3999:
for best fuel economy. For truck buyers the fuel economy measured by standard procedures is only a first guideline. Professional trucking companies measure the fuel economy of their trucks and truck fleets in real usage. Fuel economy of trucks in real usage is determined by four important factors: The truck technology that is constantly improved by the various OEMs. The driver's driving style contributes a lot to the real fuel economy (different from the test cycles where a standard driving style is used). The maintenance condition of the vehicle influences the fuel efficiency – again different from standardized procedures where the trucks are always presented in flawless condition. Last but not least the usage of the vehicle influences the fuel consumption: Hilly roads and heavy loads will increase the fuel consumption of a vehicle.
3925:
3806:(MPG-e) and for gasoline-only mode expressed in conventional miles per gallon. EPA also estimated an overall combined city/highway gas-electricity fuel economy rating expressed in miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (MPG-e). The label also includes a table showing fuel economy and electricity consumed for five different scenarios: 30 miles (48 km), 45 miles (72 km), 60 miles (97 km) and 75 miles (121 km) driven between a full charge, and a never charge scenario. This information was included to make the consumers aware of the variability of the fuel economy outcome depending on miles driven between charges. Also the fuel economy for a gasoline-only scenario (never charge) was included. For electric-only mode the energy consumption estimated in
1103:
1995:, the inertial energy could be completely recovered, but there are few options for reducing aerodynamic drag or rolling resistance other than optimizing the vehicle's shape and the tire design. Road load energy or the energy demanded at the wheels, can be calculated by evaluating the vehicle equation of motion over a specific driving cycle. The vehicle powertrain must then provide this minimum energy to move the vehicle and will lose a large amount of additional energy in the process of converting fuel energy into work and transmitting it to the wheels. Overall, the sources of energy loss in moving a vehicle may be summarized as follows:
3916:
unaware of this, and therefore compare MPG values by subtracting them, which can give a misleading picture of relative differences in fuel economy between different pairs of vehicles – for instance, an increase from 10 to 20 MPG corresponds to a 100% improvement in fuel economy, whereas an increase from 50 to 60 MPG is only a 20% improvement, although in both cases the difference is 10 MPG. The EPA explained that the new gallons-per-100-miles metric provides a more accurate measure of fuel efficiency – notably, it is equivalent to the normal metric measurement of fuel economy, liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km).
5879:
3620:. Its purpose is to discourage the production and purchase of fuel-inefficient vehicles. The tax was phased in over ten years with rates increasing over time. It applies only to manufacturers and importers of vehicles, although presumably some or all of the tax is passed along to automobile consumers in the form of higher prices. Only new vehicles are subject to the tax, so no tax is imposed on used car sales. The tax is graduated to apply a higher tax rate for less-fuel-efficient vehicles. To determine the tax rate, manufacturers test all the vehicles at their laboratories for fuel economy. The US
3752:
1330:
which tend to achieve greater fuel efficiency than gas engines. Selling those cars in the United States is difficult because of emission standards, notes Walter McManus, a fuel economy expert at the
University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. "For the most part, European diesels don’t meet U.S. emission standards", McManus said in 2007. Another reason why many European models are not marketed in the United States is that labor unions object to having the big 3 import any new foreign built models regardless of fuel economy while laying off workers at home.
33:
123:
3990:
that it had abandoned these negotiations. A government report subsequently found that, in 2019, new light-duty vehicle fuel economy fell 0.2 miles per gallon (to 24.9 miles per gallon) and pollution increased 3 grams per mile traveled (to 356 grams per mile). A decrease in fuel economy and an increase in pollution had not occurred for the previous five years. The Obama-era rule was officially rolled back on 31 March 2020 during the Trump administration, but the rollback was reversed on 20 December 2021 during the Biden administration.
3814:
2427:
2076:
commonly only 40–60% efficient, the added load from electronics on the engine can be as high as 3 horsepower (2.2 kW) at any speed including idle. In the FTP 75 cycle test, a 200-watt load on the alternator reduces fuel efficiency by 1.7 mpg. Headlights, for example, consume 110 watts on low and up to 240 watts on high. These electrical loads can cause much of the discrepancy between real-world and EPA tests, which only include the electrical loads required to run the engine and basic climate control.
2238:
3709:
7243:
2538:
1198:
3593:
1146:(USAC) sanctioned and operated the run. In more recent studies, the average fuel economy for new passenger car in the United States improved from 17 mpg (13.8 L/100 km) in 1978 to more than 22 mpg (10.7 L/100 km) in 1982. The average fuel economy for new 2020 model year cars, light trucks and SUVs in the United States was 25.4 miles per US gallon (9.3 L/100 km). 2019 model year cars (ex. EVs) classified as "midsize" by the US EPA ranged from 12 to 56 mpg
3329:
1983:
49:
7247:
3348:
1755:
2293:
3279:
during the summer. The final phase of the test repeats the first eight minutes of the cycle but with a hot engine start. This simulates restarting a vehicle after it has been warmed up, driven and then stopped for a short time. Over five minutes of test time are spent idling, to represent waiting at traffic lights. The ambient temperature of the test cell starts at 20 °C and ends at 30 °C.
3652:
3644:
3911:
traditional miles per gallon metric that can be potentially misleading when consumers compare fuel economy improvements, and known as the "MPG illusion" – this illusion arises because the reciprocal (i.e. non-linear) relationship between cost (equivalently, volume of fuel consumed) per unit distance driven and MPG value means that
1391:(4.50 L/100 km) for the 105 bhp (78 kW) — and heavier — diesel engine. The higher compression ratio is helpful in raising the energy efficiency, but diesel fuel also contains approximately 10% more energy per unit volume than gasoline which contributes to the reduced fuel consumption for a given power output.
3305:, the ambient temperature of the test cell is raised to 35 °C. The vehicle's climate control system is then used to lower the internal cabin temperature. Starting with a warm engine, the test averages 35 km/h and reaches a maximum speed of 88 km/h. Five stops are included, with idling occurring 19% of the time.
3019:, as well as good fleet management, includes record-keeping of the fleet fuel consumption. Quality management uses those figures to steer the measures acting on the fleets. This is a way to check whether procurement, driving, and maintenance in total have contributed to changes in the fleet's overall consumption.
1237:'s 55 mph (89 km/h) speed limit was mandated from 1974 to 1995, there were complaints that fuel economy could decrease instead of increase. The 1997 Toyota Celica got better fuel-efficiency at 105 km/h (65 mph) than it did at 65 km/h (40 mph) (5.41 L/100 km (43.5 mpg
3968:
of 1970 prohibited states from establishing their own air pollution standards. However, the legislation authorized the EPA to grant a waiver to
California, allowing the state to set higher standards. The law provides a “piggybacking” provision that allows other states to adopt vehicle emission limits
3727:
SFTP US06 is a high speed/quick acceleration loop that lasts 10 minutes, covers 8 miles (13 km), averages 48 mph (77 km/h) and reaches a top speed of 80 mph (130 km/h). Four stops are included, and brisk acceleration maximizes at a rate of 8.46 mph (13.62 km/h)
3551:
Starting on 7 April 2008 all cars of up to 3.5 tonnes GVW sold other than private sale need to have a fuel economy sticker applied (if available) that shows the rating from one half star to six stars with the most economic cars having the most stars and the more fuel hungry cars the least, along with
2071:
Cooling. The older cooling systems used a constantly engaged mechanical fan to draw air through the radiator at a rate directly related to the engine speed. This constant load reduces efficiency. More modern systems use electrical fans to draw additional air through the radiator when extra cooling is
3910:
The new labels also include for the first time an estimate of how much fuel or electricity it takes to drive 100 miles (160 km), providing US consumers with fuel consumption per distance traveled, the metric commonly used in many other countries. EPA explained that the objective is to avoid the
3738:
EPA tests for fuel economy do not include electrical load tests beyond climate control, which may account for some of the discrepancy between EPA and real world fuel-efficiency. A 200 W electrical load can produce a 0.4 km/L (0.94 mpg) reduction in efficiency on the FTP 75 cycle test.
3529:
and consist of 25 tests which cover idling, acceleration, steady running and deceleration, and simulate typical
Japanese urban and/or expressway driving conditions. The running pattern begins with a warm start, lasts for 660 seconds (11 minutes) and runs at speeds up to 70 km/h (43.5 mph).
3446:
The ASA have said that car manufacturers can use "cheats" to prepare their vehicles for their compulsory fuel efficiency and emissions tests in a way set out to make themselves look as "clean" as possible. This practice is common in gasoline and diesel vehicle tests, but hybrid and electric vehicles
3205:
with automatic transmission, with one star, while the highest rated was the Toyota Prius hybrid. The Fiat 500, Fiat Punto and Fiat Ritmo as well as the
Citroen C3 also received 5 stars. The greenhouse rating depends on the fuel economy and the type of fuel used. A greenhouse rating of 10 requires 60
1851:
Since the total force opposing the vehicle's motion (at constant speed) multiplied by the distance through which the vehicle travels represents the work that the vehicle's engine must perform, the study of fuel economy (the amount of energy consumed per unit of distance traveled) requires a detailed
3998:
Trucks are usually bought as an investment good. They are meant to earn money. As the Diesel fuel burnt in heavy trucks accounts for around 30% of the total costs for a freight forwarding company there is always a lot of interest in both the haulage industry and the truck builder industry to strive
3989:
planned to roll back the 2012 federal standards and would also seek to curb
California's authority to set its own standards. Although the Trump administration was reportedly considering a compromise to allow state and national standards to stay in place, on 21 February 2019 the White House declared
3278:
simulates urban driving in stop-and-go traffic with an average speed of 34 km/h and a top speed of 90 km/h. The test runs for approximately 31 minutes and includes 23 stops. The test begins from a cold engine start, which is similar to starting a vehicle after it has been parked overnight
3200:
Australia also uses a star rating system, from one to five stars, that combines greenhouse gases with pollution, rating each from 0 to 10 with ten being best. To get 5 stars a combined score of 16 or better is needed, so a car with a 10 for economy (greenhouse) and a 6 for emission or 6 for economy
1990:
Ideally, a car traveling at a constant velocity on level ground in a vacuum with frictionless wheels could travel at any speed without consuming any energy beyond what is needed to get the car up to speed. Less ideally, any vehicle must expend energy on overcoming road load forces, which consist of
3915:
in MPG values are not directly meaningful – only ratios are (in mathematical terms, the reciprocal function does not commute with addition and subtraction; in general, a difference in reciprocal values is not equal to the reciprocal of their difference). It has been claimed that many consumers are
3684:
and uses a warmed-up engine and makes no stops, averaging 48 mph (77 km/h) with a top speed of 60 mph (97 km/h) over a 10-mile (16 km) distance. A weighted average of city (55%) and highway (45%) fuel economies is used to determine the combined rating and guzzler tax. This
3538:
A new more demanding test, called the JC08, was established in
December 2006 for Japan's new standard that goes into effect in 2015, but it is already being used by several car manufacturers for new cars. The JC08 test is significantly longer and more rigorous than the 10–15 mode test. The running
2075:
Electrical systems. Headlights, battery charging, active suspension, circulating fans, defrosters, media systems, speakers, and other electronics can also significantly increase fuel consumption, as the energy to power these devices causes an increased load on the alternator. Since alternators are
1329:
European-built cars are generally more fuel-efficient than US vehicles. While Europe has many higher efficiency diesel cars, European gasoline vehicles are on average also more efficient than gasoline-powered vehicles in the USA. Most
European vehicles cited in the CSI study run on diesel engines,
1106:
Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Without the
3389:
The urban economy is measured using the test cycle known as ECE-15, first introduced in 1970 by EC Directive 70/220/EWG and finalized by EEC Directive 90/C81/01 in 1999. It simulates a 4,052 m (2.518 mile) urban trip at an average speed of 18.7 km/h (11.6 mph) and at a maximum
3286:
simulates a mixture of open highway and rural road driving, with an average speed of 78 km/h and a top speed of 97 km/h. The test runs for approximately 13 minutes and does not include any stops. The test begins from a hot engine start. The ambient temperature of the test cell starts at
3266:
Selected test vehicles are "run in" for about 6,000 km before testing. The vehicle is then mounted on a chassis dynamometer programmed to take into account the aerodynamic efficiency, weight and rolling resistance of the vehicle. A trained driver runs the vehicle through standardized driving
2067:
Power steering. The older hydraulic power steering systems are powered by a hydraulic pump constantly engaged to the engine. Power assistance required for steering is inversely proportional to the vehicle speed so the constant load on the engine from a hydraulic pump reduces fuel efficiency. More
1273:
footnoted an estimate that the 1974 National
Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL) reduced fuel consumption by 0.2 to 1.0 percent. Rural interstates, the roads most visibly affected by the NMSL, accounted for 9.5% of the U.S' vehicle-miles-traveled in 1973, but such free-flowing roads typically provide more
1205:
Fuel economy at steady speeds with selected vehicles was studied in 2010. The most recent study indicates greater fuel efficiency at higher speeds than earlier studies; for example, some vehicles achieve better fuel economy at 100 km/h (62 mph) rather than at 70 km/h (43 mph),
361:
which has a volume of twenty liters. When mpg is used, it is necessary to identify the type of gallon: the imperial gallon is 4.54609 liters, and the U.S. gallon is 3.785 liters. When using a measure expressed as distance per fuel unit, a higher number means more efficient, while a lower number
308:
In parts of Europe, the two standard measuring cycles for "litre/100 km" value are "urban" traffic with speeds up to 50 km/h from a cold start, and then "extra urban" travel at various speeds up to 120 km/h which follows the urban test. A combined figure is also quoted showing the total
3262:
Vehicle manufacturers follow a controlled laboratory testing procedure to generate the fuel consumption data that they submit to the
Government of Canada. This controlled method of fuel consumption testing, including the use of standardized fuels, test cycles and calculations, is used instead of
5472:
The 2.2% drop figure was calculated by finding daily consumption to be 9,299,684 barrels of petroleum. Obtain 1973's petroleum consumption from transportation sector at 2.1e from the Energy
Consumption by Sector section, then convert to barrels using A1 in the Thermal Conversion Factors section
3955:
passenger cars or light trucks, manufactured for sale in the United States. Under Truck CAFE standards 2008–2011 this changes to a "footprint" model where larger trucks are allowed to consume more fuel. The standards were limited to vehicles under a certain weight, but those weight classes were
2063:
Air conditioning. The power required for the engine to turn the compressor decreases the fuel-efficiency, though only when in use. This may be offset by the reduced drag of the vehicle compared with driving with the windows down. The efficiency of AC systems gradually deteriorates due to dirty
1909:
Note: The amount of work generated by the vehicle's power source (energy delivered by the engine) would be exactly proportional to the amount of fuel energy consumed by the engine if the engine's efficiency is the same regardless of power output, but this is not necessarily the case due to the
3731:
SFTO SC03 is the air conditioning test, which raises ambient temperatures to 95 °F (35 °C), and puts the vehicle's climate control system to use. Lasting 9.9 minutes, the 3.6-mile (5.8 km) loop averages 22 mph (35 km/h) and maximizes at a rate of 54.8 mph
1257:(4.47 L/100 km)) at only 25 mph (40 km/h). Other vehicles tested had from 1.4 to 20.2% better fuel-efficiency at 90 km/h (56 mph) vs. 105 km/h (65 mph). Their best economy was reached at speeds of 40 to 90 km/h (25 to 56 mph) (see graph).
