1840:(Cassian treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the Romans on one side and the other Latin city-states combined. It provided for a perpetual peace between the two parties; a defensive alliance by which the parties pledged mutual assistance in case of attack; a promise not to aid or allow passage to each other's enemies; the equal division of spoils of war (half to Rome, half to the other Latins) and provisions to regulate trade between the parties. In addition the treaty probably provided for overall command of the allies' joint forces to alternate between a Roman and a commander from one of the other Latin city-states each year. As the nature of the Tarquinian hegemony over the Latins is unknown, it is impossible to tell how the terms of the Cassian treaty differed from those imposed by the Tarquins. But it is likely that Tarquin rule was more onerous, involving the payment of tribute, while the Republican terms simply involved a military alliance. The impetus to form such an alliance was probably provided by the acute insecurity caused by a phase of migration and invasion of the lowland areas by Italic mountain tribes in the period after 500 BC. The Latins faced repeated incursions by the
1983:. The Imperial population of Rome was found to have been extremely diverse, with barely any of the examined individuals being of primarily local, central Italian ancestry. It was suggested that the observed genetic shift in the city's founding populations was a result of heavy migration of merchants and slaves from the populous urban centres of the Middle East and Greece. During late antiquity, after the Imperial era, Rome's population was drastically reduced as a result of political instability, epidemics and economic changes. In this period, more local or central Italian ancestry is evident in Rome; its inhabitants started to again approximate present-day Italians, and can be modeled as a genetic mixture of Imperial-era inhabitants of the city of Rome and populations from central or northern Italy. In the following Early Medieval period, invasions of barbarians may have brought central and/or northern European ancestry into Rome, resulting in the further loss of genetic link to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. By the
511:), even though some scholars believe that the Lemnian language might have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula. Other scholars, however, argue that the presence of a language similar to Etruscan in Lemnos was due to Etruscan commercial adventurers arrived from the west shortly before 700 BC. The archaeological evidence available from Iron Age Etruria shows no sign of any invasion, migration, or arrival of small immigrant-elites from the Eastern Mediterranean who may have imposed their language. Between the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, Etruria shows above all contacts with Central Europe and the
1694:
619:
3380:, p. 673. "People from the city's earliest eras and from after the Western empire's decline in the fourth century C.E. genetically resembled other Western Europeans. But during the imperial period most sampled residents had Eastern Mediterranean or Middle Eastern ancestry... The study suggests the vast majority of immigrants to the city came from the East. Of 48 individuals sampled from this period, only two showed strong genetic ties to Europe... Invading barbarians brought in more European ancestry. Rome gradually lost its strong genetic link to the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. By medieval times, city residents again genetically resembled European populations."
895:, rather than a cultural symbol, by the Vinca people). Whatever its origin, it was widely adopted by the Indo-Europeans, among whom it probably symbolised the Sun (which was seen as a wheel rolling across the sky) and/or the Sky and was thus closely associated with their male supreme Sky-god. Among the Romans, it was not traditionally associated with the sky god Jupiter. It became associated with the sky god in Celtic southwest Gaul, where numerous dedications to Jupiter have been discovered adorned with swastikas. In the later empire (4th century onwards), when pagan symbolism lost favour due to the advance of Christianity, it came to represent the Universe, or eternal life.
4149:
1247:), so archaeology cannot be used to support the tradition that Rome was founded by people from Alba Longa. If Alba Longa did not exist, then nor did the "Alban kings", whose genealogy was almost certainly fabricated to "prove" Romulus' descent from Aeneas. The genealogy's dubious nature is shown by the fact that it ascribes the 14 Alban kings an average reign of 30 years' duration, an implausibly high figure. The false nature of the Aeneas-Romulus link is also demonstrated by the fact that, in some early versions of the tradition, Romulus is denoted as Aeneas' grandson, despite being chronologically separated from Aeneas by some 450 years.
420:
905:
750:
1033:
1256:
946:, Alban Hills, SE of Rome), an extinct volcano. The climax of the festival was a number of sacrifices to Jupiter Latiaris ("Jupiter of Latium"); the sacrificed meat was shared by the representatives of the Latin communities. These elaborate rituals, as did all Roman religious ceremonies, had to be performed with absolute precision and, if any procedural mistakes were made, had to be repeated from the start. The Latin Festival continued to be held long after all
6221:
4093:
2452:
antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near
Kamania on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.
95:
1122:
6210:
283:
1159:, by the Greeks in 1184 BC, according to one ancient calculation. After many adventures, Aeneas and his Trojan army landed on the coast of Latium near the mouth of the Tiber. Initially, King Latinus attempted to drive them out, but he was defeated in battle. Later, he accepted Aeneas as an ally and eventually allowed him to marry his daughter, Lavinia. Aeneas supposedly founded the city of
416:, and more specifically, for an ancestral European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-west Indo-European", ancestral to Celtic, Italic, Germanic and Balto-Slavic branches. All these groups were descended from Proto-Indo-European speakers from Yamna-culture, whose migrations in Central Europe probably split off Pre-Italic, Pre-Celtic and Pre-Germanic from Proto-Indo-European.
1805:
3357:, p. 4. "ompared to Iron Age individuals, the Imperial population shares more alleles with early Bronze Age Jordanians... Notably, only 2 out of 48 Imperial-era individuals fall in the European cluster (C7) to which 8 out of 11 Iron Age individuals belong... ew Imperial individuals (n = 2) have strong genetic affinities to western Mediterranean populations."
641:. It thus appears that the Latins occupied Latium Vetus not earlier than around 1000 BC. Initially, the Latin immigrants into Latium were probably concentrated in the low hills that extend from the central Apennine range into the coastal plain (much of which was then marshy and malarial, and thus uninhabitable). A notable area of early settlement were the
1097:). The legend provided the Romans with a heroic "Homeric" pedigree, as well as a (spurious) ethnic distinctiveness from the other Latins. It also provided a rationale (as poetic revenge for the destruction of Troy) for Rome's hostilities against, and eventual subjugation of, the Greek cities of southern Italy, especially
1865:, to attempt to defend their independence and territorial integrity by challenging Rome, often in alliance with their erstwhile enemies, mountain-tribes such as the Volsci. Finally, in 341 BC, all the Latin city-states combined in what proved to be a final effort to regain/preserve their independence. The so-called
1263:, a bronze statue of the She-Wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus. Date is controversial. Traditionally it has been attributed to the Etruscans and dated to the 5th century BC (although the twins were added in the 15th century). More recent scholarship dates the original piece to the medieval era.
1855:
The new Romano-Latin military alliance proved strong enough to repel the incursions of the Italic mountain tribes in the period 500â400 BC. During the succeeding century, after Rome had recovered from the catastrophic Gallic invasion of 390 BC, the Romans began a phase of expansionism. In addition to
1777:
There followed a war between Rome and the other Latin city-states, which probably took advantage of the political turmoil in Rome to attempt to regain/preserve their independence. It appears that
Tusculum and Aricia took the lead in organising an anti-Roman alliance. One ancient source names Egerius
1202:
There is controversy about how and when Aeneas and his
Trojans were adopted as ethnic ancestors by the Romans. One theory is that the Romans appropriated the legend from the Etruscans, who in turn acquired themselves the legend from the Greeks. There is evidence that the Aeneas legend was well known
427:
Leaving archaeology aside, the geographical distribution of the ancient languages of the peninsula may plausibly be explained by the immigration of successive waves of peoples with different languages, according to
Cornell. On this model, it appears likely that the "West Italic" group (including the
221:
550â500 BC), Rome apparently acquired political hegemony over the other states. After the fall of the Roman monarchy around 500 BC, there appears to have been a century of military alliance between Rome and the other Latin states to confront the threat posed to all Latium by raiding by the
1749:
and Ardea, among others, as "Roman subjects". Although the text acknowledged that not all the Latin cities were subjects of Rome, it clearly placed them under Rome's hegemony, as it provided that if
Carthage captured any Latin city, it was obliged to hand it over to Rome's control. Rome's sphere of
1239:
But whatever the origin of the legend, it is clear that the Latins had no historical connection with Aeneas and none of their cities were founded by Trojan refugees. Furthermore, Cornell regards the city of Alba Longa itself as probably mythical. Early Latial-culture remains have been discovered on
1670:
From an early stage, the external relations of the Latin city-states were dominated by their largest and most powerful member, Rome. The vast amount of archaeological evidence uncovered since the 1970s has conclusively discredited A. Alföldi's once-fashionable theory that Rome was an insignificant
808:
The kinship-system of PIEs is considered by anthropologists to best fit the so-called "Omaha" system, i.e. a patrilineal exogamous society, i.e. a society in which descent is recognised through the father's line and spouses are taken from outside the kinship-group. This is certainly the case with
519:
was an artistic-cultural phenomenon not exclusively
Etruscan, also spread to other areas of Italy and the Greek world, and that can be better explained by trade and exchange rather than by migrations. Genetic studies on samples of Etruscan individuals, both on mitochondrial and autosomal DNA, are
1312:
Mainstream scholarly opinion regards
Romulus as an entirely mythical character, and the legend fictitious. On this view, Romulus was a name fabricated to provide Rome with an eponymous founding hero, a common feature of classical foundation-myths; it is possible that Romulus was named after Rome
731:
Around 650 BC began a period of urbanisation, with the establishment of political city-states in Latium. The most notable example is Rome itself, which was originally a group of separate settlements on the various hills. It appears that they coalesced into a single entity around 625 BC, when the
1769:
suggests that
Porsenna's army succeeded in occupying the city. The fact that there is no evidence of Tarquin's restoration during this occupation has led some scholars to suggest that it Porsenna was the real agent of the Tarquin's downfall, and that he aimed to replace him as king of Rome. Any
803:
branch of IE. On the basis of common steppe-nomadic features in the cultures of the various Indo-European peoples in the historical era, scholars have reconstructed elements of proto-Indo-European culture. Relics of such elements have been discerned in Roman and Latin customs. Examples include:
2674:
Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both
Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or
205:
that appeared in parts of the
Italian peninsula in the first half of the 12th century BC. The Latins maintained close culturo-religious relations until they were definitively united politically under Rome in 338 BC, and for centuries beyond. These included common festivals and religious
2451:
Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age
1789:
in the presence of representatives of Latin states, including Tusculum, Aricia, Lanuvium, Lavinium, Cora, Tibur, Pometia and Ardea. This event was probably contemporaneous with, and connected with, the launch of the Latin alliance. The Latins could apparently count on the support of the
816:, deriving from archaic "Dieus - pater" ("sky-father"). PIEs also venerated a god of thunder and lightning. Among the Latins, this deity appears to have been merged with the sky-god, as Jupiter was ascribed the power to hurl thunderbolts. Among others, Jupiter was ascribed the epithets
533:
1024:, or Latin ancestor-gods. Cornell suggests that the "Sanctuary of the 13 altars" discovered in the 1960s at Lavinium was the site of the Penates cult. Since each of the altars differ in style and date, it has been suggested that each was erected by a separate Latin city-state.
