1468:
3470:
1216:
1957:
1490:
1143:
3382:
780:
2894:
189:
2410:
209:
3481:. In the late Old Latin period, the last element of the diphthongs was lowered to , so that the diphthongs were pronounced and in Classical Latin. They were then monophthongized to and respectively, starting in rural areas at the end of the Republican period. The process, however, does not seem to have been completed before the 3rd century AD, and some scholars say that it may have been regular by the 5th century.
7671:
position, the scansion reveals that can be split across syllables, but this is never the case for ⟨qu⟩. Neither ⟨qu⟩ nor ⟨gu⟩ are ever followed by a consonant, unlike any (other) Latin stop, nor can they occur word-finally. The voicing contrast between ⟨nqu⟩ and ⟨ngu⟩ is not found in any (other) sequence of three consonants. Assimilation of the prefix
7679:- is followed by a consonant cluster. The Proto-Indo-European predecessor of Latin ⟨qu⟩ is, in many cases, reconstructed as a single consonant */kʷ/, notably distinct from sequences of */kw/. Occasionally Latin /w/ scans as a vowel in poetry, when preceded by /s/ or /l/, but this is never the case for the ⟨u⟩ of ⟨qu⟩.
5942:. Before then, the pronunciation of Latin in church was the same as the pronunciation of Latin in other fields and tended to reflect the sound values associated with the nationality and native language of the speaker. Other ecclesiastical pronunciations are still in use, especially outside the Catholic Church.
5576:
was elided instead. Elision also occurred in
Ancient Greek, but in that language, it is shown in writing by the vowel in question being replaced by an apostrophe, whereas in Latin elision is not indicated at all in the orthography, but can be deduced from the verse form. Only occasionally is it found
4816:
of the penult. If the penult is heavy, it is accented; if the penult is light and there are more than two syllables, the antepenult is accented. In a few words originally accented on the penult, accent is on the ultima because the two last syllables have been contracted, or the last syllable has been
5923:
However, other languages—including
Romance family members—all have their own interpretations of the Latin phonological system, applied both to loan words and formal study of Latin. But English, Romance, or other teachers do not always point out that the particular accent their students learn is not
5911:
However, using loanwords in the context of the language borrowing them is a markedly different situation from the study of Latin itself. In this classroom setting, instructors and students attempt to recreate at least some sense of the original pronunciation. What is taught to native anglophones is
5020:
As shown in the examples above, Latin syllables have a variety of possible structures. Here are some of them. The first four examples are light syllables, and the last six are heavy. All syllables have at least one V (vowel). A syllable is heavy if it has another V or C (or both) after the first V.
4937:
After this, if there is an additional consonant inside the word, it is placed at the end of the syllable. This consonant is the syllable coda. Thus if a consonant cluster of two consonants occurs between vowels, they are broken up between syllables: one goes with the syllable before, the other with
4825:
To determine stress, syllable weight of the penult must be determined. To determine syllable weight, words must be broken up into syllables. In the following examples, syllable structure is represented using these symbols: C (a consonant), K (a stop), R (a liquid), and V (a short vowel), VV (a long
4643:
Although some French and
Italian scholars believe that the classical Latin accent was purely a pitch accent, which had no effect on the placing of words in a line of poetry, the view of most scholars is that the accent was a stress accent. One argument for this is that unlike most languages with
5801:
over a vowel is used to indicate the stressed syllable. It would be redundant for one who knew the classical rules of accentuation and made the correct distinction between long and short vowels, but most Latin speakers since the 3rd century have not made any distinction between long and short
7670:
indicated that the ⟨u⟩ of ⟨qu⟩ was in some way different from /w/ in general. No geminate *⟨ququ⟩ is attested, whereas all (other) Latin stops are also found as geminates. Sequences of obstruent + glide are rare in
Classical Latin. In poetry, whenever sequences of stop + glide occur in medial
140:
by native speakers of different languages. While nowadays a reconstructed classical pronuncation aimed to be that of the 1st century AD is usually employed in the teaching of Latin, the
Italian-influenced ecclesiastical pronunciation as used by the Catholic church is still in common use. The
3537:); in the second century AD, those were given apices as well. The Classical vowel length system faded in later Latin and ceased to be phonemic in Romance, having been replaced by contrasts in vowel quality. Consonant length, however, remains contrastive in much of Italo-Romance, cf. Italian
8477:. Traina cites various sources: Quintilianus (I, 7, 26) certifies that his teachers had the group 'vo' written in its epoch by now writing 'vu'; Velio Longo (VII 58 K.) attests the spelling 'quu' pronounced ; various inscriptions from different periods even show the spelling 'cu' for 'quu'.
3521:. Vowel length was indicated only intermittently in classical sources and even then through a variety of means. Later medieval and modern usage tended to omit vowel length altogether. A short-lived convention of spelling long vowels by doubling the vowel letter is associated with the poet
7144:
recommended in a 1912 letter to the
Archbishop of Bourges, "is probably less far removed from classical Latin than any other 'national' pronunciation"; but, as can be seen from the table above, there are, nevertheless, very significant differences. The introduction to the
4773:
In the earliest Latin writings, the original unreduced vowels are still visible. Study of this vowel reduction, as well as syncopation (dropping of short unaccented syllables) in Greek loan words, indicates that the stress remained word-initial until around the time of
3493:
were more significant and more clearly defined in Latin than in modern
English. Length is the duration of time that a particular sound is held before proceeding to the next sound in a word. In the modern spelling of Latin, especially in dictionaries and academic work,
5268:
In a word of three or more syllables, the weight of the penult determines where the accent is placed. If the penult is light, accent is placed on the antepenult; if it is heavy, accent is placed on the penult. Below, stress is marked by placing the stress mark
7347:). Translation: "I sing of arms and the man, who, driven by fate, came first from the borders of Troy to Italy and the Lavinian shores; he much afflicted both on lands and on the deep by the power of the gods, because of fierce Juno's vindictive wrath."
7351:
4700:, stress normally fell on the first syllable of a word. During this period, the word-initial stress triggered changes in the vowels of non-initial syllables, the effects of which are still visible in classical Latin. Compare for example:
5195:
Thus, a syllable is heavy if it ends in a long vowel or diphthong, a short vowel and a consonant, a long vowel and a consonant, or a diphthong and a consonant. Syllables ending in a diphthong and consonant are rare in
Classical Latin.
3553:
3555:
1469:
7523:(13th century). Rhymed accentual metre. Translation: "Extol, tongue, the mystery of the glorious body and the precious blood, which the fruit of a noble womb, the king of nations, poured out as the price of the world."
7212:
As
Classical Latin developed to Late Latin, and eventually into the modern Romance languages, it experienced several phonological changes. Notable changes include the following (the precise order of which is uncertain):
7353:
2951:
1174:). It was frequently elided before a following vowel in poetry and lost without a trace (apart from perhaps lengthening) in the Romance languages, except in a number of monosyllabic words, where it often survives as
5916:, the direct descendants of Latin. Instructors who take this approach rationalize that Romance vowels probably come closer to the original pronunciation than those of any other modern language (see also the section
1674:, geminate consonants were written as if they were single until the middle of the second century BC, when orthographic doubling began to appear. Grammarians mention the marking of double consonants with the
8793:
2863:, later fronted by vowel reduction. In the vicinity of labial consonants, this sound was not as fronted and may have retained some rounding, thus being more similar if not identical to the unreduced short
1217:
1958:
2915:
1491:
1144:
3471:
3383:
2933:
1629:
was generally still pronounced in
Classical Latin, at least by educated speakers, but in many cases it appears to have been lost early on between vowels, and sometimes in other contexts as well (
781:
771:, where it is impossible to tell whether it counted as one consonant or two. The labial element, whether or , appears to have been palatalised before a front vowel, resulting in / (for instance
4866:
A consonant before a vowel or a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word is placed in the same syllable as the following vowel. This consonant or consonant cluster forms the syllable onset.
3077:, the vowels lost their nasalisation, and they merged with the long vowels (which were themselves shortened by that time). This is shown by many forms in the Romance languages, such as Spanish
5851:
in a modern language, there is ordinarily little or no attempt to pronounce them as the Romans did; in most cases, a pronunciation suiting the phonology of the receiving language is employed.
7634:
8087:, §4.9. In footnote 206, he adds: "The evidence has been thoroughly assessed in the diachronic literature; see Sen (2012: 472–3; 2015: 15 sqq.), Meiser (1998: 68–9), Leumann (1977: 85–7)."
2949:
394:) consonants that are assumed for Classical Latin. Those placed in brackets have a debated phonemic status, and those preceded by a dagger are found mainly or only in Greek loanwords.
5802:
vowels, but they have kept the accents in the same places; thus, the use of accent marks allows speakers to read a word aloud correctly even if they have never heard it spoken aloud.
1109:
in Old Latin, or perhaps in free variation with . Lloyd, Sturtevant, and Kent make this argument based on misspellings in early inscriptions, the fact that many instances of Latin
1092:
did not count as a consonant when followed by a word beginning with a consonant. By the Classical period this practice was described as characteristic of non-urban speech by Cicero.
2913:
3554:
4656:(rising accent) "man" where a change of accent on the same syllable changes the meaning. Among other arguments are the loss of vowels before or after the accent in words such as
2931:
7352:
2950:
5244:
should not be mistaken for implying a syllable "is long because of its position/place in a word" but rather "is treated as 'long' by convention". This article uses the words
1126:
was pronounced as a bilabial nasal. At the end of a word, however, it was generally lost beginning in Old Latin (except when another nasal or a plosive followed it), leaving
168:
is an important source for the spoken variety in the 4th century CE, for example) and have in some cases indeed influenced the development of the language. The efforts of
83:. Evidence comes in the form of comments from Roman grammarians, common spelling mistakes, transcriptions into other languages, and the outcomes of various sounds in the
5764:
or horizontal bar above the long vowel, but it is not generally done in regular texts. Occasionally, mainly in early printed texts up to the 18th century, one may see a
7203:
4794:
In Classical Latin, stress changed. It moved from the first syllable to one of the last three syllables, called the antepenult, the penult, and the ultima (short for
2914:
7771:
2932:
5542:) and the next word began with a vowel, the former vowel, at least in verse, was regularly elided; that is, it was omitted altogether, or possibly (in the case of
8808:
3160:
occurred before a plosive or nasal in the next word, however, it was pronounced as a nasal at the place of articulation of the following consonant. For instance,
2878:Ⱶ ⱶ was possibly invented to represent this sound, but is never actually found used this way in the epigraphic record (it usually served as a replacement for the
7109:
of Classical Latin, which was dependent on vowel length, becomes a phonemic one in Ecclesiastical Latin. (Some Ecclesiastical texts mark the stress with an
5825:
period onwards, with the language being used as an international language among intellectuals, pronunciation of Latin in Europe came to be dominated by the
1191:
via assimilation before a following consonant, with the following consonant determining the resulting pronunciation: bilabial before a bilabial consonant (
5199:
The syllable onset has no relationship to syllable weight; both heavy and light syllables can have no onset or an onset of one, two, or three consonants.
136:
a native language, pronunciation and – to a lesser extent – spelling diverged significantly from the classical standard with Latin words being
3513:
Long consonants were usually indicated through doubling, but ancient Latin orthography did not distinguish between the vocalic and consonantal uses of
56:
9276:, an online collection of video lectures on Ancient Indo-European languages, including lectures about the phonology and writing systems of Early Latin
10111:
8468:
226:
3629:
are always pronounced as in English , , , , , respectively, and they do not usually cause any difficulties. The exceptions are mentioned below:
767:
The former could occur between vowels, where it always counted as a single consonant in Classical poetry, whereas the latter only occurred after
7666:⟨qu⟩ enjoyed a wide lexical distribution, while ⟨gu(V)⟩ was limited to a dozen or so words, where it was always preceded by /n/. The grammarian
7527:
Traditional orthography as in Roman Catholic service books (stressed syllable marked with an acute accent on words of three syllables or more).
9301:
9039:
160:
or attempted to "restore" an earlier standard. Such sources are of great value in reconstructing various stages of the spoken language (the
5938:
Since the late 19th and early 20th centuries, an Italianate pronunciation of Latin has grown to be accepted as a universal standard in the
7298:
Loss of phonemic vowel length, with vowel quality becoming the distinctive factor instead. A number of vowel mergers followed as a result.