6625:"Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 (Text with EEA relevance.)"
2965:
exist that are purported to increase fuel economy; many of these claims have been discredited. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency maintains a list of devices that have been tested by independent laboratories and makes the test results available to the public.
3552:
the fuel economy in L/100 km and the estimated annual fuel cost for driving 14,000 km (at present fuel prices). The stickers must also appear on vehicles to be leased for more than 4 months. All new cars currently rated range from 6.9 L/100 km (41 mpg
3539:
pattern with JC08 stretches out to 1200 seconds (20 minutes), and there are both cold and warm start measurements and top speed is 82 km/h (51.0 mph). The economy ratings of the JC08 are lower than the 10–15 mode cycle, but they are expected to be more real world. The
1265:
a day, representing a 2.2% drop from annualized 1973 gasoline consumption levels. This was partly based on a belief that cars achieve maximum efficiency between 40 and 50 mph (65 and 80 km/h) and that trucks and buses were most efficient at 55 mph (89 km/h).
3312:
averages 78 km/h and reaches a top speed of 129 km/h. Four stops are included and brisk acceleration maximizes at a rate of 13.6 km/h per second. The engine begins warm and air conditioning is not used. The ambient temperature of the test cell is constantly
4017:
Fuel efficiency directly affects emissions causing pollution by affecting the amount of fuel used. However, it also depends on the fuel source used to drive the vehicle concerned. Cars for example, can run on a number of fuel types other than gasoline, such as
3442:
In the UK the ASA (Advertising standards agency) have claimed that fuel consumption figures are misleading. Often the case with European vehicles as the MPG (miles per gallon) figures that can be advertised are often not the same as "real world" driving.
73:. Consumption can be expressed in terms of the volume of fuel to travel a distance, or the distance traveled per unit volume of fuel consumed. Since fuel consumption of vehicles is a significant factor in air pollution, and since the importation of
3973:
rejected the state's bid to adopt global warming pollution limits for cars and light trucks. California and 15 other states that were trying to put in place the same emissions standards sued in response. The case was tied up in court until the
3492:
values rose from around 8% in 2001 to 31% in 2013, and 45% for company cars in 2013. The report is based on data from more than half a million private and company vehicles across Europe. The analysis was prepared by the ICCT together with the
3742:
Beginning with model year 2017 the calculation method changed to improve the accuracy of the estimated 5-cycle city and highway fuel economy values derived from just the FTP and HFET tests, with lower uncertainty for fuel efficient vehicles.
1687:) and gradually has increased since, as a result of higher fuel cost. A study indicates that a 10% increase in gas prices will eventually produce a 2.04% increase in fuel economy. One method by car makers to increase fuel efficiency is
1123:, this is not the only factor in fuel economy. The design of automobile as a whole and usage pattern affects the fuel economy. Published fuel economy is subject to variation between jurisdiction due to variations in testing protocols.
3385:
In the European Union, passenger vehicles are commonly tested using two drive cycles, and corresponding fuel economies are reported as "urban" and "extra-urban", in liters per 100 km and (in the UK) in miles per imperial gallon.
218:
the value, the more economic a vehicle is (the more distance it can travel with a certain volume of fuel). This measure is popular in the US and the UK (mpg), but in Europe, India, Japan, South Korea and Latin America the metric unit
5827:"The two earlier studies by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) indicate maximum fuel efficiency was achieved at speeds of 35 to 40 mph (55 to 65 km/h). The recent FHWA study indicates greater fuel efficiency at higher speeds."
3431:). Ireland has a very similar label, but the ranges are slightly different, with A: <= 120 g/km, B: 121–140, C: 141–155, D: 156–170, E: 171–190, F: 191–225, and G: 226+. From 2020, EU requires manufacturers to average 95 g/km CO
3411:)-emission and fuel consumption data in a clear way as described in the UK Statutory Instrument 2004 No 1661. Since September 2005 a color-coded "Green Rating" sticker has been available in the UK, which rates fuel economy by CO
3524:
test is the official fuel economy and emission certification test for new light duty vehicles in Japan. Fuel economy is expressed in km/L (kilometers per liter) and emissions are expressed in g/km. The test is carried out on a
92:, and others) encountered while propelling the vehicle, and in providing power to vehicle systems such as ignition or air conditioning. Various strategies can be employed to reduce losses at each of the conversions between the
56:
from 1916. Originally an experiment in creating a fuel-saving automobile in the United States, the vehicle weighed only 135 lb (61.2 kg) and was an adaptation of a small gasoline engine originally designed to power a
6633:
Annex 1, Part A.6 NEDC2020, Fleet Target is 95 g/km. (45) Manufacturers whose average specific emissions of CO2 exceed those permitted under this Regulation should pay an excess emissions premium with respect to each calendar
3699:
Because EPA figures had almost always indicated better efficiency than real-world fuel-efficiency, the EPA has modified the method starting with 2008. Updated estimates are available for vehicles back to the 1985 model year.
347:(mpg) are commonly used in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada (alongside L/100 km). Kilometers per liter (km/L) are more commonly used elsewhere in the Americas, Asia, parts of Africa and Oceania. In the
3938:
The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the United States, first enacted by Congress in 1975, are federal regulations intended to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks (trucks, vans and
1260:
Officials hoped that the 55 mph (89 km/h) limit, combined with a ban on ornamental lighting, no gasoline sales on Sunday, and a 15% cut in gasoline production, would reduce total gasoline consumption by 200,000
3003:
shows that 60,000 liters of fuel can be saved on tire pressure. The Anglian Water fleet of 4,000 vans and cars are now lasting their full lifetime. This shows the impact that tire pressures have on the fuel efficiency.
2083:
Fuel-efficiency decreases from electrical loads are most pronounced at lower speeds because most electrical loads are constant while engine load increases with speed. So at a lower speed, a higher proportion of engine
6269:"TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD SPECIAL REPORT 286 TIRES AND PASSENGER VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences p.62-65 of pdf, p.39-42 of the report. Retrieved 22 October 2014"
3488:(ICCT), the gap between official and real-world fuel-economy figures in Europe has risen to about 38% in 2013 from 10% in 2001. The analysis found that for private cars, the difference between on-road and official CO
3615:
of 1978 in the US established a gas guzzler tax on the sale of new model year vehicles whose fuel economy fails to meet certain statutory levels. The tax applies only to cars (not trucks) and is collected by the
999:
3415:
emissions: A: <= 100 g/km, B: 100–120, C: 121–150, D: 151–165, E: 166–185, F: 186–225, and G: 226+. Depending on the type of fuel used, for gasoline A corresponds to about 4.1 L/100 km (69 mpg
887:
712:
624:
537:
452:
2068:
modern designs improve fuel efficiency by only activating the power assistance when needed; this is done by using either direct electrical power steering assistance or an electrically powered hydraulic pump.
335:
on new US cars displays the vehicle's fuel consumption in US gallons per 100 miles, in addition to the traditional mpg number. A lower number means more efficient, while a higher number means less efficient.
1904:
1090:
156:
the value, the more economic a vehicle is (the less fuel it needs to travel a certain distance); this is the measure generally used across Europe (except the UK, Denmark and The Netherlands - see below),
7165:
4055:
emissions created during the drilling, pumping, transportation and refining steps required to produce the fuel. Additional measures to reduce overall emission includes improvements to the efficiency of
1913:
For a vehicle whose source of power is a heat engine (an engine that uses heat to perform useful work), the amount of fuel energy that a vehicle consumes per unit of distance (level road) depends upon:
3672:
and consists of starting with a cold engine and making 23 stops over a period of 31 minutes for an average speed of 20 mph (32 km/h) and with a top speed of 56 mph (90 km/h).
319:
Generally expressed in liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km), used in most European countries, China, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Irish law allows for the use of miles per imperial
2056:, will give the same efficiency as a pure manual gearbox plus the added bonus of intelligence selecting optimal shifting points, and/or automated clutch control but manual shifting, as with older
808:
303:
254:
6214:, Retrieved April 11, 2015, "...Automakers have been experimenting for decades with lightweighting... the effort is gaining urgency with the adoption of tougher gas mileage standards. ..."
3783:
recommended to use EPA's new vehicle fuel efficiency formula that gives different values depending on fuel used. In November 2010 the EPA introduced the first fuel economy ratings in the
3530:
The distance of the cycle is 6.34 km (3.9 mi), average speed of 25.6 km/h (15.9 mph), and duration 892 seconds (14.9 minutes), including the initial 15 mode segment.
1852:
analysis of the forces that oppose a vehicle's motion. In terms of physics, Force = rate at which the amount of work generated (energy delivered) varies with the distance traveled, or:
3393:
The extra-urban driving cycle or EUDC lasts 400 seconds (6 minutes 40 seconds) at an average speed 62.6 km/h (39 mph) and a top speed of 120 km/h (74.6 mph).
5646:
6207:
3981:
In August 2012, President Obama announced new standards for American-made automobiles of an average of 54.5 miles per gallon by the year 2025. In April 2018, EPA Administrator
7295:
7374:
3458:
MPG values from real-world driving. Websites have been set up to show the real-world MPG figures, based on crowd-sourced data from real users, vs the official MPG figures.
5796:
1380:
of up to 41% but more typically 30%, and petrol engines of up to 37.3%, but more typically 20%. A common margin is 25% more miles per gallon for an efficient turbodiesel.
3508:
The evaluation criteria used in Japan reflects driving conditions commonly found, as the typical Japanese driver does not drive as fast as other regions internationally (
3732:(88.2 km/h). Five stops are included, idling occurs 19 percent of the time and acceleration of 5.1 mph per second is achieved. Engine temperatures begin warm.
