
452:
446:
443:
400:Roman province
322:branch of the
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
264:
255:
252:
251:
246:
234:
233:
228:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
183:Historical era
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
119:
115:
114:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5792:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5710:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5644:Armenia Minor
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:Classical Age
5625:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5363:Assuwa League
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5299:
5293:
5288:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Alpes Cottiae
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5018:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5007:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:Neoptolemus I
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:Mithridates I
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4808:Paerisades IV
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Paerisades II
4769:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:Spartokos III
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4695:Ariarathes IX
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4680:Ariarathes VI
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4665:Ariarathes IV
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4650:Ariarathes II
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:Antiochus III
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Mithridates I
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Nicomedes III
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Demetrius III
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Antimachus II
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Apollodotus I
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Eucratides II
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Euthydemus II
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Ptolemy Apion
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Cleopatra III
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Upper Armenia
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3216:Provinces or
3214:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3126:, 522–331 BC)
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3104:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2783:9780520081833
2779:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2762:9781785702082
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2743:9780674016835
2739:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2646:9789004233010
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2627:9789004350724
2623:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2605:0-521-20092-X
2601:
2597:
2594:. Cambridge:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:. Routledge.
2503:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2368:East and West
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2332:9780857734778
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2231:9781134823871
2227:
2224:. Routledge.
2223:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2184:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2097:Millar (1993)
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:, p. 20.
2073:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2035:Millar (1993)
2031:
2025:, p. 82.
2024:
2023:Millar (1993)
2019:
2017:
2008:
2001:
1995:, p. 59.
1994:
1993:Millar (1993)
1989:
1983:, p. 53.
1982:
1981:Millar (1993)
1977:
1975:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1877:Millar (1993)
1873:
1866:
1865:Millar (1993)
1861:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1828:, p. 15.
1827:
1822:
1816:, p. 205
1815:
1811:
1810:Shayegan 2016
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:Garsoian 2005
1779:
1774:
1767:
1766:Millar (1993)
1762:
1760:
1752:
1751:Millar (1993)
1747:
1745:
1738:, p. 19.
1737:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1674:
1672:9780415291620
1668:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1649:(2007), p. 23
1648:
1642:
1640:
1633:, p. 13.
1632:
1627:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1509:Campbell 2015
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:Ferguson 2021
1470:
1466:
1465:Olbrycht 2021
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:Shayegan 2016
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:Garsoian 2005
1406:
1401:
1395:, p. 214
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:Shayegan 2016
1381:
1374:
1369:
1363:, p. 13.
1362:
1357:
1353:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
979:
974:
969:
959:
956:
954:
950:
945:
941:
936:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
894:Fergus Millar
891:
887:
883:
882:David M. Lang
879:
871:
867:
863:
857:
852:
841:
836:
834:
829:
827:
822:
821:
819:
818:
815:
811:
807:
804:
803:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
769:
764:
763:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
704:
703:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
639:
634:
633:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