1781:
7611:
142:
857:
were less aspirated than the corresponding English consonants, as implied by their usually being transliterated into Ancient Greek as
9967:
9568:
1404:
7514:
7616:
7207:
9573:
9536:
9012:
8907:
8857:
8831:
4995:
between vowels usually goes to the syllable after it, although it is also sometimes broken up like other consonant clusters.
2585:
145:
has all but disappeared from classics education but continues to be used for Latin-based loanwords and use of Latin e.g. for
982:
in borrowings starting around the first century BC. (In earlier borrowings, the Greek sound had been rendered in Latin as
7625:
716:
700:
17:
9294:
9201:
9056:
8750:
8706:
3976:
There were two trends: the educated and popular pronunciation. Within educated circles it was pronounced , evoking the
2869:
2606:
1679:
4834:
Every short vowel, long vowel, or diphthong belongs to a single syllable. This vowel forms the syllable nucleus. Thus
9142:
9123:
9075:
8963:
8773:
8728:
8399:
7798:
7183:
248:
9403:
2942:
4778:, in the 3rd century BC. The placement of the stress then shifted to become the pattern found in classical Latin.
9804:
9330:
2621:
2523:
2518:
611:
172:
authors were to a large extent successful in removing innovations in grammar, spelling and vocabulary present in
38:
10002:
9355:
7182:
choirs adopted it when classicists abandoned traditional English pronunciation after World War II. The rise of
2592:
305:, each of which could represent either a short vowel or a long one. The long vowels were sometimes marked with
230:
9962:
9927:
9558:
9345:
9287:
7308:
5866:. Other words have a stronger Latin feel to them, usually because of spelling features such as the digraphs
2780:
9548:
9501:
9340:
7606:
7191:
7152:
5831:
2628:
2558:
2553:
2537:
2532:
618:
137:
7733:
7729:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7312:
7302:
7292:
7288:
7281:
7277:
7270:
7266:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7236:
7232:
7222:
7218:
5901:
5883:
5787:
5774:
5749:
5745:
5683:
5679:
5667:
5663:
5648:
5644:
5628:
5624:
5547:
5543:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5270:
5008:
5004:
4980:
4969:
4958:
4947:
4930:
4919:
4908:
4897:
4886:
4875:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4728:
4724:
3594:
3585:
3576:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3299:
3287:
3268:
3255:
3243:
3225:
3114:
3058:
3035:
3018:
3002:
2991:
2864:
2860:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:. Latin did not have this sound as a native phoneme, and speakers tended to pronounce such loanwords with
2750:
2723:
2709:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2645:
2641:
2575:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2376:
2372:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2304:
2289:
2274:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2174:
2134:
2130:
2090:
2086:
2071:
2067:
2063:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1915:
1911:
1877:
1865:
1861:
1822:
1818:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1769:
1765:
1727:
1718:
1701:
1693:
1667:
1645:
1626:
1614:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1549:
1536:
1532:
1506:
1478:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1416:
1410:
1394:
1382:
1348:
1332:
1328:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1260:
1252:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1123:
1110:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1051:
1020:
1016:
1004:
997:
993:
983:
975:
969:
965:
961:
908:
902:
898:
870:
866:
862:
854:
808:
804:
800:
796:
790:
768:
761:
757:
738:
734:
378:
363:
348:
314:
52:
48:
10106:
3467:
and probably pronounced as , with a fully closed second element, similar to the final syllable in French
2788:
2614:
2599:
2484:
2479:
1268:
986:.) In initial position this appears to have been pronounced , and between vowels it appears to have been
631:
7159:
in the Vatican that is charged with the dissemination and education of Catholics in the Latin language.
7140:
remarked that this pronunciation, used by the Catholic Church in Rome and elsewhere, and whose adoption
9940:
9476:
9426:
9360:
9335:
7324:
The following examples are both in verse, which demonstrates several features more clearly than prose.
5835:
for more details on those (with the exception of the Italian one, which is described in the section on
5202:
In Latin a syllable that is heavy because it ends in a long vowel or diphthong is traditionally called
2079:
1428:
707:
506:
499:
9649:
9578:
9436:
9416:
5945:
A guide to this Italianate pronunciation is provided below. Since the letters or letter-combinations
2867:
2786:
2778:
2746:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2490:
1402:
587:
355:
began to be used as distinct spellings for these consonants (now often pronounced very differently).
9972:
9654:
9588:
9553:
5208:('syllable long by nature'), and a syllable that is heavy because it ends in a consonant is called
4043:
2906:
2635:
2504:
2499:
1127:
1188:
10101:
9816:
9699:
9669:
9634:
9421:
9365:
9350:
1393:
likened it to the sound of a dog, and later writers described it as being produced by vibration.
1015:
in the fourth century BC, which may give some idea of the chronology. Afterward new instances of
515:
463:
456:
219:
9279:
3922:
when being pronounced in English. Transliteration of Greek ⟨φ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords.
156:
During most of the time written Latin was in widespread use, authors variously complained about
10070:
9857:
9664:
9563:
8794:"On the Feature [ATR] and the Evolution of the Short High Vowels of Latin into Romance"
7750:
5829:
of local languages, resulting in a variety of different pronunciation systems. See the article
5512:
The term also refers to shortening of closed syllables following a short syllable, for example
2924:
1939:
1935:
1440:
34:
7663:(§2.2.2) comes to the opposite conclusion. The relevant facts, per the latter, are as follows:
5021:
In the table below, the extra V or VC is bolded, indicating that it makes the syllable heavy.
861:
and their pronunciation in most Romance languages. In many cases however it was not the Latin
9714:
9681:
9674:
9583:
9496:
9491:
7697:
Lucius Cornelius from 159 BC, contains the first examples of doubled consonants in the words
5887:
3526:
2213:
1993:. They began to be used in writing around 150 BC, primarily as a transcription of Greek
692:
676:
652:
645:
270:
10060:
9922:
9832:
9811:
9721:
9709:
9704:
9448:
9431:
7137:
5933:
5894:
5518:
and so on. This type of shortening is found in early Latin, for example in the comedies of
472:
294:
114:
9273:
8973:
Leppänen, Ville; Alho, Tommi (November 2018). "On The Mergers Of Latin Close-Mid Vowels".
7162:
Outside of Austria, Germany, Czechia and Slovakia, it is the most widely used standard in
7151:
indicates that Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation should be used at Church liturgies. The
8:
10050:
9957:
9935:
9892:
9877:
9842:
9786:
9731:
9726:
9595:
9481:
9458:
9398:
7484:
in the third line. For a fuller discussion of the prosodic features of this passage, see
7173:
1312:
572:
560:
551:
544:
537:
129:
110:
9153:
5768:
used to indicate a long vowel where this makes a difference to the sense, for instance,
1351:
was reduced to , and this change was reflected in the orthography of later texts, as in
9947:
9756:
9691:
9686:
9641:
9600:
9388:
9314:
9180:
9033:
8942:
8934:
8884:
8761:
7736:
were lax , implying that none of the Latin short-long vowel pairs differed in quality (
7485:
7344:
7228:
7156:
5761:
5654:
Many publishers (such as Oxford University Press) have adopted the convention of using
3495:
3490:
2352:
1264:
897:), especially borrowings of a non-learned character. This might suggest that the Latin
325:
177:
121:
9847:
9047:
McCullagh, Matthew (2011). "The Sounds of Latin: Phonology". In James Clackson (ed.).
7357:
Recording of first four lines of Aeneid in reconstructed Classical Latin pronunciation
5708:
Most modern editions, however, adopt an intermediate position, distinguishing between
1267:
say that a vowel before is always long, but W. Sidney Allen says that is based on an
293:
In Classical spelling, individual letters mainly corresponded to individual phonemes (
10075:
10040:
10025:
10009:
9997:
9982:
9952:
9912:
9882:
9862:
9852:
9796:
9776:
9766:
9751:
9736:
9621:
9616:
9543:
9513:
9508:
9486:
9468:
9463:
9453:
9443:
9197:
9138:
9119:
9071:
9052:
9008:
8959:
8946:
8903:
8888:
8853:
8846:
8827:
8769:
8746:
8724:
8702:
5913:
1872:, which did not distinguish voiced plosives from voiceless ones. In Classical Latin,
1869:
578:
449:
443:
422:
412:
407:
169:
102:
84:
9251:
7810:
911:
were pronounced with notable aspiration, like the initial consonants of the English
10055:
9987:
9977:
9917:
9907:
9902:
9887:
9872:
9867:
9781:
9771:
9629:
9523:
9411:
9393:
9383:
9172:
8982:
8926:
8876:
5816:
2742:
2702:
were probably pronounced closer when they occurred before another vowel, with e.g.
2611:, and the corresponding long vowels with a relatively close quality, approximately
1927:
1379:
668:
402:
306:
8680:
5855:
4668:; and the shortening of post or pre-accentual syllables in Plautus and Terence by
10065:
10045:
10030:
9992:
9897:
9837:
9761:
9746:
9741:
9531:
9518:
9023:
8897:
8738:
8716:
7749:
The simplification was already common in rural speech as far back as the time of
5939:
5858:
into the English sound system, with little to mark them as foreign, for example,
5791:
5443:
4813:
4787:
4669:
3749:
3673:
3179:
2875:
2362:
2075:
1275:, and the vowel was actually long or short depending on the root, as for example
1055:
639:
417:
157:
72:
9070:(in Finnish and Latin) (3rd-6th ed.). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
1678:, a diacritic in the shape of a sickle. It appears in a few inscriptions of the
101:, but further details varied from period to period. The alphabet developed from
10080:
10035:
8841:
8819:
7596:
7520:
5917:
1796:
1562:
1390:
1386:
996:
was unvoiced in all positions in Classical Latin. Previously however Old Latin
173:
163:
146:
133:
106:
98:
76:
8917:
Gilbert, Allan H (June 1939). "Mock Accents in Renaissance and Modern Latin".
5760:
Textbooks and dictionaries usually indicate the length of vowels by putting a
10095:
9111:
7667:
7601:
7460:ˈl̪iː.t̪ɔ.ɾä|ˈmʊɫ̪.t̪(ʷ)‿ɪl̪|l̪‿ɛt̪ˈt̪ɛr|riːs̠jäk|ˈt̪äː.t̪ʊ.s̠‿ɛ‖ˈt̪.äɫ̪.t̪oː
7197:
7147:
7106:
5778:
3522:
2902:
Examples of nasalized vowels at ends of words and before -ns-, -nf- sequences
2461:
1424:
604:
523:
492:
480:
435:
282:
193:
125:
8986:
8880:
8487:
3692:
is a letter coming from Greek, but seldom used and generally replaced by c.
2062:, probably representing aspirated allophones of the voiceless plosives near
1949:
probably represented the consonant cluster , at least between vowels, as in
9086:
7110:
5973:
are pronounced as they are in English, they are not included in the table.
5798:
4697:
3567:
3530:
3074:
2422:
2138:
2012:
1785:
1420:
960:. When this occurred it was nearly always in the vicinity of the consonant
197:
188:
113:. The Latin alphabet most resembles the Greek alphabet that can be seen on
80:
5534:
Where one word ended with a vowel (including the nasalized vowels written
2971:
Vowels followed by a nasal consonant were allophonically realised as long
2799:, can be reconstructed for the classical period. Such a vowel is found in
7141:
7125:
5822:
5569:
5461:, where the light syllable is stressed. By this sound change, words like
3073:
Those long nasal vowels had the same quality as ordinary long vowels. In
2972:
2473:
2456:
2361:. It indicates not that the vowel is long but that the first syllable is
2038:. Some native words were later also written with these digraphs, such as
1808:
1453:
generally appeared only at the beginning of words, before a vowel, as in
1256:
1131:
1099:
278:
262:
9230:
5550:) pronounced like the corresponding semivowel. When the second word was
4470:) (mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek short ⟨υ⟩.
9264:
9184:
9104:
From Latin to Modern French with especial consideration of Anglo-Norman
7167:
5765:
4489:) (mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek long ⟨υ⟩.
2963:
2579:
2545:
2466:
2379:
in Greek loanwords. Both the consonantal and vocalic pronunciations of
1659:
1510:
1432:
1036:
987:
274:
233: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
9247:: Classical and ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation with audio examples
9163:
Ward, Ralf L. (June 1962). "Evidence For The Pronunciation Of Latin".
8938:
7675:- to a following ⟨qu⟩ is relatively rare, which is also the case when
4376:
when long. Transliteration of Greek long ⟨ι⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ in some cases.