1683:). Average fuel economy in the United States gradually declined until 1973, when it reached a low of 13.4 miles per US gallon (17.6 L/100 km; 16.1 mpg
6569:
3494:
6042:
IS 250 Kraftstoffverbrauch kombiniert 8,9 L/100 km (innerorts 12,5 L/ außerorts 6,9 L) bei CO2-Emissionen von 209 g/km nach dem vorgeschriebenen EU-Messverfahren
274:
7173:
3580:
announced new light-duty vehicle fuel economy standards in November 2014 which became effective 1 January 2016 and will be fully phased in by 1 January 2018 (
6607:
3728:
per second. The engine begins warm and air conditioning is not used. Ambient temperature varies between 68 °F (20 °C) to 86 °F (30 °C).
3635:) did incur the tax when ordered with the four-speed automatic transmission, but did not incur the tax when ordered with the six-speed manual transmission.
7143:
7028:
6814:
6719:
3659:
Two separate fuel economy tests simulate city driving and highway driving: the "city" driving program or Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule or (UDDS) or
3581:
3267:
cycles that simulate trips in the city and on the highway. Fuel consumption ratings are derived from the emissions generated during the driving cycles.
1326:. In the UK, a gallon of gas without tax would cost US$ 1.97, but with taxes cost US$ 6.06 in 2005. The average cost in the United States was US$ 2.61.
6225:
5616:
4033:
A kilogram of carbon, whether contained in petrol, diesel, kerosene, or any other hydrocarbon fuel in a vehicle, leads to approximately 3.6 kg of
3735:
Lastly, a cold temperature cycle uses the same parameters as the current city loop, except that ambient temperature is set to 20 °F (−7 °C).
3363:
1919:
323:, alongside liters per 100 kilometers. Canadian law requires fuel economy to be measured in both liters per 100 kilometers and miles per imperial
6427:
2079:
Standby. The energy is needed to keep the engine running while it is not providing power to the wheels, i.e., when stopped, coasting or braking.
2064:
filters etc.; regular maintenance prevents this. The extra mass of the air conditioning system will cause a slight increase in fuel consumption.
7572:
3852:
2088:
is used by electrical loads. Hybrid cars see the greatest effect on fuel-efficiency from electrical loads because of this proportional effect.
7597:
6836:
6588:
3621:
3485:
6021:
3396:
EU fuel consumption numbers are often considerably lower than corresponding US EPA test results for the same vehicle. For example, the 2011
84:
Different methods are used to approximate the actual performance of the vehicle. The energy in fuel is required to overcome various losses (
3400:
with a six-speed manual transmission is rated 6.1/4.4 L/100 km in Europe and 7.6/6.4 L/100 km (31/37 mpg ) in the United States.
1991:
aerodynamic drag, tire rolling resistance, and inertial energy that is lost when the vehicle is decelerated by friction brakes. With ideal
1772:
923:
6188:
5631:
5548:
1819:
3677:
3665:
1322:
The average fuel economy for all vehicles on the road is higher in Europe than the United States because the higher cost of fuel changes
819:
640:
552:
6046:"LEXUS – Lexus – IS – Sportlimousine – Cabriolet – Cabrio – Kabrio – Coupé – Coupe – Hochleistung IS F – High-Performance-Fahrzeug IS F"
3891:. The common fuel economy metric adopted to allow the comparison of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with conventional
1791:
468:
383:
6875:
6755:
6456:
4047:; since diesel fuel is more energy dense per unit volume, diesel emits 2.6 kg/L (22.2 lb/US gal). This figure is only the CO
7011:
3263:
on-road driving to ensure that all vehicles are tested under identical conditions and that the results are consistent and repeatable.
2606:
Roller type cam, low friction coating on piston skirt and optimizing load-bearing surface, e.g. camshaft bearing and connective rods.
1350:
and is only sold by one company in the United States. Furthermore, the world record in fuel economy of production cars is held by the
6204:
3844:, with a separate rating for city and highway driving. This fuel economy equivalence is based on the energy consumption estimated in
1858:
6297:
An Overview of Current Automatic, Manual and Continuously Variable Transmission Efficiencies and Their Projected Future Improvements
5820:
3461:
The major loopholes in the current EU tests allow car manufacturers a number of "cheats" to improve results. Car manufacturers can:
1675:
The average economy of automobiles in the United States in 2002 was 22.0 miles per US gallon (10.7 L/100 km; 26.4 mpg
1154:
emissions, new EU regulations are being introduced to reduce the average emissions of cars sold beginning in 2012, to 130 g/km of CO
7457:
5837:
Cowan, Edward (27 November 1973). "Politics and Energy: Nixon's Silence on Rationing Reflects Hope That Austerity Can Be Avoided".
3924:
3226:). Several other cars also received the same rating of 8.5 for greenhouse. The lowest rated was the Ferrari 575 at 499 g/km CO
1798:
1018:
7509:
3584:
regulation SASO-2864). A review of the targets will be carried by December 2018, at which time targets for 2021–2025 will be set.
1319:
full-size pickup with extended cabin only travels 13 mpg (US) (18 L/100 km) city and 15 mpg (US) (15 L/100 km) highway.
1218:)), and gets better economy at 105 km/h (65 mph) than at 72 km/h (45 mph) (9.4 L/100 km (25 mpg
6096:
3896:
3724:(SFTP) tests to include the influence of higher driving speed, harder acceleration, colder temperature and air conditioning use.
7218:
5793:
1383:
For example, the current model Skoda Octavia, using Volkswagen engines, has a combined European fuel efficiency of 41.3 mpg
7431:
5794:
Comparison of Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy and GHG Emission Standards Around the World at Pew Center on Global Climate Change
1394:
In 2002, the United States had 85,174,776 trucks, and averaged 13.5 miles per US gallon (17.4 L/100 km; 16.2 mpg
6904:
6546:
5853:
7548:
5928:
Bloomquist (1984) estimated that the 1974 National Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL) reduced fuel consumption by 0.2 to 1.0 percent.
1805:
2992:
and careful acceleration/deceleration habits. Keeping track of fuel efficiency stimulates fuel economy-maximizing behavior.
2947:
Vehicle electronic control systems that automatically maintain distances between vehicles on motorways/freeways that reduce
1699:
Identical vehicles can have varying fuel consumption figures listed depending upon the testing methods of the jurisdiction.
7634:
5961:
5664:
5395:
3841:
3822:
3803:
3780:
1398:). Large trucks, over 33,000 pounds (15,000 kg), averaged 5.7 miles per US gallon (41 L/100 km; 6.8 mpg
111:
7601:
6491:
2954:
Time-optimized piston path, to capture energy from hot gases in the cylinders when they are at their highest temperatures
7337:
6566:
5526:
2002:(20–30%), which varies with engine type, the mass of the automobile and its load, and engine speed (usually measured in
1787:
7115:
7050:
3856:
3169:
From October 2008, all new cars had to be sold with a sticker on the windscreen showing the fuel consumption and the CO
1943:
744:
7356:
6646:
6314:
6169:
6150:
6045:
5473:(assume "conventional motor gasoline" since ethanol-based or purportedly smog-reducing gas was not common in 1973).
5374:
2975:
2796:
Decreases fuel consumption by running the petrol engine only when needed, in this way also environmentally friendly.
1838:
279:
230:
6716:"ICCT: gap between official and real-world fuel economy figures in Europe reaches ~38%; call to implement WLTP ASAP"
6696:
6296:
5344:
1290:
travel at 5 L/100 km (47 mpg US/56 mpg imp) or 6.5 L/100 km in city traffic (36 mpg US/43 mpg imp), with
6604:
6471:
6110:
3016:
2962:
2880:
Matches speed limits and vehicles allowed to join motorways with traffic density to maintain traffic throughput
5968:
4040:
emissions. Due to the carbon content of gasoline, its combustion emits 2.3 kg/L (19.4 lb/US gal) of
3933:
3686:
1776:
7482:
7412:
7276:
6388:
5915:
5410:
4012:
3965:
3201:
and 10 for emission, or anything in between would get the highest 5 star rating. The lowest rated car is the
2850:
2336:
2265:
2049:
1270:
6134:
5717:
5608:
1376:
generally achieve greater fuel efficiency than petrol (gasoline) engines. Passenger car diesel engines have
7296:"California's Global Warming Bill: Will Fuel Economy Preemption Curb California's Air Pollution Leadership"
6330:
5430:
3970:
2285:
1377:
1214:
2.2L engine, which has its best economy at 90 km/h (56 mph) (8.1 L/100 km (29 mpg
1107:
shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.
6989:
6624:
5512:
3899:(MPGe). A gallon of gasoline equivalent means the number of kilowatt-hours of electricity, cubic feet of
2057:
1939:
1812:
1411:
1245:)), although even better at 60 mph (97 km/h) than at 65 mph (105 km/h) (48.4 mpg
1211:
100:
of the vehicle. Driver behavior can affect fuel economy; maneuvers such as sudden acceleration and heavy
3627:
In some cases, this tax may apply only to certain variants of a given model; for example, the 2004–2006
1138:
numbers during a coast-to-coast test on real roads and with regular traffic and weather conditions. The
7081:
6025:
5883:
5595:
5400:
5384:
3986:
3975:
3892:
3357:
3337:
3190:
2891:
Vehicle electronic control systems that automatically maintain distances between vehicles on motorways
1234:
1116:
6929:
6284:
2750:
Lighter construction materials (aluminum, fiberglass, plastic, high-strength steel, and carbon fiber)
2281:
Optimizes airflow with adjustable vanes to regulate turbocharger's air intake and eliminate turbo lag
7659:
7638:
2595:
Sends more engine power to the transmission or reduces the fuel required for the same traction power
2194:
1315:
vary considerably; whereas a 4 cylinder-engined light pickup can achieve 28 mpg (8 L/100 km), a
1120:
1102:
110:
do not directly burn fuel, and so do not have fuel economy per se, but equivalence measures, such as
53:
6941:
6004:
5947:
5764:
5703:
5662:
3969:
that are the same as California's. California's waivers were routinely granted until 2007, when the
3500:
In 2018 update of the ICCT data the difference between the official and real figures was again 38%.
1703:
7664:
6739:
5364:
5339:
3788:
3617:
3543:
became the first car to meet Japan's new 2015 Fuel Economy Standards measured under the JC08 test.
3012:
2929:
2037:
1691:
in which lighter-weight materials are substituted in for improved engine performance and handling.
1207:
17:
7644:
7024:
6840:
6759:
6585:
2592:
Electrifying engine accessories (water pump, power steering pump, and air conditioner compressor)
7669:
7054:
4023:
3577:
3214:. The highest greenhouse rating of any 2009 car listed is the Toyota Prius, with 106 g/km CO
1947:
1765:
1679:). By 2010 this had increased to 23.0 miles per US gallon (10.2 L/100 km; 27.6 mpg
1311:
usually travels 13 mpg (US) (18 L/100 km) city and 16 mpg (US) (15 L/100 km) highway.
1181:
fuel economy: for example, Australia's car fleet average in 2004 was 11.5 L/100 km (20.5 mpg
1143:
7139:
7025:"Volt receives EPA ratings and label: 93 mpg-e all-electric, 37 mpg gas-only, 60 mpg-e combined"
6444:
2793:
Using an electric motor for the base power and an IC engine for assists and boosts, when needed
1185:), compared with the average new car consumption in the same year of 9.3 L/100 km (25.3 mpg
7318:
6810:
6343:
5574:
5552:
3900:
3868:
2845:
2045:
2003:
7049:
6413:
3647:
The "city" or Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) used in the EPA Federal Test Procedure
6788:
6715:
6185:
5991:
5934:
5690:
5389:
3940:
3880:
3751:
3509:
2269:
2250:
6879:
6521:
5765:
Reducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars – Policies – Climate Action – European Commission
5663:
Paul R. Portney; Ian W.H. Parry; Howard K. Gruenspecht; Winston Harrington (November 2003).
3696:, adding a "hot start" cycle which repeats the "cold start" cycle after a 10-minute pause.