1211:
argued that the original Etruscans were in fact descendants of those Trojan refugees and that the Aeneas legend has a historical basis. Georgiev disputes the mainstream view that Etruscan was not Indo-European: he argues that Etruscan was closely related to the Indo-European
1236:. There is also much archaeological evidence of contacts between the cities of archaic Latium and the Greek world e.g. the archaic sanctuary of the Penates at Lavinium, which shows "heavy Greek influence in architectural design and religious ideology", according to Cornell.
1228:
in Anatolia, it cannot be argued conclusively that Luwian was the everyday language of Troy. Cornell points out that the Romans may have acquired the legend directly from the Italiote Greeks. The earliest Greek literary reference to Rome as a foundation of Aeneas dates to
1667:. Rome was by far the largest state, controlling some 35% of the total land area. The next four largest states ranged from just under half the size of Rome down to a fifth of the size; the remaining ten ranged from a tenth of the size down to less than a twentieth.
520:
also against an eastern origin of the Etruscans and have supported a deep, local origin. A 2019 Stanford genetic study, which has analyzed the autosomal DNA of Iron Age samples from the areas around Rome, has concluded that Etruscans were similar to the Latins from
49:
1112:
lent itself to his adoption as the Roman "Abraham": a mighty warrior of (minor) royal blood who personally slew 28 Achaeans in the war, he was twice saved from certain death by the gods, implying that he had a great destiny to fulfil. A passage in Homer's
710:â900 BC) these hut-urns only appear in some burials, but they become standard in Phase II cremation burials (900â770 BC). They represent the typical single-roomed hovels of contemporary peasants, which were made from simple, readily available materials:
1765:, who led an invasion of Roman territory at the time of the revolution, was probably distorted for propaganda reasons by later Roman chroniclers. Livy claims that Porsenna aimed to restore Tarquin to his throne, but failed to take Rome after a siege.
1741:. He was engaged in besieging Ardea when the revolt against his monarchy broke out. Rome's political control over Latium Vetus is apparently confirmed by the text of the first recorded Romano-Carthaginian treaty, dated by the ancient Greek historian
477:
part of an older European linguistic substratum, spoken long before the arrival of proto Indo-European speakers. Some scholars have earlier speculated that Etruscan language could have been introduced by later migrants. The ancient Greek historian
1333:
Romulus, it is plausible that he was historical. Nevertheless, Cornell argues that "Romulus probably never existed... His biography is a complex mixture of legend and folk-tale, interspersed with antiquarian speculation and political propaganda".
1360:
The traditional number of Latin communities for the purposes of the joint religious festivals is given as 30 in the sources. The same number is reported, probably erroneously, as the membership of the Romano-Latin military alliance, labelled the
4563:
428:
Latins) were the first wave, followed, and largely displaced by, the East Italic (Osco-Umbrian) group. This is deduced from the marginal locations of the surviving West Italic niches. Besides Latin, putative members of the West Italic group are
1671:
settlement until about 500 BC, and thus that the Republic was not established before about 450, and possibly as late as 400 BC. There is now no doubt that Rome was a unified city (as opposed to a group of separate hilltop settlements) by
448:
dialects spoken over much of central and southern Italy. The chronology of Indo-European immigration remains elusive, as does the relative chronology between the Italic IE languages and the non-IE languages of the peninsula, notably the
1117:
contains the prophecy that Aeneas and his descendants would one day rule the Trojans. Since the Trojans had been expelled from their own city, it was speculated that Aeneas and other Trojan survivors must have migrated elsewhere.
783:(southern Russia, northern Caucasus and central Asia). Their livelihood was based on horses and herding. In the historical era, the same socio-cultural lifestyle was maintained, in the same regions, by peoples descended from the
230:. This system progressively broke down after roughly 390 BC, when Rome's aggressive expansionism led to conflict with other Latin states, both individually and collectively. In 341â338 BC, the Latin states jointly fought the
498:
language, completely different from the Etruscan language. Despite, a possible support for an eastern origin for Etruscan may be provided by two inscriptions in a language closely related to Etruscan found on the island of
1860:
on territories annexed from the mountain tribes, Rome annexed a number of neighbouring Latin city-states in steady succession. The increasing threat posed by Roman encroachment led the more powerful Latin states, such as
694:
valley. In contrast, the Osco-Umbrian tribes do not exhibit the same features of the Latins, who thus shared the broadly same material culture as the Etruscans. The variant of Villanovan found in Latium is dubbed the
588:, it indicates that the Romans remained Latin-speakers in the period when some historians have suggested that Rome had become "Etruscanised" in both language and culture. It also lends support to the existence of the
322:, which began around 900 BC. The most widely accepted theory suggests that Latins and other proto-Italic tribes first entered Italy in the late Bronze Age proto-Villanovan culture, then part of the central European
1351:
In contrast to the legend of Aeneas, which was clearly imported into the Latin world from an extraneous culture, it appears that the Romulus legend of the suckling she-wolf is a genuine indigenous Latin myth.
831:
Fire-worship: A central feature of PIE life was the domestic hearth. It is thus considered certain that PIEs worshipped fire. The best-known derivative is the fire-worship of the ancient Iranian religion (see
1372:
there were just 15 independent Latin city-states in Latium Vetus, including Rome itself (the other 15 were annexed by the former as they expanded, especially Rome). The size of the city-state territories in
1129:, a volcanic plateau 20km SE of Rome. The region saw early Latin settlement and was the site of the legendary city of Alba Longa, supposedly the capital of Latium for 400 years before the foundation of Rome
3692:
Saupe, Tina; Montinaro, Francesco; Scaggion, Cinzia; Carrara, Nicola; Kivisild, Toomas; DâAtanasio, Eugenia; Hui, Ruoyun; Solnik, Anu; Lebrasseur, OphĂ©lie; Larson, Greger; Alessandri, Luca (2021-06-21).
2021:
By contrast, the following results were obtained for Medieval/Early Modern period: the eye color is blue in 26% of the examined and dark in the remaining 74%. Hair color is 22% blond or dark blond, 11%
1240:
the shore of the Alban lake, but they indicate a series of small villages, not an urbanised city-state. In any case, traces of the earliest phase of Latial culture also occur at Rome at the same time (
234:
against Rome in a final attempt to preserve their independence. The war ended in 338 BC with a decisive Roman victory. The other Latin states were either annexed or permanently subjugated to Rome.
2573:
Leonardi, Michela; Sandionigi, Anna; Conzato, Annalisa; Lari, Martina; Tassi, Francesca (2018). "The female ancestor's tale: Longâterm matrilineal continuity in a nonisolated region of Tuscany".
847:
ritual involves the sacrifice of a stallion and the ritual copulation with its corpse by the queen, followed by the distribution of the horse's parts. The Romans practised a ritual known as the
928:
Despite their frequent internecine wars, the Latin city-states maintained close culturo-religious relations throughout their history. Their most important common tribal event was the four-day
4578:
1757:
The fall of the Roman monarchy was probably a more lengthy, violent and international process than the swift, bloodless and internal coup related by tradition. The role of the Etruscan king
3581:"The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%.",
4453:
1348:, as related by the ancient chroniclers, by ploughing a symbolic sacred furrow to define the city's boundary. But Carandini's views have received scant support among fellow scholars.
1040:' legendary landing on the shores of Latium (note prow of his beached ship, right). Aeneas is holding his son, Ascanius, by the hand. A sow (left) shows him where to found his city (
1682:, 510 hectares) by around 550 BC, when it had an area of about 285 hectares (1.1 sq mile) and an estimated population of 35,000. Rome was thus about half the size of contemporary
524:. According to British archeologist Phil Perkins, "there are indications that the evidence of DNA can support the theory that Etruscan people are autochthonous in central Italy".
2279:"Almagro-Gorbea - La lengua de los Celtas y otros pueblos indoeuropeos de la penĂnsula ibĂ©rica", 2001 p.95. In Almagro-Gorbea, M., MarinĂ©, M. and Ălvarez-SanchĂs, J. R. (eds)
1167:), named after his wife, on the coast not far from Laurentum. It became the Latin capital after Latinus' death. Aeneas' son (by his previous Trojan wife, a daughter of king
724:") on the southern slope of the Palatine Hill, supposedly built by the legendary founder of Rome with his own hands and which reportedly survived until the time of emperor
843:
Horse-sacrifice: Originally a nomadic steppe-people, the life of PIEs was centred on horses. The sacrifice of horses was probably practised to consecrate kings. The Indic
2003:
of the 11 individuals of the Iron Age/Republican period, coming from Latium and Abruzzo, and the 27 individuals of Medieval/Early Modern period, coming from Latium.
