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The site is currently a military port and unavailable for excavation. Its name in the Late Bronze Age is believed to have been Maʾḫadu. Archaeological excavations carried out on the southern side of the bay, now reduced in size due to alluvial fill, unveiled remnants of a settlement established in the 14th century BC, and perhaps earlier, in the late 15th century. This port town, featuring an urban layout akin to the city of Ugarit, displays irregular street formations. Dwellings were structured around courtyards with adjacent rooms, including provisions like wells, ovens, and occasionally subterranean tombs. Besides residential spaces and shrines, warehouses were present for storing diverse goods earmarked for import or export. One of them was discovered still housing eighty shipping jars that remain remarkably intact.
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bilingual lexicons, implying the building's use as a center for scribe training. Its proximity to the primary temples and the discovery of bronze tools, particularly four small adzes and a dedicated hoe, hints at its potential role as the residence of the city's chief priest. Among a cache of seventy-four bronze items uncovered beneath a doorway threshold inside the house, was an elegant tripod adorned with pomegranate-shaped pendants.
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regular excavation which has continued to the present by a Syrian-French team led by A. Bounni and J. Lagarce. Occupation began in the mid-13th century BC. Abandoned along with Ugarit, it was re-occupied in the
Hellenistic period, including the construction of a defensive fortress. A "royal palace", elite housing, and tombs were found. About 169 cuneiform tablets, most in the Ugaritic language, were also found.
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end of the site by the Nahr
Chbayyeb river. The southern slope of the tell is covered by orange groves, preventing excavation. A brief investigation of a looted tomb at the necropolis of Minet el-Beida was conducted by Léon Albanèse in 1928, who then examined the main mound of Ras Shamra. Beginning in 1929 excavations of Ugarit were conducted by a French team called the Mission de Ras Shamra led by archaeologist
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records—particularly from the south-central archives of the palace—and examples of practice writing by young scribes. Below ground, beneath two northern rooms, lay family tombs—three large chambers constructed with corbelled vaults—found devoid of any contents. The vanished upper floor likely accommodated the private quarters of the royal family, accessed via twelve staircases.
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The site is thought to have been largely evacuated before it was burned (resulting in a thick ash layer) and destroyed as few valuables were found in the residences or in the southern palace. About 130 cuneiform tablets were found in the northern palace. After the destruction the site was occupied by
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to the grandeur found in the palace within Ugarit's walls. The palace was well constructed, predominantly crafted from stone, with preserved ashlar blocks reaching heights of up to 4 meters. Wooden crossbeams were also incorporated, inserted into slots within the stone masonry. A thick layer of plain
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from the mid-14th century BCE were written in Ugarit. Most of the letters were broken and their reading proved difficult, but some information was recovered. The population of Ugarit in this period is estimated to be between 7,000 and 8,000 individuals. The kingdom of Ugarit controlled about 2,000 km
1677:
Apart from royal correspondence with neighboring Bronze Age monarchs, Ugaritic literature from tablets found in the city's libraries include mythological texts written in a poetic narrative, letters, legal documents such as land transfers, a few international treaties, and a number of administrative
1228:
One of the two ports of ancient Ugarit (the other, Ra’šu, is unlocated but suggested to be Ras Ibn Hani) was located 1.5 kilometers west of the main city, at the natural harbor of Minet el Beida (Arabic for "White Harbor"). The 28 hectare site was excavated between 1929 and 1935 by Claude
Schaeffer.
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Two nearby areas, Ras Ibn Hani and Minet el Beida, parts of the city of Ugarit, have also been excavated. Ras Ibn Hani, on a promontory overlooking the
Mediterranean 5 kilometers south of the city, was discovered during commercial construction in 1977. Salvage excavation occurred in 1977 followed by
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Another significant structure within the
Acropolis was the House of the High Priest, situated west of the Temple of Dagan. This large, two-story residence, largely well-constructed, contained tablets containing mythological poems. Some tablets demonstrated writing exercises and included syllabic and
1175:
The
Acropolis, positioned in the Ugarit's northeastern section, housed the city's primary temples dedicated to Baal and his father, Dagan. Though the existing remnants date to the Late Bronze Age, these temples might have their origins in the Middle Bronze Age. Stelai discovered in this area portray
978:
The French excavation, now the
Mission Archeologique Frangaise de Ras Shamra-Ougarit, resumed in 1950, led again by Claude Schaeffer until 1970. At that point, directorship passed to Jean Margueron. After 44 excavation seasons all of the numerous finds and their findspots were collated. In 2005 the
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Both temples are composed of a pronaos (porch) and a naos (sanctuary proper), aligned from north-northeast to south-southwest. The Temple of Dagan has 4–5-meter-thick foundation walls. Remnants of the Temple of Baal encompass sections of an enclosing wall, a likely courtyard altar, monumental steps
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The site covers an area of about 28 hectares with a maximum height of 20 meters at the top of the acropolis. The site is surrounded by a city wall with one known fortified gate, though four gates are believed to have existed. Since the Late Bronze Age about 50 meters have been eroded from the north
626:
So you had written to me: “Could I not have demanded my needs the Great King, the king of Egypt, my lord? I demand this request: the land of Ugarit there is a severe hunger (bi-ru-ú dan-niš): May my lord save , and may the king give grain (ZÍZ.AN.MEŠ) to save my life … and to save the citizens of
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Sauvage, Caroline, and
Christine Lorre, ed., "Discovering the kingdom of Ugarit (Syria of the 2nd millennium). C.F.A. Schaeffer's excavations at Minet el-Beida and Ras Shamra (1929‒1937)", (Austrian Academy of Sciences Press (Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 7), 2023
1097:
Thus Kušmešuša, king of Alašiya, say to
Niqmaddu, king of Ugarit, my son. All is well with me, my households, my countries, my wives, my sons, my troops, my horses and my chariots.… In exchange of the gift which you had sent me, I sent to you thirty-three (ingots of) copper; their weight is thirty
757:
Early in the excavations a partial text of the Ugarit King List, in
Ugaritic, was found. Later, complete renditions in Akkadian were discovered. They list twenty six rulers, all deified. Only the later rulers are supported by texts or known synchronisms. Given that Ugarit was abandoned between the
725:
was found in the destruction levels, 1190 BC was taken as the date for the beginning of the LH IIIC. A cuneiform tablet found in 1986 shows that Ugarit was destroyed sometime after the death of Merneptah (1203 BC). It is generally agreed that Ugarit had already been destroyed by the eighth year of
682:
To the king, my lord say, thus Ammurapi, your servant.… I wrote you twice, thrice, s regarding the enemy! … May my lord know that now the enemy forces are stationed at Ra’šu, and their avant-guard forces were sent to Ugarit. Now may my lord send me forces and chariots, and may my lord save me from
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faced by many Near Eastern states due to attacks. At this time Ugarit possessed a large army and navy and both joined with Hittite forces to try and stem the oncoming enemy, eventually having to fall back from Anatolia to the Syrian border. Ammurapi's response to an appeal for assistance from the
2592:
Robert Hawley, "On the Alphabetic Scribal Curriculum at Ugarit", Robert D. Biggs, Jennie Myers, and Martha T. Roth, eds., in Proceedings of the 51st Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Held at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, July 18–22, 2005, Studies in Ancient Oriental
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was found on the surface of the tell. While it traditionally has been assumed that syllabic texts are in the Akkadian language and alphabetic texts are in Ugaritic it has been suggested that much of the syllabic writing, especially in administrative documents, is actually in "a jargon where an
1050:. A fortress protecting the latter area was excavated, with the earliest elements dating back to the Middle Bronze Age. To the west of that lies the modern village of Ras Shamra. There were densely populated residential areas to the east of the Royal Zone and on the southern slope of the tell.
2517:
Sauvage, Caroline, and Christine Lorre, ed., "À la découverte du royaume d'Ougarit (Syrie du IIe millénaire). Les fouilles de C.F.A. Schaeffer à Minet el-Beida et Ras Shamra (1929‒1937)", Austrian Academy of Sciences Press (Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 7,
2438:
Al-Maqdissi, Michel, Yves Calvet, Valérie Matoïan, Khozama Al-Bahloul, Christophe Benech, Jean-Claude Bessac, Éric Coqueugniot, et al., "Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Activités De La Mission Syro-Française De Ras Shamra-Ougarit En 2007 et 2008 (67e Et 68e Campagnes)", Syria 87, pp. 21–51,
1129:
The Royal Palace was constructed over several major phases between the 15th and 13th centuries BC. It comprised rooms arranged around courtyards, encompassing 6,500 square meters before the city's destruction in the early 12th century BC. A tablet from the 14th century BC found in the
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depicting Baal holding a club aloft, portrayed in a typical Near Eastern and Egyptian artistic style as well as a stela bearing a dedication to Baal of Sapan. Numerous statues, stelai—some offered by Egyptians—and sixteen stone anchors were found as votive offerings in this vicinity.
2064:
Cohen, Yoram, et al., "The “Hunger Years” and the “Sea Peoples”: preliminary observations on the recently published letters from the “house of Urtenu” Archive at Ugarit", Ve-‘Ed Ya’aleh (Gen 2: 6): Essays in Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Edward L, pp. 47-61,
1158:
Archaeological findings within the ruins have included a variety of artifacts including ivory carvings, stone stele, figurines, and numerous tablets. These tablets were discovered in archives located across the palace; their contents encompass reports on outlying regions, judicial
2110:
Nougayrol, Jean, Laroche, Emmanuel, Virolleaud, Charles and Schaeffer, Claude F.-A. (eds.), "Ugaritica V. Nouveaux textes accadiens, hourrites et ugaritiques des archives et bibliothèques privées d’Ugarit, commentaires des textes historiques", Mission de Ras Shamra 16, Paris,
2717:
Sauvage, Caroline, "Nouvelle réflexion sur le "dépôt aux 80 jarres" de Minet el-Beida", De l'île d'Aphrodite au Paradis perdu, itinéraire d'un gentilhomme lyonnais. En hommage à Yves Calvet, hrsg. v. Bernard Geyer, Valérie Matoïan (Ras Shamra - Ougarit 22)., pp. 63-76,
708:
By excavating the highest levels of the city's ruins, archaeologists have studied various attributes of Ugaritic civilization just before their destruction and compared artifacts with those of nearby cultures to help establish dates. Ugarit contained many caches of
2428:
Al-Maqdissi, Michel, Khozama Bahloul, Olivier Callot, Yves Calvet, Valérie Matoïan, and Caroline Sauvage, "Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Activités De La Mission Syro-Française De Ras Shamra-Ougarit en 2005 et 2006 (65e et 66e Campagnes)", Syria 84, pp. 33–55,
1085:. This area of the tell was under military control at the time and about 100 tablets were found in the rubble from military construction. Later excavation found several hundred tablets in the actual home. One tablet mentions the enthronement of Kassite ruler
1846:
Helène Whittaker, "Mycenaean cult buildings : a study of their architecture and function in the context of the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean", Monographs from the Norwegian Institute at Athens, v. 1. Bergen: Norwegian Institute at Athens, 1997
669:
As for the matter concerning those enemies: (it was) the people from your country (and) your own ships (who) did this! And (it was) the people from your country (who) committed these transgression(s) ... I am writing to inform you and protect you. Be
2868:
H. H. Hardy II, Joseph Lam, and Eric D. Reymond, eds, "'Like 'Ilu Are You Wise': Studies in Northwest Semitic Languages and Literatures in Honor of Dennis G. Pardee", Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 73, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2022
1865:
Kemp, Luke, and Eric H. Cline, "Systemic Risk and Resilience: The Bronze Age Collapse and Recovery", in: Adam Izdebski, John Haldon, and Piotr Filipkowski (eds.), Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises, Springer, pp. 207-223,
1193:
leading to the elevated pronaos and naos, and another presumed altar within the naos. The temple was destroyed, possibly by an earthquake, in the mid 13th century and not rebuilt. The Temple of Dagan was also destroyed at that time but was rebuilt.
656:
My father, behold, the enemy's ships came (here); my cities(?) were burned, and they did evil things in my country. Does not my father know that all my troops and chariots(?) are in the Land of Hatti, and all my ships are in the Land of
1880:
Bretschneider, Joachim, Jan Driessen, and Athanasia Kanta, "Cyprus and Ugarit at the end of the Late Bronze Age: insights from Pyla-Kokkinokremos", Ougarit, un anniversaire: bilans et recherches en cours, Vol. 28. Peeters, pp. 607-638,
613:
From the late 13th century into the early 12th century BC, the entire region, based on contemporary texts, including Hititte areas, the Levant, and the eastern Mediterranean, faced severe and widespread food shortages, potentially from
2654:
Vita, Juan-Pablo,Pierre Bordreuil, Dennis Pardee et Carole Roche-Hawley, "Ras Ibn Hani II. Les textes en écritures cunéiformes de l’âge du Bronze récent (fouilles 1977 à 2022)" Syria. Archéologie, art et histoire, 2023
446:
The city reached its golden age between 1500 BC and 1200 BC, when it ruled a trade-based coastal kingdom, trading with Egypt, Cyprus, the Aegean (primarily Crete), Syria, the Hittites, cities of the Levant (including
695:
When your messenger arrived, the army was humiliated and the city was sacked. Our food in the threshing floors was burnt and the vineyards were also destroyed. Our city is sacked. May you know it! May you know it!
618:. Ugarit received a number of desperate pleas for food from other realms. The food shortage eventually reached Ugarit, previously a major supplier and transporter of food supplies. A letter from Egyptian pharaoh
2822:
Buck, Mary Ellen, "The Amorite dynasty of Ugarit: The historical origins of the Bronze age polity of Ugarit based upon linguistic, literary, and archaeological evidence", Disertation, The University of Chicago,
2342:
Contenson, Henri de, Jacques-Claude Courtois, Élisabeth Lagarce, Jacques Lagarce, and Rolf Stucky, "La XXXIIIe Campagne de Fouilles a Ras Shamra En 1972. Rapport Préliminaire", Syria 50, no. 3/4, pp. 283–309,
1224:
Cylinder seal, steatite, representing a warrior holding a head stuck on a pike, and various figures: winged disc, lioness, twist, bust of a man, globules, caprids around a tree, hand, etc. From Minet el-Beida
401:
Based on archaeological soundings, the site was occupied beginning in the eighth millennium BC. Essentially all archaeology has focused on the Late Bronze levels, so little is known about earlier occupation.