2823:
2030:
1992:
1708:
1387:(5.70 L/100 km) for the 105 bhp (78 kW) petrol engine and 52.3 mpg
32:
7590:"Emission Facts: Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions Resulting from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel"
2200:
Reduces throttling losses, heat rejection, chemical dissociation, and specific heat ratio
8:
7630:
7195:
6966:
6250:
5817:
5379:
5359:
4019:
3888:
3628:
3468:
Use special lubricants that are not used in production cars, in order to reduce friction;
2254:
2097:
2053:
2041:
1355:
6508:
6428:"'Woefully dirty': Government accused over Australia's failure to cut vehicle emissions"
5632:"Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition"
3368:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1359:
1227:
353:
7674:
7566:
5962:"Highway Statistics 1973 (Table VM-2: VEHICLE MILES, BY STATE AND HIGHWAY SYSTEM-1973)"
5425:
5405:
2935:
2909:
Technologies that may improve fuel efficiency, but are not yet on the market, include:
1974:
Fuel consumed while the engine is not providing power but still running, such as while
1964:
1932:
1323:
1112:
259:
7112:"Fact Sheet: New Fuel Economy and Environment Labels for a New Generation of Vehicles"
6088:
3680:
1304:
travels 21 mpg (US) (11 L/100 km) city, 27 mpg (US) (9 L/100 km) highway; a
7625:
7554:
7544:
6364:
Gas Saving and Emission Reduction Devices Evaluation | Cars and Light Trucks | US EPA
5575:"The Passenger Car (Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions Information) Regulations 2001"
5354:
3884:
3813:
3799:
3764:
3675:
The "highway" program or Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HWFET) is defined in
3668:
3655:
The Highway Fuel Economy Driving Cycle (HWFET) used in the EPA Federal Test Procedure
3202:
2985:
2663:
2426:
1999:
1127:
6861:
6268:
5908:
3320:
Tests 2, 4, and 5 are averaged to create the highway driving fuel consumption rate.
3317:
Tests 1, 3, 4, and 5 are averaged to create the city driving fuel consumption rate.
6908:
5743:
5638:
5329:
3876:
3864:
3784:
3756:
3713:
3497:(TNO), and the German Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg (IFEU).
2023:
2009:
1351:
332:
276:
is value of L/100 km. For miles per Imperial gallon (4.5461 L) the formula is
227:
The formula for converting to miles per US gallon (3.7854 L) from L/100 km is
122:
70:
40:. The displayed fuel economy is 18.1 km/L (5.5 L/100 km; 43 mpg
5862:
5861:(2007 ed.). Washington, DC: Energy Information Administration. Archived from
3947:. Historically, it is the sales-weighted average fuel economy of a manufacturer's
3721:
2809:
Lighter materials for moving parts (pistons, crankshaft, gears, and alloy wheels)
1986:
Energy dissipation in city and highway driving for a mid-size gasoline-powered car
7111:
6754:
6611:
6592:
6573:
6475:
6318:
6211:
6192:
6173:
6154:
5824:
5800:
5494:
5415:
4057:
3944:
3186:
2924:
1346:
three-cylinder 41 bhp (30 kW) Diesel engine. The Fortwo is produced by
1135:
93:
85:
6987:
5972:
5671:
3091:
35 mpg (6.7 L/100 km) (Model Year 2020, cars & light trucks)
2503:
Still largely theoretical, although prototypes have been produced by Dean Kamen
2259:
Alters valve lift timing and height for precise control over intake and exhaust
1126:
One of the first studies to determine fuel economy in the United States was the
7589:
7432:"Trump administration confirms it has ended fuel-economy talks with California"
7277:"Calling car pollution standards 'too high,' EPA sets up fight with California"
7272:
7166:"Not All Fuel Efficiency Is Equal: Understanding the Miles-Per-Gallon Illusion"
7058:
7012:
REPORT: EPA planning to address outlandish fuel economy claims of electric cars
6628:
6363:
5776:
5440:
5334:
3872:
3818:
3795:
3772:
3760:
3612:
3606:
3436:
3404:
2919:
2414:
2237:
2225:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1688:
1291:
97:
7558:
6953:
6811:"Prius Certified to Japanese 2015 Fuel Economy Standards with JC08 Test Cycle"
6076:
3855:(NHTSA) and EPA issued a joint final rule establishing new requirements for a
3708:
2405:
2184:
2163:
Injects fuel into cylinder just before ignition, increasing compression ratio
7653:
5461:
5420:
3948:
3632:
3521:
3243:
3000:
2537:
2013:
1975:
1373:
1305:
1298:
1283:
1197:
1150:(20 to 4.2 L/100 km) However, due to environmental concerns caused by CO
78:
37:
7540:
Commercial Vehicle Technology: Fuel consumption and consumption optimization
7375:"Obama Administration Finalizes Historic 54.5 MPG Fuel Efficiency Standards"
3298:, except that the ambient temperature of the test cell is set to −7 °C.
1177:
The average consumption across the fleet is not immediately affected by the
7538:
3982:
3837:
3826:
3720:
US EPA altered the testing procedure effective MY2008 which adds three new
3592:
3540:
3447:
are not immune as manufacturers apply these techniques to fuel efficiency.
2941:
2668:
Automatically shuts off engine when vehicle is stopped, reducing idle time
1343:
1338:
1312:
1301:
1131:
107:
6311:
6166:
6147:
6049:
4030:
or electricity which creates various quantities of atmospheric pollution.
3465:
Disconnect the alternator, thus no energy is used to recharge the battery;
2515:
Captures energy from gases in the cylinders at their highest temperatures
6932:. Auto.howstuffworks.com (7 September 2005). Retrieved 21 September 2011.
4008:
3830:
3776:
3526:
2944:– using the heat from the engine to spin a mini turbine to generate power
1130:, which was an event that took place every year from 1936 (except during
158:
134:
The fuel efficiency of motor vehicles can be expressed in multiple ways:
6697:"Cars and Garages: Diagnose Problems, Estimate Costs & Find Garages"
3863:
2013, and voluntary for 2012 models. The ruling includes new labels for
3477:
Tape up cracks between body panels and windows to reduce air resistance;
2980:
Governments, various environmentalist organizations, and companies like
6671:
6468:
5349:
3952:
3860:
3397:
2550:
Lower-friction lubricants (engine oil, transmission fluid, axle fluid)
2085:
2017:
1926:
1779: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1347:
1262:
309:
fuel consumed in divided by the total distance traveled in both tests.
190:
74:
4051:
emissions of the final fuel product and does not include additional CO
3859:
that is mandatory for all new passenger cars and trucks starting with
3328:
1982:
7645:
Fuel Efficiency in Electric, Hybrid and Petrol Cars – Model Year 2019
6203:
Dee-Ann Durbin of the Associated Press, June 17, 2014, Mercury News,
6120:
5642:
5369:
3007:
2988:
have historically urged drivers to maintain adequate air pressure in
2386:
Shuts off individual cylinders when their power output is not needed
1342:
cdi, which can achieve up to 3.4 L/100 km (69.2 mpg US) using a
1316:
994:{\displaystyle 1\;{\rm {mpg_{US}={\rm {0.8327\;{\rm {mpg_{Imp}}}}}}}}
327:. Liters per 100 kilometers may be used alongside miles per imperial
199:
is the distance travelled per unit volume of fuel used; for example,
178:
162:
147:
89:
48:
5501:. Vol. XXXIII. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
1754:
6115:
5630:
Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Paoli, Leonardo; Teter, Jacob (November 2023).
5435:
3904:
2996:
2485:
Uses heat from the engine to spin a mini turbine to generate power
2308:
Combines a supercharger with a turbocharger to eliminate turbo lag
1334:
1287:
882:{\displaystyle {\frac {2000}{\rm {L/100\;km}}}={\rm {1\;km/20\;L}}}
707:{\displaystyle {\frac {282}{\rm {L/100\;km}}}={\rm {1\;mpg_{Imp}}}}
619:{\displaystyle {\frac {282}{\rm {mpg_{Imp}}}}={\rm {1\;L/100\;km}}}
358:
182:
174:
3928:
Curve of average car mileage for model years between 1978 and 2014
2372:
Uses multiple injections per engine cycle for increased precision
532:{\displaystyle {\frac {235}{\rm {L/100\;km}}}={\rm {1\;mpg_{US}}}}
447:{\displaystyle {\frac {235}{\rm {mpg_{US}}}}={\rm {1\;L/100\;km}}}
27:
Distance traveled by a vehicle compared to volume of fuel consumed
4027:
2292:
1734:(L/100 km) – 'combined' 8.9, 'urban' 12.5, 'extra-urban' 6.9
1722:(L/100 km) – 'combined' 9.1, 'urban' 12.7, 'extra-urban' 7.0
1715:, 204 hp (153 kW), 6 speed automatic, rear wheel drive
1333:
An example of European cars' capabilities of fuel economy is the
170:
101:
7413:"Quietly, Trump officials and California seek deal on emissions"
5615:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 December 2022.
3022:
2652:
Engine reaches its efficient operating temperature more quickly
2530:
Reduces engine displacement while maintaining sufficient torque
69:
relates to the distance traveled by a vehicle and the amount of
6287:. Virtual-car.org (3 August 2009). Retrieved 21 September 2011.
3693:
3660:
3366:
WLTP replaced NEDC for vehicles certified after September 2018.
3238:). The Bentley also received a zero rating, at 465 g/km CO
2981:
2567:
Reduces hydrodynamic friction and energy required to circulate
1899:{\displaystyle F={\frac {dW}{ds}}\propto {\text{Fuel economy}}}
1253:(5.41 L/100 km)), and its best economy (52.6 mpg
348:
344:
328:
324:
320:
209:
166:
127:
7483:"Trump rollback of mileage standards guts climate change push"
7458:"For first time in 5 years, US gas mileage down, emissions up"
6226:"Light-duty vehicle greenhouse gas and fuel economy standards"
5767:. Ec.europa.eu (9 December 2010). Retrieved 21 September 2011.
6375:
2230:
Lengthens power stroke to achieve greater thermal efficiency
1910:
operating characteristics of the internal combustion engine.
1286:
and many mid-size cars, including station wagons, may manage
1139:
1085:{\displaystyle 1\;{\rm {mpg_{Imp}=1.2001\;{\rm {mpg_{US}}}}}}
186:
143:
7140:"EPA, DOT unveil the next generation of fuel economy labels"
7082:"Nissan Says Its Electric Leaf Gets Equivalent of 99 M.P.G."
2679:
Downsized engines with an electric drive system and battery
2635:
Increasing the number of gearbox ratios in manual gearboxes
2439:
Compound engines (6-stroke engine or turbo-compound engine)
1740:(L/100 km) – 'combined' 9.8, 'city' 11.2, 'highway' 8.1
1728:(L/100 km) – 'combined' 9.6, 'city' 11.1, 'highway' 7.8
1115:(mechanical output to chemical energy in fuel) of petroleum
6016:
6014:
3651:
2989:
2913:
2894:
Reduces ripple back braking and consequent re-acceleration
2052:, which have the same mechanical internals as conventional
205:
141:
is the amount of fuel used per unit distance; for example,
6457:
Information on Green Vehicle Guide Ratings and Measurement
5601:
3771:
Following the efficiency claims made for vehicles such as
3643:
2397:
HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) combustion
1362:, consuming as little as 3 L/100 km (94 mpg
6022:"Lexus IS250 2.5L 6cyl, Auto 6 speed Sedan, 5 seats, 2WD"
5623:
4041:
4034:
3845:
3807:
3703:
3474:
Adjust brakes or even disconnect them to reduce friction;
3081:
24.6 mpg (9.5 L/100 km) (cars and trucks)*
2778:
Replacing tires with low rolling resistance (LRR) models
2033:
captures some of the energy that would otherwise be lost.
1308:
66:
7508:
Kaufman, Alexander; D'Angelo, Chris (20 December 2021).
6614:. Environ.ie (1 July 2008). Retrieved 21 September 2011.
6011:
3495:
Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research
3454:
MPG figures given by manufacturers do not represent the
2527:
Downsized engines with a supercharger or a turbocharger
1166:) for a diesel-fueled car, and 5.0 L/100 km (47 mpg
6459:. Australian Department of Infrastructure and Transport
6074:
2009 Lexus IS 250 6 cyl, 2.5 L, Automatic (S6), Premium
3210:
per km, while a rating of zero is more than 440 g/km CO
2624:
Increases the thermal efficiency of the cooling system
1712:
1354:, with special production models (labeled "3L") of the
1226:(11 L/100 km)). The proportion of driving on
81:, many countries impose requirements for fuel economy.
6988:
US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency.
6299:. SAE.org (1 March 1999). Retrieved 21 September 2011.
2324:
Allows for stratified fuel charge and ultra-lean burn
1935:
within the wheels and between the road and the wheels;
1134:) to 1968. It was designed to provide real, efficient
283:
234:
7510:"EPA Reverses Trump's Fuel Mileage Rules On New Cars"
6447:. Infrastructure.gov.au. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
5736:
3907:
that is equal to the energy in a gallon of gasoline.
3848:
per 100 miles, and also shown in the Monroney label.