1778:
Baebius, the leader of Tusculum, as the "Latin dictator" (i.e. commander-in-chief of the Latin forces). It appears that Baebius dedicated a sacred grove to Diana at
1713:
The size of Rome at this time lends credence to the Roman tradition, dismissed by Alföldi, that in the late regal period (550â500 BC), traditionally the rule of the
1341:, an archaeologist who has spent most of his career excavating central Rome, advanced the theory that Romulus was a historical figure who indeed founded the city in
4423:
812:
Supreme sky-god: It has been securely reconstructed that the chief god of PIEs was a male sky-god, known as "Father Sky", from which descends the chief Latin god,
1873:. A few of the larger Latin states, such as Praeneste and Tibur, were allowed to retain a degree of political autonomy, but only in a subordinate status as Roman
1834:
Instead of restoring their previous hegemony, the Romans apparently settled for a military alliance on equal terms with the Latins. According to the sources, the
4498:
1179:
in the Alban Hills, which replaced Lavinium as capital city. Alba Longa supposedly remained the Latin capital for some 400 years under Aeneas' successors, the
4523:
2026:
and 67% dark brown or black. The skin color is pale for 15%, intermediate for 68%, intermediate or dark for 10% and dark or very dark for the remaining 7%.
4428:
3955:
3863:
3695:"Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula, Supplemental information Data S6AâS6D"
877:). According to one theory, it was invented, and used as an ethnic emblem, by the Proto-Indo-Europeans, although it is also a documented symbol of the
767:
Germans and severely dehydrated, were saved by a thunderstorm, which reportedly materialised out of a clear sky. Note the god's wings. Detail from the
714:
walls and straw roofs supported by wooden posts. The huts remained the main form of Latin housing until about 650 BC. The most famous exemplar was the
2784:
4568:
4443:
4433:
2750:
4573:
4553:
4543:
4508:
1207:
discovered a series of statuettes portraying Aeneas fleeing Troy carrying his father on his back, as in the legend. Indeed, the Bulgarian linguist
1220:
languages. Georgiev's thesis hasn't received support from other scholars. Excavations at Troy have yielded a single written document, a letter in
256:("wide, broad"), referring, by extension, to the plains of the region (in contrast to the mainly-mountainous Italian Peninsula). If that is true,
5280:
4588:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4418:
4054:
4593:
4548:
4528:
4513:
4463:
4448:
4438:
4413:
5312:
4558:
4538:
4503:
4488:
4408:
1558:
1068:, the Romans acquired their own national origin myth sometime during the early Republican era (500â300 BC). It was centred on the figure of
5943:
5295:
4583:
397:(which succeeded the Urnfield culture), that it is not possible to tell them apart in their earlier stages. Furthermore, the contemporary
401:
of Northern Italy represented a typical western example of the western Hallstatt culture, whose diffusion most probably took place in a
5907:
4837:
2538:
Tassi F, Ghirotto S, Caramelli D, Barbujani G, et al. (2013). "Genetic evidence does not support an Etruscan origin in Anatolia".
1964:, and then Spaniards, while the other two were closest to Southern Italians. Overall, the genetic differentiation between the Latins,
1329:("teat"), presumably because the shape of the Palatine Hill and/or Capitoline Hill resembled a woman's breasts. If the city was named
6041:
645:, a plateau about 20 km (13 mi) SE of Rome containing a number of extinct volcanoes and 5 lakes, of which the largest are
5948:
1636:
5513:
4533:
1745:
to 507 BC, a date accepted by Cornell (although some scholars argue a much later date). The treaty describes the Latin cities of
4725:
6191:
5354:
2794:
2760:
2404:
2080:
840:, who was the goddess of the hearth. To symbolise the hearth, it is the only Roman temple which was round, instead of square.
5988:
5263:
5071:
359:
213:
600 BC led to volatile relations with the other Latin states, which numbered about 14 in 500 BC. In the period of the
3476:"Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and Southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean"
1952:. Two out of six individuals from Latin burials were found have a mixture of local Iron Age ancestry and ancestry from an
440:. The West Italic languages were thus spoken in limited and isolated areas, whereas the "East Italic" group comprised the
74:. The region's two main lakes, Nemi and Albanus, are visible under the "I". The leading Latin city-states of Rome, Tibur (
5317:
5180:
1975:(27 BCE â 300 CE) bore far less genetic resemblance to Rome's founding populations, and were instead shifted towards the
4059:
584:, according to the traditional Roman chronology, but more likely close to its inception. Written in a primitive form of
6036:
5621:
5248:
5081:
4842:
3401:
2721:
2696:
3632:
Raveane, A.; Aneli, S.; Montinaro, F.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G. (4 September 2019).
3585:"Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome"
5268:
5243:
5086:
4128:
2444:
2374:
1794:
Italic tribe. In addition, they were joined by the deposed Roman king Tarquin the Proud and his remaining followers.
1191:(traditional reign-dates 673â642 BC), the Romans razed Alba Longa to the ground and resettled its inhabitants on the
618:
286:
The mainstream scenario for the migration of the Indo-European (IE) peoples in the period 4000â1000 BC: Known as the
2628:(6466). Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science (published November 8, 2019): 708â714.
6255:
5640:
4921:
4807:
3634:"Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe"
2035:
1717:
dynasty, Rome established its political hegemony over the other city-states of Old Latium. According to Livy, king
302:
2500 BC, the orange zone by around 1000 BC. Note the movement of the Italic branch from the secondary zone (around
5764:
5676:
5523:
5518:
5349:
5217:
4081:
3390:
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi (1994).
971:
676:
The Latins appear to have become culturally differentiated from the surrounding Osco-Umbrian Italic tribes from
6245:
5712:
5300:
4777:
2040:
1693:
347:
3391:
1721:
bound the Latin city-states into a military alliance under Roman leadership. Reportedly, Tarquin also annexed
1663:
The table above shows the tiny size of Latium Vetus - only about two-thirds the size of the English county of
1309:
convent. They were washed ashore by the river, and after a few days with the wolf, were rescued by shepherds.
5963:
5794:
5681:
5212:
5207:
4193:
4185:
335:
981:
Latin cultural-religious events were also held at other common cult-centres e.g. the major common shrine to
5722:
5661:
5646:
5498:
5359:
4812:
3819:
2143:
John M. Coles - The Bronze Age in Europe: An Introduction to the Prehistory of Europe C. 2000â700 BC, p.422
1948:. These examined individuals were distinguished from preceding populations of Italy by the presence of 30%
661:). These hills provided a defensible, well-watered base. Also the hills on the site of Rome, certainly the
3367:
Supplementary Materials for "Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" (page 27)
855:, the god of war. Its head was severed and fought over by two teams of people, and its tail hung from the
6066:
5784:
5630:
5412:
5322:
5222:
5108:
5076:
4761:
4662:
1937:
869:
in Latin), was widely used by IE-speaking peoples in both Europe and Asia (especially in India: the term
466:
6121:
5749:
5569:
5476:
5449:
5384:
5258:
4792:
4718:
3781:
3300:
1737:
by a marriage alliance with its leader, Octavus Mamilius; and established Roman colonies at Signia and
629:
There is no archaeological evidence at present that Old Latium hosted permanent settlements during the
214:
3694:
2204:
170:
100 km (62 mi) southeast of Rome. Following the Roman expansion, the Latins spread into the
6151:
5917:
5840:
5804:
4822:
4787:
4782:
4138:
2294:
Celtic From the West 2: Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo-European in Atlantic Europe
768:
637:
pottery shards have been found in Latium, most likely belonging to transient pastoralists engaged in
6270:
6260:
6166:
6156:
6136:
6106:
6061:
5759:
5601:
5533:
5503:
5483:
5364:
5040:
5005:
4802:
4148:
2952:
967:
474:
470:
331:
277:
202:
1913:
1321:, so it means simply "Roman" or "little Roman". It has been suggested that the name "Roma" was of
775:
According to the mainstream Kurgan hypothesis, the earliest Indo-European speakers were a nomadic
625:
cinerary hut-urn, showing the likely shape of Romulus' Hut in Rome: a simple mud-and-straw shelter
6265:
6250:
6046:
5809:
5666:
5636:
5611:
5528:
5488:
5427:
5326:
5091:
5061:
2018:
is intermediate for 82%, intermediate or dark for 9% and dark or very dark for the remaining 9%.
1798:
1697:
Detail of a 4th-century AD Roman mosaic showing two hunters wearing the dress of officers of the
1224:. But as Luwian (which certainly is closely related to Hittite) was used as a kind of diplomatic
564:
495:
311:
103:
31:
17:
1004:, Egerius Baebius. Cornell argues that the temple of Diana reportedly founded by the Roman king
5744:
5732:
5508:
5493:
5185:
4827:
3920:
2712:
Perkins, Phil (2009). "DNA and Etruscan identity". In Perkins, Phil; Swaddling, Judith (eds.).
1945:
1941:
175:
42:
1933:
1925:
916:, 949m), the sacred mount of the Latins in the Alban Hills. The annual religious rites of the
699:. The most distinctive feature of Latial culture were cinerary urns in the shape of miniature
6051:
5978:
5958:
5872:
5821:
5579:
5559:
5369:
4963:
4817:
4797:
4711:
4267:
4113:
1976:
1987:, the people of Rome again genetically resembled central and southern European populations.
1921:
290:, the scenario envisages the IE peoples migrating outwards from an original homeland in the
5902:
5717:
5606:
5584:
5238:
5136:
5020:
4888:
4683:
3959:
3932:
3867:
3645:
3487:
3430:
2629:
2492:
2436:
2357:(2014). "Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.).
1929:
1208:
784:
516:
413:
592:
in this era, whom some historians regarded as mythical: the inscription contains the word
8:
6186:
6176:
6131:
5897:
5862:
5857:
5574:
5195:
5131:
5051:
4308:
4242:
4133:
4089:
4074:
2687:
Perkins, Phil (2017). "Chapter 8: DNA and Etruscan identity". In Naso, Alessandro (ed.).
1827:
1819:
1609:
813:
759:
150:). From about 1000 BC, the Latins inhabited the small region known to the Romans as
3963:
3871:
3649:
3491:
3434:
2633:
2496:
851:, whereby the right-hand horse of a victorious team in a chariot-race was sacrificed to
419:
6161:
6146:
6126:
5983:
5924:
5877:
5799:
5656:
5626:
5616:
5591:
5564:
5471:
5464:
5400:
5156:
5151:
4868:
4657:
4118:
4105:
3888:
3849:
3740:
3666:
3633:
3609:
3584:
3559:
3532:
3508:
3475:
3451:
3418:
2660:
2617:
2598:
2515:
2480:
2479:
Ghirotto S, Tassi F, Fumagalli E, Colonna V, Sandionigi A, Lari M, et al. (2013).