1529:
as ʔ, B, G, D, H, W, Z, Ḥ, Ṭ, Y, K, L, M, N, S, ʕ, P, Ṣ, Q, R, Š, T) shows strong similarities between the two, suggesting that the Phoenician and Ugaritic systems were not wholly independent inventions. A
6898:
946:
After its destruction in the early 12th century BC, Ugarit's location was forgotten until 1928 when a peasant accidentally opened an old tomb while plowing a field. At that time the region was part of the
2949:
Smith, Mark S. and Wayne Pitard, "The Ugaritic Baal Cycle: Volume 2. Introduction with Text, Translation and Commentary of KTU 1.3–1.4", Vetus Testament Supplement series, volume 114; Leiden: Brill, 2008
2352:
Contenson, Henri de, Jacques-Claude Courtois, Élisabeth Lagarce, Jacques Lagarce, and Rolf Stucky, "La XXXIVe Campagne de Fouilles a Ras Shamra En 1973 Rapport Préliminaire", Syria 51, no. 1/2, pp. 1–30,
1080:
language. A few scribes are known to have worked in both writing systems. A number of archives were found, the largest being that of the household of Urtēnu, a merchant with trading ties as far afield as
483:
and then, with the Hititte collapse, directly under Karkemiš. Diplomatic relations with Egypt continued, as evidenced by two letters send by Niqmaddu II (EA49) and his wife Ḫeba (EA48), probably sent to
2736:
Barber, E. J.W., "Dyes", in Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 223-244, 1991
2508:
Claude F. A. Schaeffer et al., Le Palais Royal D'Ugarit III: Textes Accadiens et Hourrites Des Archives Est, Ouest et Centrales, Two Volumes (Mission De Ras Shamra Tome VI), Imprimerie Nationale, 1955.
2756:
Dennis Pardee, "The Ugaritic Alphabetic Cuneiform Writing System in the Context of Other Alphabetic Systems", Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Oriental Institute, vol. 60, pp. 181–200, 2007
1756:
2833:, "Ugaritic Religion", Iconography of Religions, Section XV: Mesopotamia and the Near East; Fascicle 8; Institute of Religious Iconography, State University Groningen; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1980.
2236:
Calvet, Yves, "Ugarit: The Kingdom and the City—Urban Features", Ugarit at Seventy-Five, edited by K. Lawson Younger Jr., University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 101-112, 2007
2199:
Smith, Mark S., "The Ugaritic Baal Cycle: Volume 1. Introduction with Text, Translation and Commentary of KTU 1.1–1.2", Vetus Testamentum Supplements series, volume 55; Leiden: Brill, 1994
9164:
2380:
Yon, Marguerite, A. Caubet, J. Mallet, P. Lombard, C. Doumet, and P. Desfarges, "Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ougarit 1981-1983 (41e, 42e et 43e Campagnes)", Syria 60, no. 3/4, pp. 201–24, 1983
2324:
Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Quinzième, Seizième et Dix-Septième Campagnes (1951, 1952 et 1953). Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 31, no. 1/2, pp. 14–67, 1954
1232:
Artifacts discovered in the port indicate the predominance of native Ugaritians within the local populace, accompanied by a significant presence of various foreign communities such as
9169:
3028:
2701:
Curtis, A. H., "Ras Shamra, Minet el-Beida and Ras Ibn Hani: The Material Sources", In Wilfred G. E. Watson and Nicolas Wyatt (ed) Handbook of Ugaritic studies, Brill, pp. 5-27, 1999
2142:
Boyes, Philip J., "The Impact and Legacy of Alphabetic Cuneiform", Script and Society: The Social Context of Writing Practices in Late Bronze Age Ugarit, Oxbow Books, pp. 261–76, 2021
9154:
1076:
which acted as the lingua franca throughout the region for diplomacy, business, and administrative purposes. In parallel, there was scribal activity in the local Northwest Semitic
2187:
Schmidt, B., "A Re-evaluation of the Ugaritic King List", in Ugarit, Reli-gion, and Culture. Edited by N. Wyatt, W. Watson, and J. Lloyd, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, pp. 289–304, 1996
2627:
Boyes, Philip J., "Social Change in Late Bronze Age Ugarit", Script and Society: The Social Context of Writing Practices in Late Bronze Age Ugarit, Oxbow Books, pp. 225–44, 2021
2879:
Kinet, Dirk, "Ugarit – Geschichte und Kultur einer Stadt in der Umwelt des Alten Testaments", Stuttgarter Bibelstudien vol. 104. Stuttgart: Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1981,
2570:
Yon, Marguerite, "Artifacts Illustrating Official and Everyday Life", The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 123-172, 2006
742:, the last ruler of Ugarit. Bay was in office from approximately 1194–1190 BC. This sets an upper limit on the destruction date of Ugarit. It is important to remember that the
9159:
2419:
Courtois, Jacques-Claude, "Ugarit Grid, Strata, and Find-Localizations: A Re-Assessment", Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 97–114, 1974
2306:
Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Sharma-Ugarit: Dixième et Onzième Campagnes (Automne et Hiver 1938-39). Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 277–95, 1939
713:
tablets inside of libraries that contained a wealth of valuable information. The destruction levels of the ruin contained Late Helladic IIIB pottery ware, but no LH IIIC (see
2794:
Wyatt, Nicolas, "Religious texts from Ugarit: the worlds of Ilimilku and his colleagues", The Biblical Seminar, volume 53. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998
2448:
Yon, Marguerite, "Ugarit: The Urban Habitat The Present State of the Archaeological Picture", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 286, pp. 19–34, 1992
2227:
Yon, Marguerite, "Introduction: History of Excavations", The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2006, pp. 7-8, 2006
3984:
2371:
Yon, Marguerite, A. Caubet, J. Mallet, and Patrick Desfarges, "Ras Shamra-Ougarit, 38, 39 et 40e Campagnes (1978, 1979 et 1980)", Syria 59, no. 3/4, pp. 169–97, 1982
730:(1178 BC). Recent radiocarbon work, combined with other historical dates and the eclipse of January 21, 1192, indicates a destruction date between 1192 and 1190 BC.
2527:
Hawley, Robert, Pardee, Dennis and Roche-Hawley, Carole, "The Scribal Culture of Ugarit", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 229-267, 2016
2978:. The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory: an online catalog of inscribed objects from Ras Shamra-Ugarit produced at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
2178:
Arnaud (D.), "Prolégomènes à la rédaction d’une histoire d’Ougarit, II: Les borderaux de rois divi-nisés", Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 41/2, pp. 155–73, 1999
979:
excavation became a joint French and Syrian effort led by Valérie Matoïan and Khozama Al-Bahloul. These continued until being ended due to the Syrian Civil War.
5431:
3021:
2122:
Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K, Boiy T, Vansteenhuyse K, et al., "The Sea Peoples, from Cuneiform Tablets to Carbon Dating.", PLoS ONE 6(6), 2011
2297:
Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Neuvième Campagne (Printemps 1937): Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 193–255, 1938
2609:
Albright, W. F., and William L. Moran, "Rib-Adda of Byblos and the Affairs of Tyre (EA 89)", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 163–68, 1950
2288:
Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit: Neuvième Campagne (Printemps 1937). Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 313–34, 1938
2279:
Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit Huitième Campagne (Printemps 1936): Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 125–54, 1937
2270:
Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Septième Campagne (Printemps 1935) Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 105–49, 1936
2261:
Claude F. A. Schaeffer, "Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit. Sixième Campagne (Printemps 1934). Rapport Sommaire", Syria, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 141–76, 1935
5560:
5436:
2745:
Schaeffer, C. F. A., "Les fouilles de Minet-el-Beida et de Ras Shamra. Troisieme campagne (printemps 1931). Rapport sommaire", Syria 13, pp. 1-27, 1932
1295:
2464:
Yon, Marguerite, "Description of the Tell", The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 27-122, 2006
3014:
1904:
Yon, Marguerite, "Geography and History", in The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 9-26, 2006
2491:
Claude F. A. Schaeffer, The Cuneiform Texts of Ras Shamra-Ugarit: The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy 1937, Periodicals Service Co., 1986.
5853:
2914:
Saadé, Gabriel, "Ougarit et son royaume. Des origines à sa destruction", Bibliothèque archéologique et historique, vol. 193. Beyrouth: IFPO, 2011
2410:
North, Robert, "Ugarit Grid, Strata, and Find-Localizations", Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1953-), vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 113–60, 1973
8192:
5475:
2890:
Loretz, Oswald, "Ugarit und die Bibel. Kanaanäische Götter und Religion im Alten Testament", Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1990
661:? ... Thus, the country is abandoned to itself. May my father know it: the seven ships of the enemy that came here inflicted much damage upon us.
5291:
2398:
Yon, Marguerite, J. Gachet, P. Lombard, and J. Mallet, "Fouilles de La 48e Campagne (1988) à Ras Shamra-Ougarit", Syria 67, no. 1, pp. 1–29, 1990
1072:
Numerous cuneiform tablets have been found. By the Late Bronze age Ugarit had a thriving dual-scribal system. Primarily it used the East Semitic
2727:
Yon (M.), "Ougarit et le port de Mahadou–Minet el-Beida", in Res Maritimae, ed. S. Swiny, R. Hoh-felder, and L. Swiny, Atlanta, pp. 357–69, 1997
2692:
Astour, Michael C., "Maʾḫadu, the Harbor of Ugarit", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 113–27, 1970
1792:
2389:
Yon, Marguerite, J. Gachet, and P. Lombard, "Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ougarit 1984-1987 (44e-47e Campagnes)", Syria 64, no. 3/4, pp. 171–91,1987
6231:
5952:
5863:
5552:
5267:
5209:
5205:
3977:
2315:
Schaeffer, C. F. A., "Nouvelles Campagnes de Fouilles à Ras Shamra-Ugarit (IX-X : 1938-1939)", Revue Archéologique, vol. 14, pp. 67–69, 1939
1950:
Garr, W. Randall, "A Population Estimate of Ancient Ugarit", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 266, pp. 31–43, 1987
5509:
5505:
5213:
1089:(c. 1223 BC) whose rule lasted less than a year, allowing a tight synchronism. The latest datable text was from the reign of Kassite ruler
1863:
8918:
5956:
5763:
5334:
5297:
5263:
4838:
4834:
4167:
2021:
The El-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna based on Collations of all Extant Tablets
1928:
The El-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of El-Amarna based on Collations of all Extant Tablets
2817:
Bourdreuil, P., "Une bibliothèque au sud de la ville : Les textes de la 34e campagne (1973)", in Ras Shamra-Ougarit, 7, Paris, 1991
8562:
5121:
4965:
4830:
4826:
4107:
2080:
596:
1913:
Heltzer, M., "The Metal Trade of Ugarit and the Problem of Transportation of Commercial Goods", Iraq, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 203–11, 1977
1064:
643:. The exact dates of his reign are unknown. However, a letter by the king is preserved, in which Ammurapi stresses the seriousness of
9139:
5849:
5845:
5759:
5556:
4313:
2952:
Smith, Mark S., "Beginnings: 1928–1945", in Untold Stories. The Bible and Ugaritic Studies in the Twentieth Century, p. 13-49, 1991
2618:
Pitard, Wayne T., "The ‘Libation Installations’ of the Tombs at Ugarit", The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 20–37, 1994
9114:
5960:
5217:
3970:
1276:
simple residences, termed a village by the excavators. Aegean style pottery and loom weights were found in this Iron Age I level.
758:
Middle and Late Bronze Ages it is thought that the earliest names on the list were more on the order of tribal chiefs than kings.
2866:
2333:
Schaeffer, C. F. A., "Note Additionnelle Sur Les Fouilles Dans Le Palais Nord d’Ugarit", Syria, vol. 49, no. 1/2, pp. 27–33, 1972
2362:
Margueron, Jean, "Ras Shamra 1975 et 1976 Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Campagnes d'Automne", Syria 54, no. 3/4, pp. 151–88, 1977
2092:
Astour, Michael C., "New Evidence on the Last Days of Ugarit", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 253–58, 1965
1176:
or name these gods, affirming their identification for the respective cults. Within the Temple of Baal, discoveries include the
5363:
5117:
5097:
1517:
in appearance, the letters bear no relation to Mesopotamian cuneiform signs; instead, they appear to be somehow related to the
5070:
4779:
749:
A large number of arrowheads were recovered from the destruction level in 2021. Their typology has not been published as yet.