932:
respectively. They are attested beginning c. 150 BC, in the spellings
347:, which could either indicate vowels (as mentioned) or the consonants
9310:
5826:
4693:
3977:
3533:) or, in the case of long i, by increasing the height of the letter (
2512:
1966:. Vowels before this cluster were sometimes long and sometimes short.
1923:
1675:
1671:
1443:
position, it appears to have been velarized before all vowels except
1085:
1019:
developed between vowels from sound-changes like the degemination of
1001:
266:
94:
9176:
4177:
is pronounced in some English accents, but without the nasal sound:
3570:
showing both long and short vowels and long and short consonants is
2409:
208:
8930:
7465:
wiːˈs̠ʊ.pɛ|ɾʊ̃ːˈs̠äe̯|wäe̯ˈmɛ.mɔ|ɾɛ̃ːjuː|ˈn̪oː.n̪ɪ.s̠‿ɔ‖ˈb‿iː.ɾä̃ː]
7179:
5848:
5607:
Modern usage, even for classical Latin texts, varies in respect of
2433:
1931:
1540:
1272:
1119:, and the outcomes of the sound in Romance (particularly in Spain).
1103:
150:
71:. This article largely deals with what features can be deduced for
44:
7450:[ˈär.mäwɪ|ˈɾʊŋ.kʷɛˈkä|n̪oːˈt̪ɾɔj|jäe̯kʷiː|ˈpɾiː.mʊs̠‿ä‖ˈb‿oː.ɾiːs̠
3419:
1571:
was pronounced as an approximant until the first century AD, when
9309:
9266:
The Roman Pronunciation of Latin: Why we use it and how to use it
7694:
7455:
iː.ˈt̪ä.l̪i|ä̃ːˈfäː|t̪oːˈprɔ.fʊ|ɡʊs̠ɫ̪äː|ˈwiː.n̪jä.kʷɛ‖ˈweː.n̪ɪt̪
5918:§ Pronunciation shared by Vulgar Latin and Romance languages
5523:
5519:
4775:
4411:
when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ω⟩, and ⟨ου⟩ in some cases.
4341:
when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨η⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ in some cases.
2879:
1077:
391:
7404:
Modern orthography with macrons and without u and v distinction
4249:(mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek ⟨ζ⟩.
3442:
in morpheme borders is traditionally written without the tréma:
789:). This palatalisation did not affect the independent consonant
285:, which includes letterforms corresponding to modern lowercase.
261:
In Classical times there was no modern-like distinction between
7338:
7332:
3534:
3422:
above the second vowel, both vowels are pronounced separately:
2713:
2125:. Around the second and first centuries B.C., the Greek letter
1081:
1044:
1040:
318:
5615:. During the Renaissance, the printing convention was to use
4125:
Transliteration of Greek ⟨θ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords.
4036:
in Italian and several Romance languages, but voiceless; e.g.
3728:
Transliteration of Greek ⟨χ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords.
3149:), likely by analogy with other forms beginning in the prefix
940:
in loanwords. (Previously these had been rendered in Latin as
7163:
4840:
has four syllables, one for every vowel (a i ā u: V V VV V),
4651:
4645:
4644:
tonal accents, there are no minimal pairs like ancient Greek
4046:). Transcription of Greek ῥ, mostly used in Greek loanwords.
3503:
2440:
by educated speakers but approximated with the native vowels
2120:
2108:
2015:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1854:
880:
874:
333:
68:
9106:(revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
7728:
There is, however, a fringe view that the short high vowels
5797:
Sometimes, for instance in Roman Catholic service books, an
5214:('long by position'). These terms are translations of Greek
4193:
is post-classical (in order to become regular in spelling).
8445:
8443:
7134:
Vox Latina: A guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin
5744:, probably because in this position it did not change from
2761:
in Classical and Late Latin if they were unable to produce
2421:
Classical Latin had ten native phonemic monophthongs, five
2126:
8919:
Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
8721:
Vox Latina—a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin
7301:
Palatalization of various other consonants by a following
7204:
Phonological changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance
7198:
Pronunciation shared by Vulgar Latin and Romance languages
2859:) and other words. It developed out of a historical short
2777:
An intermediate vowel sound (likely a close central vowel
2722:, indicating that its quality was similar to that of long
948:
spread to a number of native Latin words as well, such as
807:, which were allophonically labialized to by a following
97:
down to the present. Latin was nearly always spelt in the
93:
refers to the writing system used to spell Latin from its
9225:
Trame, Richard H. 1983. "A Note On Latin Pronunciation."
8867:
Cser, András (2020). "The phonology of Classical Latin".
7775:
7105:
Vowel length is not phonemic. As a result, the automatic
5572:): the vowel of the preceding word was retained, and the
3992:); meanwhile, within popular circles it was pronounced (
2712:
before another vowel is often written with the so-called
1994:
1561:, and in poetry one could be replaced with the other for
1054:
after a short vowel was often lost, probably after first
9242:
8440:
4987:
There are two exceptions. A consonant cluster of a stop
3525:. Later spelling conventions marked long vowels with an
2436:
from Greek had ⟨y⟩, which would have been pronounced as
1644:
being a particularly early example). Where intervocalic
8801:
University of Connecticut Working Papers in Linguistics
4781:
8488:
Review: Cesare Questa, La metrica di Plauto e Terenzio
5689:
An alternative approach, less common today, is to use
3409:
remained only in a few words such as the interjection
2644:
were, as this implies, similar in quality to the long
2311:
could occur in some of the same environments: compare
1825:
were not distinguished. They were both represented by
1607:
it remained a single consonant in most words, e.g. in
1000:
appears to have voiced to between vowels, ultimately
8571:
8569:
8475:(5 ed.). Bologna: Pàtron. pp. 44 and 59–60.
7659:(p. 17) judges the evidence to favour /kʷ ɡʷ/, while
5457:
is vowel shortening that occurs in words of the type
3506:
is sometimes used to indicate that a vowel is short:
2307:. Both the consonantal and vocalic pronunciations of
9274:
glottothèque - Ancient Indo-European Grammars online
9218:
Hall, William Dawson, and Michael De Angelis. 1971.
8650:
4812:'last syllable'). Its position is determined by the
1114:
1039:
reports to have happened a little after the time of
815:
was unnecessary. This is suggested by the fact that
43:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8956:
Metrical stress theory: principles and case studies
8899:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
8875:. Publications of the Philological Society: 1–218.
5854:Latin words in common use in English are generally
5643:subsequently within the word regardless of whether
4137:Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable, or after
1910:was created in the third century BC to distinguish
8845:
8768:. Newburyport, Massachusetts: R. Pullins Company.
8566:
8450:Traina, Alfonso; Perini, Giorgio Bernardi (1998),
5568:, a different form of elision sometimes occurred (
2383:sometimes occurred in similar environments, as in
1477:). Between vowels, it was generally as a geminate
8785:Latin in Church. The History of its Pronunciation
8590:
8588:
8586:
8584:
7838:
7836:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7186:and the availability of guides such as Copeman's
3010:Before nasal consonants followed by a fricative:
2578:appear to have been pronounced with a relatively
1795:as well. This was unlike the usage of chi in the
336:may also be used to indicate short vowels, as in
67:is the system of sounds used in various kinds of
10093:
8818:
8743:Vox Graeca: The Pronunciation of Classical Greek
8374:
8207:
7908:
7716:
4361:when short. Transliteration of short Greek ⟨ι⟩.
4291:when short. Transliteration of Greek short ⟨α⟩.
2242:was usually not doubled in writing, so a single
1658:Doubled consonant letters represented genuinely
370:also stood for sequences of two adjacent vowels.
277:largely corresponding to modern upper-case, and
57:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
9135:Phonetics and Philology: Sound Change in Italic
7362:Traditional (19th century) English orthography
7276:Phonemic (no longer allophonic) development of
5927:
5635:in the upper case and in the lower case to use
4563:. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ει⟩ in some cases.
3021:> (in early inscriptions, often written as
2648:is suggested by attested misspellings such as:
2070:. Aspirated plosives and the glottal fricative
1938:around 230 BC, but it may have originated with
75:as it was spoken by the educated from the late
8759:
8674:
8618:
8581:
8575:
8560:
8463:
8461:
8255:
8192:
8045:
7833:
7816:
7436:Litora; multum ille et terris iactatus et alto
7415:Lītora; multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō
7394:Lītora; multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō
7373:Litora; multùm ille et terris jactatus et alto
5842:
4306:when long. Transliteration of Greek long ⟨α⟩.
905:more suitable to approximate the Greek sounds.
733:Latin may have had the labialized velar stops
324:. In modern times long vowels are marked with
9295:
9220:Latin Pronunciation According to Roman Usage.
8203:
8201:
7430:Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris
7409:Arma uirumque canō, Troiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs
7388:Arma virumque canō, Troiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs
5526:, but not in poetry of the classical period.
4627:Transliteration of the Greek diphthong ⟨υι⟩.
3792:Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable, as
3544:
3538:
3484:
3096:
3078:
2708:written as ⟨mia⟩ in some inscriptions. Short
2688:most likely had a more open allophone before
1579:began to develop into fricatives. In poetry,
737:as opposed to the stop + semivowel sequences
8972:
8844:(2008). "Latin". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.).
8723:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
8699:Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction
8002:
8000:
7998:
7904:
7902:
7367:Arma virúmque cano, Trojæ qui primus ab oris
5015:
3959:
3124:
3118:
2733:
1509:is sometimes marked in modern editions by a
869:that were used to render Greek word-initial
109:, which had developed from a variant of the
105:, which had developed from a variant of the
9084:
8824:The Blackwell History of the Latin Language
8696:
8633:Dictionarium, seu Latinae linguae thesaurus
8631:
8458:
7985:
7983:
7889:
7887:
7830:, pp. 20–22, §25: the Italic alphabets
7710:
7704:
7698:
7688:
7512:
7498:
7492:
7479:
7473:
7439:Vi superum, saevae memorem Iunonis ob iram.
7418:Uī superum, saeuae memorem Iūnōnis ob īram.
7397:Vī superum, saevae memorem Iūnōnis ob īram.
7336:
7171:
5782:
5769:
5584:
5578:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5513:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5452:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5260:for vowels since the two are not the same.
5239:
5225:
5215:
5209:
5203:
4999:
4975:
4964:
4953:
4942:
4925:
4914:
4903:
4892:
4881:
4870:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4744:
4734:
4714:
4704:
4679:
4673:
4663:
4657:
4184:
4178:
4037:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3873:
3852:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3443:
3410:
3392:
3375:
3183:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3136:
3130:
3108:
3102:
3090:
3084:
3062:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3030:
3022:
3013:
2997:
2986:
2850:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2769:
2703:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2390:
2384:
2356:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2299:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2114:
2102:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
1950:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1722:
1713:
1648:survived, it was likely voiced (that is, ).
1638:
1630:
1618:
1608:
1553:
1544:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1500:
1482:
1460:
1454:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1336:
1322:
1316:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1240:
1226:
1225:) and across word-boundaries (for instance
1204:
1169:
1162:
1135:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1030:
1024:
955:
949:
892:
886:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
772:
196:with portions of speeches delivered in the
161:
9302:
9288:
9151:
9116:New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
9038:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9021:
8766:New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges
8524:
8243:
8198:
8164:
8162:
8110:
8108:
8095:
8093:
8017:
8015:
7946:
7944:
7931:
7929:
7612:Traditional English pronunciation of Latin
7528:
7426:
7405:
7384:
7363:
7343:, Book 1, verses 1–4. Quantitative metre (
7166:singing which, with a few exceptions like
4446:when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ου⟩.
4396:when short. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ο⟩.
4326:when short. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ε⟩.
4020:in Italian and several Romance languages.
3113:). On the other hand, the short vowel and
1617:in borrowings from Greek such as the name
990:to (counted as two consonants in poetry).
351:respectively. In modern times the letters
143:Traditional English pronunciation of Latin
120:As the language continued to be used as a
9046:
8791:
7995:
7899:
7770:This approach is also recommended in the
7737:
7732:were tense and that the long mid vowels
7554:Italianate ecclesiastical pronunciation:
7376:Vi superum, sævæ memorem Junonis ob iram.
3498:are frequently used to mark long vowels:
3197:Diphthongs classified by beginning sound
3145:is the normal development of Latin short
1587:could be replaced with each other, as in
1203:). This occurred both within words (e.g.