1996:
1679:
622:
375:
298:
Mountains (purple zone). The red zone indicates the possible extent of IE expansion by
3366:
1968:
and the preceding proto-Villanovan population of Italy was found to be insignificant.
962:, writing around AD 20, ascribed Rome's disastrous defeat by the Carthaginian general
904:
891:â 4500 BC), which was probably pre-Indo-European (although it may have been used as a
749:
570:
The oldest extant inscription in the Latin language is believed to be engraved on the
6111:
6101:
5973:
5887:
5852:
5779:
5769:
5547:
5417:
5331:
5161:
5141:
5115:
5103:
4898:
4893:
4878:
4873:
4858:
4649:
4393:
4318:
4232:
4123:
3975:
3946:
3893:
3854:
3744:
3732:
3724:
3671:
3614:
3564:
3513:
3456:
3397:
2790:
2756:
2717:
2692:
2665:
2590:
2555:
2520:
2440:
2370:
2076:
1917:
1909:
1900:
1718:
1322:
1306:
1264:
982:
874:
800:
450:
429:
398:
394:
379:
287:
190:
189:
of Indo-European. Speakers of Italic languages are assumed to have migrated into the
159:
2602:
1797:
The Romans apparently prevailed, scoring a notable victory over the Latin forces at
64:, a region of early Latin settlement (from around 1000 BC) and the site of the
6181:
6003:
5953:
5934:
5929:
5882:
5789:
5727:
5707:
5695:
5651:
5454:
5434:
5422:
5285:
5166:
4883:
4746:
4738:
4493:
4388:
4368:
4358:
4348:
4227:
3967:
3883:
3875:
3714:
3706:
3661:
3653:
3604:
3596:
3554:
3544:
3503:
3495:
3446:
3438:
3149:
2655:
2645:
2637:
2582:
2547:
2510:
2500:
2432:
2362:
2064:
1836:
1683:
1338:
1213:
1188:
1077:
852:
780:
754:
634:
560:
512:
508:
462:
402:
323:
186:
38:
5253:
1032:
881:
6091:
6081:
6076:
6071:
5968:
5892:
5754:
5273:
5171:
5056:
4956:
4863:
4629:
4619:
4609:
4287:
4272:
4257:
4247:
3971:
3549:
2505:
2354:
1949:
1869:
ended in 338 with a decisive Roman victory, following which Rome annexed most of
1810:
1706:
1698:
1260:
1221:
1217:
1005:
837:
711:
666:
454:
327:
171:
4035:
Ancient Italy In Its Mediterranean Setting: Studies In Honour of Ellen Macnamara
3944:
Wade, Lizzie (November 8, 2019). "Immigrants from the Middle East shaped Rome".
2069:
The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome
6224:
6171:
6141:
6086:
5993:
5867:
5814:
5774:
5444:
5439:
5290:
5190:
5146:
5098:
5046:
5000:
4968:
4926:
4903:
4694:
4624:
4373:
4363:
4282:
4222:
4067:
3499:
2424:
2010:
is blue in 27% of the examined and dark in the remaining 73%. Hair color is 9%
1957:
1857:
1852:, whose territories surrounded Latium Vetus on its eastern and southern sides.
1801:
sometime in the period 499-493 BC (the exact year is disputed among scholars).
1722:
1271:
Romulus himself was the subject of the famous legend of the suckling she-wolf (
1052:
934:
917:
833:
696:
687:
552:
409:
367:
269:
198:
139:
115:
3710:
2405:"An 'Eteocretan' inscription from Praisos and the homeland of the Sea Peoples"
2366:
1999:
of eyes, hair and skin, the following results were obtained from the study on
1297:. The latter had usurped the throne of Alba from the twins' grandfather, king
1147:, who gave his name to the tribe and founded the first capital of the Latins,
1143:(published around AD 20). According to this, the Latin tribe's first king was
6239:
6096:
5737:
5307:
4995:
4973:
4832:
4678:
4403:
4398:
4383:
4343:
4277:
4237:
3728:
1961:
1758:
1280:
1168:
1009:
662:
589:
585:
581:
423:
The linguistic landscape of Central Italy at the beginning of Roman expansion
355:
343:
315:
75:
3879:
3442:
2641:
1133:
The legend is given its most vivid and detailed treatment in the Roman poet
6214:
6021:
5826:
5596:
5200:
5066:
5015:
4990:
4614:
4458:
4378:
4353:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4252:
4217:
4180:
4175:
4009:
3979:
3897:
3736:
3675:
3657:
3618:
3568:
3517:
3460:
2669:
2594:
2559:
2524:
2191:
2072:
2045:
1972:
1888:
1815:
1770:
danger of an Etruscan takeover of Rome was removed by Porsenna's defeat at
1621:
1460:
1415:
1362:
1203:
among the Etruscans by 500 BC: excavations at the ancient Etruscan city of
1196:
951:
638:
606:
521:
371:
350:. According to David W. Anthony proto-Latins originated in today's eastern
273:
209:
The rise of Rome as by far the most populous and powerful Latin state from
167:
147:
83:
68:, the most important Latin communal festival, are located under the "U" in
3600:
6116:
6056:
6026:
5379:
5010:
4313:
4212:
3765:
3389:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1302:
1180:
1126:
921:
733:
716:
658:
642:
577:
572:
537:
61:
4028:
A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War
4003:
Prehistoric Metal Artefacts From Italy (3500-720BC)In the British Museum
3719:
2752:
A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War
2650:
2134:
M.Gimbutas - Bronze Age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe p.339-345
1255:
1183:, until his descendant (supposedly in direct line after 15 generations)
753:
The "Rain Miracle": Jupiter the Rainmaker rescues the Romans during the
362:
associated the proto-Villanovans with the Velatice-Baierdorf culture of
5374:
4983:
4328:
2586:
2551:
2015:
1953:
1714:
1176:
1000:, by various Latin communities under the leadership of the dictator of
955:
950:
was integrated into the Roman Republic after 338 BC (from then on, the
943:
913:
892:
792:
691:
630:
504:
366:
and Austria. This is further confirmed by the fact that the subsequent
194:
151:
79:
53:
1956:
population. Among modern populations, four out of six were closest to
4292:
4262:
3312:
2716:. London: The British Museum Research Publications. pp. 95â111.
2007:
1965:
1904:
in November 2019 examined the remains of six Latin males buried near
1866:
1862:
1751:
1445:
1148:
1065:
878:
788:
650:
556:
479:
231:
197:(1200â900 BC). The material culture of the Latins, known as the
3850:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"
3419:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"
2618:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean"
1012:
at Rome was also a common Latin shrine, as it was built outside the
6031:
6016:
6011:
5912:
4946:
4941:
4518:
2023:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1702:
1577:
1571:
1523:
1493:
1475:
1285:
1172:
1160:
1041:
1017:
1016:
or City boundary. There was also an important Latin cult-centre at
1001:
989:. This may be the sacred grove to Diana which a fragment of Cato's
975:
963:
862:
725:
684:
670:
491:
433:
383:
319:
295:
99:
37:"Latini" redirects here. For people with the last name Latini, see
4037:. London: Accordia Research Institute, University of London, 2000.
1971:
Examined individuals from the city of Rome during the time of the
1155:
and his men fled by sea after the capture and sack of their city,
974:, who, in his eagerness to join his army at its assembly-point of
4978:
4703:
4001:
Bietti Sestieri, Anna Maria, Ellen Macnamara, and Duncan R Hook.
3631:
1908:
between 900 BC and 200 BC. They carried the paternal haplogroups
1841:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1738:
1687:
1589:
1553:
1481:
1298:
1294:
1184:
1164:
1144:
1121:
1102:
1098:
1021:
986:
721:
445:
363:
351:
339:
303:
243:
94:
2292:
J.P. Mallory, 'The Indo-Europeanization of Atlantic Europe', in
2268:Ăberlingen: Bilder aus der Geschichte einer kleinen Reichsstadt,
1355:
683:
onwards. From this time, the Latins exhibit the features of the
5671:
4639:
4170:
4044:. London: Accordia Research Centre, University of London, 1992.
2537:
1849:
1791:
1508:
1152:
1139:
1134:
1069:
1037:
776:
597:
500:
473:. Most scholars consider that Etruscan is a pre-IE survival, a
461:. Other examples of non-IE languages in Iron Age Italy are the
437:
318:, that populated central and southern Italy during the Italian
291:
282:
223:
60:
that were eventually annexed by Rome to form "New Latium": The
2361:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 17â33.
2270:
Oberbadische Verlag, Singen, 1949, pp. 11â17, specifically 15.
532:
4951:
4734:
4634:
4097:
4092:
3801:
3797:
3691:
2572:
2478:
2299:
2011:
1875:
1845:
1730:
1604:
1538:
1430:
1290:
1276:
1086:
1081:
856:
796:
764:
487:
441:
227:
182:
163:
87:
57:
5459:
4936:
4042:
Underground Religion: Cult and Culture In Prehistoric Italy
3815:
3336:
3324:
2616:
Antonio, Margaret L.; Gao, Ziyue; M. Moots, Hannah (2019).
2173:
David W. Anthony - The Horse, The Wheel and Language pg.367
2164:
David W. Anthony - The Horse, The Wheel and Language pg.344
1905:
1879:("allies"), tied to Rome by treaties of military alliance.
1804:
1664:
1204:
1156:
1073:
959:
458:
412:
of Central and Western Europe was a candidate for an early
143:
3172:
2714:
Etruscan by Definition: Papers in Honour of Sybille Haynes
2427:(2010). "Italy, Languages of". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.).
2335:
836:). The Romans kept a perpetual sacred fire burning in the
732:
first buildings were established on the site of the later
3583:
Di Gaetano, C; Cerutti, N; Crobu, F; et al. (2009).