9072:
9025:
8995:
2931:
2919:
2874:
2660:
2598:
2028:
1978:
1935:
1831:
1804:
1766:
968:
964:
223:
1998:
van Soldt, Wilfred. H., "Ugarit as a Hittite Vassal State", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 198-207, 2010
1895:
Boyes, Philip J., "Script and Society: The social context of writing practices in Late Bronze Age Ugarit", Oxbow Books, 2021
2554:
Schaeffer C. F. A., "Nouvelles découvertes à Ras Shamra-Ugarit et à Enkomi-Alasia (Chypre) en 1953", CRAI, pp. 97‑106, 1954
2545:
Lackenbacher, S./F. Malbran-Labat, "Lettres en akkadien de la “Maison d’Urtēnu”: fouilles de 1994 (RSOu. 23)", Leuven, 2016
674:
At the end Ammurapi begs for forces from the Hittite viceroy at Carchemish, the enemy having captured Ugarit's other port,
9134:
7319:
4814:
4666:
4523:
3674:
2680:
Schaeffer, F. A., "The French Excavations at Minet el Beida and Ras Shamra in Syria", Antiquity, 4(16), pp. 460-466, 1930
2151:
Vidal, Jordi, "The Origins of the Last Ugaritic Dynasty", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 168-175, 2006
1038:
A number of areas lay within the fortifications of Ugarit. In the northwest section was an acropolis with the temples of
743:
121:
9129:
7989:
5668:
3951:
2632:
1893:
2850:, "The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 BC", (Princeton University Press), 1995
2579:
1093:(c. 1186–1172 BC) about the time of the destruction of Ugarit. An example of the archive involving one ton of copper:
9149:
9144:
9119:
2957:
2944:
2909:
2895:
2884:
2855:
2841:
2803:
Bordreuil, Pierre and Pardee, Dennis, "A Manual of Ugaritic", University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2009
2783:
2706:
2581:
Kottsieper, Ingo; Neumann, Hans (ed.), Literaturkontakte Ugarits, Wurzeln und Entfaltungen, Zaphon, pp. 189-198, 2021
2496:
2241:
2204:
2101:
Rainey, A. F., "The Military Personnel of Ugarit", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 24, no. 1/2, pp. 17–27, 1965
2048:
1970:
1852:
17:
6335:
2904:
Dennis Pardee, "Ritual and Cult at Ugarit", (Writings from the Ancient World), Society of Biblical Literature, 2002
2776:
2007:
1485:
1525:. While the letters show little or no formal similarity to the Phoenician, the standard letter order (seen in the
7983:
1720:
55:
2820:
2009:
Vita Barra, Juan Pablo, "The Hittites in the administrative texts of Ugarit", KASKAL, vol. 18, pp. 111-126, 2021
8056:
7603:
7527:
2754:
2671:
Morton, W. H., "Ras Shamra-Ugarit and Old Testament Exegesis", "Review & Expositor", 45(1), pp. 63-80, 1948
2590:
2996:
691:
sent troops to assist Ugarit, but Ugarit had been sacked. A letter sent after Ugarit had been destroyed said:
340:
period, the site was occupied from the end of the 8th millennium BC and continued as a settlement through the
8908:
8888:
8170:
8077:
8062:
7900:
7770:
7571:
7270:
6955:
4339:
3038:
8709:
8518:
8494:
7894:
6874:
3006:
8131:
7170:
6969:
6516:
6510:
4757:
4113:
3895:
3669:
2643:
Bounni (A.) and Lagarce (E. and J.), "Ras Ibn Hani I: Le Palais Nord du Bronze Récent", BAH, Beirut, 1998
2133:
Freu J, "La tablette RS 86.2230 et la phase finale du Royaume d’Ugarit", Syria, vol. 65, pp.395–398, 1988
1632:
1557:
1513:" around 1400 BC: 30 letters, corresponding to sounds, were inscribed on clay tablets. Although they are
8758:
8614:
8377:
8068:
7878:
7224:
6886:
6854:
6848:
5055:
3050:
2120:
1556:
is attested to in texts from the 14th through the 12th century BC. Ugaritic is usually classified as a
717:). Therefore, the date of the destruction of Ugarit is crucial for the dating of the LH IIIC phase in
8895:
8503:
8389:
8371:
8221:
7883:
7747:
7448:
7263:
6160:
2836:
Cornelius, Izak & Niehr, Herbert, "Götter und Kulte in Ugarit", Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2004,
2778:
Stanislav Segert, "A basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language: with selected texts and glossary", 1984
1725:
1617:
1253:
1237:
1147:
plaster covered the walls. To the west of the palace was a set aside 10,000 square meter Royal Zone.
410:
In the Middle Bronze, evidence indicate that Ugarit had contacts with the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. A
488:(1351–1334 BC). The former includes a request from the Egyptian king to send a physician to Ugarit.
8881:
8526:
8523:
8446:
8416:
8359:
8345:
7751:
6735:
6473:
5890:
5674:
4517:
2473:
Charles Virolleaud, "Les Inscriptions Cunéiformes de Ras Shamra", Syria, vol. 10, pp. 304–310, 1929
1730:
1640:
1531:
1418:
6728:
430:
have also been found. However, it is unclear at what time these monuments were brought to Ugarit.
9124:
8541:
8469:
8443:
8419:
8413:
8398:
8310:
8246:
8211:
8155:
8104:
7677:
6154:
5935:
5680:
4988:
4446:
3153:
2936:
1797:
Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome
982:
Archaeologists have defined a number of occupation strata at the site based on the excavations:
471:(1388–1351 BC) expresses warm diplomatic relations between the two. During the reign of his son
398:), the coastal city at the southern edge of the Ugarit kingdom was also destroyed at this time.
8704:
8694:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8434:
8425:
8368:
8348:
8342:
8336:
8333:
8324:
8252:
8249:
8240:
8140:
8119:
7733:
7507:
7439:
7349:
7093:
7087:
6568:
6023:
5882:
5447:
5228:
4768:
4742:
4702:
4345:
4118:
2863:
Gregorio Del Olmo Lete, "Canaanite Religion: According to the Liturgical Texts of Ugarit", 2004
2160:
Aboud, J., "Die Rolle des Königs und seiner Familie nach den Texten von Ugarit", Münster, 1994
2131:
1735:
1326:
1116:
1103:
1047:
940:
9015:
5321:
4350:
1107:
Akkadian dialect is hard to detect given the great amount of Ugaritic elements it contained".
328:. Its ruins are often called Ras Shamra (also Ras Shamrah) after the headland where they lie.
9064:
Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History
8985:
8948:
8870:
8747:
8407:
8383:
8339:
8327:
8321:
8318:
8273:
8267:
8243:
8208:
8164:
8152:
8149:
8146:
8134:
8128:
8116:
8110:
7929:
7839:
7836:
7827:
7390:
5467:
3699:
3647:
3296:
1428:
1177:
9062:
8914:
4727:
3262:
1961:
8315:
8264:
8173:
8167:
8137:
7739:
7692:
7680:
7504:
7445:
7069:
6963:
6786:
6313:
5461:
4982:
4399:
3771:
3765:
3311:
3178:
1878:
1631:
similar to those found in other Northwest Semitic languages. The word order in Ugaritic is
1518:
1478:
889:
386:
until its destruction in c. 1185 BC; this destruction was possibly caused by the purported
7776:
1121:
8:
8820:
8675:
8380:
8330:
8255:
8205:
8158:
8143:
8122:
7821:
7807:
7695:
7628:
7451:
7342:
7284:
7048:
6721:
6561:
6280:
6085:
5902:
5715:
5031:
4242:
3834:
3796:
3642:
2860:
Gordon, Cyrus H., "The Poetic Literature of Ugarit", Orientalia, vol. 12, pp. 31–75, 1943
2043:
Moran, William L., "The Amarna Letters", Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992
1636:
1569:
1526:
1522:
1249:
790:
Known only from a damaged seal that mentions "Yaqarum, son of Niqmaddu, king of Ugarit".
780:
Known only from a damaged seal that mentions "Yaqarum, son of Niqmaddu, king of Ugarit".
644:
608:
391:
321:
200:
98:
959:. Excavations have since revealed a city with a prehistory reaching back to c. 6000 BC.
9046:
8860:
8737:
8298:
8237:
8231:
7759:
7723:
7636:
7617:
7513:
7510:
7463:
7429:
7426:
7381:
7072:
7057:
7042:
6718:
6715:
6706:
6465:
5640:
5368:
4641:
4494:
4411:
4214:
3885:
1643:(NG) (first element dependent on the function and second always in genitive case); and
1628:
1613:
1265:
1086:
7516:
3203:
9068:
9021:
8991:
8284:
8258:
8234:
8216:
8016:
7937:
7845:
7714:
7686:
7501:
7469:
7460:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7384:
7372:
7287:
7208:
7060:
7054:
7021:
7015:
6586:
6459:
6323:
6145:
5871:
5470:
5464:
5272:
5240:
4785:
3994:
3900:
3875:
3583:
3058:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2915:
2905:
2891:
2880:
2870:
2851:
2837:
2779:
2702:
2656:
2628:
2594:
2492:
2237:
2200:
2044:
2024:
1974:
1966:
1931:
1848:
1827:
1800:
1762:
1703:
1581:
1553:
1543:
1510:
1504:
1403:
1257:
1184:
1073:
975:. Work continued until 1939 when it was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II.
390:, or an internal struggle. The kingdom would be one of the many that fell during the
353:
301:
6448:
352:
that Ugarit experienced significant growth, culminating in the establishment of the
8944:
8856:
8802:
8733:
8720:
8699:
8664:
8513:
8301:
8270:
8125:
8101:
7869:
7866:
7860:
7815:
7708:
7689:
7683:
7639:
7622:
7466:
7457:
7454:
7378:
7375:
7213:
7098:
6685:
5775:
5709:
5697:
5390:
4937:
4227:
3910:
3880:
3854:
3684:
3462:
3425:
1989:
Yaron, R., "A Royal Divorce at Ugarit", Orientalia, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 21–31, 1963
1589:
1547:
1514:
1413:
1068:
Text of Law in Akkadian by King Niqmepa with dynastic seal Ras Shamra Louvre Museum
731:
714:
376:
262:
109:
3962:
2901:
Owen, David, "An Akkadian Letter from Ugarit at Tel Aphek", Tel Aviv 8: 1–17, 1981
2536:
Atwood, Roger, "The Ugarit Archives", Archaeology, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 24–31, 2021
9109:
8865:
8851:
8826:
8779:
8742:
8728:
8552:
8401:
8354:
8261:
8226:
8098:
8093:
8021:
7995:
7851:
7726:
7720:
7705:
7698:
7652:
7642:
7475:
7420:
7414:
7411:
7357:
7305:
7141:
7075:
7063:
7051:
7039:
7024:
7003:
6922:
6826:
6823:
6797:
6712:
6691:
6679:
6646:
6640:
6610:
6532:
6342:
5694:
5649:
5603:
5597:
5587:
5377:
4477:
4455:
4222:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3865:
3225:
3116:
2970:
2830:
1679:
1471:
1453:
718:
640:
349:
189:
83:
8904:
4142:
2939:, Joel H. Hunt, "A primer on Ugaritic: language, culture, and literature", 2007
2826:
8763:
8307:
8200:
8089:
8042:
8003:
7946:
7848:
7784:
7702:
7661:
7655:
7645:
7633:
7417:
7405:
7393:
7313:
7202:
7156:
7066:
7036:
7000:
6864:
6709:
6688:
6682:
6673:
6625:
6595:
6577:
6552:
6540:
6452:
6309:
6180:
6031:
5893:
5887:
5790:
5782:
5718:
5691:
5655:
5488:
5255:
5252:
5153:
4561:
4326:
4232:
4209:
4101:
3946:
3846:
3679:
3436:
3346:
3306:
3286:
3138:
3078:
2652:
1660:
1438:
1316:
1311:
1220:
1131:
1090:
956:
917:
872:
820:
476:
452:
360:
325:
1010:
Stratum 7 - 1900-1750 BC - Middle Bronze '2' = RS 2/2 = UM 2 = Middle Minoan 2
226:
Henri de Contenson, Jean Margueron, Marguerite Yon, Yves Calvet, Bassam Jamous
9103:
9058:
8981:
8966:
8838:
8770:
8650:
8295:
8292:
8045:
8039:
7999:
7955:
7863:
7824:
7658:
7597:
7498:
7495:
7423:
7408:
7369:
7366:
7309:
7248:
7130:
6836:
6829:
6806:
6700:
6694:
6658:
6580:
6536:
6493:
6285:
6183:
6177:
6135:
6034:
5837:
5799:
5572:
5458:
5372:
5182:
5133:
4888:
4872:
4565:
4491:
4452:
4426:
4420:
4381:
4322:
4293:
4018:
3751:
3595:
3361:
3220:
3001:
1665:
1458:
1423:
1368:
1269:
1233:
1143:
948:
921:
863:
700:
615:
468:
427:
364:
136:
123:
5920:
3351:
2765:
438:
9011:
8808:
8686:
8620:
8538:
8529:
8460:
8386:
8289:
8033:
7934:
7857:
7711:
7667:
7547:
7472:
7432:
7363:
7360:
7354:
7293:
7245:
7233:
7147:
7124:
7117:
7033:
7027:
6997:
6809:
6781:
6763:
6754:
6703:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6389:
6359:
6165:
6077:
5974:
5911:
5859:
5688:
5413:
5348:
5338:
5249:
5200:
5085:
5065:
5061:
4846:
4710:
4570:
4550:
4503:
4462:
4249:
4204:
4053:
4038:
3850:
3842:
3563:
3557:
3431:
3414:
3390:
3321:
3257:
3068:
3036:
2847:
1380:
1344:
1321:
1201:
1059:
896:
795:
727:
675:
464:
423:
341:
1019:
Stratum 10 - 2500-2300 BC - Early Bronze 3 = RS 3/2 or III A 2 + 3; = UA 2
738:, in a tablet (RS 86.2230) found at Ras Shamra, was in communication with
375:), documented in the archives recovered from the site and corroborated by
8823:
8814:
8669:
8623:
8608:
8599:
8593:
8535:
8437:
8395:
8365:
8362:
8304:
8161:
8113:
8024:
7943:
7940:
7923:
7833:
7648:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7560:
7550:
7538:
7387:
7328:
7281:
7257:
7251:
7242:
7236:
7181:
7144:
7127:
7111:
7045:
7030:
7018:
7006:
6977:
6944:
6941:
6803:
6778:
6775:
6769:
6676:
6637:
6634:
6622:
6607:
6604:
6592:
6499:
6487:
6478:
6427:
6421:
6371:
6368:
6356:
6353:
6289:
6266:
6249:
6235:
6226:
5996:
5925:
5915:
5767:
5752:
5746:
5730:
5727:
5630:
5609:
5519:
5482:
5405:
5246:
5036:
4961:
4956:
4949:
4919:
4905:
4868:
4718:
4627:
4542:
4512:
4498:
4267:
4253:
4198:
4133:
4063:
4033:
3714:
3625:
3615:
3471:
3400:
3331:
3326:
3158:
1349:
1025:
Stratum 12 - c. 3300 BC - 'Ubayd chalcolithic = RS 4 A-B (with some RS 3)
807:
583:
548:
472:
395:
387:
5989:
2991:
2482:
Claude F. A. Schaeffer, "The Cuneiform Texts of Ras Shamra-Ugarit", 1939
1264:, bronze tools and weaponry, cylinder seals, stone weights, remnants of
1022:
Stratum 11 - c. 2800 BC - Early Bronze 1 - 2 = RS 3/1 or III B-C; = UA 1
480:
8832:
8829:
8811:
8788:
8773:
8767:
8647:
8644:
8602:
8590:
8584:
8569:
8440:
8431:
8428:
8422:
8404:
8374:
8182:
8107:
8048:
7914:
7854:
7717:
7611:
7582:
7579:
7576:
7564:
7556:
7544:
7532:
7278:
7254:
7239:
7175:
7137:
7114:
7108:
7012:
6751:
6583:
6481:
6440:
6430:
6424:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6374:
6362:
6350:
6347:
6317:
6263:
6260:
6073:
6052:
6028:
6004:
5833:
5724:
5721:
5712:
5703:
5622:
5513:
5399:
5354:
5342:
5186:
5024:
5020:
4969:
4790:
4698:
4624:
4620:
4364:
4237:
4187:
4181:
3870:
3802:
3783:
3600:
3368:
3276:
3198:
3108:
3063:
1687:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1448:
972:
952:
840:
688:
652:
highlights the desperate situation that Ugarit and other cities faced:
415:
345:
6983:
2986:
2975:
2018:
8841:
8784:
8641:
8611:
8605:
8596:
8581:
8575:
8557:
8532:
8410:
8392:
8179:
8176:
8036:
7963:
7949:
7920:
7908:
7830:
7801:
7541:
7535:
7300:
7230:
7187:
7184:
7133:
6916:
6833:
6819:
6816:
6772:
6766:
6748:
6670:
6661:
6631:
6628:
6619:
6601:
6598:
6436:
6433:
6297:
6293:
6269:
6217:
6204:
6174:
6069:
6065:
5943:
5803:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5500:
5417:
5394:
5358:
5243:
5166:
5089:
5081:
5048:
4945:
4929:
4901:
4864:
4733:
4691:
4508:
4387:
4273:
3930:
3860:
3788:
3726:
3719:
3694:
3630:
3610:
3605:
3476:
3447:
3341:
3301:
3163:
1699:
1648:
1135:
856:
722:
710:
619:
485:
411:
337:
185:
3519:
3495:
2981:
2971:
Ugarit (Tell Shamra) 1999 application for UNESCO World Heritage Site
2252:
Léon Albanèse, "Note sur Ras Shamra", Syria, vol. 10, pp.16–21, 1929
1925:
1678:
lists. Fragments of several poetic works have been identified: the "
505:
8791:
8617:
8578:
8572:
8449:
8030:
8027:
7972:
7969:
7911:
7842:
7792:
7755:
7608:
7150:
7009:
6991:
6974:
6912:
6839:
6813:
6760:
6742:
6652:
6527:
6418:
6409:
6397:
6365:
6329:
6305:
6255:
6223:
6199:
6171:
6141:
6129:
6122:
6108:
6102:
6037:
5947:
5929:
5841:
5819:
5815:
5700:
5626:
5455:
5409:
5386:
5381:
5312:
5307:
5276:
5093:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4884:
4805:
4650:
4482:
4472:
4467:
4458:
4394:
4377:
4148:
4095:
3817:
3777:
3589:
3575:
3419:
3379:
3373:
3127:
3121:
3073:
1609:
1408:
1385:
1245:
1241:
1208:
1077:
1016:
Stratum 9 - 2300-2100 BC - Early Bronze 4 = RS 3/3 or III A; = UA 3
908:
836:
816:
739:
649:
636:
632:
448:
379:
and Cypriot pottery found there. The polity was at its height from
372:
9020:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables).