3638:
3242:. The best fuel economy of any year is the 2004–2005
3173:
emissions. Fuel consumption figures are expressed as
2735:
Locking torque converters in automatic transmissions
2178:
Increases air/fuel ratio to reduce throttling losses
2133:
Reduces brake specific fuel consumption at lower RPM
2091:
1938:
Non-motive subsystems powered by the engine, such as
1861:
1230:
varies from 4% in Ireland to 41% in the Netherlands.
1021:
926:
822:
747:
643:
555:
471:
386:
282:
262:
233:
7396:
Fraser, Laura (Winter 2012–2013). "Shifting Gears".
5637:. Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). p. 3.
4711:
3978:
reversed the policy in 2009 by granting the waiver.
3294:, the same driving cycle is used as in the standard
2969:
2916:(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) combustion
7507:
6478:. Green Vehicle Guide. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
3685:rating is what is also used for light-duty vehicle
3568:) and received respectively from 4.5 to 5.5 stars.
3471:
Turn off all electrical gadgets i.e. Air Con/Radio;
2864:Recaptures wasted energy in the vehicle suspension
2649:Reducing the volume of water-based cooling systems
1694:
214:, where 1 MPG (imperial) ≈ 0.354006 km/L. The
7219:"New Mileage Stickers Include Greenhouse Gas Data"
6205:Auto industry gets serious about lighter materials
6069:
6067:
3364:Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure
3008:Fuel economy as part of quality management regimes
1898:
1206:although not their best economy, such as the 1994
1201:1997 fuel economy statistics for various US models
1084:
993:
881:
802:
706:
618:
531:
446:
297:
268:
248:
117:
6873:
6760:"From 10•15 to JC08: Japan's new economy formula"
6321:. Spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
6186:How Do Gasoline Prices Affect Fleet Fuel Economy?
5629:
3624:confirms a portion of those tests at an EPA lab.
3423:) and G about 9.5 L/100 km (30 mpg
3360:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
3084:27 mpg (8.7 L/100 km) (cars only)*
1192:
803:{\displaystyle {\rm {8.5\;mpg_{US}=1\;km/20\;L}}}
7651:
7455:
6511:. Herkules.oulu.fi. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
5880:"55 Mile-per-hour Speed Limit Approved by House"
5493:Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (1916).
3959:
3840:EPA rated the combined fuel economy in terms of
3746:
3484:According to the results of a 2014 study by the
2723:Enables engine to run at its most efficient RPM
2682:Avoids low-efficiency idle and power conditions
2581:Avoids excessive flow rate at high engine speed
6956:. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
6878:. Orlando Sentinel via Cars.com. Archived from
6864:. Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
6231:. International Council on Clean Transportation
6064:
5392:(vehicles with low power engines/low top speed)
2841:Recapturing waste heat from the exhaust system
2738:Reduces slip and power losses in the converter
1274:fuel-efficient travel than conventional roads.
298:{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {282.481}{x}}}
249:{\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {235.215}{x}}}
7584:
7582:
7244:"CAFE Overview: "What is the origin of CAFE?""
7216:
6647:"Why the EC figures do not represent true MPG"
6486:
6484:
6416:. Treehugger.com. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
6197:
3853:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
3836:For the fuel economy label of the Nissan Leaf
3403:In the European Union advertising has to show
2342:Combines direct injection with a turbocharger
2018:drag power goes by the cube of the car's speed
351:km/20 L is used, known as kilometers per
114:have been created to attempt to compare them.
7598:United States Environmental Protection Agency
7267:
7265:
6942:Gasoline Vehicles: Learn More About the Label
6899:
6897:
6713:
3871:vehicles available in the US market, such as
3794:For the fuel economy label of the Chevy Volt
3486:International Council on Clean Transportation
3023:Fuel economy standards and testing procedures
2692:
2130:Replacing petrol engines with diesel engines
2102:
7079:
7014:. Autoblog.com. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
6959:
6783:
6781:
6750:
6748:
6285:Wheels, online road load, and MPG calculator
6223:
5718:"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report"
5609:"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report"
3596:Motor vehicle fuel economy from 1949 to 2021
2844:Converts heat energy into electricity using
7579:
7395:
6481:
6077:http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/findacar.htm
6037:
6035:
5779:. Ptua.org.au. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
5777:Myth: Cars are becoming more fuel efficient
5744:"2019 Best and Worst Fuel Economy Vehicles"
3810:per 100 miles (160 km) is also shown.
3028:Gasoline new passenger car fuel efficiency
2406:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8CnYljXAS0
2185:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnNX6gtDyhg
1920:thermodynamic efficiency of the heat engine
1277:
1241:) vs 5.53 L/100 km (42.5 mpg
312:Fuel economy can be expressed in two ways:
126:Conversion from mpg to L/100 km: blue - US
7571:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7338:"California Sues EPA Over Emissions Rules"
7319:"EPA Denies California's Emissions Waiver"
7294:Giovinazzo, Christopher (September 2003).
7293:
7262:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7017:
6894:
6756:Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
6595:. Dft.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
6389:"Anglian Water spot on with pressure test"
5670:. Resources for the Future. Archived from
3230:and 21.8 L/100 km (13.0 mpg
2812:Reduces the energy required to move parts
2400:Allows leaner and higher compression burn
2211:Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (diesel)
1249:(4.86 L/100 km) vs 43.5 mpg
1056:
1025:
960:
930:
873:
858:
840:
794:
779:
753:
679:
661:
607:
595:
507:
489:
435:
423:
7348:
7329:
7287:
6778:
6745:
6111:"U.S. 'stuck in reverse' on fuel economy"
5665:"The Economics of Fuel Economy Standards"
3993:
2720:Continuously variable transmission (CVT)
2146:Electronic control of the cooling system
2044:can be up to 94% efficient whereas older
1839:Learn how and when to remove this message
1158:, equivalent to 4.5 L/100 km (52 mpg
1119:has increased since the beginning of the
7594:Office of Transportation and Air Quality
7429:
7357:"EPA grants California emissions waiver"
7335:
7310:
6930:How the EPA Tests and Rates Fuel Economy
6341:
6312:Automotive Electrical Systems Circa 2005
6032:
5492:
3923:
3821:showing the EPA's combined city/highway
3812:
3750:
3707:
3650:
3642:
3591:
3560:) to 3.8 L/100 km (74 mpg
3327:
3246:, at 3.4 L/100 km (83 mpg
3189:83 and 101 – which are the based on the
2536:
2425:
2321:Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines
2291:
2236:
1981:
1744:
1196:
1101:
121:
47:
31:
7536:
7410:
7404:
7316:
7271:
7132:
7098:
7043:
6837:"Vehicle Fuel Economy Labelling – FAQs"
6672:"Real Life Fuel Economy (MPG) Register"
6366:. Epa.gov. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
6307:
6305:
6099:from the original on 18 September 2012.
5813:
5811:
5809:
3897:miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent
3218:and 4.4 L/100 km (64 mpg
2834:For use in hybrid or electric vehicles
14:
7652:
7430:Phillips, Anna M. (21 February 2019).
7073:
6740:From laboratory to road: A 2018 update
5789:
5787:
5785:
5652:from the original on 26 November 2023.
5619:from the original on 2 September 2023.
5460:Specifically, the production-weighted
4712:Conversion from km/L and L/100 km
4100:
4002:
3704:EPA testing procedure: 2008 and beyond
3145:8.08 L/100 km CAFE eq (2002)
2904:
2828:Captures kinetic energy while braking
2314:For use in small-displacement engines
2012:force, which increases roughly by the
1174:) for a gasoline (petrol)-fueled car.
7626:Real fuel consumption by user reports
7604:from the original on 28 February 2009
7532:
7530:
6576:. (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2011.
6135:"VW Lupo: Rough road to fuel economy"
5851:
5836:
5803:. (PDF). Retrieved 21 September 2011.
5513:"What counts as 'good' MPG nowadays?"
3390:speed of 50 km/h (31 mph).
2149:Optimizes engine running temperature
1142:Oil Corporation sponsored it and the
340:Units of distance per fixed fuel unit
36:Fuel consumption monitor from a 2006
7635:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
7354:
7317:Tabuchi, Hiroko (19 December 2007).
6547:"2011 Honda CR-Z Specs and Features"
6302:
5909:"Special Report 254: Managing Speed"
5806:
5529:. Government of Canada. January 2011
5396:Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
3943:) sold in the US in the wake of the
3842:miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
3804:miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
3781:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
3600:
3341:
2767:Lowers tire deformation underweight
2533:Saab, starting with the 99 in 1978.
2468:High-efficiency gas turbine engines
2214:Lowers peak combustion temperatures
1777:adding citations to reliable sources
1748:
112:miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
7631:Model Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide
7456:Associated Press (6 January 2021).
7109:
6874:Steven Cole Smith (28 April 2005).
6714:Mike Millikin (28 September 2014).
6425:
6344:"More power from bumps in the road"
6342:Chandler, David (9 February 2009).
6251:"Lexus IS – Driving in every sense"
5782:
4063:
3722:Supplemental Federal Test Procedure
3132:
2264:William Howe and William Williams (
24:
7527:
7336:Richburg, Keith (3 January 2008).
7116:US Environmental Protection Agency
7051:US Environmental Protection Agency
6167:Light Vehicles and Characteristics
6148:Heavy Vehicles and Characteristics
6119:. 28 February 2007. Archived from
3857:fuel economy and environment label
3692:The procedure has been updated to
3639:EPA testing procedure through 2007
3310:high speed/quick acceleration test
3287:20 °C and ends at 30 °C.
3076:
2092:Fuel economy-boosting technologies
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
980:
977:
974:
970:
966:
963:
947:
944:
940:
936:
933:
874:
862:
859:
844:
841:
829:
795:
783:
780:
768:
765:
761:
757:
754:
697:
694:
691:
687:
683:
680:
665:
662:
650:
611:
608:
596:
579:
576:
573:
569:
565:
562:
522:
519:
515:
511:
508:
493:
490:
478:
439:
436:
424:
407:
404:
400:
396:
393:
77:can be a large part of a nation's
25:
7686:
7619:
7172:. 14 January 2014. Archived from
7080:Nick Bunkley (22 November 2010).
6224:Yang, Zifei; Bandivadekar, Anup.
6089:"Gas prices too high? Try Europe"
5375:Fuel efficiency in transportation
4080:1 mpg ≈ 1.201 mpg (imp)
3919:
3798:EPA rated the car separately for
3450:Car experts also assert that the
2976:Fuel economy-maximizing behaviors
2970:Fuel economy maximizing behaviors
2951:, and consequent re-acceleration.
7411:Tabuchi, Hiroko (5 April 2018).
5345:Car speed and energy consumption
4096:1 mpg ≈ 0.833 mpg (US)
3587:
3346:
2995:A five-year partnership between
2638:Lowers the engine rpm at cruise
2553:Reduces energy lost to friction
2497:Stirling hybrid battery vehicle
2471:Increases power to weight ratio
2456:Increases power to weight ratio
2419:Eliminates recompression losses
2278:Variable geometry turbocharging
1963:into waste heat, or losses from
1753:
1695:Differences in testing standards
316:Units of fuel per fixed distance
193:., as also in post-Soviet space.
7501:
7475:
7449:
7423:
7389:
7367:
7236:
7210:
7188:
7158:
7004:
6981:
6947:
6935:
6923:
6867:
6855:
6829:
6803:
6733:
6707:
6689:
6664:
6639:
6617:
6598:
6579:
6560:
6539:
6514:
6502:
6462:
6450:
6438:
6419:
6407:
6381:
6369:
6357:
6335:
6324:
6290:
6278:
6261:
6243:
6217:
6179:
6160:
6141:
6127:
6103:
6081:
5954:
5901:
5872:
5845:
5830:
5770:
5758:
5710:
5466:
5454:
3631:(captive import version of the
3622:Environmental Protection Agency
3571:
3292:cold temperature operation test
2957:sterling hybrid battery vehicle
2728:For use in automatic gearboxes
2578:Variable displacement oil pump
2369:Piezoelectric diesel injectors
2048:may be as low as 70% efficient
1764:needs additional citations for
118:Quantities and units of measure
7543:. Wilfried Achenbach. Berlin.
7217:John M. Broder (25 May 2011).
6445:Vehicles & the Environment
5969:Federal Highway Administration
5656:
5589:
5567:
5541:
5519:
5505:
5486:
5447:
3934:Corporate Average Fuel Economy
3687:corporate average fuel economy
3546:
3140:
3109:4.1 L/100 km (2020,
2050:Automated manual transmissions
1294:emissions of around 140 g/km.