595:Roman Armenia
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
580:Armenia Minor
578:
576:
573:
572:
569:
564:
563:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
489:
484:
483:
476:
472:
471:
468:
462:
461:
456:
451:
450:
442:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
385: 163 BC
379:
373:
371:
368:and northern
367:
363:
362:Artaxerxes II
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
311:
307:
300:
296:
288:
285:
283:Today part of
281:
265:
263:
260:
259:
256:
250:
247:
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
219:
215:
211:
205:
201:
195:
191:
188:
185:
181:
177:
174:
171:
165:
162:
159:
153:
149:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
106:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
5663:
5575:Neo-Hittites
5199:
4957:Alexander II
4813:Paerisades V
4776:Spartokos IV
4740:Paerisades I
4715:Ariarathes X
4670:Ariarathes V
4645:Ariarathes I
4627:Antiochus IV
4612:Antiochus II
4544:Pharnaces II
4505:Ariobarzanes
4477:Nicomedes IV
4467:Nicomedes II
4393:Apollophanes
4378:Hippostratos
4293:Heliokles II
4253:Demetrius II
4233:Antimachus I
4195:Eucratides I
4190:Demetrius II
4175:Antimachus I
4160:Euthydemus I
3845:Ptolemy XIII
3820:Berenice III
3667:Antipater II
3634:Alexander IV
3258:Nor Shirakan
3217:
3180:, 1201–1335)
3082:, 1080–1375)
2972:
2957:
2937:
2919:
2912:
2896:
2873:
2863:
2835:
2831:
2798:
2794:"Nemrut Dağ"
2772:
2752:
2732:
2722:
2698:
2678:
2657:
2636:
2616:
2590:
2565:
2545:
2536:
2524:
2520:
2500:
2490:
2474:
2460:
2451:
2431:
2410:
2382:
2367:
2343:
2321:
2302:
2281:
2262:
2240:
2220:
2200:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:the original
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2099:, p. 53
2091:
2079:
2067:
2048:
2042:
2030:
2006:
2000:
1988:
1961:
1949:
1930:
1902:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1773:
1710:. Retrieved
1707:"Nemrut Dağ"
1700:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1661:
1654:
1646:
1645:Sartre, M.,
1626:
1617:
1611:
1592:
1586:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1516:
1511:, p. 27
1497:Russell 1986
1457:Gaggero 2016
1449:Michels 2021
1445:Facella 2021
1400:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1330:
1297:
1280:
1261:
1258:
1246:Mount Nemrut
1243:
1240:
1204:
1189:
1123:Roman Empire
1111:Antiochus IV
1104:
1077:
1033:
1009:
986:Syro-Hittite
983:
978:Phrygian cap
957:
948:
937:
933:
917:Mount Nemrut
898:
875:
856:Mount Nemrut
609:
530:Arme–Shupria
431:Mount Nemrut
428:
424:Roman Empire
397:
374:
350:buffer state
347:
305:
304:
262:Roman Empire
231:Succeeded by
230:
225:
173:Antiochus IV
29:
5679:Paphlagonia
5383:Hayasa-Azzi
5300:'s reforms.
5232:Mesopotamia
4978:Pyrrhus III
4962:Olympias II
4932:Alexander I
4789: [
4786:Spartokos V
4655:Ariamnes II
4602:Antiochus I
4564:Pythodorida
4520:Pharnaces I
4441:Zipoetes II
4436:Nicomedes I
4353:Artemidoros
4348:Menander II
4288:Antialcidas
4273:Agathokleia
4228:Demetrius I
4220:Indo-Greeks
4210:Heliocles I
4165:Demetrius I
4155:Diodotus II
4132:Eumenes III
4127:Attalus III
4102:Philetaerus
4071:Lysimachids
3883:Berenice II
3850:Ptolemy XIV
3732:(pretender)
3662:Alexander V
3644:Antipatrids
3602:Hellenistic
3346:Mountainous
3202:(1920–1991)
3164:, 987–1170)
3142:, 908–1021)
3088:(1918–1920)
3064:, 884–1045)
2968:, pp. 1–35.
2853:1874/408015
2838:: 201–227.
2533:"Tigran II"
2259:Boyce, Mary
1794:Sartre 2005
1790:Canepa 2015
1778:Canepa 2010
1678:20 February
1555:Lang (1983)
1538:Lang (1983)
1461:Allsen 2011
1421:Sartre 2005
1417:Canepa 2015
1405:Canepa 2010
1389:Ball (2002)
1373:Ball (2002)
1329:records as
1223:Cyrrhestica
1176:Philopappos
1168:Middle East
1119:client king
1000:, near the
638:Middle Ages
525:Hayasa-Azzi
464:History of
402:by Emperor
226:Preceded by
5724:Categories
5654:Cappadocia
5634:Antigonids
5583:Carchemish
5530:Cimmerians
5470:Purushanda
5465:Sagalassos
5401:Kizzuwatna
5368:Carchemish
5346:Bronze Age
5298:Diocletian
5110:Cappadocia
4968:Pyrrhus II
4947:Alcetas II
4912:Tharrhypas
4879:Gepaepyris
4851:Scribonius
4745:Satyros II
4675:Orophernes
4587:Ptolemaeus
4569:Polemon II
4462:Prusias II
4431:Zipoetes I
4403:Strato III
4328:Theophilos
4308:Philoxenus
4263:Menander I
4243:Agathocles
4185:Agathocles
4150:Diodotus I
4122:Attalus II
4117:Eumenes II
4079:Lysimachus
3687:Antigonids
3408:Cappadocia
3383:Atropatene
3278:Paytakaran
3263:Vaspurakan
3148:(963–1064)
3132:(790–1486)
3062:Bagratunis
2483:"Orontids"
1940:0901405582
1712:12 October
1485:Crone 2012
1349:References
1311:Cappadocia
1215:Germanicea
1166:, and the
1105:In 38 AD,
1040:Cappadocia
966:See also:
768:Modern age
488:Prehistory
320:Hellenized
161:Ptolemaeus
133:Government
102:(official)
72:, and the
5730:Commagene
5664:Commagene
5217:Macedonia
5105:Britannia
4952:Pyrrhus I
4917:Alcetas I
4823:Pharnaces
4798:Kamasarye
4781:Leukon II
4765:Hygiainon
4720:Archelaus
4559:Polemon I
4457:Prusias I
4398:Strato II
4388:Zoilos II
4383:Dionysios
4363:Archebius
4333:Peukolaos
4298:Polyxenos
4238:Pantaleon
4180:Pantaleon
4112:Attalus I
4107:Eumenes I
3913:Seleucids
3741:Ptolemies
3730:Philip VI
3677:Sosthenes
3657:Philip IV
3652:Cassander
3619:Philip II
3243:Turuberan
3178:Zakarians
3140:Artsrunis
3080:Lusignans
3076:Hethumids
3048:Artaxiads
2702:. Brill.