8009:
2593:
Civilization 62, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, pp. 57-68, 2008
1260:, ivory cosmetic containers from Egypt, a terracotta depiction of
746:
and that of the ancient Egypt are not yet perfectly synchronized.
320:. At its height it ruled an area roughly equivalent to the modern
8844:
8672:
8653:
8638:
8632:
8626:
7960:
7905:
7798:
7795:
7743:
7594:
7336:
7275:
7196:
7190:
6931:
6925:
6697:
6667:
6522:
6412:
6377:
6168:
6111:
6012:
5981:
5685:
5234:
5177:
5106:
5001:
4993:
4858:
4793:
4600:
4597:
4582:
4578:
4390:
4384:
4368:
4246:
3905:
3704:
3536:
3505:
3443:
3395:
3316:
3252:
3188:
3183:
3143:
3133:
2767:, Ugaritic Range: 10380–1039F, The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1
1715:
1585:
1573:
1565:
1373:
1361:
1356:
1028:
Stratum 13 - 4000 - 3400 BC - Halaf chalcolithic = RS 4-C (4 A-B)
880:
847:
827:
735:
317:
6097:
935:
8635:
8629:
8587:
8498:
7966:
7917:
7492:
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
7290:
7193:
7178:
6907:
6892:
6757:
6664:
6655:
6589:
6546:
6415:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6301:
6273:
6214:
6105:
6000:
5827:
5706:
5618:
5606:
5237:
5194:
5159:
5140:
5112:
5009:
4941:
4879:
4822:
4774:
4683:
4654:
4610:
4607:
4557:
4487:
4405:
4358:
4308:
4283:
4278:
4257:
4074:
4048:
4023:
3890:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3746:
3741:
3653:
3620:
3500:
3481:
3409:
3336:
3281:
3271:
3267:
3237:
3231:
3208:
3098:
3083:
3042:
1621:
1577:
1561:
1261:
1139:
456:
368:
367:
at times, and maintained trade and diplomatic connections with
6092:
5644:
5316:
4914:
4909:
4737:
4722:
2169:
Kitchen, Κ. Α., "The King List of Ugarit", UF 9, 131-142, 1977
1965:, Roger D. Woodard, editor. Cambridge University Press, , 2008
635:(circa 1215 to 1180 BC), was a contemporary of the last known
8835:
8817:
7332:
6938:
6919:
5985:
5896:
5867:
5794:
5526:
5190:
5077:
4996:
4924:
4801:
4797:
4679:
4617:
4613:
4574:
4361:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4261:
4043:
3756:
3736:
3731:
3709:
3659:
3635:
3541:
3529:
3524:
3489:
3466:
3385:
3356:
3291:
3247:
3193:
3173:
1695:
1683:
1593:
1167:
1150:
1039:
658:
419:
313:
292:
277:
268:
9165:
States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC
6209:
5171:
1007:
Stratum 6 - 1750-1650 BC - Middle Bronze '3' = RS 2/3 = UM 2
7789:
7553:
7480:
7324:
7080:
6191:
6046:
5968:
5809:
5737:
5566:
5452:
5283:
5258:
5146:
5127:
4896:
4854:
4809:
4749:
4687:
4634:
4603:
4532:
4432:
4374:
4371:
4318:
4162:
4154:
4124:
4084:
4068:
4058:
4028:
3689:
3664:
3513:
3457:
3452:
3242:
3215:
3168:
3148:
3088:
1691:
1670:
1644:
1625:
1082:
1043:
1031:
Stratum 14 - c. 4000 BC - Neolithic with pottery = RS 5 A-B
704:
Mycenaean ceramic imported to Ugarit, 14th–13th century BC.
998:
Stratum 4 - 1450-1365 BC - Late Bronze 1-2 = RS 1/2 = UR 2
9170:
States and territories established in the 18th century BC
5786:
3551:
283:
274:
265:
9155:
Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC
8955:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
2215:
Heltzer, M., "Ammistamru I of Ugarit", NABU 2001/1, 2001
1034:
Stratum 15 - c. 4500 BC - Pre-Pottery Neolithic = RS 5-C
1013:
Stratum 8 - 2100-1900 BC - Middle Bronze = RS 2/1 = UM 1
1001:
Stratum 5 - 1550-1450 BC - Late Bronze 1 = RS 1/1 = UR 1
995:
Stratum 3 - 1365-1200 BC - Late Bronze 2 = RS 1/3 = UR 3
5423:
4079:
2997:
Dennis Pardee, Ugarit Ritual texts – Oriental Institute
8934:
Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
721:. Since an Egyptian sword bearing the name of pharaoh
451:), and much of the eastern Mediterranean. Five of the
9160:
Populated places established in the 6th millennium BC
6455:
Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu
2987:
Ugarit and the Bible - Quartz Hill School of Theology
855:
Treaty with Mursili II; Son of Niqmadu II; Queen was
463:
In the mid-14th century BC, Ugarit was ruled by king
5523:
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
665:
Eshuwara, the senior governor of Cyprus, responded:
286:
280:
3992:
2079:
Cline, Eric H., Translation of letter RS 20.18 in "
1962:
The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia
1098:talents and six-thousand and five-hundred shekels.
622:referred to a missive sent by the ruler of Ugarit:
271:
5326:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
1200:
2019:Anson F. Rainey; William M. Schniedewind (2015).
1509:Scribes in Ugarit appear to have originated the "
324:. It was discovered by accident in 1928 with the
9101:
1046:. In the west was the Royal Zone, including the
986:Strata 1 - 500-300 BC - Helenistic up thru Arabi
479:, mainly through the Hittite ruler's viceroy in
475:(c. 1350–1315 BC) Ugarit became a vassal of the
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
1926:Anson F. Rainey; Zipora Cochavi-Rainey (2015).
1874:
1872:
1651:(NA) (both in the same case (i.e. congruent)).
1576:features are highly similar to those found in
363:, in later times as a vassal, sent tribute to
3978:
3022:
2688:
2686:
1479:
8969:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
8943:
6447:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
5040:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
2557:
2406:
2404:
2195:
2193:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2060:
2058:
2056:
1869:
951:, not in Syria. The discovered area was the
8979:
8196:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
2083:". Princeton University Press. p. 151, 2014
1889:
1887:
1754:
955:of Ugarit located in the nearby seaport of
467:. A letter (EA45) sent by him, probably to
422:and a statuette from the Egyptian pharaohs
3985:
3971:
3029:
3015:
2683:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2223:
2221:
2081:1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed
1930:. Vol. 2. BRILL. pp. 1389–1393.
1486:
1472:
1279:
504:
8896:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
5492:"King of the four quarters of the world"
2401:
2190:
2068:
2053:
9067:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.
1884:
1664:
1219:
1207:
1183:
1166:
1149:
1120:
1063:
934:
699:
437:
8912:
2451:
2218:
414:bead can be inscribed with the name of
312:) was an ancient port city in northern
14:
9102:
9041:
9039:
9037:
8777:
8007:
7805:
5585:
5576:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
5480:
4404:
1953:
1654:
442:A tomb in the Royal palace's courtyard
359:The city had close connections to the
9057:
8902:
8869:
8864:
8855:
8807:
8746:
8741:
8732:
8727:
8718:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8684:
8550:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8502:
8493:
8483:
8478:
8467:
8458:
8352:
8087:
7994:
7892:
7882:
7768:
7616:
7525:
7347:
7340:
7298:
7222:
7200:
7168:
7154:
7123:
7107:
6981:
6953:
6929:
6884:
6845:
6790:
6726:
6559:
6544:
6521:
6508:
6471:
6321:
6278:
6152:
6128:
6120:
6083:
6021:
6010:
5980:
5964:
5933:
5900:
5880:
5858:
5825:
5734:
5666:
5654:
5613:
5525:
5517:
5445:
5226:
4980:
4973:
4935:
4862:
4844:
4813:
4766:
4732:
4717:
4709:
4696:
4677:
4665:
4648:
4632:
4595:
4548:
4522:
4444:
4409:
4337:
4161:
4130:
4123:
4112:
4093:
3966:
3010:
1921:
1919:
1823:The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra
1794:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1256:(both imported and locally crafted),
1004:Lacuna - 1650-1550 BC - no occupation
9010:
2982:The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory Blog
1537:
1252:peoples. Among the discoveries were
1053:
924:. Ugarit is destroyed in his reign.
734:, an official of the Egyptian queen
405:
316:about 10 kilometers north of modern
9034:
1819:
1799:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
989:Lacuna - 900-600 BC - no occupation
744:Chronology of the ancient Near East
87:
27:Ancient port city in northern Syria
24:
8990:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
8909:Chronology of the Neolithic period
8561:
8191:
8008:
7990:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
7775:
7666:
6982:
6954:
6897:
6727:
6334:
5988:
4349:
3952:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
3037:Ancient states and regions in the
2810:
1916:
1775:
1212:Ras Ibn Hani. Tomb in north palace
1154:Ugarit Royal Palace reception hall
1125:Ugarit Royal Palace archives space
992:Stratum 2 - 1100-900 BC - Iron Age
433:
25:
9181:
8566:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
6902:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
4713:("made the land of Elam submit")
2964:
678:, and was advancing on the city.
336:Ugarit saw its beginnings in the
9140:Former populated places in Syria
8987:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
8913:
8903:
6208:
6096:
6091:
5919:
5648:
5643:
5474:
5320:
5315:
5170:
5069:
5000:
4913:
4908:
4778:
4741:
4736:
4726:
4721:
4516:
4166:
4153:
4141:
4106:
2992:Le Royaume d'Ougarit (in French)
1588:(masculine and feminine), three
1294:
875:ruler Bentisina; Son of Niqmepa
557:Destruction and collapse of the
261:
61:
54:
9115:1928 archaeological discoveries
9051:
9004:
8973:
8959:
8937:
8928:
7984:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
2797:
2788:
2770:
2759:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2711:
2695:
2674:
2665:
2646:
2637:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2584:
2573:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2511:
2502:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2413:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2346:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2230:
2209:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2125:
2114:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2037:
2012:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1959:Pardee, Dennis. "Ugaritic", in
1944:
1721:Cities of the ancient Near East
1534:for Ugaritic has been defined.
1110:
8919:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
8057:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
7604:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
7528:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
6090:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
1907:
1898:
1857:
1840:
1813:
1748:
930:
491:
62:
13:
1:
8889:Muslim conquest of the Levant
8135:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
8078:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
8063:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
7901:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
7771:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
7572:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
7271:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
1741:
522:
380:
7438:Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
4172:(Uruk influence or control)
3204:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
1162:
1102:One small tablet written in
457:Akhenaten's capital of Egypt
7:
8132:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
7171:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
6970:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
6517:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
6511:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
5771:(Vassals of the Akkadians)
4758:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
4159:(Anonymous "King-priests")
4114:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
2023:. BRILL. pp. 369–381.
1758:An Introduction to Ugaritic
1709:
1498:
10:
9186:
9135:Destroyed populated places
8924:
8759:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
8186:
8069:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
7953:
7927:
7879:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
7225:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
6990:Third Babylonian dynasty (
6887:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
6849:Second Intermediate Period
5659:(vassal of the Akkadians)
5047:
4192:Early or legendary kings:
1761:. Hendrickson Publishers.
1755:Huehnergard, John (2012).
1658:
1558:Northwest Semitic language
1541:
1502:
1268:used in the production of
1114:
1057:
683:the forces of this enemy!