936:, at first only used to render the Greek
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
10112:Indo-European Latin-script orthographies
9065:
9025:Précis de phonétique historique du latin
8975:Transactions of the Philological Society
8869:Transactions of the Philological Society
8840:
8782:
8656:
8339:
7980:
7884:
7515:Pange Lingua Gloriosi Corporis Mysterium
7433:Italiam, fato profugus, Laviniaque venit
7412:Ītaliam, fātō profugus, Lāuīniaque uēnit
7391:Ītaliam, fātō profugus, Lāvīniaque vēnit
7370:Italiam, fato profugus, Lavíniaque venit
7349:
7265:Phonemic (no longer allophonic) loss of
6751:Word internally before a stressed vowel
5562:, and possibly when the second word was
4761:in Old Latin following vowel reduction,
3551:
2569:
2408:
1195:), coronal before a coronal consonant (
1023:after long vowels and diphthongs (as in
377:, standing for the aspirated consonants
187:
9222:Anaheim, CA: National Music Publishers.
9158:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8916:
8895:
8645:
8512:
8449:
8400:"Pronouncing Italian double consonants"
8159:
8120:
8105:
8090:
8012:
7941:
7926:
7327:
7208:Palatalization in the Romance languages
6275:Beginning of a word and before a vowel
5924:actually the way ancient Romans spoke.
5273:⟩ before the stressed syllable.
4731:in later Old Latin and Classical Latin.
4638:
4633:
3600:
1303:probably did not assimilate to before
1199:) and velar before a velar consonant (
1102:in Classical Latin but may have been a
288:
14:
10094:
9194:Latin Punctuation in the Classical Age
9110:
8467:
8422:
8056:
8054:
7827:
7506:
7178:, is concerned with liturgical texts.
5810:
3117:were restored, for example, in French
2582:quality, which may be approximated as
978:was found as a rendering of the Greek
901:had some degree of aspiration, making
9283:
9231:https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546146
9191:
9132:
9002:
8953:
8737:
8715:
8668:
8606:
8594:
8548:
8536:
8434:
8386:
8351:
8327:
8315:
8303:
8291:
8279:
8267:
8231:
8219:
8180:
8168:
8153:
8149:
8147:
8138:
8126:
8114:
8099:
8072:
8060:
8033:
8021:
8006:
7989:
7974:
7962:
7950:
7935:
7893:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7854:
7842:
7758:
7656:
7315:before front vowels (not everywhere).
7221:, in all contexts, and loss of final
7113:in words of three or more syllables.)
5592:
2885:
2414:
1613:, although it did represent a double
972:had become aspirated in that context.
399:
9262:
9162:
9155:The pronunciation of Greek and Latin
9101:
8993:
8866:
8826:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
8473:L'alfabeto e la pronunzia del latino
8452:Propedeutica al latino universitario
8363:
8084:
7920:
7660:
7617:Deutsche Aussprache des Lateinischen
7273:and of final in polysyllabic words.
5874:(occasionally written as ligatures:
5437:
5238:position'), respectively; therefore
4782:Classical Latin syllables and stress
3370:sometimes represented the diphthong
2785:or possibly its rounded counterpart
2726:; it was almost never confused with
1772:was also spelled in other ways like
1652:
1389:in some positions and when doubled.
1152:). In Old Latin inscriptions, final
968:, and the implication is that Latin
231:adding citations to reliable sources
202:
47:. For the distinction between ,
9118:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8051:
7425:Modern orthography without macrons
7126:nasalization of the preceding vowel
5912:suggested by the sounds of today's
5882:, respectively), which both denote
4687:
2093:between vowels were represented by
1981:represented the aspirated plosives
1499:) except in compound words such as
1459:, except in compound words such as
1347:. At the start of a word, original
362:, which represented the diphthongs
24:
9212:
8144:
7622:– traditional German pronunciation
5900:in some words tend to be given an
5821:Since around the beginning of the
5515:quid ĕst, volŭptātem, apŭd iudicem
4496:Pronunciation of Latin diphthongs
3633:Pronunciation of Latin consonants
2962:Problems playing these files? See
2892:
2371:between vowels represented single
2085:In Old Latin, Koine Greek initial
1807:instead represented by the letter
1734:appeared in only a few words like
1712:distinguish minimal pairs such as
1134:on the preceding vowel (such that
1113:descend from Proto-Indo-European *
1058:to , as in the inscriptional form
777:would have sounded something like
25:
10123:
9236:
9152:Sturtevant, Edgar Howard (1920).
9085:Pope Pius X (November 22, 1903).
9049:A Companion to the Latin Language
8697:Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010).
7287:Palatalization of the consonants
7190:has led to the recent revival of
7184:historically informed performance
5224:= 'syllable long by nature') and
4861:
4672:, for example, scansions such as
4595:. Transliteration of Greek ⟨οι⟩.
4579:. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ευ⟩.
4543:. Transliteration of Greek ⟨αυ⟩.
4527:. Transliteration of Greek ⟨αι⟩.
2741:was used in Greek loanwords with
2557:
2552:
2536:
2531:
2522:
2517:
2503:
2498:
2483:
2478:
2375:in native Latin words but double
1178:or a further development thereof.
1007:. Cicero reports the family-name
715:
706:
699:
675:
651:
644:
630:
617:
610:
586:
559:
550:
543:
522:
514:
505:
498:
479:
471:
462:
455:
176:but absent in both classical and
9068:Ars grammatica—Latinan kielioppi
8896:Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004).
7635:Traditional French pronunciation
7631:– revised "school" pronunciation
7626:Schulaussprache des Lateinischen
7583:ˈɾɛksefˈfuːd̪it̪ˈd͡ʒen̪t̪͡s̪ium]
7578:ˈfɾukt̪usˈvɛn̪t̪ɾisd͡ʒen̺eˈɾɔːsi
7383:Modern orthography with macrons
7250:, then lenition of intervocalic
6477:(rolled like Italian or Spanish
5805:
5485:with long final vowel change to
5277:Words with stress on antepenult
4684:with the second syllable short.
3918:, always aspirated; never as in
3864:In all other positions, as dark
2947:
2929:
2911:
1213:may have sounded something like
1140:may have sounded something like
390:Below are the distinctive (i.e.
207:
8848:The Ancient Languages of Europe
8689:
8662:
8639:
8624:
8621:, p. 400, section 612 e, f
8612:
8600:
8554:
8542:
8530:
8518:
8506:
8493:
8480:
8428:
8416:
8392:
8380:
8368:
8357:
8345:
8333:
8321:
8309:
8297:
8285:
8273:
8261:
8249:
8237:
8225:
8213:
8186:
8174:
8132:
8078:
8066:
8039:
8027:
7968:
7956:
7914:
7799:Latin Pronunciation Demystified
7764:
7743:
7722:
7682:
2768:
2745:Υ. This letter represented the
2404:
218:needs additional citations for
39:International Phonetic Alphabet
27:Phonology of the Latin language
8998:. University of Chicago Press.
8852:. Cambridge University Press.
8764:(2001) . Mahoney, Anne (ed.).
8745:. Cambridge University Press.
8701:. Cambridge University Press.
8630:For example, Henri Estienne's
7860:
7848:
7804:
7791:
7650:
7568:säŋɡwiˈn̺iskwepɾet̪t̪͡s̪i'ɔːsi
7558:[ˈpän̠ʲd͡ʒeˈl̺iŋɡwäɡl̺oɾiˈɔːsi
7446:Classical Roman pronunciation
7284:when unstressed and in hiatus.
7124:are pronounced fully, with no
6239:Between vowels in a few words
5623:(lower case) for both vocalic
5263:
4256:Pronunciation of Latin vowels
2224:, as well as the close vowels
2078:, an affectation satirized in
1934:attributes this innovation to
1918:. Its letterform derived from
183:
13:
1:
9263:Lord, Frances Ellen (2007) .
8822:; Horrocks, Geoffrey (2007).
8490:. Bryn Mawr Classical Review.
7785:
6204:(roughly); precisely Italian
5847:When Latin words are used as
5755:
4650:(falling accent) "light" vs.
4117:, and aspirated; never as in
3712:, and aspirated; never as in
3191:
2347:. The vowel before a doubled
1513:on the preceding vowel, e.g.
385:
281:was generally in the form of
8783:Brittain, Frederick (1955).
8454:(in Italian), pp. 62–63
8404:www.italianlanguageguide.com
8375:Clackson & Horrocks 2007
8208:Clackson & Horrocks 2007
7909:Clackson & Horrocks 2007
7797:Covington, Michael. (2019).
7717:Clackson & Horrocks 2007
7607:Latin regional pronunciation
7573:kwɛmin̺ˈmun̪d̪iˈpɾɛt̪ː͡s̪ium
7153:Pontifical Academy for Latin
6523:Between vowels (informally)
5928:Ecclesiastical pronunciation
5904:pronunciation, for example,
5837:Ecclesiastical pronunciation
5832:Latin regional pronunciation
5335:Words with stress on penult
4846:has three (ae e u: VV V V),
3508:⟨ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆⟩
3326:could represent diphthongs:
2173:, suggest the pronunciation
1746:- which could also be spelt
1401:, possibly suggesting a tap
727:
7:
9537:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
9137:. Oxford University Press.
9133:Smith, Jane Stuart (2004).
8996:A Latin Reader for Colleges
7590:
7319:
5843:Loan words and formal study
5724:. Usually, the non-vocalic
5597:
4820:
3815:Doubled between vowels, as
3529:(a diacritic similar to an
3500:⟨ā ē ī ō ū ȳ⟩
2351:is sometimes marked with a
2238:representing the consonant
2129:Ζ was adopted to represent
1817:In Old Latin inscriptions,
1487:(pronounced something like
1465:(pronounced something like
811:such that writing a double
330:⟨ā ē ī ō ū ȳ⟩
303:⟨a e i o u y⟩
10:
10128:
8792:Calabrese, Andrea (2005).
8619:Allen & Greenough 2001
8576:Allen & Greenough 2001
8561:Allen & Greenough 2001
8256:Allen & Greenough 2001
8193:Allen & Greenough 2001
8046:Allen & Greenough 2001
7201:
5931:
5817:Pronunciation of Neo-Latin
5814:
5639:at the start of words and
5602:
5529:
5441:
5011:(CV.CV.KRVC or CV.CVK.RVC)
4829:
4785:
4652:
4646:
3485:Vowel and consonant length
2413:The Latin vowel-space per
2365:from the double consonant.
2121:
2109:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1880:only in the abbreviations
1115:
1076:). Often in the poetry of
881:
875:
839:) are also found spelt as
760:is stronger than that for
338:⟨ă ĕ ŏ ŭ y̆⟩
10018:
9825:
9609:
9376:
9321:
9243:
9022:Neidermann, Max (1945) .
8958:. University of Chicago.
8503:, 2nd edition, pp. 85–86.
6920:
6917:
6771:
6721:
6622:
6543:
6494:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6267:
6214:
6104:
6066:
5998:
5752:in post-classical times.
5226:
5216:
5016:Heavy and light syllables
4852:has two (u ō: V VV), and
4450:
4415:
4380:
4345:
4310:
4275:
3827:
3784:
3278:
2747:close front rounded vowel
2734:Adoption of Greek upsilon
2399:
1942:in the fourth century BC.
1397:was sometimes written as
944:.) From c. 100 BC onward
691:
667:
638:
571:
442:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
311:⟨á é ó ú ý⟩
263:upper case and lower case
9066:Pekkanen, Tuomo (1999).
9051:. Blackwell Publishing.
8787:(2nd ed.). Mowbray.
8499:W. Sidney Allen (1978),
7643:
7544:fructus ventris generósi
7529:
7427:
7406:
7385:
7364:
7225:, in polysyllabic words.
5697:only for the vowels and
5509:with short final vowel.
4462:when short (or as short
4044:Voiceless alveolar trill
3405:by the classical epoch;
3297:
3285:
3266:
3253:
3241:
3223:
3038:> (often written as
1774:⟨ks cs xs⟩
1378:In Classical Latin, the
1156:is often omitted, as in
1128:compensatory lengthening
946:⟨ph th ch⟩
934:⟨ph th ch⟩
375:⟨ph th ch⟩
360:⟨ae au oe⟩
9569:Regional North American
9192:Wingo, E. Otha (1972).
9089:. Rome, Italy: Adoremus
9003:Lloyd, Paul M. (1987).
8994:Levy, Harry L. (1989).