2620:. BRILL.
2414:. Brill.
2378:"Armenia"
2284:. Brill.
1956:, XVI.2.2
1806:Ball 2002
1489:Graf 2019
1433:Ball 2002
1319:Euphrates
1289:Footnotes
1186:Geography
1131:Vespasian
1016:Sargon II
1008:texts as
1002:Euphrates
925:Oromasdes
814:Etymology
610:Commagene
568:Antiquity
420:Vespasian
315:Κομμαγηνή
306:Commagene
118:Religion
41:Κομμαγηνή
36:Commagene
5684:Pergamon
5649:Bithynia
5513:Iron Age
5353:Ahhiyawa
5140:Dalmatia
5055:Aegyptus
5038:(117 AD)
4983:Deidamia
4964:(regent)
4937:Aeacides
4874:Aspurgus
4767:(regent)
4750:Prytanis
4592:Sames II
4448:(regent)
4421:Boteiras
4368:Telephos
4358:Hermaeus
4313:Diomedes
4283:Strato I
4268:Zoilos I
4094:Attalids
3781:(regent)
3720:Philip V
3388:Adiabene
3253:Corduene
3238:Arzanene
3218:Ashkhars
3124:Orontids
3072:Rubenids
3052:Arsacids
3044:Orontids
1323:Assyrian
1303:Seleucis
1276:Arsameia
1196:Samosata
1156:Anatolia
1127:Claudius
1107:Caligula
1096:Tiberius
1052:Parthian
1006:Assyrian
996:(modern
994:Samosata
944:Samosata
886:Armenian
870:Herakles
806:Timeline
455:a series
453:Part of
416:Claudius
412:Caligula
404:Tiberius
366:Adıyaman
339:Iron Age
335:Samosata
299:Anatolia
136:Monarchy
113:language
90:Samosata
78:Parthian
70:Osrhoene
5674:Osroene
5669:Galatia
5659:Cilicia
5639:Armenia
5613:Phrygia
5595:Kammanu
5591:Ḫilakku
5540:Diauehi
5535:Colchis
5504:Zalpuwa
5480:Shupria
5461:Pisidia
5436:Miletus
5421:Kussara
5411:Kalašma
5405:Mitanni
5373:Hapalla
5277:Thracia
5267:Sicilia
5247:Noricum
5150:Galatia
5115:Cilicia
5095:Assyria
5085:Armenia
4973:Ptolemy
4927:Arybbas
4907:Admetus
4889:Cotys I
4869:Polemon
4864:Polemon
4860:Dynamis
4855:Dynamis
4846:Dynamis
4842:Asander
4832:Dynamis
4828:Asander
4755:Eumelos
4554:Arsaces
4529:Laodice
4452:Ziaelas
4446:Etazeta
4323:Epander
4318:Amyntas
3725:Perseus
3611:Argeads
3418:Osroene
3403:Albania
3393:Assyria
3341:Cilicia
3298:Ayrarat
3273:Artsakh
3248:Moxoene
3233:Sophene
3206:Artsakh
2588:(ed.).
2489:(ed.).