606:
331:
305:
9130:Bronze Age sites in Syria
8893:
8886:
8879:
8850:
8800:
8797:
8756:
8715:
8681:
8662:
8504:Parthamaspates of Parthia
8490:
8455:
8314:
8282:
8075:
8054:
7981:
7978:
7884:Assyrian conquest of Elam
7877:
7765:
7731:
7665:
7626:
7490:
7479:
7436:
7264:Third Intermediate Period
7079:
6950:
6794:Second Babylonian dynasty
6739:("Old Babylonian Period")
6505:
6457:
6221:
6189:
6161:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
6133:
6117:
6064:
6061:
6044:
5966:
5951:
5910:
5877:
5823:
5807:
5781:
5773:
5744:
5669:First Intermediate Period
5663:
5639:
5595:
5580:
5564:
5539:
5530:
5504:
5499:
5311:
5290:
5271:
5262:
5223:
5198:
5181:
5157:
5144:
5139:
5125:
5110:
5101:
5053:
5029:
4954:
4894:
4877:
4842:
4821:
4815:Early Dynastic Period III
4763:
4747:
4675:
4673:
4662:
4589:
4540:
4530:
4441:
4418:
4334:
4265:
4196:
4179:
4176:
4117:
4090:
4017:
4001:
3939:
3833:
3574:
3107:
3049:
1726:Short chronology timeline
1706:, among other fragments.
1560:and therefore related to
1272:, and inscribed tablets.
752:
631:The last king of Ugarit,
590:
571:
514:
503:
498:
246:
238:
230:
219:
211:
206:
196:
181:
173:
165:
160:
152:
115:
105:
94:
78:
49:
42:
36:
35:
9150:Neolithic sites in Syria
9145:Late Bronze Age collapse
9120:Amarna letters locations
8882:Muslim conquest of Egypt
8346:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
8177:Cleopatra VII Philopator
7674:Eight Babylonian Dynasty
6736:First Babylonian dynasty
6474:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
5978:(vassal of the Gutians)
5675:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
4667:Early Dynastic Period II
1820:Yon, Marguerite (2006).
1731:List of Ugaritic deities
8967:"Rulers of Mesopotamia"
8710:Province of Mesopotamia
8519:Province of Mesopotamia
8495:Province of Mesopotamia
8470:Roman conquest of Egypt
8311:Antigonus II Mattathias
8105:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
7678:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
6155:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
5681:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
4989:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
4524:Early Dynastic Period I
4447:Second Dynasty of Egypt
2937:William M. Schniedewind
1795:Gates, Charles (2011).
1280:Language and literature
1266:banded dye-murex shells
1142:likening the palace at
8567:
8349:Philip II Philoromaeus
8343:Antiochus XII Dionysus
8337:Demetrius III Eucaerus
8334:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
8325:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
8197:
8165:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
8120:Arsinoe III Philopator
8013:
7781:
7671:
7508:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
7440:Second Dynasty of Isin
6987:
6960:
6903:
6732:
6615:(Non-dynastic usurpers
6339:
6024:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
5993:
5883:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
5448:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
5229:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
5056:Second kingdom of Mari
4769:Third Dynasty of Egypt
4703:Dumuzid, the Fisherman
4355:
4346:First Dynasty of Egypt
3797:Luwian-Aramaean states
1736:Ugaritic Vintage Rites
1674:
1225:
1213:
1189:
1172:
1155:
1126:
1117:Royal Palace of Ugarit
1100:
1069:
943:
941:Royal Palace of Ugarit
705:
698:
685:
672:
663:
629:
591:Commanders and leaders
582:unknown (probably the
443:
8953:The Ancient Near East
8871:Byzantine Mesopotamia
8785:Province of Asoristan
8748:Byzantine Mesopotamia
8565:
8558:Province of Asoristan
8340:Philip I Philadelphus
8328:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
8322:Antiochus VIII Grypus
8319:Seleucus V Philometor
8274:Antiochus VII Sidetes
8268:Antiochus VI Dionysus
8195:
8168:Berenice IV Epiphanea
8129:Ptolemy VI Philometor
8117:Ptolemy IV Philopator
8114:Berenice II Euergetis
8111:Ptolemy III Euergetes
8012:
7930:Neo-Babylonian Empire
7840:Marduk-apla-iddina II
7837:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
7828:Marduk-apla-iddina II
7779:
7734:Humban-Tahrid dynasty
7670:
7391:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
7081:Middle Elamite period
6986:
6958:
6901:
6731:
6338:
5992:
5747:Third kingdom of Mari
5468:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
4543:First kingdom of Mari
4353:
4340:Early Dynastic Period
4182:Proto-Dynastic period
3648:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3232:Canaanite city-states
1673:statuette from Ugarit
1668:
1552:The existence of the
1429:Baal with Thunderbolt
1223:
1211:
1187:
1178:Baal with Thunderbolt
1170:
1153:
1124:
1095:
1067:
938:
703:
693:
680:
667:
654:
624:
499:Destruction of Ugarit
441:
212:Excavation dates
79:Alternative name
8316:Alexander II Zabinas
8180:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
8156:Ptolemy XI Alexander
8138:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
7693:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
7681:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
7505:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
7446:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
7070:Marduk-apla-iddina I
6964:New Kingdom of Egypt
6787:Early Kassite rulers
6081:(Vassals of Ur III)
6062:(Vassals of UR III)
5462:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
5432:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
4983:Old Kingdom of Egypt
3931:Tanukhid confederacy
3766:New Kingdom of Egypt
1572:, among others. Its
890:letter of Piha-walwi
627:the land of Ugarit.
348:. It was during the
215:1928–1939, 1950–2008
8821:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
8331:Antiochus X Eusebes
8159:Ptolemy XII Auletes
8150:Ptolemy X Alexander
8144:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
8123:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
7808:Neo-Assyrian Empire
7696:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
7629:Neo-Assyrian Empire
7452:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
7343:Syro-Hittite states
7049:Shagarakti-Shuriash
6722:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
5716:Neferkare Pepiseneb
5615:Akkadian Governors:
4119:Pre-Dynastic period
3643:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3426:Paleo-Syrian states
1655:Ugaritic literature
1641:possessed–possessor
1637:subject-object-verb
1633:verb–subject–object
1612:); three numbers: (
1584:. It possesses two
1527:Phoenician alphabet
1523:Phoenician alphabet
969:Musée archéologique
609:Bronze Age collapse
392:Bronze Age Collapse
322:Latakia Governorate
201:Bronze Age Collapse
133: /
99:Latakia Governorate
32:
9047:Sumerian King List
8861:Palaestina Secunda
8738:Palaestina Secunda
8568:
8299:Alexander Jannaeus
8198:
8188:Hellenistic Period
8014:
7782:
7760:Humban-haltash III
7724:Nabu-shuma-ukin II
7672:
7637:Tukulti-Ninurta II
7618:Kingdom of Samaria
7514:Mar-biti-apla-usur
7511:Shirikti-shuqamuna
7481:Neo-Elamite period
7464:Marduk-shapik-zeri
7449:Itti-Marduk-balatu
7430:Tiglath-Pileser II
7427:Ashur-resh-ishi II
7382:Enlil-kudurri-usur
7073:Zababa-shuma-iddin
7058:Kadashman-Harbe II
7043:Kadashman-Enlil II
6988:
6961:
6904:
6733:
6719:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
6716:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
6707:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
6466:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
6340:
5994:
5369:Lugal-kinishe-dudu
4750:Old Elamite period
4642:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
4495:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
4412:Jemdet Nasr period
4356:
3886:Herodian Tetrarchy
3002:Pictures from 2009
1698:'s conflicts with
1682:", the "Legend of
1675:
1226:
1214:
1204:and Minet el Beida
1190:
1173:
1156:
1127:
1087:Kadashman-Harbe II
1070:
944:
706:
444:
247:Public access
70:Shown within Syria
30:
9097:
9096:
9091:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9074:978-1-62564-606-4
9059:Unger, Merrill F.
9027:978-0-14-193825-7
8997:978-1-60606-649-2
8764:Province of Egypt
8695:Province of Egypt
8475:Province of Egypt
8217:Antigonid dynasty
8017:Achaemenid Empire
7938:Nebuchadnezzar II
7846:Ashur-nadin-shumi
7715:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
7687:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
7502:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
7470:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
7461:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
7403:Asharid-apal-Ekur
7400:Tiglath-Pileser I
7397:Ashur-resh-ishi I
7385:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
7373:Tukulti-Ninurta I
7320:Kingdom of Israel
7288:Osorkon the Elder
7209:Shutrukid dynasty
7094:Igehalkid dynasty
7061:Adad-shuma-iddina
7055:Enlil-nadin-shumi
7022:Kadashman-Enlil I
7016:Kadashman-harbe I
6460:Sukkalmah dynasty
6324:Isin-Larsa period
6146:Shimashki Dynasty
5872:Puzur-Inshushinak
5471:Netjerkare Siptah
5241:Neferirkare Kakai
4786:Egyptian pyramids
3995:Ancient Near East
3960:
3959:
3901:Nabataean Kingdom
3876:Hasmonean dynasty
3871:Ghassanid Kingdom
3584:Achaemenid Empire
3420:Ib'al Confederacy
3059:Kish civilization
2932:978-3-7001-7998-6
2920:978-2-35159-180-2
2875:978-1-61491-075-6
2661:978-2-35159-756-9
2599:978-1-885923-54-7
2030:978-90-04-28147-9
1979:978-0-521-68498-9
1937:978-90-04-28145-5
1833:978-1-57506-029-3
1806:978-0-203-83057-4
1768:978-1-59856-820-2
1639:(VSO)&(SOV);
1554:Ugaritic language
1544:Ugaritic language
1538:Ugaritic language
1511:Ugaritic alphabet
1505:Ugaritic alphabet
1496:
1495:
1258:Mycenaean pottery
1074:Akkadian language
1054:Cuneiform tablets
928:
927:
888:Addressee of the
605:
604:
567:
566:
406:Middle Bronze Age
354:Kingdom of Ugarit
254:
253:
137:35.602°N 35.782°E
18:Kingdom of Ugarit
16:(Redirected from
9177:
9079:
9078:
9055:
9049:
9043:
9032:
9031:
9008:
9002:
9001:
8980:Thomas, Ariane;
8977:
8971:
8970:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8941:
8935:
8932:
8917:
8907:
8857:Palaestina Prima
8803:Byzantine Empire
8734:Palaestina Prima
8721:Byzantine Empire
8700:Syria Palaestina
8665:Palmyrene Empire
8651:Bahram VI Chobin
8514:Syria Palaestina
8302:Salome Alexandra
8285:Kingdom of Judea
8271:Diodotus Tryphon
8126:Cleopatra I Syra
8102:Ptolemy Keraunos
7870:Ashur-uballit II
7867:Sin-shumu-lishir
7861:Ashur-etil-ilani
7816:Sargonid dynasty
7709:Marduk-apla-usur
7690:Nabu-apla-iddina
7684:Shamash-mudammiq
7640:Ashurnasirpal II
7623:Kingdom of Judah
7467:Adad-apla-iddina
7458:Enlil-nadin-apli
7455:Nebuchadnezzar I
7379:Ashur-nirari III
7376:Ashur-nadin-apli
7214:Shutruk-Nakhunte
7099:Untash-Napirisha
7088:Kidinuid dynasty
6686:Shamshi-Adad III
6394:Dynasty of Larsa
6212:
6100:
6095:
5923:
5776:Shar-Kali-Sharri
5710:Neferkare Tereru
5698:Neferkare Khendu
5652:
5647:
5478:
5437:Kiku-siwe-tempti
5324:
5319:
5174:
5103:Kish III dynasty
5073:
5004:
4917:
4912:
4817:(2600–2340 BCE)
4782:
4745:
4740:
4730:
4725:
4669:(2700–2600 BCE)
4526:(2900–2700 BCE)
4520:
4437:(3100–2700 BCE)
4416:(3100–2900 BCE)
4170:
4157:
4145:
4121:(4000–2900 BCE)
4110:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3911:Palmyrene Empire
3881:Herodian kingdom
3855:Byzantine Empire
3670:Israel (Samaria)
3031:
3024:
3017:
3008:
3007:
2831:Sznycer, Maurice
2804:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2774:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2663:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
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2390:
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2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2350:
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2340:
2334:
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2313:
2307:
2304:
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2289:
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2280:
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2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2197:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
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2161:
2158:
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2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2051:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2016:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1790:
1773:
1772:
1752:
1578:Classical Arabic
1548:Ugaritic grammar
1488:
1481:
1474:
1298:
1284:
1283:
965:Claude Schaeffer
939:Entrance to the
916:Contemporary of
871:Contemporary of
835:Contemporary of
815:Contemporary of
761:
760:
715:Mycenaean period
524:
516:
515:
510:Ruins of Ugarit.