3235:
3233:
3132:
3130:
3079:
3067:
48:
3533:"The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe"
3012:
2935:
2933:
2866:
2864:
2837:
2730:
2462:
2460:
2431:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 97â102.
2296:, eds J. T. Koch and B. Cunliffe (Oxford, 2013), p.17-40
2103:
2101:
1678:
and had become the second-largest city in Italy (after
3848:
Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. (November 8, 2019).
3582:
3474:
Sarno, S; Boattini, A; Pagani, L; et al. (2017).
3288:
3276:
3230:
3205:
3193:
3160:
3127:
3055:
3000:
2988:
2976:
673:, hosted permanent settlements at a very early stage.
432:(now regarded as merely a Latin dialect), and perhaps
3115:
3103:
3091:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2861:
2849:
2810:
2457:
2359:
A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean
2323:
2311:
2283:, pp. 115-121. Ăvila: DiputaciĂłn Provincial de Ăvila.
1151:, whose exact location is uncertain. The Trojan hero
4564:
Monte Val de' Varri â Monte Faito â Monte San Nicola
2827:
2825:
2194:
finds are conserved in the Museum of Agro Picentino.
2098:
5218:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
3956:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3864:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
3473:
1072:, a supposed Trojan survivor of the destruction of
938:("Latin Festival"), held each winter on the sacred
408:Similarly, several authors have suggested that the
314:-speaking (IE) tribes, conventionally known as the
222:surrounding Italic mountain tribes, especially the
142:that included the early inhabitants of the city of
3417:Antonio, M; Gao, Z; Lucci, M; et al. (2019).
2615:
2429:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
1027:
744:
515:, as there is great consensus that the subsequent
382:, were so closely related to the Central European
4030:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
2822:
2782:
252:has been suggested to derive from the Latin word
6237:
3996:Landscape and Society: Prehistoric Central Italy
3383:
3309:, Table 2 Sample Information, Rows 29-32, 36-37.
1826:("wings-and-thunderbolts") emblem, representing
540:, probably the oldest extant Latin inscription (
4016:. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 2007.
3416:
2481:"Origins and Evolution of the Etruscans' mtDNA"
2014:or dark blond and 91% dark brown or black. The
330:, had noted important similarities between the
326:system. In particular various authors, such as
3847:
3575:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3306:
2755:. University of California Press. p. 74.
2419:
2417:
2182:K. Kristiansen - Europe Before History p. 388.
1705:emblem on the left-hand officer's tunic. From
899:
4719:
4075:
3687:
3685:
1356:Political unification under Rome (550â338 BC)
1325:, or that it was derived from the Latin word
2783:Tellegen-Couperus, Olga (25 November 2011).
2566:
2472:
2347:
1924:(two samples), and the maternal haplogroups
1750:influence is implied as extending as far as
1690:) and far larger than any other Latin city.
1289:) after they had been thrown into the river
920:were held on its summit. In foreground, the
703:("huts"). In Phase I of the Latium culture (
4055:Distinguishing the terms: Latins and Romans
3625:
3396:. Princeton University Press. p. 295.
2414:
1187:founded Rome in 753 BC. Under a later king
924:, filling the caldera of an extinct volcano
4726:
4712:
4082:
4068:
3682:
2130:
2128:
1365:" by modern scholars. But it appears that
610:, rather than the political king of Rome.
576:("Black Stone") discovered in 1899 in the
4014:Ancient Italy: Regions without Boundaries
3887:
3718:
3665:
3608:
3558:
3548:
3530:
3507:
3467:
3450:
3148:
2659:
2649:
2575:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2540:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2531:
2514:
2504:
2160:
2158:
1317:. The name contains the Latin diminutive
1108:The figure of Aeneas as portrayed in the
559:), a member of the western branch of the
465:, spoken in the Alps, and the unattested
3931:
3393:The History and Geography of Human Genes
3085:
3073:
3061:
2957:Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art
2748:
2742:
2675:extensive genetic exchange between them.
2353:
2221:
1803:
1692:
1254:
1120:
1064:Under the ever-growing influence of the
1031:
903:
748:
617:
580:, dating from around 600 BC: in the mid-
531:
418:
281:
93:
47:
3919:
3904:
3294:
3282:
3239:
3211:
3199:
3178:
3166:
3136:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2939:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2870:
2855:
2843:
2816:
2736:
2711:
2691:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 109â18.
2686:
2680:
2609:
2466:
2423:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2251:
2125:
2107:
978:, failed to attend the Latin Festival.
970:in 217 BC to the impiety of the consul
865:symbol: This symbol, the hooked cross (
378:, which introduced iron-working to the
56:and surrounding regions in present-day
14:
6238:
2786:Law and Religion in the Roman Republic
2155:
2152:Massimo Pallottino-Etruscologia p. 40.
1990:
4707:
4063:
3916:15th Ed. (1995): MicropĂŠdia: "Latium"
2951:
2410:. ALANTA XL-XLI (2008-2009), 151-172.
2241:. Thames and Hudson. pp. 89â102.
2236:
2063:
1293:on the orders of their wicked uncle,
453:, which is considered related to the
260:originally meant "men of the plain".
104:Roman expansion and conquest of Italy
5264:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
4579:Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando
3943:
3937:La Lingua e l'Origine degli Etruschi
3377:
2437:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001
787:(PIEs) known to the Greco-Romans as
757:(AD 166â80). The soldiers of legion
98:Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the
2776:
2402:
828:("Jupiter the Thunderbolt-Flinger")
613:
567:(IE) family of languages in Europe
354:, kurganized around 3100 BC by the
24:
4733:
4454:Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci)
4147:
3988:
3925:Indo-European Language and Culture
3759:
3589:European Journal of Human Genetics
2006:For Iron Age/Republic period, the
1893:
1301:, and then confined their mother,
1020:. Lavinium hosted the cult of the
799:, whose languages belonged to the
310:The Latins belonged to a group of
201:, was a distinctive subset of the
130:(m. pl.)), sometimes known as the
25:
6282:
4048:
4023:. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 1980.
3834:
1856:the establishment of a series of
1380:were estimated by Beloch (1926):
1275:) that kept Romulus and his twin
954:presided over them) and into the
739:
482:preserves the tradition that the
294:of southern Russia, north of the
27:Italic tribe in ancient antiquity
6220:
6219:
6208:
4091:
2749:Forsythe, Gary (7 August 2006).
2036:List of ancient peoples of Italy
1626:Marcigliana Vecchia, Settebagni
5949:Orders, decorations, and medals
4021:Ancient Italy before the Romans
4005:. London: British Museum, 2007.
3998:. London: Academic Press, 1981.
3524:
3410:
3371:
3360:
3348:
3267:
3258:
3245:
3217:
3184:
3142:
3046:
3037:
3024:
2963:
2945:
2885:
2876:
2705:
2396:
2383:
2286:
2273:
2260:
2245:
2230:
2215:
2197:
2185:
2176:
1384:Latin city-states in existence
1105:) in the period ending 275 BC.
1028:Latins in the Roman origin myth
859:(the old royal palace in Rome).
824:("Jupiter the Rainmaker"), and
745:Relics of Indo-European culture
2254:Old Celtic Languages - Addenda
2167:
2146:
2137:
2113:
2089:
2057:
2041:List of ancient Italic peoples
1995:As regards to the data on the
604:in classical Latin, or to the
348:Middle-Danube Urnfield culture
13:
1:
3824:
3806:
3788:
3772:
2051:
1898:A genetic study published in
1783:
1672:
1385:
1374:
1366:
1342:
1241:
1230:
1091:
1045:
994:
993:recorded dedicated, probably
885:
763:, who were surrounded by the
704:
677:
633:. Some very small amounts of
596:, the word for "king" in the
541:
387:
336:South-German Urnfield culture
218:
210:
3972:10.1126/science.366.6466.673
3550:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555
2506:10.1371/journal.pone.0055519
1882:
1754:, 100 km to the south.
1044:). Roman marble bas-relief,
600:singular in archaic Latin -
306:) into the Italian peninsula
237:
7:
5989:Water supply and sanitation
5413:Italian geographical region
5281:Monarchy and the World Wars
5223:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
5109:War of the Sicilian Vespers
4762:Timeline of Italian history
4663:List of presidents of Lazio
2029:
1733:; established control over
1650:Total Size of Latium Vetus
900:Latin communal tribal cults
820:("Jupiter the Thunderer"),
779:people, originating in the
527:
10:
6287:
5908:Inventions and discoveries
5318:Fall of the Fascist regime
5301:Fourth War of Independence
5259:Expedition of the Thousand
5249:Second War of Independence
3782:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3754:
3531:Ralph, P; Coop, G (2013).
3500:10.1038/s41598-017-01802-4
2071:(1st ed.). New York:
1886:
1814:(shields), as used by the
1250:
563:, in turn a branch of the
486:(Etruscans) originated in
267:
263:
241:
36:
29:
6204:
6002:
5848:
5839:
5703:
5694:
5682:Security and intelligence
5555:
5546:
5408:
5399:
5342:
5269:Third War of Independence
5244:First War of Independence
5231:
5124:
5033:
4914:
4851:
4770:
4754:
4745:
4692:
4671:
4648:
4602:
4301:
4205:
4158:
4145:
4104:
3843:Early Rome and the Latins
3841:Alföldi, Andreas (1966):
3711:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022
2367:10.1002/9781118834312.ch2
2237:Kruta, Venceslas (1991).
1686:(585 hectares, including
1080:, as related in the poet
1059:
769:Column of Marcus Aurelius
690:found in Etruria and the
471:Paleo-Sardinian languages
5360:IstrianâDalmatian exodus
5355:Institutional referendum
2119:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1782:(a wood near Aricia) in
968:Battle of Lake Trasimene
332:proto-Villanovan culture
278:Indo-European migrations
203:proto-Villanovan culture
52:Map of fifth-century BC
30:Not to be confused with
6256:Ancient Italian history
5883:Emigration and diaspora
5092:Guelphs and Ghibellines
5077:the Sardinian Judicates
3914:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3905:Cornell, T. J. (1995).