1193:Speed and fuel economy studies
814:L/100 km → km/20 L:
13:
1:
7377:. White House. 28 August 2012
7355:Wang, Ucilia (30 June 2009).
6378:keep track of fuel efficiency
5916:Transportation Research Board
5886:. 4 December 1973. p. 30
5480:
5411:Vehicle Efficiency Initiative
4013:Vehicle Efficiency Initiative
3971:George W. Bush administration
3960:Federal and state regulations
3747:Electric vehicles and hybrids
3515:
2963:aftermarket consumer products
2861:Regenerative shock absorbers
2851:Jean Charles Athanase Peltier
2500:Increases thermal efficiency
2357:Increases injection pressure
2354:Common rail direct injection
2337:Turbocharged Direct Injection
2266:Robert Stephenson and Company
2160:Stratified Charge combustion
2143:Engine combustion strategies
1925:Frictional losses within the
1788:"Fuel economy in automobiles"
1282:A reasonably modern European
1271:Transportation Research Board
1097:
7010:Roth, Dan. (1 October 2009)
6331:Low-rolling resistance tires
5431:Low-rolling resistance tires
4090:1 mpg ≈ 0.354 km/L
4074:1 mpg ≈ 0.425 km/L
3435:emission or less, or pay an
3164:
2564:Lower viscosity engine oils
2058:semi-automatic transmissions
1978:, minus the subsystem loads.
130:; red - UK gallon (imperial)
7:
6567:Guidance notes and examples
6426:Cox, Lisa (30 March 2019).
5322:
3110:
3096:
2512:Time-optimized piston path
370:
201:kilometres per litre (km/L)
10:
7691:
6905:"Dynamometer Driver's Aid"
6862:Frequently Asked Questions
6376:https://onfuel.appspot.com
5884:United Press International
5596:The New Fuel Economy Label
5527:"Fuel Consumption Ratings"
5401:Passenger miles per gallon
5385:Gasoline gallon equivalent
4006:
3931:
3893:internal combustion engine
3885:hydrogen fuel cell vehicle
3604:
3338:New European Driving Cycle
3335:
3118:
3058:People's Republic of China
2973:
2877:Active highway management
2781:Lowers rolling resistance
2693:Other vehicle technologies
2618:Engine running conditions
2541:2014-Global-Turbo-Forecast
2453:Two-stroke diesel engines
2168:For use in petrol engines
2103:Engine-specific technology
2095:
1235:National Maximum Speed Law
631:L/100 km → Miles per
459:L/100 km → Miles per
7639:U.S. Department of Energy
7537:Hilgers, Michael (2021).
6944:. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
6414:Chinese Fuel Economy Laws
6093:Christian Science Monitor
5823:24 September 2012 at the
5818:Steady Speed Fuel Economy
5549:"FAQs – Transport Canada"
4077:235.2/mpg ≈ L/100 km
3789:plug-in electric vehicles
3323:
3257:
3038:
3035:
3032:
2930:Two-stroke diesel engines
2764:Increasing tire pressure
2609:Reduces engine frictions
2195:exhaust gas recirculation
2014:square of the car's speed
54:Briggs and Stratton Flyer
6907:. US EPA. Archived from
5365:Energy-efficient driving
5340:Battery electric vehicle
3763:showing fuel economy in
3716:highlights fuel economy.
3503:
3437:excess emissions premium
3332:Irish fuel economy label
3185:, measured according to
3155:none (as of March 2019)
3013:Environmental management
2442:Recovers exhaust energy
1956:from moving through air;
1594:26,001 – 33,000 lbs
1554:19,501 – 26,000 lbs
1534:16,001 – 19,500 lbs
1514:14,001 – 16,000 lbs
1494:10,001 – 14,000 lbs
1278:Discussion of statistics
1208:Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera
547:gallon → L/100 km:
378:gallon → L/100 km:
7246:. NHTSA. Archived from
7055:US Department of Energy
6954:Find a Car 1985 to 2009
6317:3 February 2009 at the
5897:(subscription required)
4093:282/mpg ≈ L/100 km
3903:(CNG), or kilograms of
3823:fuel economy equivalent
3578:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3533:
3362:. The reason given is:
3193:; previously, only the
3131:6.7 L/100 km
3071:6.1 L/100 km
2790:Series parallel hybrid
2753:Reduces vehicle weight
2524:Engine internal losses
2488:Raymond Freymann (BMW)
2046:automatic transmissions
1454:6,001 – 10,000 lbs
1434:6,000 lbs and less
1429:Percentage of fuel use
1423:Average miles per truck
1144:United States Auto Club
739:gallon → km/20 L:
7462:Orange County Register
6967:"2008 Ratings Changes"
6591:14 August 2008 at the
5999:Cite journal requires
5942:Cite journal requires
5852:Staff (28 June 2008).
5698:Cite journal requires
5495:"Man and His Machines"
3994:Fuel economy of trucks
3941:sport utility vehicles
3929:
3901:compressed natural gas
3881:flexible-fuel vehicles
3869:alternative propulsion
3833:
3829:, in this case a 2010
3768:
3767:and gasoline-only mode
3717:
3656:
3648:
3597:
3333:
3191:European driving cycle
3161:* highway ** combined
3068:6.9 L/100 km
3065:6.9 L/100 km
2846:thermoelectric cooling
2831:Louis Antoine Kriéger
2542:
2431:
2297:
2242:
2136:Herbert Akroyd Stuart
1987:
1900:
1614:33,001 lbs and up
1202:
1108:
1086:
995:
883:
804:
708:
620:
533:
448:
299:
270:
250:
131:
58:
45:
7300:Ecology Law Quarterly
7059:"2011 Chevrolet Volt"
6789:"Japanese 10–15 Mode"
6572:13 April 2008 at the
6474:22 April 2006 at the
5868:on 26 September 2018.
5799:13 April 2008 at the
5390:Motorized quadricycle
4007:Further information:
3945:1973 Arab Oil Embargo
3927:
3816:
3754:
3711:
3654:
3646:
3595:
3510:Speed limits in Japan
3331:
3303:air conditioning test
2540:
2459:Charles F. Kettering
2429:
2295:
2270:variable timing valve
2268:) invented the first
2251:Variable valve timing
2240:
2175:Lean burn combustion
1985:
1901:
1745:Energy considerations
1574:Medium truck subtotal
1200:
1105:
1087:
996:
884:
805:
709:
621:
534:
449:
367:Conversions of units:
362:means less efficient.
300:
271:
251:
125:
51:
35:
6701:carsandgarages.co.uk
5971:: 76. Archived from
5855:Annual Energy Review
4060:, lights and tires.
3987:Trump administration
3976:Obama administration
3889:natural gas vehicles
3480:Remove Wing mirrors.
2824:Regenerative braking
2717:Transmission losses
2383:Cylinder management
2054:manual transmissions
2042:Manual transmissions
2031:regenerative braking
1993:regenerative braking
1965:regenerative braking
1959:Energy converted by
1859:
1773:improve this article
1634:Heavy truck subtotal
1474:Light truck subtotal
1019:
924:
820:
745:
641:
553:
469:
384:
280:
260:
231:
96:in the fuel and the
7342:The Washington Post
6610:7 July 2008 at the
6522:"News & Events"
6509:Vehicle test cycles
6469:Green Vehicle Guide
6123:on 6 December 2014.
5555:on 3 September 2012
5515:. 21 December 2016.
5380:Fuel saving devices
5360:Energy conservation
4101:Conversion from mpg
4003:Effect on pollution
3985:announced that the
3206:or less grams of CO
3029:
2949:ripple back braking
2936:gas turbine engines
2905:Future technologies
2874:Traffic management
2747:Rolling resistance
2422:Carmelo J. Scuderi
2255:variable valve lift
2098:Fuel saving devices
1407:
1406:Truck fuel economy
1228:high speed roadways
1009:gallon → Miles per
914:gallon → Miles per
628:
456:
7417:The New York Times
7323:The New York Times
7281:The New York Times
7250:on 3 February 2009
7223:The New York Times
7196:"The MPG Illusion"
7176:on 15 January 2014
7144:Green Car Congress
7085:The New York Times
7031:. 24 November 2010
7029:Green Car Congress
6876:"2005 Pontiac GTO"
6815:Green Car Congress
6720:Green Car Congress
6586:Fuel Economy Label
6210:2015-04-15 at the
6191:2012-10-21 at the
6172:2012-09-15 at the
6153:2012-07-23 at the
6095:. 26 August 2005.
5839:The New York Times
5677:on 1 December 2007
5598:at FuelEconomy.gov
5426:Low-carbon economy
5406:The Very Light Car
3956:expanded in 2011.
3930:
3834:
3769:
3718:
3657:
3649:
3598:
3334:
3270:THE 5 CYCLE TEST:
3203:Ssangyong Korrando
3197:number was given.
3027:
2621:Coolant additives
2543:
2432:
2298:
2243:
2029:Braking, although
1988:
1933:Rolling resistance
1896:
1405:
1324:consumer behaviour
1269:In 1998, the U.S.
1203:
1113:thermal efficiency
1109:
1082:
991:
879:
800:
704:
616:
529:
444:
295:
294:
266:
246:
245:
132:
59:
46:
7600:. February 2005.
7550:978-3-662-60841-8
7436:Los Angeles Times
7061:. Fueleconomy.gov
6773:Issue No. 2, 2009
6631:. 25 April 2019.
6605:Vehicle Labelling
6492:"5-cycle testing"
6395:. 29 October 2015
6028:on 4 August 2012.
5355:Emission standard
5320:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5016:
5015:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4405:
4404:
3877:electric vehicles
3851:In May 2011, the
3800:all-electric mode
3785:Monroney stickers
3765:all-electric mode
3601:US Energy Tax Act
3383:
3382:
3159:
3158:
2986:Shell Oil Company
2902:
2901:
2690:
2689:
2664:Start-stop system
2327:Leon Levavasseur
2016:, but notes that
2000:Engine efficiency
1961:frictional brakes
1894:
1886:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1823:
1673:
1672:
1378:energy efficiency
1128:Mobil Economy Run
1095:
1094:
848:
669:
585:
497:
413:
292:
269:{\displaystyle x}
243:
16:(Redirected from
7682:
7660:Energy economics
7614:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7586:
7577:
7576:
7570:
7562:
7534:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7371:
7365:
7364:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7333:
7327:
7326:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7291:
7285:
7284:
7275:(2 April 2018).
7269:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7136:
7130:
7128:EPA-420-F-11-017
7126:
7124:
7122:
7110:EPA (May 2011).
7107:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7021:
7015:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6992:. Iaspub.epa.gov
6985:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6911:on 30 March 2014
6901:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6839:. Archived from
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6817:. 11 August 2007
6807:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6785:
6776:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6762:. News from JAMA
6752:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6621:
6615:
6602:
6596:
6583:
6577:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6498:. 30 April 2018.
6488:
6479:
6466:
6460:
6454:
6448:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6339:
6333:
6328:
6322:
6309:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6230:
6221:
6215:
6201:
6195:
6183:
6177:
6164:
6158:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6085:
6079:
6071:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6048:. Archived from
6039:
6030:
6029:
6024:. Archived from
6018:
6009:
6008:
6002:
5997:
5995:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5977:
5966:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5930:
5925:
5923:
5913:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5860:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5834:
5828:
5815:
5804:
5791:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5676:
5669:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5643:10.7922/G2HM56SV
5636:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5551:. Archived from
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5499:The World's Work
5490:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5330:Automobile costs
5020:
5019:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4409:
4408:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4085:Imperial gallons
4064:Unit conversions
4058:air conditioners
3865:alternative fuel
3757:Monroney sticker
3714:Monroney sticker
3683:
3671:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3358:factual accuracy
3350:
3349:
3342:
3030:
3026:
2934:High-efficiency
2925:Compound engines
2697:
2696:
2107:
2106:
2024:Rolling friction
2010:Aerodynamic drag
1954:Aerodynamic drag
1940:air conditioning
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1781:
1757:
1749:
1408:
1404:
1352:Volkswagen Group
1222:) vs 22 mpg
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1049:
1048:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
990:
989:
988:
987:
986:
985:
984:
983:
951:
950:
888:
886:
885:
880:
878:
877:
869:
849:
847:
836:
824:
809:
807:
806:
801:
799:
798:
790:
772:
771:
713:
711:
710:
705:
703:
702:
701:
700:
670:
668:
657:
645:
625:
623:
622:
617:
615:
614:
603:
586:
584:
583:
582:
557:
538:
536:
535:
530:
528:
527:
526:
525:
498:
496:
485:
473:
453:
451:
450:
445:
443:
442:
431:
414:
412:
411:
410:
388:
371:
304:
302:
301:
296:
293:
285:
275:
273:
272:
267:
255:
253:
252:
247:
244:
236:
223:is used instead.