8987:10.1111/1467-968X.12130
8881:10.1111/1467-968X.12184
8807:: 33–78. Archived from
7757:, 5:97 (referred to in
7491:Some manuscripts have "
7258:. (Later developing to
7192:regional pronunciations
6646:(never aspirated as in
6413:(never aspirated as in
6341:(never aspirated as in
6256:(never aspirated as in
6074:(never aspirated as in
5577:in inscriptions, as in
4753:'affected'; pronounced
2749:, both short and long:
1922:with the addition of a
1853:derives from the Greek
1535:could also varied with
803:were not distinct from
297:). Exceptions include:
35:phonetic transcriptions
10003:Dialects and varieties
9564:Received Pronunciation
9404:American Sign Language
9252:"Ecclesiastical Latin"
9087:"Tra le Sollecitudini"
8632:
8486:W. C. de Melo (2007),
7753:(116 BC – 27 BC): cf.
7711:
7705:
7699:
7689:
7538:Sanguinísque pretiósi,
7513:
7503:" in the second line.
7499:
7493:
7480:
7474:
7358:
7337:
7172:
7032:English approximation
6879:English approximation
5994:English approximation
5783:
5770:
5705:for the approximants.
5678:(lower case) for both
5662:(lower case) for both
5585:
5579:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5514:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5453:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5240:
5210:
5204:
5000:
4976:
4965:
4954:
4943:
4926:
4915:
4904:
4893:
4882:
4871:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4808:
4802:
4800:'before almost last',
4796:
4745:
4735:
4715:
4705:
4680:
4674:
4664:
4658:
4511:English approximation
4481:when long (or as long
4271:English approximation
4205:A letter representing
4185:
4179:
4038:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3960:
3874:
3853:
3648:English approximation
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3545:
3539:
3444:
3438:. However, disyllabic
3411:
3401:mostly had changed to
3393:
3376:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3063:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3031:
3023:
3014:
2998:
2987:
2897:
2851:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2801:
2795:
2770:
2704:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2448:by the less-educated.
2418:
2391:
2385:
2357:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2300:
2294:
2285:
2279:
2270:
2264:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2115:
2103:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
1951:
1940:Appius Claudius Caecus
1936:Spurius Carvilius Ruga
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1782:Western Greek alphabet
1780:was borrowed from the
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1723:
1714:
1639:
1631:
1619:
1609:
1554:
1545:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1501:
1483:
1461:
1455:
1427:and probably somewhat
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1343:
1337:
1323:
1317:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1241:
1227:
1205:
1170:
1163:
1136:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1031:
1025:
956:
950:
893:
887:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
773:
200:
192:A papyrus fragment in
162:
138:pronounced differently
32:This article contains
9256:Catholic Encyclopedia
9196:. De Gruyter Mouton.
9102:Pope, M. K. (1952) .
9005:From Latin to Spanish
8954:Hayes, Bruce (1995).
8739:Allen, William Sidney
8717:Allen, William Sidney
7719:, pp. 147, 149).
7563:ˈkɔrpoɾismisˈt̪eːɾium
7541:quem in mundi prétium
7532:Pange lingua gloriósi
7472:Note the elisions in
7356:
4991:followed by a liquid
4826:vowel or diphthong).
3720:and also never as in
3558:
3172:in inscriptions, and
2975:in two environments:
2896:
2570:Long and short vowels
2412:
1845:before consonants or
1799:, where it stood for
1730:. In Classical Latin
942:⟨p t c⟩
938:⟨φ θ χ⟩
873:in borrowings (as in
859:⟨π τ κ⟩
368:⟨ae oe⟩
319:the special character
317:could be marked with
191:
117:dating to c. 540 BC.
9269:. Gutenberg Project.
9028:(2 ed.). Paris.
9007:. Diane Publishing.
8814:on 13 November 2012.
7690:epistula ad tiburtes
7547:Rex effúdit géntium.
7328:From Classical Latin
7138:William Sidney Allen
7078:no obvious example;
6377:(never 'dark' as in
6223:In nearly all cases
5934:Ecclesiastical Latin
5736:is still printed as
5222:syllabḕ makrá phýsei
5205:syllaba nātūrā longa
4938:the syllable after.
4639:Nature of the accent
4634:Syllables and stress
3601:Table of orthography
3489:Vowel and consonant
2161:, and the spellings
1860:, which represented
1158:⟨viro⟩
1050:In Old Latin, final
793:before front vowels.
756:). The argument for
295:alphabetic principle
289:Letters and phonemes
227:improve this article
115:black-figure pottery
9928:Proto-Indo-European
9574:White South African
9165:The Classical World
8762:Greenough, James B.
8377:, pp. 273, 274
7535:Córporis mystérium,
7507:From Medieval Latin
7022:
6869:
5978:
5811:Post-Medieval Latin
5336:
5278:
5252:for syllables, and
5217:συλλαβὴ μακρά φύσει
4806:'almost last', and
4769:in Classical Latin.
4723:'made'; pronounced
4611:, approximately to
4497:
4257:
3970:⟨quu⟩
3634:
3198:
3044:and abbreviated as
2718:, as in ⟨dꟾes⟩ for
2246:represented double
1839:⟨o u⟩
1831:⟨e i⟩
1385:was most likely an
1341:, from the root of
741:(as in the English
353:⟨j v⟩
345:⟨i u⟩
130:liturgical language
111:Phoenician alphabet
18:Latin pronunciation
10107:Italic phonologies
9227:The Choral Journal
8760:Allen, Joseph A.;
8527:, pp. 207–218
8246:, pp. 115–116
7486:Dactylic hexameter
7359:
7345:dactylic hexameter
7229:Monophthongization
7157:pontifical academy
7087:⟨ui⟩
7072:⟨eu⟩
7055:⟨ei⟩
7038:⟨au⟩
7020:
6933:⟨oe⟩
6914:⟨ae⟩
6900:precisely Spanish
6867:
6773:⟨xc⟩
6668:Before unstressed
6545:⟨sc⟩
6502:Always (formally)
6489:⟨rh⟩
6426:⟨qu⟩
6181:⟨gn⟩
6087:⟨ch⟩
5976:
5593:Modern conventions
5538:and the diphthong
5334:
5276:
4858:has one (ui: VV).
4621:⟨yi⟩
4601:⟨ui⟩
4585:⟨oe⟩
4569:⟨eu⟩
4549:⟨ei⟩
4533:⟨au⟩
4517:⟨ae⟩
4495:
4255:
4167:⟨vu⟩
4103:⟨th⟩
4026:⟨rh⟩
3928:⟨qu⟩
3904:⟨ph⟩
3837:⟨ll⟩
3766:⟨gn⟩
3698:⟨ch⟩
3632:
3564:
3196:
3101:from Vulgar Latin
3083:from Vulgar Latin
3061:> (written as
2979:Before word-final
2898:
2886:Vowel nasalization
2730:in this position.
2419:
2254:and the sequences
1698:⟨qu⟩
1664:⟨cc⟩
1662:consonants, as in
201:
178:contemporary Latin
122:classical language
10089:
10088:
9579:Standard Canadian
9315:world's languages
9112:Sihler, Andrew L.
9014:978-0-87169-173-6
8909:978-1-4051-0315-2
8859:978-0-521-68495-8
8833:978-1-4051-6209-8
8354:, pp. 55, 56
8294:, pp. 51, 52
8171:, pp. 15, 16
8009:, pp. 30, 31
7965:, pp. 34, 35
7896:, pp. 26, 27
7869:, pp. 19, 20
7354:
7102:
7101:
7018:
7017:
7002:⟨y⟩
6984:⟨u⟩
6965:⟨o⟩
6947:⟨i⟩
6940:⟨e⟩
6885:⟨a⟩
6865:
6864:
6843:⟨z⟩
6723:⟨x⟩
6697:⟨v⟩
6624:⟨t⟩
6496:⟨s⟩
6462:⟨r⟩
6391:⟨p⟩
6354:⟨l⟩
6319:⟨k⟩
6269:⟨i⟩
6216:⟨h⟩
6106:⟨g⟩
6000:⟨c⟩
5914:Romance languages
5886:in English. The
5856:fully assimilated
5674:(upper case) and
5658:(upper case) and
5651:was represented.
5619:(upper case) and
5449:Iambic shortening
5438:Iambic shortening
5435:
5434:
5415:/in.telˈleːk.sit/
5332:
5331:
5193:
5192:
4983:(VC.CVC.CVVC.CVC)
4981:/in.tel.leːk.sit/
4631:
4630:
4575:As in Portuguese
4493:
4492:
4452:⟨y⟩
4417:⟨u⟩
4382:⟨o⟩
4347:⟨i⟩
4312:⟨e⟩
4277:⟨a⟩
4253:
4252:
4235:⟨z⟩
4219:⟨s⟩
4215:⟨g⟩
4211:⟨s⟩
4207:⟨c⟩
4199:⟨x⟩
4143:⟨s⟩
4139:⟨g⟩
4131:⟨v⟩
4084:⟨t⟩
4052:⟨s⟩
4042:⟨διάῤῥοια⟩. (see
4010:⟨r⟩
3952:⟨i⟩
3884:⟨p⟩
3841:⟨i⟩
3829:⟨l⟩
3786:⟨i⟩
3734:⟨g⟩
3690:⟨k⟩
3658:⟨k⟩
3654:⟨c⟩
3561:ānus, annus, anus
3556:
3305:
3304:
3182:, presumably for
3107:(Classical Latin
2952:
2934:
2916:
2757:in Old Latin and
2640:. That the short
2574:The short vowels
2567:
2566:
2204:In ancient times
2177:, as for example
2076:hypercorrectively
1920:⟨c⟩
1908:⟨g⟩
1874:⟨c⟩
1858:⟨Γ⟩
1851:⟨c⟩
1849:. The letterform
1847:⟨a⟩
1843:⟨k⟩
1835:⟨q⟩
1827:⟨c⟩
1812:⟨ξ⟩
1789:⟨χ⟩
1778:⟨x⟩
1762:⟨x⟩
1732:⟨k⟩
1710:⟨q⟩
1706:⟨c⟩
1692:both represented
1690:⟨k⟩
1686:⟨c⟩
1653:Notes on spelling
1575:and intervocalic
1409:(like the single
1399:⟨r⟩
1315:, as for example
1293:from the root of
1281:from the root of
1255:assimilated to a
1154:⟨m⟩
1011:being changed to
980:⟨ζ⟩
725:
724:
373:Digraphs such as
366:. In a few words
358:Digraphs such as
322:⟨ꟾ⟩
259:
258:
251:
170:Renaissance Latin
103:Old Italic script
91:Latin orthography
85:Romance languages
16:(Redirected from
10119:
9941:Kerkrade dialect
9554:General American
9304:
9297:
9290:
9281:
9280:
9270:
9259:
9245:
9244:phonetica latinæ
9207:
9188:
9159:
9148:
9129:
9107:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9081:
9062:
9043:
9037:
9029:
9018:
8999:
8990:
8969:
8950:
8913:
8892:
8863:
8851:
8837:
8815:
8813:
8798:
8788:
8779:
8756:
8734:
8712:
8684:
8678:
8672:
8666:
8660:
8654:
8648:
8643:
8637:
8635:
8628:
8622:
8616:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8597:, pp. 89–92
8592:
8579:
8573:
8564:
8558:
8552:
8546:
8540:
8534:
8528:
8522:
8516:
8510:
8504:
8497:
8491:
8484:
8478:
8476:
8465:
8456:
8455:
8447:
8438:
8437:, pp. 33–34
8432:
8426:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8411:
8410:
8396:
8390:
8384:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8319:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8270:, pp. 47–49
8265:
8259:
8253:
8247:
8241:
8235:
8229:
8223:
8217:
8211:
8205:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8172:
8166:
8157:
8151:
8142:
8136:
8130:
8129:, pp. 43–45
8124:
8118:
8117:, pp. 40–42
8112:
8103:
8102:, pp. 37–40
8097:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8064:
8063:, pp. 71–73
8058:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8036:, pp. 23–25
8031:
8025:
8024:, pp. 27–30
8019:
8010:
8004:
7993:
7987:
7978:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7954:
7953:, pp. 35–37
7948:
7939:
7933:
7924:
7918:
7912:
7906:
7897:
7891:
7882:
7881:, pp. 12–13
7876:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7831:
7825:
7814:
7808:
7802:
7795:
7779:
7768:
7762:
7755:De lingua Latina
7747:
7741:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7720:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7692:
7686:
7680:
7654:
7639:
7630:
7621:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7518:
7502:
7496:
7483:
7477:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7355:
7342:
7314:
7304:
7294:
7290:
7283:
7279:
7272:
7268:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7238:
7234:
7224:
7220:
7188:Singing in Latin
7177:
7088:
7073:
7056:
7039:
7023:
7019:
7003:
6985:
6966:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6915:
6886:
6870:
6866:
6844:
6774:
6724:
6698:
6625:
6546:
6497:
6490:
6463:
6427:
6392:
6355:
6320:
6270:
6217:
6182:
6107:
6088:
6001:
5979:
5975:
5906:curriculum vitae
5903:
5885:
5789:
5786:
5776:
5773:
5751:
5747:
5716:but not between
5685:
5681:
5669:
5665:
5650:
5646:
5630:
5627:and consonantal
5626:
5588:
5582:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5545:
5536:am em im um~(om)
5517:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5456:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5333:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5243:
5229:
5228:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5024:
5023:
5010:
5006:
5003:
4982:
4979:
4971:
4968:
4960:
4957:
4949:
4946:
4932:
4929:
4921:
4918:
4910:
4907:
4899:
4896:
4888:
4885:
4877:
4874:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4688:Old Latin stress
4683:
4677:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4622:
4602:
4586:
4570:
4550:
4534:
4518:
4498:
4494:
4453:
4418:
4383:
4348:
4313:
4278:
4258:
4254:
4236:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4200:
4188:
4182:
4168:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4104:
4085:
4053:
4041:
4027:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3971:
3963:
3953:
3929:
3905:
3885:
3877:
3856:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3787:
3767:
3735:
3699:
3691:
3659:
3655:
3635:
3631:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3557:
3548:
3542:
3509:
3501:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3459:were written as
3447:
3414:
3397:. The diphthong
3396:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3301:
3298:
3289:
3286:
3270:
3267:
3257:
3254:
3245:
3242:
3227:
3224:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3177:
3171:
3166:was written for
3165:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3004:
3001:
2993:
2990:
2954:
2953:
2943:infans, infantem
2936:
2935:
2918:
2917:
2895:
2873:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2784:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2725:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2577:
2561:
2556:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2521:
2507:
2502:
2487:
2482:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2394:
2388:
2378:
2374:
2360:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:represented the
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2092:
2088:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1945:The combination
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1768:. In Old Latin,
1767:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1669:
1665:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1438:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1097:
1091:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1053:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1006:
999:
995:
985:
981:
977:
971:
967:
963:
959:
953:
947:
943:
939:
935:
910:
904:
900:
896:
890:
884:
883:
878:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
827:(from Old Latin
826:
820:
810:
806:
802:
798:
792:
788:
787:
786:
784:
776:
770:
763:
759:
740:
736:
719:
710:
703:
679:
655:
648:
634:
621:
614:
607:
590:
581:
563:
554:
547:
540:
526:
518:
509:
502:
495:
483:
475:
466:
459:
452:
438:
431:
397:
396:
380:
376:
369:
365:
361:
354:
350:
346:
339:
331:
323:
316:
312:
304:
279:handwritten text
254:
247:
243:
240:
234:
211:
203:
167:
54:
50:
21:
10127:
10126:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10118:
10117:
10116:
10092:
10091:
10090:
10085:
10014:
9968:Scottish Gaelic
9821:
9665:Standard Modern
9605:
9412:Modern Standard
9372:
9317:
9308:
9250:
9239:
9229:23, no. 5: 29.