3880:10.1126/science.aay6826
3443:10.1126/science.aay6826
2642:10.1126/science.aay6826
2308:, p. 31-34, map 1.
2252:Stifter, David (2008).
2222:Chadwick, Nora (1970).
2209:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1830:, the highest Roman god
1279:alive in a cave on the
728:(ruled 30 BC - AD 14).
494:, but Lydians spoke an
475:Paleo-European language
32:Latino (disambiguation)
5765:Science and technology
5713:Italian regions by GDP
5514:Marine protected areas
5186:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4152:
3907:The Beginnings of Rome
3658:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492
3321:, p. 4 Table S15.
1831:
1710:
1268:
1175:, founded a new city,
1130:
1056:
925:
772:
626:
548:
424:
307:
166:and the promontory of
107:
91:
43:Latin (disambiguation)
41:. For other uses, see
6246:Latins (Italic tribe)
5964:Public administration
5072:the Holy Roman Empire
4268:Lago di Posta Fibreno
4151:
4008:Bradley, Guy Jolyon,
3933:Georgiev, Vladimir I.
3705:(12): 2576â2591.e12.
3601:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120
2789:. BRILL. p. 74.
1977:Eastern Mediterranean
1954:Eastern mediterranean
1807:
1696:
1258:
1124:
1035:
907:
752:
621:
535:
422:
414:Indo-European culture
285:
97:
51:
6192:World Heritage Sites
5647:Council of Ministers
5385:Coronavirus pandemic
4783:Currency and coinage
4684:Marino Wine Festival
4499:Monte Lauro in Gaeta
4106:Provinces and places
4012:, and Corinna Riva.
3921:Fortson, Benjamin W.
3264:Alfoldi (1965) 49-52
2344:, p. 42, Map 2.
2205:"Villanovan culture"
785:Proto-Indo-Europeans
551:The tribe spoke the
517:orientalizing period
436:, spoken in eastern
360:Kristian Kristiansen
5723:Automotive industry
5662:Metropolitan cities
5208:Early Modern period
5181:Kingdom of Sardinia
5132:Italian city-states
4524:Maschio delle Faete
4424:Maschio dell'Ariano
4309:Seven hills of Rome
4243:Lago di Giulianello
3964:2019Sci...366..673W
3872:2019Sci...366..708A
3650:2019SciA....5.3492R
3492:2017NatSR...7.1984S
3435:2019Sci...366..708A
3355:Antonio et al. 2019
3343:Antonio et al. 2019
3331:Antonio et al. 2019
3319:Antonio et al. 2019
3307:Antonio et al. 2019
2634:2019Sci...366..708A
2497:2013PLoSO...855519G
1991:Physical appearance
1820:Imperial Roman army
1808:Modern replicas of
1610:Gallicano nel Lazio
1391:
1181:Latin kings of Alba
405:-speaking context.
158:), the area in the
5785:Telecommunications
5152:Maritime republics
4658:Elections in Lazio
4429:Maschio di Lariano
4153:
4040:Whitehouse, Ruth.
3480:Scientific Reports
3181:, p. 204-205.
2587:10.1002/ajpa.23679
2552:10.1002/ajpa.22319
1832:
1711:
1383:
1269:
1163:(Pratica di Mare,
1131:
1057:
956:Roman imperial era
926:
826:Jupiter Fulgurator
773:
627:
623:Villanovan culture
549:
425:
376:Villanovan culture
308:
185:, belonged to the
162:between the river
108:
92:
6233:
6232:
6200:
6199:
5835:
5834:
5770:Southern question
5690:
5689:
5622:Political parties
5570:Foreign relations
5542:
5541:
5395:
5394:
5116:Kingdom of Naples
5104:Kingdom of Sicily
4701:
4700:
4394:Monti della Tolfa
4319:Aurunci Mountains
4233:Lago di Caprolace
4198:
4190:
3785:Roman Antiquities
3429:(6466): 708â714.
3150:Carandini, Andrea
2796:978-90-04-21920-5
2762:978-0-520-24991-2
2281:Celtas y Vettones
2082:978-0-393-05974-8
2065:Bauer, Susan Wise
1719:Tarquin the Proud
1661:
1660:
1480:Pratica di Mare,
1265:Capitoline Museum
1209:Vladimir Georgiev
818:Jupiter Tonitrans
665:and possibly the
655:lacus Tusculensis
399:Canegrate culture
395:Hallstatt culture
380:Italian peninsula
288:Kurgan hypothesis
191:Italian Peninsula
160:Italian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
6278:
6223:
6222:
6215:Italy portal
6212:
6211:
6152:National symbols
5846:
5845:
5701:
5700:
5553:
5552:
5406:
5405:
5286:Kingdom of Italy
5213:Napoleonic Italy
4752:
4751:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4494:Monte Guadagnolo
4389:Monte Terminillo
4369:Monti Prenestini
4359:Monti della Meta
4349:Monti della Laga
4228:Lago di Canterno
4196:
4188:
4139:List of communes
4096:
4095:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4033:Ridgway, David.
4026:Forsythe, Gary.
3994:Barker, Graeme.
3983:
3940:
3928:
3910:
3901:
3891:
3829:
3826:
3811:
3808:
3793:
3790:
3777:
3774:
3749:
3748:
3722:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3638:Science Advances
3629:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3552:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3228:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3088:, p. 20-25.
3083:
3077:
3076:, p. 86-98.
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3021:, p. 64-65.
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2846:, p. 54-55.
2841:
2835:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2746:
2740:
2739:, p. 94-95.
2734:
2728:
2727:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2663:
2653:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2355:Haarmann, Harald
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2095:Alfoldi (1966) 9
2093:
2087:
2086:
2061:
1962:Central Italians
1837:foedus Cassianum
1788:
1785:
1780:lucus Ferentinae
1677:
1674:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1347:
1344:
1339:Andrea Carandini
1246:
1243:
1235:
1232:
1189:Tullus Hostilius
1096:
1093:
1050:
1047:
1036:The Trojan hero
999:
996:
958:. The historian
890:
887:
781:Eurasian steppes
755:Marcomannic Wars
709:
706:
682:
679:
647:lacus Nemorensis
635:Apennine culture
614:Material culture
561:Italic languages
546:
543:
513:Urnfield culture
509:Lemnian language
503:in the northern
467:ancient Ligurian
463:Camunic language
392:
389:
384:Urnfield culture
324:Urnfield culture
220:
212:
193:during the late
181:Their language,
73:
72:
39:Latini (surname)
21:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6271:Romance peoples
6261:History of Rome
6236:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6209:
6196:
6167:Public holidays
5998:
5944:Life expectancy
5831:
5686:
5602:Law enforcement
5538:
5391:
5338:
5327:Social Republic
5291:Colonial Empire
5274:Capture of Rome
5227:
5120:
5029:
4922:Ancient peoples
4910:
4847:
4808:Historic states
4766:
4741:
4732:
4702:
4697:
4688:
4667:
4644:
4620:Pontine marshes
4610:Castelli Romani
4598:
4569:Monte di Cambio
4444:Monte Carbonaro
4434:Monte Artemisio
4297:
4288:Lago del Turano
4273:Lago di Rascino
4258:Lago dei Monaci
4248:Lake Martignano
4201:
4194:Roman Republic
4186:Roman Republic
4154:
4143:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4051:
3991:
3989:Further reading
3986:
3837:
3827:
3820:Ab urbe condita
3809:
3791:
3775:
3762:
3760:Ancient sources
3757:
3752:
3699:Current Biology
3690:
3683:
3644:(9): eaaw3492.
3630:
3626:
3580:
3576:
3543:(5): e1001555.
3529:
3525:
3472:
3468:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3273:Livy II.21. 3-4
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3231:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2971:Ab Urbe Condita
2968:
2964:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2685:
2681:
2614:
2610:
2571:
2567:
2536:
2532:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2447:
2425:Wallace, Rex E.
2422:
2415:
2407:
2403:De Ligt, Luuk.
2401:
2397:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2266:Alfons Semler,
2265:
2261:
2250:
2246:
2235:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2075:. p. 355.
2062:
2058:
2054:
2032:
1993:
1950:steppe ancestry
1920:, R-PF7589 and
1896:
1894:Genetic studies
1891:
1885:
1824:alae et fulgura
1786:
1707:Piazza Armerina
1699:Late Roman army
1675:
1513:Monte Compatri
1406:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1377:
1369:
1358:
1345:
1323:Etruscan origin
1261:Capitoline Wolf
1253:
1244:
1233:
1094:
1066:Italiote Greeks
1062:
1048:
1030:
1006:Servius Tullius
997:
972:Gaius Flaminius
902:
888:
838:Temple of Vesta
822:Jupiter Pluvius
747:
742:
712:wattle-and-daub
707:
680:
616:
544:
530:
390:
328:Marija Gimbutas
280:
268:Main articles:
266:
246:
240:
174:, inhabited by
172:Latium adiectum
70:
69:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6284:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6266:Latial culture
6263:
6258:
6253:
6251:Italic peoples
6248:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6217:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5775:Stock exchange
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5677:Municipalities
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5637:Prime Minister
5634:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5524:Regional parks
5521:
5519:National parks
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5428:Climate change
5420:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5293:
5288:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5191:Duchy of Savoy
5188:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5099:Lombard League
5096:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5021:Western Empire
5013:
5008:
5006:Roman conquest
5003:
4998:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4927:Italic peoples
4918:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4708:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4625:Roman Campagna
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4574:Monte le Pezze
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:Monte Sorgenze
4551:
4546:
4544:Monte Cervello
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4509:Le Rave Fosche
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4374:Monti Sabatini
4371:
4366:
4364:Monte Petrella
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4283:Lago del Salto
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4223:Lake Bracciano
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4197:(19th century)
4191:
4189:(18th century)
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4049:External links
4047:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4006:
3999:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3911:
3902:
3845:
3838:
3836:
3835:Modern sources
3833:
3832:
3831:
3813:
3795:
3779:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3681:
3624:
3574:
3523:
3466:
3409:
3403:978-0691087504
3402:
3382:
3370:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3297:, p. 305.
3287:
3285:, p. 299.