139:Fuel consumption
21:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7665:Fuel technology
7650:
7649:
7622:
7617:
7607:
7605:
7588:
7587:
7580:
7564:
7563:
7551:
7535:
7528:
7518:
7516:
7506:
7502:
7492:
7490:
7489:. 31 March 2020
7481:
7480:
7476:
7466:
7464:
7454:
7450:
7440:
7438:
7428:
7424:
7409:
7405:
7394:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7373:
7372:
7368:
7361:Greentech Media
7353:
7349:
7334:
7330:
7315:
7311:
7292:
7288:
7273:Tabuchi, Hiroko
7270:
7263:
7253:
7251:
7242:
7241:
7237:
7227:
7225:
7215:
7211:
7201:
7199:
7194:
7193:
7189:
7179:
7177:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7149:
7147:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7120:
7118:
7108:
7099:
7089:
7087:
7078:
7074:
7064:
7062:
7048:
7044:
7034:
7032:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7009:
7005:
6995:
6993:
6986:
6982:
6972:
6970:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6940:
6936:
6928:
6924:
6914:
6912:
6903:
6902:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6872:
6868:
6860:
6856:
6846:
6844:
6843:on 10 July 2008
6835:
6834:
6830:
6820:
6818:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6794:
6792:
6787:
6786:
6779:
6765:
6763:
6758:(JAMA) (2009).
6753:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6724:
6722:
6712:
6708:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6680:
6678:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6653:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6612:Wayback Machine
6603:
6599:
6593:Wayback Machine
6584:
6580:
6574:Wayback Machine
6565:
6561:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6530:
6528:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6490:
6489:
6482:
6476:Wayback Machine
6467:
6463:
6455:
6451:
6443:
6439:
6424:
6420:
6412:
6408:
6398:
6396:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6362:
6358:
6348:
6346:
6340:
6336:
6329:
6325:
6319:Wayback Machine
6310:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6249:
6248:
6244:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6212:Wayback Machine
6202:
6198:
6193:Wayback Machine
6184:
6180:
6174:Wayback Machine
6165:
6161:
6155:Wayback Machine
6146:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6072:
6065:
6055:
6053:
6052:on 2 April 2010
6044:
6040:
6033:
6020:
6019:
6012:
6000:
5998:
5989:
5988:
5981:
5979:
5978:on 4 March 2013
5975:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5943:
5941:
5932:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5889:
5887:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5865:
5858:
5850:
5846:
5835:
5831:
5825:Wayback Machine
5816:
5807:
5801:Wayback Machine
5792:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5749:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5724:. November 2021
5716:
5715:
5711:
5699:
5697:
5688:
5687:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5667:
5661:
5657:
5649:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5532:
5530:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5471:
5467:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5416:Vehicle metrics
5325:
4714:
4103:
4066:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4038:
4015:
4005:
3996:
3962:
3936:
3922:
3873:plug-in hybrids
3749:
3706:
3676:
3664:
3641:
3609:
3603:
3590:
3582:Saudi Standards
3574:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3536:
3520:The 10–15 mode
3518:
3506:
3491:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3355:This section's
3351:
3347:
3340:
3326:
3260:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3234:; 10.8 mpg
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3187:ECE Regulations
3172:
3167:
3025:
3010:
2978:
2972:
2907:
2695:
2339:diesel engines
2233:James Atkinson
2105:
2100:
2094:
1969:hybrid vehicles
1891:
1878:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1758:
1747:
1706:– petrol 2.5 L
1697:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1369:
1365:
1356:Volkswagen Lupo
1280:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1136:fuel efficiency
1100:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1016:
973:
969:
962:
961:
956:
955:
943:
939:
932:
931:
925:
922:
921:
865:
854:
853:
832:
828:
823:
821:
818:
817:
786:
764:
760:
749:
748:
746:
743:
742:
690:
686:
675:
674:
653:
649:
644:
642:
639:
638:
599:
591:
590:
572:
568:
561:
556:
554:
551:
550:
518:
514:
503:
502:
481:
477:
472:
470:
467:
466:
427:
419:
418:
403:
399:
392:
387:
385:
382:
381:
359:metal container
331:in the UK. The
284:
281:
278:
277:
261:
258:
257:
235:
232:
229:
228:
150:(L/100 km)
120:
94:chemical energy
86:wind resistance
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7688:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7670:Green vehicles
7667:
7662:
7648:
7647:
7642:
7628:
7621:
7620:External links
7618:
7616:
7615:
7578:
7549:
7526:
7500:
7474:
7448:
7422:
7403:
7398:NRDC's OnEarth
7388:
7366:
7347:
7328:
7309:
7286:
7261:
7235:
7209:
7187:
7157:
7131:
7097:
7072:
7057:(4 May 2011).
7042:
7016:
7003:
6990:"Basic Search"
6980:
6958:
6946:
6934:
6922:
6893:
6882:on 11 May 2015
6866:
6854:
6828:
6802:
6777:
6744:
6732:
6706:
6688:
6663:
6638:
6629:European Union
6616:
6597:
6578:
6559:
6538:
6513:
6501:
6480:
6461:
6449:
6437:
6418:
6406:
6380:
6368:
6356:
6334:
6323:
6301:
6289:
6277:
6260:
6242:
6216:
6196:
6178:
6159:
6140:
6126:
6102:
6080:
6063:
6031:
6010:
6001:|journal=
5953:
5944:|journal=
5900:
5871:
5844:
5829:
5805:
5781:
5769:
5757:
5735:
5709:
5700:|journal=
5655:
5622:
5600:
5588:
5566:
5540:
5518:
5504:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5465:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5441:Plug-in hybrid
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5335:ACEA agreement
5332:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5026:L/100 km
5024:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4723:L/100 km
4713:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4421:L/100 km
4419:
4416:
4413:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4121:L/100 km
4119:
4116:
4113:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3961:
3958:
3932:Main article:
3921:
3920:CAFE standards
3918:
3819:Monroney label
3796:plug-in hybrid
3773:Chevrolet Volt
3761:plug-in hybrid
3748:
3745:
3705:
3702:
3663:is defined in
3640:
3637:
3613:Energy Tax Act
3607:Energy Tax Act
3605:Main article:
3602:
3599:
3589:
3586:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3535:
3532:
3517:
3514:
3505:
3502:
3489:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3405:carbon dioxide
3381:
3380:
3374:September 2018
3354:
3352:
3345:
3336:Main article:
3325:
3322:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3299:
3288:
3280:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:European Union
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3024:
3021:
3009:
3006:
2974:Main article:
2971:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Scuderi engine
2917:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2875:
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2859:
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2853:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:Energy saving
2803:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
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2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2430:Scuderi engine
2423:
2420:
2417:
2415:Scuderi engine
2412:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
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2384:
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2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
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2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:VNT Vanes Open
2289:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2241:Atkinson cycle
2234:
2231:
2228:
2226:Atkinson cycle
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2191:
2188:
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2161:
2158:
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2154:
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2150:
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2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
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2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:Main article:
2093:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2036:Losses in the
2034:
2027:
2021:
2007:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1957:
1951:
1944:engine cooling
1936:
1930:
1923:
1907:
1906:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1847:
1846:
1761:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1732:European Union
1729:
1723:
1696:
1693:
1689:lightweighting
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
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1470:
1467:
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1455:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1374:Diesel engines
1367:
1363:
1299:North American
1292:carbon dioxide
1279:
1276:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1121:automotive era
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1044:
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1001:
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929:
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900:
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894:
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868:
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843:
839:
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831:
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759:
756:
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732:
731:
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719:
715:
714:
699:
696:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
673:
667:
664:
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656:
652:
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629:
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548:
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510:
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488:
484:
480:
476:
464:
457:
454:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
409:
406:
402:
398:
395:
391:
379:
364:
363:
341:
337:
336:
333:window sticker
317:
291:
288:
265:
242:
239:
225:
224:
194:
119:
116:
104:waste energy.
98:kinetic energy
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7687:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7646:
7643:
7641:, April 2014.
7640:
7636:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7585:
7583:
7574:
7568:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7546:
7542:
7541:
7533:
7531:
7515:
7511:
7504:
7488:
7484:
7478:
7463:
7459:
7452:
7437:
7433:
7426:
7418:
7414:
7407:
7400:. p. 63.
7399:
7392:
7376:
7370:
7362:
7358:
7351:
7343:
7339:
7332:
7324:
7320:
7313:
7306:(4): 901–902.
7305:
7301:
7297:
7290:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7266:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7224:
7220:
7213:
7198:. 3 June 2013
7197:
7191:
7175:
7171:
7170:Bloomberg.com
7167:
7161:
7146:. 25 May 2011
7145:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7117:
7113:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7086:
7083:
7076:
7060:
7056:
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6991:
6984:
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6962:
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6931:
6926:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6898:
6881:
6877:
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6858:
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6806:
6790:
6784:
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6757:
6751:
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6702:
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6609:
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6601:
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6587:
6582:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6563:
6548:
6542:
6527:
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6517:
6510:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6487:
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6477:
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6470:
6465:
6458:
6453:
6446:
6441:
6433:
6429:
6422:
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6410:
6394:
6390:
6384:
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6372:
6365:
6360:
6345:
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6332:
6327:
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6293:
6286:
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6270:
6264:
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6227:
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6209:
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6194:
6190:
6187:
6182:
6175:
6171:
6168:
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6156:
6152:
6149:
6144:
6136:
6130:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6106:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6070:
6068:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6036:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6006:
5993:
5974:
5970:
5963:
5957:
5949:
5936:
5929:
5917:
5910:
5904:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5864:
5857:
5856:
5848:
5841:. p. 30.
5840:
5833:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5778:
5773:
5766:
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5692:
5673:
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5659:
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5610:
5604:
5597:
5592:
5576:
5570:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5528:
5522:
5514:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5485:
5469:
5463:
5462:harmonic mean
5457:
5453:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:Green vehicle
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
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5391:
5388:
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5002:
5001:
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4994:
4991:
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3991:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3966:Clean Air Act
3957:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3926:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3802:expressed in
3801:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3710:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3689:regulations.