9215:
9213:Further reading
9210:
9204:
9177:10.2307/4344896
9145:
9126:
9092:
9090:
9078:
9059:
9031:
9030:
9015:
8966:
8910:
8860:
8842:Clackson, James
8834:
8820:Clackson, James
8811:
8796:
8776:
8753:
8731:
8709:
8692:
8687:
8679:
8675:
8667:
8663:
8655:
8651:
8644:
8640:
8629:
8625:
8617:
8613:
8605:
8601:
8593:
8582:
8574:
8567:
8559:
8555:
8547:
8543:
8535:
8531:
8525:Sturtevant 1920
8523:
8519:
8511:
8507:
8498:
8494:
8485:
8481:
8469:Traina, Alfonso
8466:
8459:
8448:
8441:
8433:
8429:
8421:
8417:
8408:
8406:
8398:
8397:
8393:
8385:
8381:
8373:
8369:
8362:
8358:
8350:
8346:
8338:
8334:
8326:
8322:
8314:
8310:
8302:
8298:
8290:
8286:
8278:
8274:
8266:
8262:
8254:
8250:
8244:Sturtevant 1920
8242:
8238:
8230:
8226:
8218:
8214:
8206:
8199:
8191:
8187:
8179:
8175:
8167:
8160:
8152:
8145:
8137:
8133:
8125:
8121:
8113:
8106:
8098:
8091:
8083:
8079:
8071:
8067:
8059:
8052:
8044:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8020:
8013:
8005:
7996:
7988:
7981:
7973:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7949:
7942:
7934:
7927:
7919:
7915:
7907:
7900:
7892:
7885:
7877:
7873:
7865:
7861:
7853:
7849:
7841:
7834:
7826:
7817:
7809:
7805:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7782:
7776:Latin Knowledge
7769:
7765:
7748:
7744:
7727:
7723:
7687:
7683:
7665:
7664:
7655:
7651:
7646:
7637:
7628:
7619:
7593:
7551:
7550:
7509:
7497:" rather than "
7443:
7442:
7422:
7421:
7401:
7400:
7380:
7379:
7350:
7330:
7322:
7291:by a following
7262:in many areas.)
7210:
7202:Main articles:
7200:
7086:
7071:
7054:
7037:
7001:
6983:
6964:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6913:
6884:
6842:
6772:
6722:
6696:
6653:nor soft as in
6623:
6544:
6495:
6488:
6461:
6425:
6390:
6353:
6318:
6306:Doubled, as in
6296:Between vowels
6268:
6215:
6180:
6105:
6086:
5999:
5940:Catholic Church
5936:
5930:
5845:
5819:
5813:
5808:
5758:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5532:
5454:brevis brevians
5446:
5444:Brevis brevians
5440:
5390:VC.CVC.CVVC.CVC
5266:
5211:positiōne longa
5018:
4864:
4832:
4823:
4814:syllable weight
4792:
4789:Dreimorengesetz
4784:
4690:
4670:brevis brevians
4641:
4636:
4620:
4600:
4584:
4568:
4548:
4532:
4516:
4507:
4502:
4451:
4416:
4381:
4346:
4311:
4276:
4267:
4262:
4234:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4189:. The spelling
4166:
4142:
4138:
4130:
4102:
4083:
4051:
4025:
4009:
3980:pronunciation (
3969:
3951:
3927:
3903:
3898:, unaspirated.
3883:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3785:
3765:
3740:Always hard as
3733:
3697:
3689:
3664:Always hard as
3657:
3653:
3644:
3639:
3603:
3597:('old woman').
3552:
3549:"grandfather".
3543:"ninth" versus
3507:
3499:
3487:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3222:
3194:
3180:double entendre
2969:
2968:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2888:
2876:Claudian letter
2775:
2736:
2652:⟨trebibos⟩ for
2572:
2488:
2407:
2402:
2137:. However, the
2074:were also used
1959:
1956:
1955:
1919:
1907:
1873:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1811:
1788:
1777:
1773:
1761:
1731:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1663:
1655:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1435:or followed by
1398:
1331:developed into
1218:
1215:
1214:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1142:
1141:
979:
945:
941:
937:
933:
858:
782:
779:
778:
730:
603:
577:
536:
491:
448:
434:
429:
388:
374:
367:
359:
352:
344:
337:
329:
321:
310:
302:
291:
271:square capitals
255:
244:
238:
235:
224:
212:
186:
158:language change
147:binominal names
73:Classical Latin
65:Latin phonology
62:
61:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10125:
10115:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10102:Latin language
10087:
10086:
10084:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10022:
10020:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10012:
10007:
10006:
10005:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9973:Serbo-Croatian
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9944:
9943:
9938:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9840:
9835:
9829:
9827:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9808:
9807:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9678:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9659:
9658:
9657:
9652:
9644:
9639:
9638:
9637:
9632:
9624:
9619:
9613:
9611:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9592:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9541:
9540:
9539:
9534:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9380:
9378:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9369:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9333:
9328:
9322:
9319:
9318:
9307:
9306:
9299:
9292:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9271:
9260:
9248:
9238:
9237:External links
9235:
9234:
9233:
9223:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9203:978-9027923233
9202:
9189:
9171:(9): 273–275.
9160:
9149:
9143:
9130:
9124:
9108:
9099:
9082:
9076:
9063:
9058:978-1405186056
9057:
9044:
9019:
9013:
9000:
8991:
8981:(3): 460–483.
8970:
8964:
8951:
8931:10.2307/458579
8925:(2): 608–610.
8914:
8908:
8893:
8864:
8858:
8838:
8832:
8816:
8789:
8780:
8774:
8757:
8752:978-0521335553
8751:
8735:
8729:
8713:
8708:978-0521889155
8707:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8685:
8673:
8661:
8649:
8638:
8623:
8611:
8599:
8580:
8565:
8553:
8541:
8529:
8517:
8505:
8492:
8479:
8457:
8439:
8427:
8425:, p. 174.
8415:
8391:
8379:
8367:
8356:
8344:
8332:
8320:
8308:
8296:
8284:
8272:
8260:
8248:
8236:
8224:
8212:
8197:
8185:
8173:
8158:
8143:
8131:
8119:
8104:
8089:
8077:
8065:
8050:
8038:
8026:
8011:
7994:
7979:
7967:
7955:
7940:
7925:
7913:
7898:
7883:
7871:
7859:
7847:
7832:
7815:
7803:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7763:
7761:, p. 47).