508:
496:
495:
385:
382:
307:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
224:Claude Schaeffer
148:
147:
145:
144:
143:
138:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
110:Fertile Crescent
89:
65:
64:
58:
33:
29:
21:
9185:
9184:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9093:
9092:
9083:
9082:
9075:
9056:
9052:
9044:
9035:
9028:
9009:
9005:
8998:
8978:
8974:
8965:
8964:
8960:
8942:
8938:
8933:
8929:
8866:Byzantine Syria
8852:Byzantine Egypt
8827:Farrukh Hormizd
8787:
8783:
8780:Sasanian Empire
8766:
8762:
8743:Byzantine Syria
8729:Byzantine Egypt
8668:
8560:
8556:
8553:Sasanian Empire
8473:
8378:Mithridates III
8358:
8355:Parthian Empire
8288:
8227:Seleucid Empire
8224:
8214:
8190:
8099:Ptolemy I Soter
8097:
8094:Ptolemaic Egypt
8066:
8060:
8020:
8002:
7998:
7996:Kings of Byblos
7987:
7959:
7933:
7904:
7898:
7872:
7852:Mushezib-Marduk
7822:Tiglath-Pileser
7820:
7811:
7788:
7774:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7729:
7727:Nabu-mukin-zeri
7721:Nabu-nadin-zeri
7706:Marduk-bel-zeri
7699:Baba-aha-iddina
7676:
7653:Adad-nirari III
7643:Shalmaneser III
7632:
7621:
7620:
7607:
7601:
7600:
7598:Menkheperre Ini
7575:
7568:
7567:
7531:
7517:Nabû-mukin-apli
7494:
7483:(1100–540 BCE)
7476:Nabu-shum-libur
7444:
7421:Ashur-nirari IV
7415:Ashurnasirpal I
7412:Shamshi-Adad IV
7358:Ashur-uballit I
7353:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7306:Kings of Byblos
7304:
7274:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7229:
7228:
7212:
7206:
7174:
7161:
7160:
7142:Neferneferuaten
7102:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7085:
7084:(1500–1100 BCE)
7076:Enlil-nadin-ahi
7064:Adad-shuma-usur
7052:Kashtiliashu IV
7040:Kadashman-Turgu
7025:Burnaburiash II
7004:Kashtiliash III
6996:
6973:
6967:
6937:
6936:(1600–1260 BCE)
6935:
6905:
6896:
6890:
6878:
6872:
6868:
6862:
6858:
6852:
6832:
6827:Peshgaldaramesh
6822:
6812:
6802:
6798:Sealand Dynasty
6795:
6792:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6747:
6740:
6738:
6713:Ashur-nirari II
6692:Puzur-Ashur III
6680:Shamshi-Adad II
6651:
6649:
6647:Adaside dynasty
6644:
6643:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6565:
6556:
6550:
6539:
6535:
6533:Kings of Byblos
6531:
6525:
6514:
6477:
6464:
6463:
6445:Uruk VI dynasty
6443:
6392:
6343:Dynasty of Isin
6333:
6327:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6259:
6253:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6213:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6164:
6158:
6140:
6101:
6089:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6051:
6041:
6027:
6011:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5984:
5977:
5973:
5959:
5955:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5914:
5905:(2150–2000 BCE)
5886:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5818:
5814:
5802:
5798:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5750:
5740:
5695:Djedkare Shemai
5684:
5678:
5672:
5658:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5604:Sargon of Akkad
5602:
5601:
5598:Akkadian Empire
5590:(2340–2150 BCE)
5588:Akkadian Period
5575:
5571:
5559:
5555:
5534:
5522:
5512:
5508:
5491:
5487:
5473:
5451:
5430:
5428:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5380:
5371:
5357:
5353:
5341:
5337:
5325:
5296:
5293:
5287:
5275:
5266:
5233:
5232:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5176:
5175:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5152:
5151:
5135:
5132:
5120:
5116:
5105:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5051:(2500-539 BCE)
5039:
5035:
5005:
4999:
4992:
4986:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4756:
4755:
4754:(2700–1500 BCE)
4753:
4701:
4690:
4653:("conqueror of
4639:
4623:
4616:
4606:
4592:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4538:
4535:
4515:
4451:
4450:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4415:
4357:
4343:
4330:
4271:
4202:
4191:
4185:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4138:(4000–3100 BCE)
4137:
4131:
4105:
4099:
4071:
4052:
4042:
4015:
4013:
3997:
3991:
3961:
3956:
3935:
3926:Sasanian Empire
3921:Seleucid Empire
3916:Parthian Empire
3866:Emesene Dynasty
3829:
3675:Israel (united)
3590:Aramaean states
3570:
3117:Akkadian Empire
3103:
3045:
3035:
2967:
2962:
2813:
2811:Further reading
2808:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1826:. Eisenbrauns.
1818:
1814:
1807:
1791:
1776:
1769:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1712:
1680:Legend of Keret
1663:
1657:
1550:
1542:Main articles:
1540:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1463:
1454:Legend of Keret
1433:
1390:
1331:
1282:
1254:Cypriot pottery
1206:
1165:
1132:Amarna archives
1119:
1113:
1062:
1056:
933:
901:c. 1225–1215 BC
885:c. 1235–1225 BC
868:c. 1260–1235 BC
852:c. 1313–1260 BC
832:c. 1315–1313 BC
812:c. 1350–1315 BC
755:
719:mainland Greece
641:Suppiluliuma II
611:
554:
537:
509:
494:
436:
434:Late Bronze Age
408:
383:
350:late bronze age
334:
291:
264:
260:
190:Late Bronze Age
141:
139:
135:
132:
127:
124:
122:
120:
119:
74:
73:
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71:
68:
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66:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9183:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9125:Ancient Levant
9122:
9117:
9112:
9095:
9094:
9089:
9088:
9085:
9084:
9081:
9080:
9073:
9050:
9033:
9026:
9003:
8996:
8982:Potts, Timothy
8972:
8958:
8936:
8926:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8911:
8900:
8899:
8892:
8885:
8878:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8854:
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8847:
8806:
8799:
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8776:
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8657:
8656:
8549:
8545:
8544:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8507:
8506:
8501:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8465:
8464:
8457:
8456:30 BCE–116 CE
8453:
8452:
8390:Mithridates IV
8372:Mithridates II
8351:
8313:
8308:Aristobulus II
8281:
8277:
8276:
8201:Argead dynasty
8185:
8090:Argead dynasty
8086:
8082:
8081:
8073:
8072:
8052:
8051:
8043:Artaxerxes III
8006:
8004:Kings of Sidon
7993:
7980:
7976:
7975:
7952:
7947:Labashi-Marduk
7926:
7891:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7849:Nergal-ushezib
7804:
7785:Black Pharaohs
7767:
7763:
7762:
7730:
7703:Ninurta-apla-X
7664:
7662:Ashur-nirari V
7656:Shalmaneser IV
7646:Shamshi-Adad V
7634:Adad-nirari II
7625:
7615:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7489:
7485:
7484:
7478:
7435:
7418:Shalmaneser II
7406:Ashur-bel-kala
7394:Mutakkil-Nusku
7350:Middle Assyria
7346:
7339:
7314:Kings of Sidon
7297:
7221:
7220:1155–1025 BCE
7217:
7216:
7203:Elamite Empire
7199:
7166:
7165:
7157:Hittite Empire
7153:
7121:
7120:
7105:
7104:
7078:
7067:Meli-Shipak II
7037:Nazi-Maruttash
7001:Burnaburiash I
6980:
6952:
6951:1531–1155 BCE
6948:
6947:
6928:
6883:
6843:
6842:
6789:
6725:
6710:Enlil-Nasir II
6689:Ashur-nirari I
6683:Ishme-Dagan II
6674:Sharma-Adad II
6626:Ashur-apla-idi
6617:1735–1701 BCE)
6596:Ashur-apla-idi
6578:Shamshi-Adad I
6573:1808–1736 BCE)
6558:
6553:Yamhad dynasty
6543:
6541:Kings of Sidon
6520:
6507:
6506:1800–1595 BCE
6503:
6502:
6469:
6468:
6456:
6320:
6310:Puzur-Ashur II
6277:
6220:
6187:
6186:
6181:Mentuhotep III
6150:
6149:
6132:
6127:
6119:
6118:2025-1763 BCE
6115:
6114:
6086:Ur III dynasty
6082:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6043:
6032:Neferkare VIII
6020:
6016:
6015:
6008:
6007:
5979:
5965:
5963:
5950:
5936:Gutian dynasty
5932:
5908:
5907:
5899:
5894:Nebkaure Khety
5888:Meryibre Khety
5879:
5875:
5874:
5857:
5824:
5822:
5806:
5779:
5778:
5772:
5743:
5733:
5719:Neferkamin Anu
5692:Neferkare Neby
5665:
5661:
5660:
5656:Lugal-ushumgal
5653:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5612:
5593:
5592:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5563:
5550:
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5544:
5543:
5538:
5529:
5524:
5516:
5503:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5489:Lugalannemundu
5479:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5420:
5403:
5384:
5375:
5366:
5361:
5345:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5310:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5289:
5280:
5279:
5270:
5261:
5256:Djedkare Isesi
5253:Menkauhor Kaiu
5225:
5221:
5220:
5197:
5180:
5156:
5154:Pabilgagaltuku
5143:
5138:
5124:
5113:Akshak dynasty
5109:
5100:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5028:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4953:
4938:Enun-dara-anna
4933:
4932:
4893:
4876:
4861:
4843:
4841:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4765:
4761:
4760:
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4707:
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4562:Kullassina-bel
4547:
4539:
4528:
4527:
4521:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4417:
4408:
4403:
4354:Narmer Palette
4336:
4335:3100–2900 BCE
4332:
4331:
4264:
4194:
4193:
4178:
4177:3200–3100 BCE
4174:
4173:
4160:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4111:
4092:
4091:4000–3200 BCE
4088:
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4077:
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4066:
4061:
4056:
4046:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
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3999:
3998:
3993:Rulers of the
3990:
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3947:Amarna letters
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821:Suppiluliuma I
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477:Hittite Empire
453:Amarna letters
435:
432:
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384: 1450 BC
361:Hittite Empire
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326:Ugaritic texts
252:
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9012:Roux, Georges
9007:
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8993:
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8839:Yazdegerd III
8837:
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8771:Sahralanyozan
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8527:Mithridates V
8525:
8524:Sinatruces II
8520:
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8509:
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8489:
8486:
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8447:Artabanus III
8445:
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8417:Tiridates III
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8360:Mithridates I
8357:
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8332:
8329:
8326:
8323:
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8297:
8296:Aristobulus I
8294:
8293:John Hyrcanus
8291:
8287:
8286:
8279:
8278:
8275:
8272:
8269:
8266:
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8262:Alexander III
8260:
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8247:Antiochus III
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8206:Alexander III
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8000:Kings of Tyre
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7823:
7819:
7817:
7810:
7809:
7803:
7800:
7797:
7794:
7791:
7786:
7778:
7773:
7772:
7764:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7736:
7735:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7701:(five kings)
7700:
7697:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7675:
7669:
7663:
7660:
7659:Ashur-Dan III
7657:
7654:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7631:
7630:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7606:
7605:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7574:
7573:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7530:
7529:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7499:Ea-mukin-zeri
7497:
7496:Simbar-shipak
7493:
7488:1025–934 BCE
7487:
7486:
7482:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7443:
7441:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7424:Ashur-rabi II
7422:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7409:Eriba-Adad II
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7370:Shalmaneser I
7368:
7367:Adad-nirari I
7365:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7352:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7321:
7315:
7311:
7310:Kings of Tyre
7307:
7303:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7249:Ramesses VIII
7247:
7244:
7241:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7227:
7226:
7219:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7204:
7198:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7164:
7159:
7158:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7131:Amenhotep III
7129:
7126:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7089:
7082:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6993:
6985:
6979:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6965:
6957:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6900:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6850:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6837:Melamkurkurra
6835:
6831:
6830:Ayadaragalama
6828:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6807:Itti-ili-nibi
6805:
6801:
6799:
6788:
6783:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6744:
6737:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6701:Ashur-shaduni
6699:
6696:
6695:Enlil-nasir I
6693:
6690:
6687:
6684:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6659:Sharma-Adad I
6657:
6654:
6650:1700–722 BCE)
6648:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6581:Ishme-Dagan I
6579:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6554:
6549:
6548:
6542:
6538:
6537:Kings of Tyre
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6512:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6494:Amenemhat III
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6467:
6462:
6461:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6337:
6331:
6326:
6325:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6286:Puzur-Ashur I
6283:
6282:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6251:
6245:
6237:
6233:
6228:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6193:
6192:Third Eblaite
6188:
6185:
6184:Mentuhotep IV
6182:
6179:
6178:Mentuhotep II
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6137:
6131:
6126:
6124:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6035:Wahkare Khety
6033:
6030:
6026:
6025:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5937:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5903:Ur III period
5898:
5895:
5892:
5891:Neferkare VII
5889:
5885:
5884:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5838:Ur-Ningirsu I
5835:
5831:
5829:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5749:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5670:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5521:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5477:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5373:Lugal-kisalsi
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5150:
5148:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4762:
4759:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4593:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4566:Nangishlishma
4563:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4534:
4533:First Eblaite
4529:
4525:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4492:Seth-Peribsen
4490:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4453:Hotepsekhemwy
4449:
4448:
4440:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4421:Proto-Elamite
4414:
4413:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4323:Double Falcon
4321:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4169:
4164:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3835:Classical Age
3832:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Aram-Damascus
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:First Babylon
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2958:1-56563-575-2
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:0-521-87933-7
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:1-58983-026-1
2907:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2896:3-534-08778-X
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:3-460-04041-6
2882:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:0-691-02591-6
2853:
2849:
2848:Drews, Robert
2846:
2843:
2842:3-8053-3281-5
2839:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:Caquot, André
2825:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2800:
2791:
2785:
2784:9780520039995
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2714:
2708:
2707:90-04-10988-9
2704:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2677:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2514:
2505:
2498:
2497:3-601-00536-0
2494:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2242:1-57506-143-0
2239:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2212:
2206:
2205:9789004099951
2202:
2196:
2194:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2049:0-8018-4251-4
2046:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:0-521-68498-6
1968:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1910:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1853:9788291626031
1850:
1843:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1808:
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1798:
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1627:
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1611:
1607:
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1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1532:Unicode block
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:Tale of Aqhat
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:Hurrian songs
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:Ammittamru II
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1169:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
984:
983:
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
960:
958:
954:
950:
949:Alawite State
942:
937:
923:
919:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
891:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
874:
870:
867:
865:
864:Ammittamru II
862:
861:
858:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
842:
838:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
822:
818:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
789:
787:
784:
783:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
763:
762:
759:
750:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
702:
697:
692:
690:
687:The ruler of
684:
679:
677:
671:
666:
662:
660:
653:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
628:
623:
621:
617:
610:
600:
598:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
579:
576:
575:
570:
560:
556:
555:
550:
547:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
532:
529:
528:
521:
518:
517:
513:
507:
502:
497:
489:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:Amenhotep III
466:
461:
458:
454:
450:
440:
431:
429:
428:Amenemhet III
425:
421:
417:
413:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
378:
374:
371:(then called
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
303:
297:
258:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:, Hellenistic
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
146:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
85:
81:
77:
57:
48:
41:
34:
19:
9063:
9053:
9017:Ancient Iraq
9016:
9006:
8986:
8975:
8961:
8952:
8939:
8930:
8894:
8887:
8880:
8809:Ardashir III
8801:
8778:
8719:
8687:Roman Empire
8685:
8663:
8621:Yazdegerd II
8551:
8542:Artabanus IV
8539:Vologases VI
8530:Vologases IV
8461:Roman Empire
8459:
8444:Vologases II
8420:Artabanus II
8414:Artabanus II
8399:Tiridates II
8387:Phraates III
8353:
8290:Simon Thassi
8283:
8265:Demetrius II
8253:Antiochus IV
8244:Seleucus III
8238:Antiochus II
8225:
8215:
8212:Alexander IV
8199:
8187:
8171:Ptolemy XIII
8153:Berenice III
8147:Cleopatra IV
8088:
8085:331–141 BCE
8076:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8034:Artaxerxes I
8015:
7982:
7979:539–331 BCE
7954:
7935:Nabopolassar
7928:
7899:
7893:
7890:626–539 BCE
7858:Ashurbanipal
7813:
7812:
7806:
7769:
7766:745–609 BCE
7732:
7712:Eriba-Marduk
7673:
7627:
7602:
7570:
7569:
7559:
7548:Shoshenq III
7526:
7523:911–745 BCE
7491:
7473:Marduk-zer-X
7437:
7433:Ashur-dan II
7364:Arik-den-ili
7361:Enlil-nirari
7355:Eriba-Adad I
7348:
7341:
7318:
7299:
7294:Psusennes II
7269:
7268:
7262:
7246:Ramesses VII
7234:Ramesses III
7223:
7207:
7201:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7136:
7125:Amenhotep II
7118:Thutmose III
7092:
7086:
7083:
7034:Kurigalzu II
7028:Kara-hardash
6998:Agum-Kakrime
6989:
6968:
6962:
6930:
6913:'Aper-'Anati
6911:
6906:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6869:
6863:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6810:Damqi-ilishu
6793:
6782:Samsu-Ditana
6764:Sin-muballit
6755:Sin-muballit
6734:
6704:Ashur-rabi I
6569:Shamshi-Adad
6566:
6560:
6545:
6515:
6509:
6497:Amenemhat IV
6491:Senusret III
6485:Amenemhat II
6472:
6458:
6444:
6393:
6390:Damiq-ilishu
6360:Lipit-Eshtar
6341:
6322:
6279:
6247:
6243:
6227:Shakkanakkus
6190:
6166:Mentuhotep I
6159:
6153:
6134:
6121:
6084:
6078:Puzur-Ishtar
6045:
6040:
6022:
5975:Lugalannatum
5967:
5934:
5901:
5881:
5860:Hishep-Ratep
5826:
5808:
5745:
5735:
5689:Neferkare II
5679:
5673:
5667:
5614:
5596:
5586:
5565:
5518:Invasion by
5481:
5446:
5422:
5414:Enannatum II
5378:E-iginimpa'e
5347:
5339:Igrish-Halam
5250:Nyuserre Ini
5227:
5201:Awan dynasty
5199:
5158:
5145:
5126:
5111:
5102:
5086:Ishtup-Ishar
5066:Iku-Shamagan
5062:Ikun-Shamash
5054:
5032:Ur I dynasty
5030:
5023:
5012:
4987:
4981:
4955:
4936:
4895:
4878:
4863:
4845:
4804:
4796:
4767:
4748:
4711:Enmebaragesi
4697:
4678:
4649:
4640:
4633:
4596:
4591:
4571:En-tarah-ana
4556:
4549:
4541:
4531:
4507:
4504:Neferkasokar
4502:
4497:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4445:
4425:
4419:
4410:
4398:
4393:
4344:
4338:
4325:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4252:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4205:Finger Snail
4203:
4197:
4180:
4149:Anu Ziggurat
4132:
4100:
4094:
4012:Territories/
3851:Roman Empire
3843:Ancient Rome
3795:
3770:
3652:
3588:
3556:
3546:
3512:
3488:
3424:
3378:
3230:
3126:
3093:
3069:Chagar Bazar
2799:
2790:
2772:
2761:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2713:
2697:
2676:
2667:
2648:
2639:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2586:
2575:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2513:
2504:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2415:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2348:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2232:
2211:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2127:
2116:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2039:
2020:
2014:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1960:
1955:
1946:
1927:
1909:
1900:
1859:
1842:
1822:
1815:
1796:
1757:
1750:
1690:that detail
1676:
1551:
1508:
1381:Niqmaddu III
1345:Ammittamru I
1327:Royal Palace
1322:Ras Ibn Hani
1287:
1274:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1202:Ras Ibn Hani
1195:
1191:
1188:Dagon temple
1174:
1157:
1128:
1111:Royal palace
1104:Cypro-Minoan
1101:
1096:
1071:
1060:Ugarit texts
1048:Royal Palace
1037:
981:
977:
961:
945:
897:Niqmaddu III
796:Ammittamru I
756:
748:
728:Ramesses III
707:
694:
686:
681:
673:
668:
664:
655:
630:
625:
612:
577:
572:Belligerents
558:
534:
465:Ammittamru I
462:
460:on average.