3275:
3266:
3257:
3244:
3242:, p. 293.
3229:
3216:
3214:, p. 210.
3204:
3202:, p. 209.
3192:
3183:
3171:
3169:, p. 246.
3159:
3141:
3139:, p. 119.
3126:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3023:
3011:
3009:, p. 109.
2999:
2997:, p. 295.
2987:
2985:, p. 297.
2975:
2962:
2959:. p. 166.
2953:Green, Miranda
2944:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2884:
2882:Dionysius I.79
2875:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2821:
2809:
2795:
2775:
2761:
2741:
2729:
2723:978-0861591732
2722:
2704:
2698:978-1934078495
2697:
2679:
2608:
2581:(3): 497â506.
2565:
2530:
2471:
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2413:
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2285:
2272:
2259:
2244:
2229:
2214:
2196:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2097:
2088:
2081:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2028:
1992:
1989:
1895:
1892:
1887:Main article:
1884:
1881:
1858:Latin colonies
1659:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
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1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:Est. territory
1403:
1398:
1357:
1354:
1252:
1249:
1245: 1000 BC
1078:Achaean Greeks
1061:
1058:
1053:British Museum
1029:
1026:
935:Feriae Latinae
918:Latin Festival
901:
898:
897:
896:
884:of SE Europe (
860:
841:
834:Zoroastrianism
829:
810:
809:Roman society.
746:
743:
741:
740:Social culture
738:
697:Latial culture
688:Latial culture
681: 1000 BC
615:
612:
555:(specifically
553:Latin language
529:
526:
457:spoken in the
410:Beaker culture
393:â750 BC), and
368:Latial culture
270:Latial culture
265:
262:
239:
236:
199:Latial culture
78:), Praeneste (
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6283:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6226:
6218:
6216:
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6025:
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6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
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5842:
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5811:
5808:
5806:
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5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
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5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5370:Years of Lead
5368:
5366:
5365:Economic Boom
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5308:Fascist Italy
5306:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:Niçard exodus
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:Magna Graecia
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:Monte Pizzuto
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4484:Mont Fogliano
4482:
4480:
4479:Monte Fammera
4477:
4475:
4474:Monte Faggeto
4472:
4470:
4469:Monte Dragone
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:Monte Appiolo
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:Monte Cassino
4402:
4400:
4399:Monti Volsini
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:Monte Soratte
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Monte Gorzano
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:Lake Sabaudia
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Lago di Fondi
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4085:
4080:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4019:Brown, A. C.
4018:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810: 800 BC
3804:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3776: AD 250
3770:
3769:Roman History
3767:
3764:
3763:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3254:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3154:Rome: Day One
3151:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3124:, p. 71.
3123:
3118:
3112:, p. 66.
3111:
3106:
3100:, p. 65.
3099:
3094:
3087:
3086:Georgiev 1979
3082:
3075:
3074:Georgiev 1979
3070:
3064:, p. 90.
3063:
3062:Georgiev 1979
3058:
3049:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2942:, p. 27.
2941:
2936:
2934:
2927:, p. 26.
2926:
2921:
2915:, p. 25.
2914:
2909:
2903:, p. 20.
2902:
2897:
2891:Dio XLVIII.43
2888:
2879:
2873:, p. 57.
2872:
2867:
2865:
2858:, p. 51.
2857:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2819:, p. 32.
2818:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:(2): e55519.
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2469:, p. 47.
2468:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2446:9780195170726
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2378:
2376:9781444337341
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2332:, p. 43.
2331:
2326:
2320:, p. 41.
2319:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2256:. p. 25.
2255:
2248:
2240:
2233:
2226:. p. 30.
2225:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2110:, p. 44.
2109:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1799:Lake Regillus
1795:
1793:
1787: 500 BC
1781:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:Lars Porsenna
1755:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676: 625 BC
1668:
1666:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1389: 500 BC
1381:
1378: 500 BC
1370: 500 BC
1364:
1353:
1349:
1346: 753 BC
1340:
1337:In contrast,
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1281:Palatine Hill
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1248:
1237:
1234: 400 BC
1227:
1226:lingua franca
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:Priam of Troy
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:'s epic, the
1136:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095: 800 BC
1089:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1054:
1049: AD 140
1043:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Aventine hill
1007:
1003:
998: 500 BC
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:Roman consuls
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:
931:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
894:
883:
882:VinÄa culture
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:crux uncinata
864:
861:
858:
854:
850:
849:October Equus
846:
842:
839:
835:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
805:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
770:
766:
762:
761:
760:XII Fulminata
756:
751:
737:
735:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:
713:
702:
698:
693:
689:
686:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
624:
620:
611:
609:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:Kings of Rome
587:
586:Archaic Latin
583:
582:Roman kingdom
579:
575:
574:
568:
566:
565:Indo-European
562:
558:
554:
545: 600 BC
539:
534:
525:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
496:Indo-European
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
421:
417:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:Yamna culture
353:
349:
345:
344:Upper Austria
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:Italic tribes
313:
312:Indo-European
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
279:
275:
271:
261:
259:
255:
251:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
216:
207:
206:sanctuaries.
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Italic branch
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
105:
102:, before the
101:
96:
89:
85:
81:
77:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6052:Architecture
6022:Quattrocento
5979:Social class
5959:Prostitution
5873:Demographics
5795:Trade unions
5738:Central Bank
5580:Human rights
5560:Constitution
5343:Contemporary
5313:World War II
5201:Italian Wars
5125:Early modern
5067:Papal States
5045:Italy under
4991:Ancient Rome
4931:
4615:Valle Latina
4594:Monte Ruazzo
4549:Monte Revole
4529:Meta (monte)
4514:Monte Livata
4464:Monte Crispi
4449:Monte Cefalo
4439:Monte Autore
4414:Monte Altino
4379:Monti Sabini
4354:Monti Lepini
4339:Monti Ernici
4334:Cimini Hills
4324:Monti Ausoni
4253:Lake Mezzano
4218:Lake Bolsena
4181:Papal States
4176:Ancient Rome
4165:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4010:Elena Isayev
4002:
3995:
3951:
3945:
3936:
3924:
3913:
3906:
3859:
3853:
3842:
3828: AD 20
3818:
3800:
3792: 10 BC
3784:
3768:
3720:11585/827581
3702:
3698:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3595:(1): 91â99.
3592:
3588:
3577:
3540:
3537:PLOS Biology
3536:
3526:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3392:
3385:
3373:
3362:
3350:
3345:, p. 3.
3338:
3333:, p. 2.
3326:
3314:
3302:
3295:Cornell 1995
3290:
3283:Cornell 1995
3278:
3269:
3260:
3252:
3247:
3240:Cornell 1995
3224:
3219:
3212:Cornell 1995
3207:
3200:Cornell 1995
3195:
3186:
3179:Cornell 1995
3174:
3167:Cornell 1995
3162:
3153:
3144:
3137:Cornell 1995
3122:Cornell 1995
3117:
3110:Cornell 1995
3105:
3098:Cornell 1995
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3019:Cornell 1995
3014:
3007:Cornell 1995
3002:
2995:Cornell 1995
2990:
2983:Cornell 1995
2978:
2970:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2940:Fortson 2010
2925:Fortson 2010
2920:
2913:Fortson 2010
2908:
2901:Fortson 2010
2896:
2887:
2878:
2871:Cornell 1995
2856:Cornell 1995
2851:
2844:Cornell 1995
2839:
2832:
2817:Cornell 1995
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2785:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2751:
2744:
2737:Cornell 1995
2732:
2713:
2707:
2688:
2682:
2673:
2651:2318/1715466
2625:
2621:
2611:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2546:(1): 11â18.
2543:
2539:
2533:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2467:Cornell 1995
2450:
2428:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2358:
2349:
2342:Cornell 1995
2337:
2330:Cornell 1995
2325:
2318:Cornell 1995
2313:
2306:Cornell 1995
2301:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2247:
2238:
2232:
2223:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2192:Pontecagnano
2187:
2178:
2169:
2148:
2139:
2120:
2115:
2108:Cornell 1995
2091:
2073:W. W. Norton
2068:
2059:
2046:Valle Latina
2020:
2005:
1997:pigmentation
1994:
1973:Roman Empire
1970:
1899:
1897:
1889:Roman people
1874:
1871:Latium Vetus
1870:
1854:
1835:
1833:
1823:
1809:
1796:
1779:
1776:
1756:
1712:
1669:
1662:
1622:Crustumerium
1543:Castiglione
1400:Modern name/
1363:Latin League
1359:
1350:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1284:
1272:
1270:
1238:
1225:
1201:
1197:Caelian Hill
1193:mons Caelius
1192:
1138:
1132:
1125:View of the
1114:
1109:
1107:
1085:
1084:'s epic the
1063:
1013:
990:
980:
948:Latium Vetus
947:
940:mons Albanus
939:
933:
929:
927:
910:Albanus mons
909:
870:
866:
848:
844:
825:
821:
817:
774:
758:
730:
715:
700:
675:
654:
646:
639:transhumance
628:
607:rex sacrorum
605:
601:
593:
571:
569:
550:
522:Latium vetus
483:
426:
407:
372:Este culture
309:
299:
274:Latium vetus
257:
253:
249:
247:
208:
180:
176:Osco-Umbrian
168:Mount Circeo
156:Latium vetus
155:
148:Roman people
140:Italic tribe
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
111:
109:
65:
6117:Italophilia
6077:Coat of arm
6027:Cinquecento
5903:Immigration
5853:Aristocracy
5718:Agriculture
5612:Nationality
5585:LGBT rights
5499:Earthquakes
5380:Mani pulite
5296:World War I
5239:Unification
5232:Late modern
5196:Renaissance
5041:Middle Ages
5034:Middle Ages
5011:Roman Italy
4778:Citizenship
4559:Monte Trina
4539:Monte Caira
4504:Monte Lauzo
4489:Monte Fusco
4409:Monte Abate
4314:Alban Hills
4213:Lake Albano
3866:: 708â714.
3766:Dio Cassius
3486:(1): 1984.