7742:
7738:Calabrese 2005
7721:
7693:, a letter by
7681:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7632:
7623:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7597:Latin alphabet
7592:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7521:Thomas Aquinas
7508:
7505:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7329:
7326:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7309:Palatalization
7306:
7299:
7296:
7285:
7274:
7263:
7240:
7226:
7199:
7196:
7130:
7129:
7114:
7100:
7099:
7091:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7080:roughly EH-oo
7076:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7042:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7029:Pronunciation
7027:
7016:
7015:
7006:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6988:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6970:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6951:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6919:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6889:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6876:Pronunciation
6874:
6863:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6829:
6822:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6787:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6759:
6752:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6737:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6683:
6676:
6672:and not after
6666:
6663:
6662:
6637:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6611:
6604:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6578:
6571:
6549:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6531:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6509:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6475:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6440:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6404:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6368:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6304:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6282:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6247:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6195:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6168:
6165:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6139:
6132:
6110:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6065:
6059:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6033:
6026:
6004:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5985:Pronunciation
5983:
5929:
5926:
5844:
5841:
5815:Main article:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5781:) compared to
5757:
5754:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5531:
5528:
5442:Main article:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5311:/ˈfeː.mi.nae̯/
5308:
5302:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5265:
5262:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
4985:
4984:
4973:
4962:
4951:
4935:
4934:
4923:
4912:
4901:
4890:
4879:
4863:
4862:Onset and coda
4860:
4831:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4809:ultima syllaba
4797:antepaenultima
4783:
4780:
4771:
4770:
4763:/af.ˈfi.ki.oː/
4755:/ˈaf.fi.ki.oː/
4732:
4689:
4686:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4607:As in Spanish
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4491:
4490:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4251:
4250:
4245:, never as in
4239:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4107:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3770:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3662:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3602:
3599:
3486:
3483:
3451:In Old Latin,
3418:If there is a
3303:
3302:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3258:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3193:
3190:
3095:) and Italian
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3051:
3028:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2959:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2829:(also spelled
2774:
2767:
2735:
2732:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2527:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2496:
2494:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2428:and five long
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2366:
2233:
2202:
2083:
1967:
1943:
1905:
1868:may come from
1864:. Its use for
1815:
1797:Ionic alphabet
1759:
1683:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1624:
1566:
1448:
1414:
1391:Gaius Lucilius
1387:alveolar trill
1376:
1307:. The cluster
1250:
1179:
1122:In most cases
1120:
1093:
1048:
991:
973:
906:
852:
794:
765:
729:
726:
723:
722:
720:
713:
711:
704:
697:
695:
689:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
673:
671:
665:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
649:
642:
636:
635:
628:
626:
624:
622:
615:
608:
600:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
584:
582:
575:
569:
568:
566:
564:
557:
555:
548:
541:
534:
531:
530:
528:
519:
512:
510:
503:
496:
488:
487:
485:
476:
469:
467:
460:
453:
446:
440:
439:
432:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
387:
384:
383:
382:
371:
356:
341:
290:
287:
269:typically use
257:
256:
215:
213:
206:
185:
182:
174:Medieval Latin
164:Appendix Probi
132:long after it
107:Greek alphabet
99:Latin alphabet
95:archaic stages
77:Roman Republic
55:⟩, see
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10124:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10099:
10097:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10023:
10021:
10017:
10011:
10008:
10004:
10001:
10000:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9830:
9828:
9824:
9818:
9817:Luxembourgish
9815:
9813:
9810:
9806:
9805:Maastrichtian
9803:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9614:
9612:
9608:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9546:
9545:
9542:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9331:Orthographies
9329:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9305:
9300:
9298:
9293:
9291:
9286:
9285:
9282:
9275:
9272:
9268:
9267:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9246:
9241:
9240:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9221:
9217:
9216:
9205:
9199:
9195:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9161:
9157:
9156:
9150:
9146:
9144:0-19-925773-6
9140:
9136:
9131:
9127:
9125:0-19-508345-8
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9100:
9088:
9083:
9079:
9077:951-570-022-1
9073:
9069:
9064:
9060:
9054:
9050:
9045:
9041:
9035:
9027:
9026:
9020:
9016:
9010:
9006:
9001:
8997:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8971:
8967:
8965:9780226321042
8961:
8957:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8915:
8911:
8905:
8901:
8900:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8865:
8861:
8855:
8850:
8849:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8781:
8777:
8775:1-58510-042-0
8771:
8767:
8763:
8758:
8754:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8730:0-521-37936-9
8726:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8704:
8700:
8695:
8694:
8682:
8681:Liber Usualis
8677:
8671:, p. 108
8670:
8665:
8658:
8657:Brittain 1955
8653:
8647:
8642:
8634:
8627:
8620:
8615:
8608:
8603:
8596:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8577:
8572:
8570:
8562:
8557:
8550:
8545:
8538:
8533:
8526:
8521:
8515:, p. 254
8514:
8509:
8502:
8496:
8489:
8483:
8474:
8470:
8464:
8462:
8453:
8446:
8444:
8436:
8431:
8424:
8419:
8405:
8401:
8395:
8389:, pp. 65
8388:
8383:
8376:
8371:
8365:
8360:
8353:
8348:
8341:
8340:Clackson 2008
8336:
8329:
8324:
8317:
8312:
8305:
8300:
8293:
8288:
8281:
8276:
8269:
8264:
8257:
8252:
8245:
8240:
8233:
8228:
8221:
8216:
8209:
8204:
8202:
8194:
8189:
8182:
8177:
8170:
8165:
8163:
8155:
8150:
8148:
8140:
8135:
8128:
8123:
8116:
8111:
8109:
8101:
8096:
8094:
8086:
8081:
8074:
8069:
8062:
8057:
8055:
8047:
8042:
8035:
8030:
8023:
8018:
8016:
8008:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7991:
7986:
7984:
7976:
7971:
7964:
7959:
7952:
7947:
7945:
7938:, pp. 46
7937:
7932:
7930:
7923:, p. 150
7922:
7917:
7911:, p. 190
7910:
7905:
7903:
7895:
7890:
7888:
7880:
7875:
7868:
7863:
7856:
7851:
7844:
7839:
7837:
7829:
7824:
7822:
7820:
7812:
7811:Latin Accents
7807:
7800:
7794:
7790:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7746:
7739:
7725:
7718:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7685:
7678:
7674:
7669:
7668:Velius Longus
7662:
7658:
7653:
7649:
7636:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7602:Latin grammar
7600:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7517:
7516:
7511:Beginning of
7504:
7501:
7495:
7489:
7487:
7482:
7476:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7403:
7396:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7361:
7360:
7348:
7346:
7341:
7340:
7334:
7325:
7310:
7307:
7300:
7297:
7286:
7275:
7264:
7242:Fortition of
7241:
7239:respectively.
7230:
7227:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7205:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7148:Liber Usualis
7143:
7139:
7135:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7107:stress accent
7104:
7103:
7098:
7097:
7092:
7090:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7077:
7075:
7070:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7058:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7043:
7041:
7036:
7035:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7014:
7012:
7007:
7005:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6989:
6987:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6971:
6968:
6963:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6952:
6950:
6945:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6897:
6895:
6890:
6888:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6830:
6827:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6788:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6684:
6681:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6645:
6643:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6548:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6473:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6453:
6448:(never as in
6447:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6417:
6412:
6410:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6345:
6340:
6338:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6255:
6253:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6203:
6201:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6109:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6073:
6071:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6003:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5941:
5935:
5925:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5806:Pronunciation
5803:
5800:
5795:
5793:
5785:
5780:
5777:('from Rome'
5772:
5767:
5763:
5753:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5677:
5673:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5590:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5314:
5309:
5306:/ˈwo.lu.kris/
5304:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5274:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5223:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4880:
4876:/feː.mi.nae̯/
4873:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4859:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4827:
4818:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4791:
4790:
4779:
4777:
4767:/af.ˈfek.tus/
4759:/ˈaf.fek.tus/
4751:
4749:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4721:
4719:
4713:'I do/make',
4711:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4682:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4659:discip(u)līna
4626:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4477:As in German
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4458:As in German
4457:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4213:, as well as
4204:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3835:When doubled
3834:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3559:Recording of
3550:
3547:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:Lucius Accius
3520:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3295:
3294:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3250:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3156:When a final
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3076:
3065:
3059:/ˈin.fe.roːs/
3056:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2944:
2926:
2908:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2772:
2766:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2693:
2680:
2676:⟨punere⟩ for
2675:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:⟨minsis⟩ for
2659:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2435:
2424:
2416:
2411:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2310:
2305:/ˈrej.ji.kit/
2302:
2296:
2290:/ˈkon.ji.kit/
2287:
2281:
2272:
2266:
2245:
2237:
2234:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2128:
2117:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:The digraphs
1968:
1962:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1906:
1904:respectively.
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1871:
1856:
1816:
1810:
1798:
1787:
1783:
1776:. The letter
1760:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1725:
1716:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1567:
1564:
1556:
1547:
1542:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1485:
1473:
1463:
1457:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:syllable coda
1422:
1419:was strongly
1415:
1406:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1269:interpolation
1266:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1190:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1148:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1056:debuccalizing
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1014:
1010:
1003:
992:
989:
974:
958:
952:
931:
929:
924:
922:
917:
915:
907:
895:
889:
853:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
814:
795:
785:
775:
766:
755:
753:
747:
745:
732:
731:
721:
718:
714:
712:
709:
705:
702:
698:
696:
694:
690:
687:
685:
683:
681:
678:
674:
672:
670:
666:
663:
661:
659:
657:
654:
650:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
627:
625:
623:
620:
616:
613:
609:
606:
602:
601:
598:
596:
594:
592:
589:
585:
583:
580:
576:
574:
570:
567:
565:
562:
558:
556:
553:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
533:
532:
529:
525:
520:
517:
513:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
489:
486:
482:
477:
474:
470:
468:
465:
461:
458:
454:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
427:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
398:
395:
393:
372:
357:
342:
335:
327:
320:
313:, while long
308:
300:
299:
298:
296:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
253:
250:
242:
232:
228:
222:
221:
216:This section
214:
210:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:Roman cursive
190:
181:
179:
175:
171:
166:
165:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:lingua franca
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
79:to the early
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
46:
42:
40:
36:
19:
10071:West Frisian
9858:Massachusett
9791:
9356:Prepositions
9325:
9265:
9255:
9226:
9219:
9193:
9168:
9164:
9154:
9134:
9115:
9103:
9091:. Retrieved
9067:
9048:
9024:
9004:
8995:
8978:
8974:
8955:
8922:
8918:
8898:
8872:
8868:
8847:
8823:
8809:the original
8804:
8800:
8784:
8765:
8742:
8720:
8698:
8690:Bibliography
8676:
8664:
8652:
8646:Gilbert 1939
8641:
8626:
8614:
8609:, p. 86
8602:
8556:
8551:, p. 87
8544:
8539:, p. 83
8532:
8520:
8513:Fortson 2004
8508:
8500:
8495:
8482:
8472:
8451:
8430:
8418:
8407:. Retrieved
8403:
8394:
8382:
8370:
8359:
8347:
8342:, p. 77
8335:
8330:, p. 59
8323:
8318:, p. 56
8311:
8306:, p. 52
8299:
8287:
8282:, p. 51
8275:
8263:
8251:
8239:
8234:, p. 23
8227:
8222:, p. 15
8215:
8210:, p. 96
8188:
8183:, p. 45
8176:
8156:, p. 42
8141:, p. 11
8134:
8122:
8080:
8075:, p. 33
8068:
8041:
8029:
7992:, p. 81
7977:, p. 80
7970:
7958:
7916:
7874:
7862:
7857:, p. 17
7850:
7845:, p. 25
7806:
7793:
7766:
7754:
7745:
7724:
7684:
7676:
7672:
7652:
7510:
7490:
7471:
7331:
7323:
7211:
7187:
7161:
7146:
7133:
7131:
7121:
7117:
7111:acute accent
7095:
7093:
7079:
7063:
7061:
7045:
7044:
7010:
7008:
6992:
6990:
6974:
6972:
6955:
6953:
6923:
6921:
6903:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6891:
6859:
6852:
6833:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6791:
6789:
6783:
6763:
6761:
6755:
6741:
6739:
6733:
6714:
6707:
6687:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6669:
6656:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6641:
6639:
6633:
6614:
6613:
6607:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6581:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6535:
6533:
6527:
6512:
6511:
6505:
6479:
6478:
6471:
6451:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6436:
6415:
6414:
6408:
6406:
6400:
6380:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6364:
6343:
6342:
6336:
6334:
6328:
6309:
6307:
6300:
6285:
6284:
6278:
6258:
6257:
6251:
6249:
6243:
6226:
6206:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6191:
6171:
6170:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6142:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6097:
6076:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6036:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5937:
5922:
5910:
5905:
5897:
5890:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5846:
5836:
5830:
5820:
5799:acute accent
5796:
5759:
5741:
5740:rather than
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5688:
5675:
5671:
5659:
5655:
5653:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5606:
5586:scriptum est
5573:
5539:
5535:
5533:
5511:
5458:
5448:
5447:
5430:/koˈaːk.tus/
5420:/beˈaː.tae̯/
5405:/woˈluk.ris/
5267:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5232:makrà thései
5231:
5221:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5019:
5009:/wo.luk.ris/
5005:/wo.lu.kris/
4992:
4988:
4986:
4972:(CV.VVC.CVC)
4970:/ko.aːk.tus/
4961:(CV.CVC.CVC)
4959:/su.per.sum/
4936:
4922:(CCV.CV.CVC)
4920:/ɡra.wi.ter/
4909:/be.aː.tae̯/
4878:(CVV.CV.CVV)
4865:
4833:
4824:
4793:
4788:
4772:
4747:
4743:'I affect',
4737:
4717:
4707:
4698:Proto-Italic
4691:
4642:
4612:
4608:
4592:
4576:
4560:
4556:
4540:
4524:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4443:
4439:
4431:when short.
4428:
4424:
4408:
4404:
4393:
4389:
4373:
4369:
4358:
4354:
4338:
4334:
4323:
4319:
4303:
4299:
4288:
4284:
4246:
4242:
4226:
4222:
4190:
4174:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4095:
4091:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4033:
4017:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3895:
3891:
3869:
3865:
3848:
3844:
3820:
3816:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3777:
3773:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3605:The letters
3604:
3565:
3560:
3531:acute accent
3518:
3514:
3512:
3502:, while the
3488:
3473:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3367:
3362:represented
3359:
3354:represented
3351:
3346:represented
3343:
3338:represented
3335:
3330:represented
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3292:
3291:
3280:
3279:
3261:
3260:
3248:
3247:
3236:
3235:
3218:
3217:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3089:(originally
3075:Vulgar Latin
3072:
2992:/ˈmon.strum/
2980:
2973:nasal vowels
2970:
2961:
2853:
2843:
2833:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2796:sonus medius
2776:
2771:Sonus medius
2738:
2737:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2694:
2684:
2573:
2430:/iːeːaːoːuː/
2420:
2417:, p. 47
2405:Monophthongs
2380:
2368:
2336:/ˈjuː.li.us/
2308:
2243:
2235:
2209:
2205:
2170:
2169:for earlier
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:for earlier
2146:
2142:
2139:Vulgar Latin
2098:
2094:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1946:
1876:represented
1764:represented
1700:represented
1680:Augustan era
1636:
1539:in the same
1441:intervocalic
1413:in Spanish).