3688:
3682:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3653:
3645:
3636:
3634:
3633:Holden Monaro
3630:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3594:
3588:United States
3585:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3564:; 62 mpg
3556:; 34 mpg
3544:
3542:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3522:driving cycle
3513:
3511:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3427:; 25 mpg
3419:; 57 mpg
3406:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3255:
3250:; 69 mpg
3245:
3244:Honda Insight
3222:; 53 mpg
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:United States
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3036:2004 average
3031:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3005:
3002:
3001:Anglian Water
2998:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2967:
2964:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:Levant Power
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2482:Turbosteamer
2481:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2360:Robert Huber
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:Twincharging
2304:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:Engine cycle
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1840:
1832:
1829:November 2023
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790: –
1789:
1785:
1784:Find sources:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1762:This section
1760:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1739:
1738:United States
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1392:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:; 78 mpg
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:Pickup trucks
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1053:
1050:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
957:
952:
927:
920:
917:
913:
909:
908:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
870:
866:
855:
850:
837:
833:
825:
816:
813:
812:
791:
787:
776:
773:
750:
741:
738:
734:
733:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
716:
676:
671:
658:
654:
646:
637:
634:
630:
627:
604:
600:
592:
587:
558:
549:
546:
542:
541:
504:
499:
486:
482:
474:
465:
462:
458:
455:
432:
428:
420:
415:
389:
380:
377:
373:
372:
369:
368:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
339:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
314:
313:
310:
306:
289:
286:
263:
240:
237:
222:
217:
213:
211:
207:
202:
198:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
149:
145:
140:
137:
136:
135:
129:
124:
115:
113:
109:
108:Electric cars
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
79:foreign trade
76:
72:
71:fuel consumed
68:
64:
55:
50:
39:
38:Honda Airwave
34:
30:
19:
7606:. Retrieved
7593:
7539:
7517:. Retrieved
7513:
7503:
7491:. Retrieved
7486:
7477:
7465:. Retrieved
7461:
7451:
7439:. Retrieved
7435:
7425:
7416:
7406:
7397:
7391:
7379:. Retrieved
7369:
7360:
7350:
7341:
7331:
7322:
7312:
7303:
7299:
7289:
7280:
7252:. Retrieved
7248:the original
7238:
7226:. Retrieved
7222:
7212:
7200:. Retrieved
7190:
7178:. Retrieved
7174:the original
7169:
7160:
7148:. Retrieved
7134:
7127:
7119:. Retrieved
7088:. Retrieved
7084:
7075:
7063:. Retrieved
7045:
7033:. Retrieved
7019:
7006:
6994:. Retrieved
6983:
6971:. Retrieved
6961:
6949:
6937:
6925:
6913:. Retrieved
6909:the original
6884:. Retrieved
6880:the original
6869:
6857:
6845:. Retrieved
6841:the original
6831:
6819:. Retrieved
6805:
6793:. Retrieved
6791:. Diesel.net
6772:
6764:. Retrieved
6735:
6725:28 September
6723:. Retrieved
6709:
6700:
6691:
6679:. Retrieved
6675:
6666:
6654:. Retrieved
6650:
6641:
6632:
6619:
6600:
6581:
6562:
6550:. Retrieved
6541:
6529:. Retrieved
6526:www.honda.de
6525:
6516:
6504:
6495:
6464:
6452:
6440:
6432:The Guardian
6431:
6421:
6409:
6397:. Retrieved
6392:
6383:
6371:
6359:
6347:. Retrieved
6337:
6326:
6292:
6280:
6263:
6255:Lexus Canada
6254:
6245:
6233:. Retrieved
6219:
6199:
6181:
6162:
6143:
6129:
6121:the original
6114:
6105:
6092:
6083:
6073:
6054:. Retrieved
6050:the original
6041:
6026:the original
5992:cite journal
5982:17 September
5980:. Retrieved
5973:the original
5956:
5935:cite journal
5927:
5922:17 September
5920:. Retrieved
5903:
5888:. Retrieved
5874:
5863:the original
5854:
5847:
5838:
5832:
5772:
5760:
5748:. Retrieved
5738:
5726:. Retrieved
5721:
5712:
5691:cite journal
5679:. Retrieved
5672:the original
5658:
5625:
5612:
5603:
5591:
5579:. Retrieved
5569:
5557:. Retrieved
5553:the original
5543:
5531:. Retrieved
5521:
5507:
5498:
5488:
5468:
5456:
4032:
4016:
3997:
3983:Scott Pruitt
3980:
3963:
3937:
3912:
3909:
3895:vehicles is
3850:
3838:electric car
3835:
3827:electric car
3793:
3770:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3698:
3691:
3674:
3658:
3626:
3610:
3575:
3572:Saudi Arabia
3550:
3541:Toyota Prius
3537:
3519:
3507:
3499:
3483:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3371:
3356:
3319:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3284:highway test
3283:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3199:
3194:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3039:Requirement
3011:
2994:
2979:
2960:
2948:
2942:Turbosteamer
2908:
2706:Explanation
2116:Explanation
2082:
2038:transmission
1989:
1912:
1908:
1893:Fuel economy
1850:
1835:
1826:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1783:
1771:Please help
1766:verification
1763:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1674:
1426:fuel economy
1393:
1382:
1372:
1344:turbocharged
1339:Smart Fortwo
1337:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1302:mid-size car
1296:
1281:
1268:
1259:
1233:When the US
1232:
1204:
1178:
1176:
1132:World War II
1125:
1110:
1010:
1006:
915:
911:
736:
632:
544:
460:
375:
366:
365:
352:
311:
307:
226:
220:
215:
204:
200:
197:Fuel economy
196:
153:
142:
138:
133:
106:
83:
63:fuel economy
62:
60:
29:
7519:20 December
7381:28 November
7202:11 November
7180:11 November
7090:23 November
7035:24 November
6996:1 September
6886:21 February
6681:14 November
6676:Honest John
6656:14 November
6651:Honest John
6496:nrcan.gc.ca
5728:30 November
5581:11 November
5448:Annotations
4020:natural gas
4009:Gas-guzzler
3951:of current
3913:differences
3831:Nissan Leaf
3825:for an all-
3777:Nissan Leaf
3678:40 CFR
3666:40 CFR
3629:Pontiac GTO
3547:New Zealand
3527:dynamometer
3313:25 °C.
3179:extra urban
2703:Technology
2345:Volkswagen
2113:Technology
1297:An average
1179:new vehicle
159:New Zealand
7654:Categories
7559:1237865094
7487:Yahoo News
6915:11 January
6742:ICCT, 2019
6399:30 October
6235:1 December
5559:6 November
5481:References
5350:Car tuning
5032:mpg (imp)
4732:mpg (imp)
4415:mpg (imp)
4112:mpg (imp)
4069:US Gallons
3953:model year
3861:model year
3562:‑imp
3554:‑imp
3516:10–15 mode
3425:‑imp
3417:‑imp
3398:Honda CR-Z
3248:‑imp
3232:‑imp
3220:‑imp
3135:eq (2010)
2086:horsepower
1948:alternator
1946:, and the
1927:drivetrain
1799:newspapers
1685:‑imp
1681:‑imp
1677:‑imp
1657:85,174,776
1477:79,982,623
1457:28,041,234
1437:51,941,389
1420:Percentage
1400:‑imp
1396:‑imp
1364:‑imp
1348:Daimler AG
1111:While the
1098:Statistics
1005:Miles per
910:Miles per
735:Miles per
543:Miles per
374:Miles per
343:Miles per
191:Madagascar
169:. Also in
148:kilometres
75:motor fuel
67:automobile
7675:Car costs
7567:cite book
7467:7 January
6393:Tyrepress
6349:8 October
6176:Table 4.1
6157:Table 5.4
5681:4 January
5370:FF layout
5029:mpg (US)
4729:mpg (US)
4412:mpg (US)
4115:mpg (US)
3566:‑US
3558:‑US
3429:‑US
3421:‑US
3296:city test
3276:city test
3252:‑US
3236:‑US
3224:‑US
3165:Australia
3141:Australia
2709:Inventor
2286:Honeywell
2284:Garrett (
2197:(petrol)
2181:Chrysler
2119:Inventor
2072:required.
1889:∝
1720:Australia
1637:2,333,786
1617:2,153,996
1577:2,858,368
1557:1,709,574
1389:‑US
1385:‑US
1368:‑US
1306:full-size
1284:supermini
1255:‑US
1251:‑US
1247:‑US
1243:‑US
1239:‑US
1224:‑US
1220:‑US
1216:‑US
1210:with the
179:Guatemala
163:Australia
90:tire drag
42:‑US
7602:Archived
7514:HuffPost
6973:17 April
6969:. US EPA
6608:Archived
6589:Archived
6570:Archived
6472:Archived
6315:Archived
6208:Archived
6189:Archived
6170:Archived
6151:Archived
6116:NBC News
6097:Archived
6056:22 April
5821:Archived
5797:Archived
5746:. US EPA
5647:Archived
5617:Archived
5436:Microcar
5323:See also
3905:hydrogen
3452:official
3195:combined
3183:combined
3033:Country
3015:systems
2997:Michelin
1669:100.00%
1358:and the
1335:microcar
1288:motorway
1170:, 56 mpg
1162:, 63 mpg
1013:gallon:
1007:Imperial
918:gallon:
916:Imperial
635:gallon:
633:Imperial
545:Imperial
463:gallon:
256:, where
183:Colombia
175:Paraguay
146:per 100
57:bicycle.
18:L/100 km
7608:28 July
6821:9 April
6795:9 April
6766:9 April
5890:22 July
5750:23 June
5613:EPA.gov
4028:biofuel
3301:In the
3290:In the
2311:Lancia
2193:Cooled
1813:scholar
1709:4GR-FSE
1660:100.00%
1649:21.60%
1629:20.70%
1597:179,790
1537:166,472
1517:290,980
1497:691,342
1489:73.20%
1469:30.50%
1449:42.70%
1360:Audi A2
1263:barrels
1117:engines
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
287:282.481
238:235.215
171:Uruguay
102:braking
7557:
7547:
7441:11 May
7254:9 July
7228:26 May
7150:25 May
7121:25 May
7065:21 May
5722:US EPA
5577:. 2001
5533:8 June
5312:282.5
5309:235.2
5298:268.4
5295:223.5
5284:254.2
5281:211.7
5270:240.1
5267:199.9
5256:226.0
5253:188.2
5242:211.9
5239:176.4
5228:197.7
5225:164.7
5214:183.6
5211:152.9
5200:169.5
5197:141.1
5186:155.4
5183:129.4
5172:141.2
5169:117.6
5158:127.1
5155:105.8
5144:113.0
4760:141.2
4757:117.6
4746:282.5
4743:235.2
4740:100.0
4695:120.1
4681:114.1
4667:108.1
4653:102.1
3887:, and
3779:, the
3759:for a
3694:FTP-75
3661:FTP-72
3324:Europe
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2940:BMW's
2712:Notes
2122:Notes
1976:idling
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1726:Canada
1704:IS 250
1702:Lexus
1663:13,088
1643:44,581
1623:45,739
1609:0.90%
1603:30,708
1589:5.20%
1583:13,237
1569:3.20%
1563:12,671
1549:0.30%
1543:11,645
1529:0.50%
1523:15,441
1509:1.10%
1503:14,094
1483:12,163
1480:93.90%
1463:12,684
1460:32.90%
1443:11,882
1440:61.00%
1417:Number
1054:1.2001
958:0.8327
354:tanaka
349:Levant
345:gallon
329:gallon
325:gallon
321:gallon
216:higher
210:gallon
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144:litres
128:gallon
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7493:2 May
6847:2 May
6634:year.
6552:2 May
6531:2 May
6272:(PDF)
6229:(PDF)
5976:(PDF)
5965:(PDF)
5918:: 189
5912:(PDF)
5866:(PDF)
5859:(PDF)
5675:(PDF)
5668:(PDF)
5650:(PDF)
5635:(PDF)
5141:94.1
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5088:56.5
5085:47.0
5074:42.4
5071:35.3
5060:28.2
5057:23.5
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5043:11.8
5040:20.0
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4914:11.3
4900:14.1
4897:11.8
4886:18.8
4883:15.7
4872:28.2
4869:23.5
4866:10.0
4858:31.4
4855:26.1
4852:11.1
4844:35.3
4841:29.4
4838:12.5
4830:40.4
4827:33.6
4824:14.3
4816:47.1
4813:39.2
4810:16.7
4802:56.5
4799:47.0
4796:20.0
4788:70.6
4785:58.8
4782:25.0
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4768:33.3
4754:50.0
4726:km/L
4698:42.5
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4670:38.3
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4628:31.9
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4614:29.8
4611:84.1
4600:27.6
4597:78.1
4586:25.5
4583:72.1
4572:23.4
4569:66.1
4558:21.3
4555:60.0
4544:19.1
4541:54.0
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4527:48.0
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4513:42.0
4502:12.8
4499:36.0
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4398:35.4
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4370:31.9
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4353:70.8
4342:28.3
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4325:62.5
4314:24.8
4311:58.3
4300:23.0
4297:54.1
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4272:19.5
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4230:14.2
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4216:12.4
4213:29.1
4202:10.6
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3817:2010
3755:2010
3712:2008
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3175:urban
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2990:tires
2961:Many
2700:Type
2110:Type
1820:JSTOR
1806:books
1654:Total
1640:2.70%
1620:2.50%
1600:0.20%
1580:3.40%
1560:2.00%
1540:0.20%
1520:0.30%
1500:0.80%
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212:(MPG)
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5264:1.2
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5110:3.3
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4984:5.6
4981:4.7
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4970:6.3
4967:5.2
4964:2.2
4956:7.1
4953:5.9
4950:2.5
4942:8.1
4939:6.7
4936:2.9
4928:9.4
4925:7.8
4922:3.3
4911:9.4
4908:4.0
4894:5.0
4880:6.7
4701:2.4
4692:100
4687:2.5
4673:2.6
4659:2.8
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4631:3.1
4617:3.4
4603:3.6
4589:3.9
4575:4.3
4561:4.7
4547:5.2
4533:5.9
4519:6.7
4505:7.8
4491:9.4
4474:8.5
4460:6.4
4446:4.3
4432:2.1
4429:6.0
4401:2.8
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4387:3.0
4373:3.1
4359:3.3
4345:3.5
4331:3.8
4317:4.0
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4289:4.7
4275:5.1
4261:5.6
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4219:8.1
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5639:doi
5289:95
5275:90
5261:85
5247:80
5233:75
5219:70
5205:65
5191:60
5177:55
5163:50
5149:45
5135:40
5121:35
5107:30
5093:25
5079:20
5065:15
5051:10
5003:60
4989:55
4975:50
4961:45
4947:40
4933:35
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4905:25
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4863:10
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