445:
424:Senusret III
409:
400:
358:
342:Chalcolithic
335:
309:
256:
255:
82:Ras Shamra (
8949:Simpson, W.
8877:639–651 CE
8824:Azarmidokht
8815:Khosrow III
8798:628–641 CE
8754:618–628 CE
8716:395–618 CE
8682:273–395 CE
8670:Vaballathus
8660:270–273 CE
8624:Hormizd III
8609:Yazdegerd I
8600:Ardashir II
8594:Adur Narseh
8548:224–270 CE
8536:Vologases V
8510:117–224 CE
8491:116–117 CE
8438:Vardanes II
8435:Vologases I
8426:Gotarzes II
8396:Phraates IV
8366:Hyspaosines
8305:Hyrcanus II
8280:141–30 BCE
8259:Demetrius I
8256:Antiochus V
8250:Seleucus IV
8241:Seleucus II
8235:Antiochus I
8222:Antigonus I
8174:Ptolemy XIV
8162:Cleopatra V
7944:Neriglissar
7941:Amel-Marduk
7924:Psamtik III
7895:Late Period
7834:Sennacherib
7825:Shalmaneser
7752:Tammaritu I
7649:Shammuramat
7592:Takelot III
7589:Osorkon III
7586:Shoshenq VI
7561:Pedubast II
7551:Shoshenq IV
7539:Shoshenq II
7388:Ashur-dan I
7329:Ish-bosheth
7282:Psusennes I
7258:Ramesses XI
7252:Ramesses IX
7243:Ramesses VI
7237:Ramesses IV
7182:Ramesses II
7145:Tutankhamun
7128:Thutmose IV
7112:Thutmose II
7046:Kudur-Enlil
7031:Nazi-Bugash
7019:Kurigalzu I
7007:Ulamburiash
6978:Amenhotep I
6959:Tutankhamun
6945:Parshatatar
6942:Shuttarna I
6875:Seventeenth
6804:Ilum-ma-ili
6779:Ammi-saduqa
6776:Ammi-ditana
6770:Samsu-iluna
6677:Erishum III
6638:Adad-salulu
6635:Ipqi-Ishtar
6623:Ashur-dugul
6608:Adad-salulu
6605:Ipqi-Ishtar
6593:Ashur-dugul
6562:Old Assyria
6557:(Amorites)
6500:Sobekneferu
6488:Senusret II
6479:Amenemhat I
6451:Sîn-iribam
6428:Sin-Iqisham
6422:Sin-Iddinam
6372:Erra-imitti
6369:Lipit-Enlil
6357:Ishme-Dagan
6354:Iddin-Dagan
6290:Shalim-ahum
6281:Old Assyria
6267:Yasmah-Adad
6244:Lim Dynasty
6236:Hanun-Dagan
6232:Hitial-Erra
5997:Ur-Ningirsu
5953:Kuda (Uruk)
5926:Ishgum-Addu
5916:Ishtup-Ilum
5768:Ishma-Dagan
5753:Shakkanakku
5731:Neferirkare
5728:Neferkauhor
5631:Ili-ishmani
5610:Manishtushu
5573:Lugalzagesi
5569:III dynasty
5553:Puzur-Nirah
5268:Ishar-Malik
5247:Shepseskare
5037:Mesannepada
4962:Nin-kisalsi
4950:Lugal-kitun
4920:Meskalamdug
4906:Ur-Pabilsag
4719:Aga of Kish
4628:Barsal-nuna
4513:Khasekhemwy
4499:Neferkara I
4478:Weneg-Nebty
4456:Nebra/Raneb
4268:Lower Egypt
4254:Scorpion II
4199:Upper Egypt
4151:, 4000 BCE)
4134:Uruk period
3616:Bit Bahiani
3401:Tell Hadidi
1688:Ba'al tales
1574:grammatical
1350:Niqmaddu II
931:Archaeology
808:Niqmaddu II
584:Sea Peoples
549:Sea Peoples
492:Destruction
473:Niqmaddu II
396:Tell Tweini
388:Sea Peoples
346:Bronze Ages
140: /
116:Coordinates
9104:Categories
8833:Khosrow IV
8830:Hormizd VI
8812:Shahrbaraz
8789:Khosrow II
8774:Shahrbaraz
8768:Shahrbaraz
8648:Khosrow II
8645:Hormizd IV
8603:Shapur III
8591:Hormizd II
8585:Bahram III
8570:Ardashir I
8441:Pacorus II
8432:Vonones II
8429:Meherdates
8423:Vardanes I
8408:Orodes III
8405:Phraates V
8384:Sinatruces
8232:Seleucus I
8209:Philip III
8183:Arsinoe IV
8108:Arsinoe II
8049:Darius III
7915:Psamtik II
7855:Esarhaddon
7748:Ummanigash
7718:Nabonassar
7612:Bakenranef
7583:Pedubast I
7580:Takelot II
7577:Harsiese A
7565:Osorkon IV
7557:Shoshenq V
7545:Osorkon II
7533:Shoshenq I
7279:Amenemnisu
7255:Ramesses X
7240:Ramesses V
7188:Amenmesses
7176:Ramesses I
7138:Smenkhkare
7115:Hatshepsut
7109:Thutmose I
7013:Karaindash
6752:Sumu-la-El
6584:Mut-Ashkur
6575:(Amorites)
6482:Senusret I
6441:Rim-Sin II
6431:Silli-Adad
6425:Sin-Eribam
6387:Suen-magir
6384:Ur-du-kuga
6381:Iter-pisha
6375:Enlil-bani
6363:Ur-Ninurta
6351:Shu-Ilishu
6348:Ishbi-Erra
6318:Erishum II
6264:Yahdun-Lim
6261:Yaggid-Lim
6074:Tura-Dagan
6053:Utu-hengal
6029:Meryhathor
6005:Nam-mahani
5971:II dynasty
5940:(21 kings)
5834:Puzer-Mama
5830:II dynasty
5812:IV dynasty
5725:Neferkaure
5722:Qakare Ibi
5713:Neferkahor
5704:Neferkamin
5623:Ilshu-rabi
5514:Ishqi-Mari
5510:Ikun-Ishar
5506:Enna-Dagan
5426:II dynasty
5400:Bara-irnun
5355:Puzur-Suen
5351:IV dynasty
5343:Irkab-Damu
5288:(3 kings)
5214:Ukkutahesh
5187:Meskiagnun
5183:A'annepada
5130:II dynasty
5025:Thamphthis
5021:Shepseskaf
4970:Lugal-dalu
4869:Udulkalama
4849:II dynasty
4791:Sekhemkhet
4699:Lugalbanda
4625:Melem-Kish
4621:En-me-nuna
4406:Canaanites
4400:Horus Bird
4365:Neithhotep
4238:Scorpion I
4188:Naqada III
3803:Carchemish
3784:Nabataeans
3601:Aram Rehob
3369:Carchemish
3179:Third Mari
3159:Third Ebla
3109:Bronze Age
3064:Tell Halaf
3051:Copper Age
1742:References
1606:accusative
1602:nominative
1598:adjectives
1570:Phoenician
1449:Baal Cycle
1270:purple dye
1134:, EA 89,
973:Strasbourg
953:necropolis
913:c. 1200 BC
841:Mursili II
800:c. 1350 BC
775:Niqmaddu I
689:Carchemish
645:the crisis
607:See also:
561:city-state
416:Senusret I
394:. Gibala (
207:Site notes
177:c. 1185 BC
169:c. 7000 BC
156:Settlement
128:35°46′55″E
125:35°36′07″N
8945:Hallo, W.
8842:Peroz III
8676:Antiochus
8642:Khosrow I
8612:Shapur IV
8606:Bahram IV
8597:Shapur II
8582:Bahram II
8576:Hormizd I
8533:Osroes II
8411:Vonones I
8393:Orodes II
8369:Artabanus
8037:Darius II
7964:Phraortes
7950:Nabonidus
7921:Ahmose II
7909:Psamtik I
7802:Tanutamun
7651:(regent)
7542:Takelot I
7536:Osorkon I
7301:Phoenicia
7285:Amenemope
7231:Setnakhte
7185:Merneptah
7134:Akhenaten
6917:Sakir-Har
6855:Sixteenth
6834:Akurduana
6820:Gulkishar
6817:Shushushi
6773:Abi-eshuh
6767:Hammurabi
6749:Sumu-abum
6671:Shu-Ninua
6662:Iptar-Sin
6632:Sin-namir
6629:Nasir-Sin
6620:Puzur-Sin
6602:Sin-namir
6599:Nasir-Sin
6453:Sîn-gāmil
6449:Sîn-kāšid
6437:Rim-Sin I
6434:Warad-Sin
6314:Naram-Sin
6298:Erishum I
6294:Ilu-shuma
6270:Zimri-Lim
6218:Indilimma
6205:Ibbit-Lim
6175:Intef III
6138:invasions
6125:invasions
6070:Ili-Ishar
6066:Iddi-ilum
6059:2100 BCE
6049:V dynasty
6019:2125 BCE
5957:Puzur-ili
5944:La-erabum
5878:2150 BCE
5804:Shu-turul
5797:(3 years)
5764:Shu-Dagan
5664:2200 BCE
5641:Naram-Sin
5637:2250 BCE
5581:2340 BCE
5547:2350 BCE
5541:Luh-ishan
5536:Urukagina
5532:Lugalanda
5501:Isar-Damu
5497:2370 BCE
5443:2380 BCE
5418:Enentarzi
5406:Enannatum
5395:Gishakidu
5359:Ur-Zababa
5335:Adub-Damu
5331:2400 BCE
5304:2425 BCE
5298:Napilhush
5286:invasions
5264:Enar-Damu
5244:Neferefre
5224:2450 BCE
5167:Ur-Nanshe
5162:I dynasty
5149:I dynasty
5090:Ikun-Mari
5049:Phoenicia
5045:2500 BCE
4978:2575 BCE
4946:Melamanna
4930:Akalamdug
4902:A-Imdugud
4865:Ur-Nungal
4852:(5 kings)
4839:Baba-Damu
4835:Ibbi-Damu
4764:2600 BCE
4734:Gilgamesh
4692:Iltasadum
4663:2700 BCE
4637:I dynasty
4590:2800 BCE
4553:I dynasty
4509:Hudjefa I
4442:2900 BCE
4388:Semerkhet
4380:(regent)
4367:(regent)
4274:Hedju Hor
4102:Naqada II
3896:Macedonia
3861:Commagene
3789:Qedarites
3727:Phoenicia
3695:Philistia
3611:Bit Agusi
3606:Bit-Adini
3448:Tall Bazi
3342:Phoenicia
3312:Jerusalem
3164:Ekallatum
1649:adjective
1521:-derived
1515:cuneiform
1234:Egyptians
1163:Acropolis
1136:Rib-Hadda
967:from the
857:Ahatmilku
770:Comments
723:Merneptah
711:cuneiform
620:Merenptah
486:Akhenaten
455:found in
412:carnelian
377:Mycenaean
338:Neolithic
239:Ownership
231:Condition
186:Neolithic
174:Abandoned
9061:(2014).