2192:Sources
2168:25 July
2110:XVI.2.3
2108:Strabo
2085:XVI.2.2
2083:Strabo
1331:Kummuhu
1327:Hittite
1307:Cilicia
1272:Münster
1264:Karakuş
1211:Doliche
1137:". The
1115:Cilicia
1069:Sophene
1044:Ptolemy
1036:Cilicia
1011:Kummuhu
962:History
890:Aramaic
878:Doliche
810:Origins
466:Armenia
354:Orontes
331:Armenia
324:Iranian
126:Iranian
111:Aramaic
105:Persian
86:Capital
80:Empires
66:Sophene
62:Armenia
5755:163 BC
5689:Pontus
5618:Urartu
5599:Kummuh
5587:Gurgum
5570:Mushki
5550:Etiuni
5520:Aeolia
5495:Wilusa
5416:Kaskia
5358:Arzawa
5262:Raetia
5207:Iudaea
5201:Italia
5145:Epirus
5130:Cyprus
5050:Achaia
4549:Darius
4343:Nicias
4338:Thraso
4278:Lysias
3604:rulers
3398:Iberia
3324:Second
3288:Gugark
3268:Syunik
3162:Siunis
3033:states
2979:
2964:
2946:
2926:
2880:
2813:
2780:
2759:
2740:
2706:
2685:
2666:
2643:
2624:
2602:
2573:
2552:
2508:
2467:
2439:
2418:
2397:
2352:
2329:
2288:
2269:
2247:
2228:
2207:
2055:
1954:Strabo
1937:
1909:
1669:
1599:
1315:Taurus
1250:tumuli
1219:Zeugma
1192:Strabo
1172:Athens
1160:Greece
1147:Syriac
1084:Pompey
1048:satrap
1018:. The
998:Samsat
990:Turkey
949:kandys
555:Etiuni
535:Mushki
515:Armani
457:on the
343:Kummuh
287:Turkey
202:163 BC
146:
109:Local
5607:Tabal
5579:Atuna
5565:Lydia
5560:Lycia
5555:Ionia
5545:Doris
5525:Caria
5490:Urumu
5485:Urshu
5451:Nairi
5446:Mysia
5431:Luwia
5426:Lukka
5397:Isuwa
5378:Hatti
5272:Syria
5135:Dacia
4862:with
4844:with
4830:with
4793:]
4527:with
4200:Plato
3878:Magas
3413:Judea
3378:Syria
3356:Rocky
3351:Plain
3329:Third
3319:First
2832:Dabir
2485:. In
1164:Italy
1100:Syria
901:Greek
540:Urumu
370:Antep
356:with
310:Greek
212:72 AD
122:Greco
100:Greek
74:Roman
5603:Quwê
5499:Troy
5475:Seha
5456:Pala
5441:Mira
5090:Asia
3293:Tayk
3283:Utik
3078:and
3050:and
2977:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2944:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2811:ISBN
2778:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2704:ISBN
2683:ISBN
2664:ISBN
2641:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2600:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2550:ISBN
2506:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2170:2015
2053:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1714:2017
1680:2014
1667:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1325:and
1309:and
1046:, a
921:Zeus
142:King
76:and
4426:Bas
2848:hdl
2840:doi
2803:doi
2387:doi
1202:).
1149:by
5726::
5605:,
5601:,
5597:,
5593:,
5589:,
5585:,
5581:,
5403:,
5399:,
4791:ru
3074:,
3046:,
2895:.
2846:.
2834:.
2830:.
2809:.
2801:.
2797:.
2721:.
2535:.
2473:.
2393:.
2385:.
2381:.
2015:^
1973:^
1921:^
1857:^
1784:;
1758:^
1743:^
1722:^
1638:^
1562:^
1545:^
1528:^
1503:;
1471:;
1447:;
1411:;
1285:.
1162:,
1158:,
1075:.
955:.
812:•
808:•
441:.
426:.
395:.
382:c.
372:.
312::
68:,
64:,
5609:)
5577:(
5497:/
5463:/
5407:)
5395:(
5331:e
5324:t
5317:v
5028:e
5021:t
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3594:e
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2579:.
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2424:.
2403:.
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2358:.
2335:.
2294:.
2275:.
2253:.
2234:.
2213:.
2172:.
2061:.
1943:.
1915:.
1716:.
1682:.
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1581:.
947:(
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872:.
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308:(
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