2831:Britannica
2689:Etruscology
2001:ancient DNA
1985:Middle Ages
1981:Middle East
1822:. Note the
1774:in 504 BC.
1701:. Note the
1559:Villa Spada
1450:Palestrina
1313:instead of
1303:Rhea Silvia
1199:) in Rome.
1127:Alban Hills
889: 5500
734:Roman Forum
717:Casa Romuli
708: 1000
659:Lake Albano
643:Alban Hills
578:Roman Forum
573:Lapis Niger
538:Lapis Niger
391: 1300
62:Alban Hills
6240:Categories
6187:Traditions
6177:Television
6162:Philosophy
6127:Literature
6067:Cathedrals
6037:Settecento
5898:Healthcare
5863:Corruption
5858:Censorship
5617:Parliament
5575:Government
5375:Maxi Trial
5323:Resistance
5052:Ostrogoths
4984:Messapians
4869:Villanovan
4859:Prehistory
4852:Prehistory
4695:Categories
4584:Monte Orso
4329:Monte Cavo
2802:15 October
2768:15 October
2389:Herodotus
2052:References
2016:skin color
1315:vice versa
1177:Alba Longa
1090:(composed
944:Monte Cavo
922:Alban lake
914:Monte Cavo
893:hieroglyph
793:Sarmatians
667:Capitoline
631:Bronze Age
505:Aegean Sea
242:See also:
217:monarchy (
195:Bronze Age
154:(in Latin
152:Old Latium
138:, were an
90:are shown.
80:Palestrina
6147:Mythology
6122:Libraries
6042:Ottocento
5984:Terrorism
5925:Languages
5878:Education
5800:Transport
5750:Companies
5657:Provinces
5627:President
5592:Judiciary
5565:Elections
5477:Volcanoes
5472:Volcanism
5465:Apennines
5450:Mountains
5418:Peninsula
5401:Geography
5332:Civil War
5057:Byzantium
4964:Etruscans
4899:Canegrate
4894:Golasecca
4879:Rinaldone
4874:Terramare
4864:Neolithic
4603:Geography
4302:Mountains
4293:Lake Vico
4263:Lake Nemi
4114:Frosinone
3745:234471370
3729:0960-9822
3378:Wade 2019
3190:Livy I.52
3052:Livy I.23
2391:Histories
2239:The Celts
2224:The Celts
2008:eye color
1966:Etruscans
1883:Aftermath
1867:Latin War
1863:Praeneste
1752:Terracina
1446:Praeneste
1305:, to the
1149:Laurentum
879:Stone Age
845:asvamedha
789:Scythians
720:("Hut of
651:Lake Nemi
557:Old Latin
484:Tyrrhenoi
480:Herodotus
248:The name
238:Etymology
232:Latin War
178:peoples.
6225:Category
6112:Internet
6102:Folklore
6032:Seicento
6017:Trecento
6012:Duecento
5974:Religion
5935:Regional
5913:Italians
5888:Gambling
5780:Taxation
5607:Military
5548:Politics
5350:Republic
5137:Florence
5062:Lombards
5001:Republic
4947:Samnites
4942:Picentes
4884:Apennine
4843:Railways
4823:Military
4771:By topic
4755:Overview
4739:articles
4650:Politics
4519:Mainarde
3980:31699914
3954:(6466).
3935:(1979).
3923:(2010).
3898:31699931
3862:(6466).
3737:33974848
3676:31517044
3619:18685561
3569:23667324
3518:28512355
3461:31699931
3253:Origines
3223:Tacitus
3152:(2011).
3043:Livy I.1
2955:(1989).
2670:31699931
2603:52161000
2595:30187463
2560:23900768
2525:23405165
2485:PLOS ONE
2067:(2007).
2030:See also
1958:Northern
1747:Lavinium
1743:Polybius
1735:Tusculum
1727:Satricum
1709:, Sicily
1703:swastika
1680:Tarentum
1594:Ariccia
1578:Frascati
1572:Tusculum
1528:Mentana
1524:Nomentum
1498:Lanuvio
1494:Lanuvium
1476:Lavinium
1402:location
1286:Lupercal
1173:Ascanius
1161:Lavinium
1055:, London
1042:Lavinium
1018:Lavinium
1014:pomerium
1002:Tusculum
991:Origines
976:Arretium
964:Hannibal
908:View of
875:Sanskrit
871:swastika
863:Swastika
726:Augustus
685:Iron Age
671:Quirinal
669:and the
663:Palatine
528:Language
492:Anatolia
451:Etruscan
434:Siculian
430:Faliscan
358:, while
320:Iron Age
296:Caucasus
100:Iron Age
6182:Theatre
6157:Palaces
6137:Museums
6107:Gardens
6092:Fashion
6082:Cuisine
6062:Castles
6004:Culture
5954:Poverty
5930:Italian
5841:Society
5822:Welfare
5790:Tourism
5760:Exports
5728:Banking
5708:Economy
5696:Economy
5652:Regions
5534:Valleys
5504:Islands
5484:Beaches
5455:Prealps
5435:Geology
5423:Climate
5087:Normans
5047:Odoacer
4996:Kingdom
4979:Ligures
4915:Ancient
4889:Nuragic
4838:Postage
4813:Judaism
4803:Genetic
4793:Fashion
4788:Economy
4747:History
4672:Culture
4159:History
4134:Viterbo
3960:Bibcode
3958:: 673.
3947:Science
3889:7093155
3868:Bibcode
3855:Science
3755:Sources
3667:6726452
3646:Bibcode
3610:2985948
3560:3646727
3509:5434004
3488:Bibcode
3452:7093155
3431:Bibcode
3423:Science
2661:7093155
2630:Bibcode
2622:Science
2516:3566088
2493:Bibcode
1901:Science
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1828:Jupiter
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1816:legions
1767:Tacitus
1763:Clusium
1739:Circeii
1725:(later
1723:Pometia
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1688:Piraeus
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1554:Fidenae
1482:Pomezia
1435:Tivoli
1395:Name of
1299:Numitor
1295:Amulius
1251:Romulus
1214:Hittite
1185:Romulus
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446:Umbrian
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352:Hungary
340:Bavaria
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264:Origins
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132:Latials
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6213:
6087:Design
6072:Cinema
6047:Anthem
5969:Racism
5918:People
5893:Health
5755:Energy
5745:Brands
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5667:Cities
5529:Rivers
5489:Canals
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5016:Empire
4957:Veneti
4932:Latins
4904:Latial
4737:
4640:Tuscia
4630:Sabina
4459:Circeo
4171:Latium
4166:Latins
4119:Latina
3978:
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3227:III.72
3034:XX.307
3030:Homer
2973:XXI.63
2833:Latium
2793:
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2720:
2695:
2668:
2658:
2601:
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2558:
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2373:
2121:Latium
2079:
1926:H1aj1a
1922:R-P312
1918:R-P311
1914:T-L208
1910:R-M269
1850:Volsci
1792:Volsci
1772:Aricia
1729:) and
1684:Athens
1655:2,347
1637:Ficula
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1509:Labici
1465:Ardea
1410:Notes
1307:Vestal
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1140:Aeneid
1135:Virgil
1101:(mod.
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1038:Aeneas
987:Aricia
930:Latiar
777:steppe
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598:dative
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438:Sicily
403:Celtic
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126:(f.),
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122:(m.),
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76:Tivoli
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6172:Sport
6142:Music
6132:Media
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5868:Crime
5733:Banks
5509:Lakes
5494:Caves
5445:Flora
5440:Fauna
5162:Genoa
5147:Milan
5142:Siena
5082:Arabs
4969:Celts
4952:Umbri
4828:Music
4798:Flags
4735:Italy
4635:Tiber
4534:Monna
4206:Lakes
4124:Rieti
4098:Lazio
3802:Iliad
3798:Homer
3741:S2CID
3255:II.28
3251:Cato
3225:Hist.
3032:Iliad
2969:Livy
2599:S2CID
2408:(PDF)
2012:blond
1938:U4a1a
1930:T2c1f
1876:socii
1846:Aequi
1811:scuta
1761:, of
1731:Gabii
1605:Pedum
1539:Gabii
1461:Ardea
1431:Tibur
1420:Roma
1331:after
1319:-ulus
1291:Tiber
1283:(the
1277:Remus
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1110:Iliad
1099:Taras
1087:Iliad
1082:Homer
1051:â50.
983:Diana
857:Regia
797:Alans
765:Quadi
594:recei
507:(see
488:Lydia
442:Oscan
300:circa
254:latus
228:Aequi
183:Latin
164:Tiber
146:(see
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58:Italy
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5631:List
5460:Alps
5325:and
5167:Pisa
4937:Osci
4833:Name
4818:LGBT
4679:Flag
4129:Rome
3976:PMID
3894:PMID
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3733:PMID
3725:ISSN
3672:PMID
3615:PMID
3565:PMID
3514:PMID
3457:PMID
3398:ISBN
2804:2020
2791:ISBN
2770:2020
2757:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2666:PMID
2591:PMID
2556:PMID
2521:PMID
2441:ISBN
2393:I.94
2371:ISBN
2077:ISBN
1979:and
1960:and
1944:and
1942:H11a
1906:Rome
1848:and
1665:Kent
1576:nr.
1486:164
1468:199
1453:263
1438:351
1423:822
1416:Roma
1407:(km)
1397:city
1327:ruma
1273:lupa
1259:The
1216:and
1205:Veii
1157:Troy
1074:Troy
960:Livy
853:Mars
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602:regi
536:The
469:and
459:Alps
444:and
374:and
346:and
226:and
144:Rome
110:The
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6057:Art
5805:air
5597:Law
3968:doi
3952:366
3884:PMC
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3860:366
3715:hdl
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3662:PMC
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3605:PMC
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3545:doi
3504:PMC
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3427:366
2656:PMC
2646:hdl
2638:doi
2626:366
2583:doi
2579:167
2548:doi
2544:152
2511:PMC
2501:doi
2433:doi
2363:doi
2024:red
1946:H10
1934:H2a
1643:37
1629:40
1614:43
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1582:50
1564:51
1546:54
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