9014:(1992).
8984:(2020).
8951:(1971).
8792:Kavad II
8618:Bahram V
8579:Bahram I
8573:Shapur I
8450:Osroes I
8381:Orodes I
8375:Gotarzes
8363:Phraates
8028:Darius I
8025:Cambyses
7973:Astyages
7970:Cyaxares
7912:Necho II
7843:Bel-ibni
7793:Shebitku
7756:Indabibi
7609:Tefnakht
7151:Horemheb
7010:Agum III
6992:Kassites
6975:Ahmose I
6840:Ea-gamil
6824:DIŠ+U-EN
6814:Ishkibal
6761:Apil-Sin
6743:Amorites
6653:Bel-bani
6528:Biblical
6419:Nur-Adad
6410:Gungunum
6398:Naplanum
6366:Bur-Suen
6330:Amorites
6306:Sargon I
6256:Amorites
6200:Amorites
6172:Intef II
6142:Kindattu
6130:Ibbi-Sin
6109:Amar-Sin
6103:Ur-Nammu
6038:Merykare
5930:Apil-kin
5842:Pirig-me
5820:Ur-gigir
5816:Ur-nigin
5756:dynasty)
5701:Merenhor
5627:Epirmupi
5456:Userkare
5410:Entemena
5387:Ur-Lumma
5382:Meskigal
5313:Eannatum
5308:Kun-Damu
5292:Shushun-
5277:Enakalle
5136:kushanna
5122:Undalulu
5094:Iblul-Il
5018:Menkaure
5014:Bikheris
5007:Djedefre
4966:Me-durba
4891:shaengur
4885:En-hegal
4873:Labashum
4831:Agur-lim
4827:Abur-lim
4806:Qahedjet
4651:Enmerkar
4483:Wadjenes
4473:Horus Sa
4468:Nubnefer
4459:Nynetjer
4433:Susa III
4395:Sneferka
4378:Merneith
4096:Naqada I
3818:Palistin
3778:Itureans
3576:Iron Age
3380:Hurrians
3122:Alashiya
3074:Hamoukar
1710:See also
1614:singular
1610:genitive
1582:Akkadian
1519:Egyptian
1499:Alphabet
1419:Pantheon
1409:Language
1404:Alphabet
1386:Ammurapi
1246:Hurrians
1242:Hittites
1238:Cypriots
1078:Ugaritic
909:Ammurapi
740:Ammurapi
650:Alashiya
648:king of
633:Ammurapi
597:Ammurabi
530:Location
481:Karkemiš
449:Ashkelon
373:Alashiya
310:ʾUgarītu
306:𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚
302:Ugaritic
95:Location
88:رأس شمرة
37:𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚
8845:Narsieh
8673:Zenobia
8654:Vistahm
8639:Kavad I
8633:Kavad I
8627:Peroz I
8615:Khosrow
7961:Deioces
7918:Wahibre
7906:Necho I
7799:Taharqa
7796:Shabaka
7780:Taharqa
7744:Teumman
7595:Rudamun
7337:Solomon
7276:Smendes
7197:Twosret
7191:Seti II
6932:Mitanni
6926:Khamudi
6880:Dynasty
6870:Dynasty
6860:Dynasty
6698:Nur-ili
6668:Lullaya
6571:dynasty
6523:Abraham
6413:Abisare
6378:Zambiya
6272:(Queen
6224:Amorite
6195:Kingdom
6169:Intef I
6136:Elamite
6123:Amorite
6112:Shu-Sin
6013:Tirigan
5982:Ur-Baba
5912:Nûr-Mêr
5850:Lu-gula
5846:Lu-Baba
5760:Ididish
5741:Kingdom
5738:Eblaite
5736:Second
5686:Menkare
5561:Shu-Sin
5557:Ishu-Il
5485:dynasty
5465:Pepi II
5398:(Queen
5284:Elamite
5235:Userkaf
5178:Akurgal
5107:Ku-Baba
4923:(Queen
4859:Mesilim
4794:Sanakht
4784:(First
4601:Zuqaqip
4598:Kalumum
4583:Kalibum
4579:Puannum
4536:Kingdom
4385:Anedjib
4369:Hor-Aha
4314:Nat-Hor
4247:Iry-Hor
4243:Shendjw
4215:Pen-Abu
4163:Susa II
3940:Sources
3906:Osroene
3705:Ascalon
3680:Jericho
3558:Nuhašše
3506:Suteans
3444:Armanum
3396:Mitanni
3391:Nuhašše
3352:Shechem
3332:Megiddo
3327:Lakisha
3317:Kenites
3307:Jericho
3287:Dimasqu
3258:Aštartu
3253:Ascalon
3189:Palmyra
3144:Andarig
3134:Alalakh
3079:Jericho
3041:of the
3039:history
1716:Asherah
1686:", the
1629:aspects
1624:); and
1586:genders
1566:Aramaic
1414:Grammar
1395:Culture
1374:Ibiranu
1362:Niqmepa
1357:Arhalba
881:Ibiranu
848:Niqmepa
837:Hittite
828:Arhalba
817:Hittite
785:Yaqarum
767:Reigned
736:Twosret
637:Hittite
601:unknown
551:victory
525:1190 BC
332:History
318:Latakia
182:Periods
166:Founded
161:History
101:, Syria
44:{{{1}}}
9110:Ugarit
9071:
9024:
8994:
8636:Jamasp
8630:Balash
8588:Narseh
8499:Trajan
8497:under
8031:Xerxes
7967:Madyes
7831:Sargon
7291:Siamun
7194:Siptah
7179:Seti I
7163:Ugarit
6908:Semqen
6893:Hyksos
6865:Abydos
6758:Sabium
6665:Bazaya
6656:Libaya
6590:Asinum
6587:Rimush
6547:Yamhad
6439:(...)
6416:Sumuel
6407:Zabaia
6404:Samium
6401:Emisum
6302:Ikunum
6274:Shibtu
6215:Immeya
6106:Shulgi
6001:Ur-gar
5961:Ur-Utu
5828:Lagash
5707:Nikare
5619:Eshpum
5607:Rimush
5459:Pepi I
5294:tarana
5238:Sahure
5218:Hishur
5195:Balulu
5160:Lagash
5141:Mug-si
5134:Ensha-
5082:Sa'umu
5010:Khafre
4994:Snefru
4942:Mes-he
4889:Lugal-
4880:Lagash
4823:Sagisu
4775:Djoser
4684:Tizqar
4655:Aratta
4611:Arwium
4608:Mashda
4558:Jushur
4488:Senedj
4427:period
4359:Narmer
4309:Wazner
4284:Hsekiu
4279:Ny-Hor
4258:Narmer
4228:Canide
4219:Animal
4125:Susa I
4075:Lagash
4049:Akshak
4024:Canaan
3891:Iturea
3823:Pattin
3813:Luhuti
3808:Kummuh
3747:Tartus
3700:Ashdod
3654:Canaan
3631:Sam'al
3626:Hamath
3621:Geshur
3547:Ugarit
3537:Tadmor
3520:ʿApiru
3501:Aḫlamū
3496:ʿApiru
3482:Tuttul
3437:Aleppo
3410:Naziba
3347:Qadesh
3337:Midian
3322:Kumidi
3297:Gibeon
3277:Beruta
3272:Hauran
3268:Bashan
3263:Azzati
3238:Amalek
3209:Yamhad
3199:Ṭābetu
3184:Mukish
3139:Amurru
3099:Urkesh
3094:Ugarit
3084:Byblos
3043:Levant
2956:
2943:
2930:
2918:
2908:
2894:
2883:
2873:
2854:
2840:
2829:&
2782:
2705:
2659:
2631:
2597:
2495:
2240:
2203:
2047:
2027:
1977:
1969:
1934:
1851:
1830:
1803:
1765:
1622:plural
1620:, and
1608:, and
1568:, and
1562:Hebrew
1303:Places
1288:Ugarit
1262:Hathor
1250:Aegean
1248:, and
1171:Ugarit
1140:Byblos
873:Amurru
839:ruler
819:ruler
753:Rulers
670:aware!
639:king,
578:Ugarit
559:Ugarit
542:Result
535:Ugarit
369:Cyprus
257:Ugarit
242:Public
197:Events
106:Region
84:Arabic
31:Ugarit
8836:Boran
8818:Boran
8705:Syria
8485:Syria
8480:Judea
8022:Cyrus
7740:Urtak
7333:David
6939:Kirta
6923:Apepi
6920:Khyan
6641:Adasi
6611:Adasi
6239:(...)
5986:Gudea
5948:Si'um
5897:Setut
5868:Khita
5854:Ka-ku
5795:Ilulu
5791:Nanum
5783:Igigi
5527:Ukush
5429:Nanni
5191:Elulu
5078:Ansud
4997:Khufu
4925:Puabi
4802:Khaba
4798:Nebka
4680:Zamug
4618:Balih
4614:Etana
4575:Babum
4362:Menes
4304:Neheb
4299:Thesh
4289:Khayu
4262:Menes
4223:Stork
4054:Akkad
4044:Assur
4019:Egypt
4014:dates
3772:Arabs
3757:Sidon
3742:Gebal
3737:Arwad
3732:Amrit
3710:Ekron
3685:Judah
3660:Ammon
3636:Zobah
3542:Tunip
3530:Shutu
3525:Shasu
3490:Suhum
3477:Nagar
3467:Terqa
3463:Khana
3386:Urshu
3357:Sidon
3302:Hazor
3292:Gezer
3282:Gebal
3248:Arwad
3226:Barga
3194:Qatna
3174:Kurda
1696:Hadad
1684:Danel
1594:nouns
1590:cases
1439:Texts
1336:Kings
1312:Salhi
1040:Dagon
922:Egypt
764:Ruler
676:Ra’šu
659:Lukka
420:stela
365:Egypt
314:Syria
234:Ruins
9069:ISBN
9045:Per
9022:ISBN
8992:ISBN
8402:Musa
8092:and
7790:Piye
7554:Pami
7325:Saul
6250:Mari
6047:Uruk
5969:Umma
5864:Helu
5810:Uruk
5800:Dudu
5567:Uruk
5520:Mari
5483:Adab
5453:Teti
5364:Urur
5349:Kish
5259:Unas
5210:Tata
5206:Peli
5147:Umma
5128:Uruk
5118:Unzi
5098:Nizi
4957:Adab
4855:Uhub
4847:Kish
4810:Huni
4688:Ilku
4635:Uruk
4604:Atab
4551:Kish
4391:Qa'a
4375:Djet
4372:Djer
4327:Wash
4319:Mekh
4233:Bull
4210:Fish
4085:Elam
4069:Umma
4064:Adab
4059:Uruk
4039:Kish
4034:Mari
4029:Ebla
3752:Tyre
3720:Gaza
3715:Gath
3690:Moab
3665:Edom
3564:Niya
3514:Amqu
3472:Mari
3458:Emar
3453:Ebla
3432:Armi
3415:Niya
3362:Tyre
3243:Arqa
3221:Aram
3216:Amqu
3169:Emar
3149:Apum
3089:Ebla
2976:RSTI
2954:ISBN
2941:ISBN
2928:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2906:ISBN
2892:ISBN
2881:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2838:ISBN
2823:2018
2780:ISBN
2718:2015
2703:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2629:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2518:2023
2493:ISBN
2439:2010
2429:2007
2353:1974
2343:1973
2238:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2111:1968
2065:2021
2045:ISBN
2025:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1881:2021
1866:2022
1849:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1702:and
1692:Baal
1671:Baal
1645:noun
1626:verb
1618:dual
1596:and
1592:for
1580:and
1546:and
1144:Tyre
1083:Emar
1044:Baal
1042:and
519:Date
426:and
418:. A
344:and
153:Type
6248:of
5787:Imi
5273:Ush
4382:Den
4294:Tiu
3552:Upu
1704:Mot
1700:Yam
1138:of
971:in
920:of
732:Bay
250:Yes
9106::
9036:^
8947:;
8859:,
8736:,
8230::
8220::
8204::
7992:)
7787:")
7783:("
7442:")
7148:Ay
6895:")
6891:("
6800:")
6796:("
6396::
6346::
6276:)
6148:)
5793:,
5789:,
5785:,
5424:Ur
5402:)
5391:Il
4897:Ur
4686:,
4682:,
4657:")
4581:,
4577:,
4560:,
4463:Ba
4260:/
4250:Ka
4080:Ur
3853:-
3849:-
2685:^
2559:^
2453:^
2403:^
2220:^
2192:^
2070:^
2055:^
1973:,
1918:^
1886:^
1871:^
1777:^
1669:A
1635:,
1616:,
1604:,
1564:,
1244:,
1240:,
1236:,
523:c.
381:c.
356:.
308:,
304::
300:;
296:-/
293:uː
278:ɑː
269:uː
188:,
86::
9077:.
9030:.
9000:.
8761:)
8757:(
8472:)
8468:(
7988:(
7818:)
7814:(
6994:)
6745:)
6741:(
6645:(
6567:(
6555:)
6551:(
6530:)
6526:(
6332:)
6328:(
6258:)
6254:(
6229:)
6222:(
6202:)
6198:(
6144:(
5751:(
4927:)
4788:)
4568:,
4435:)
4431:(
4190:)
4186:(
4147:(
4051:/
4041:/
3986:e
3979:t
3972:v
3857:)
3845:(
3780:?
3465:/
3446:/
3270:/
3030:e
3023:t
3016:v
2922:.
2898:.
2887:.
2844:.
2499:.
2033:.
1940:.
1836:.
1809:.
1771:.
1694:-
1647:–
1600:(
1487:e
1480:t
1473:v
586:)
290:,
287:t
284:ɪ
281:r
275:ɡ
272:ˈ
266:j
263:/
259:(
90:)
20:)
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