1263:. Allen and
1243:
1236:
1229:
1207:
1161:
1132:nasalization
1012:
1008:
927:
926:
920:
919:
913:
912:
812:
751:
749:
743:
742:
389:
343:The letters
332:; sometimes
301:The letters
292:
267:Inscriptions
260:
245:
236:
225:Please help
220:verification
217:
198:Roman Senate
155:
134:ceased being
119:
90:
89:
64:
63:
51:and ⟨
33:
9801:Limburgish
9682:Greenlandic
9559:New Zealand
9492:Northern Wu
9346:Determiners
9326:Phonologies
9311:Phonologies
8423:Sihler 1995
7828:Sihler 1995
7638:(in French)
7629:(in German)
7620:(in German)
7174:Oedipus rex
7142:Pope Pius X
7116:Word-final
7021:Diphthongs
5977:Consonants
5823:Renaissance
5570:prodelision
5459:light–heavy
5410:/wiˈdeː.re/
5399:CV.VVC.CVC
5316:/ˈpu.e.roː/
5264:Stress rule
5234:= 'long by
5227:μακρὰ θέσει
4989:p t c b d g
4933:(CCCVV.CVC)
4931:/straː.tum/
4911:(CV.VV.CVV)
4889:(CV.CVV.CV)
4887:/wi.deː.re/
4837:magistrārum
4725:/ˈfa.ki.oː/
4665:sinist(e)ra
4438:Similar to
4423:Similar to
4403:Similar to
4368:Similar to
4333:Similar to
4298:Similar to
4283:Similar to
4225:in English
4153:, never as
4066:, never as
3942:, never as
3934:Similar to
3843:, as clear
3800:, never as
3568:minimal set
2327:/ˈɡaː.i.us/
2216:consonants
2214:approximant
2080:Catullus 84
1429:palatalized
1327:. Original
1257:velar nasal
1168:(Classical
1100:labiodental
1070:(Classical
865:but rather
693:Approximant
364:/ae̯au̯oe̯/
275:letterforms
184:Letterforms
10096:Categories
10061:Vietnamese
9932:Ripuarian
9923:Portuguese
9833:Macedonian
9812:Lithuanian
9722:Hindustani
9549:Australian
9502:Historical
9449:Belarusian
9341:Adjectives
8683:, p. xxxvj
8669:Allen 1978
8607:Allen 1978
8595:Allen 1978
8549:Allen 1978
8537:Allen 1978
8501:Vox Latina
8435:Allen 1978
8409:2019-03-03
8387:Allen 1978
8352:Allen 1978
8328:Allen 1978
8316:Allen 1978
8304:Allen 1978
8292:Allen 1978
8280:Allen 1978
8268:Allen 1978
8258:, §6d, 11c
8232:Allen 1978
8220:Allen 1978
8181:Allen 1978
8169:Allen 1978
8154:Allen 1978
8139:Allen 1978
8127:Allen 1978
8115:Allen 1978
8100:Allen 1978
8073:Allen 1978
8061:Allen 1978
8034:Allen 1978
8022:Allen 1978
8007:Allen 1978
7990:Lloyd 1987
7975:Lloyd 1987
7963:Allen 1978
7951:Allen 1978
7936:Allen 1978
7894:Allen 1978
7879:Allen 1978
7867:Allen 1978
7855:Allen 1978
7843:Allen 1978
7786:References
7759:Smith 2004
7657:Allen 1978
7168:Stravinsky
6898:(roughly)
6779:Generally
6729:Generally
6630:Generally
5932:See also:
5792:nominative
5766:circumflex
5756:Diacritics
5425:/puˈel.la/
5384:CV.CVC.CVC
5356:intellēxit
5325:CVV.CV.CVV
5322:CV.CV.CCVC
4977:intellēxit
4950:(CV.VC.CV)
4948:/pu.el.la/
4900:(CV.V.CVV)
4898:/pu.e.roː/
4803:paenultima
4786:See also:
4729:/ˈfak.tus/
4681:voluptātem
3958:in French
3872:(known as
3851:(known as
3839:or before
3588:('year'),
3579:('anus'),
3192:Diphthongs
3036:/ˈkon.sul/
3019:/ˈken.sor/
3003:/ˈden.tem/
2964:media help
2793:), called
2668:⟨sob⟩ for
2415:Allen 1978
2345:/iˈuː.lus/
2318:/ˈmaj.jus/
2275:/ˈkuj.jus/
2141:spellings
1791:stood for
1696:, whereas
1559:/ˈe.ti.am/
1511:circumflex
1037:Quintilian
1002:turning to
436:labialized
386:Consonants
10051:Ukrainian
9958:Sardinian
9936:Colognian
9893:Old Saxon
9878:Norwegian
9843:Maldivian
9787:Latgalian
9732:Icelandic
9727:Hungarian
9715:Samaritan
9596:Esperanto
9482:Cantonese
9459:Bulgarian
9427:Levantine
9399:Afrikaans
9034:cite book
8947:164184102
8902:. Wiley.
8889:219404384
8719:(1978) .
8364:Ward 1962
8085:Cser 2020
7921:Levy 1989
7772:help page
7661:Cser 2020
7026:Grapheme
6873:Grapheme
6636:ironibus
6232:(silent)
5849:loanwords
5827:phonology
5775:/ˈroːmaː/
5631:, to use
5580:scriptust
5393:CV.VV.CVV
5387:CV.CVV.CV
5328:CV.V.CVV
5241:positiōne
4694:Old Latin
4503:grapheme
4263:grapheme
4039:diarrhoea
3989:sequontur
3978:Old Latin
3950:. Before
3875:L pinguis
3821:toy yacht
3714:challenge
3710:chemistry
3586:/ˈan.nus/
3577:/ˈaː.nus/
3185:cunnō bis
3175:cum nōbīs
3169:tam dūrum
3163:tan dūrum
2434:loanwords
2059:triumphus
2023:Philippus
1924:diacritic
1841:, and by
1676:sicilicus
1672:Old Latin
1640:dis-habeō
1603:. Unlike
1502:trāiectus
1433:geminated
1421:velarized
1311:arose by
1265:Greenough
1086:Lucretius
1073:Cornelius
1067:Cornelios
1035:), which
728:Phonetics
605:voiceless
573:Fricative
538:aspirated
493:voiceless
239:June 2009
9948:Romanian
9757:Japanese
9710:Tiberian
9705:Biblical
9692:Hawaiian
9687:Gujarati
9650:Standard
9642:Galician
9630:Parisian
9601:Estonian
9532:Standard
9477:Mandarin
9473:Chinese
9437:Tunisian
9432:Moroccan
9417:Egyptian
9389:Acehnese
9361:Pronouns
9336:Grammars
9114:(1995).
8741:(1987).
8471:(2002).
7774:for the
7712:peccatum
7700:potuisse
7591:See also
7475:mult(um)
7320:Examples
7233:/ae̯oe̯/
7217:Loss of
7180:Anglican
6786:lamavit
6331:alendae
5988:Context
5982:Grapheme
5920:below).
5895:ligature
5839:below).
5790:('Rome'
5788:/ˈroːma/
5779:ablative
5598:Spelling
5396:CV.VC.CV
5342:volucris
5284:volucris
5269:⟨
5001:volucris
4955:supersum
4916:grauiter
4821:Syllable
4696:, as in
4001:secuntur
3854:L exilis
3748:, never
3726:chutzpa.
3672:, never
3640:grapheme
3595:/ˈa.nus/
3374:, as in
3138:infantem
3132:insignia
3120:enseigne
3092:constāre
2988:monstrum
2907:monstrum
2655:tribibus
2355:, as in
2301:reiiicit
2286:coniicit
2262:, as in
2186:diomedis
2180:ziomedis
2101:, as in
2053:gracchus
2047:lachrima
2020:, as in
1932:Plutarch
1870:Etruscan
1784:, where
1755:Carthagō
1749:calendae
1743:Karthagō
1737:kalendae
1601:/ˈɡenwa/
1597:/ˈɡenua/
1593:/ˈsilwa/
1589:/ˈsilua/
1565:purpose.
1563:metrical
1543:, as in
1541:morpheme
1481:, as in
1273:Priscian
1104:bilabial
1088:, final
1061:Cornelio
1013:Papirius
1009:Papisius
957:lachrima
909:/pʰtʰkʰ/
392:phonemic
379:/pʰtʰkʰ/
328:, as in
309:, as in
151:taxonomy
49:/ /
45:Help:IPA
10076:Yiddish
10041:Turkish
10026:Tagalog
10010:Swedish
9998:Spanish
9983:Slovene
9953:Russian
9913:Persian
9883:Occitan
9863:Medumba
9853:Marathi
9797:Latvian
9777:Kurdish
9767:Konkani
9752:Italian
9737:Ingrian
9696:Hebrew
9670:Ancient
9655:Bernese
9646:German
9626:French
9622:Finnish
9617:Faroese
9544:English
9514:Cornish
9509:Chukchi
9487:Hokkien
9469:Catalan
9464:Burmese
9454:Bengali
9444:Avestan
9408:Arabic
9313:of the
9258:. 1910.
9185:4344896
9093:15 June
7695:praetor
7500:Lāvīnia
7269:before
7155:is the
7132:In his
6868:Vowels
6849:Always
6802:Before
6703:Always
6592:Before
6551:Before
6508:anctum
6468:Always
6432:Always
6397:Always
6360:Always
6325:Always
6187:Always
6153:Before
6112:Before
6093:Always
6047:Before
6006:Before
5991:Example
5888:digraph
5860:cranium
5603:Letters
5530:Elision
5524:Terence
5520:Plautus
5377:coāctus
5291:fēminae
4966:coāctus
4927:strātum
4872:fēminae
4830:Nucleus
4776:Plautus
4374:machine
4076:measure
3954:, like
3948:antique
3778:wingnut
3645:phoneme
3496:macrons
3474:travail
3086:cōstāre
3055:inferōs
2880:upsilon
2743:upsilon
2715:i longa
2462:Central
2432:. Some
2426:/ieaou/
2280:conicit
2157:before
2041:pulcher
2029:cithara
1837:before
1829:before
1803:, with
1660:doubled
1632:diribeō
1620:Evander
1531:, etc.
1505:. This
1462:adiaceō
1324:tegimen
1313:syncope
1259:before
1078:Plautus
988:doubled
951:pulcher
894:guberno
882:κυβερνῶ
836:unguont
824:unguunt
799:before
444:Plosive
423:Glottal
413:Palatal
408:Coronal
326:macrons
283:cursive
37:in the
10056:Uyghur
9988:Somali
9978:Slovak
9918:Polish
9908:Pashto
9903:Ottawa
9888:Ojibwe
9873:Nepali
9868:Navajo
9782:Kyrgyz
9772:Korean
9700:Modern
9661:Greek
9635:Quebec
9589:Middle
9528:Dutch
9524:Danish
9422:Hejazi
9394:Adyghe
9384:Abkhaz
9200:
9183:
9141:
9122:
9074:
9055:
9011:
8962:
8945:
8939:458579
8937:
8906:
8887:
8856:
8830:
8772:
8749:
8727:
8705:
8636:(1531)
8048:, §10d
7734:/eːoː/
7709:, and
7494:Lāvīna
7481:ill(e)
7339:Aeneid
7333:Virgil
7237:/ɛːeː/
7164:choral
6828:elsis
6713:preser
6706:conser
6577:endit
6474:egina
6403:raeda
6167:plaga
6064:arnem
5969:, and
5864:saliva
5762:macron
5728:after
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5363:beātae
5349:vidēre
4944:puella
4905:beātae
4883:uidēre
4843:aereus
4817:lost.
4591:As in
4555:As to
4539:As in
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4508:phone
4304:father
4268:phone
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3718:change
3686:social
3678:cellar
3676:as in
3535:long i
3491:length
3448:'my'.
3385:listen
3358:, and
3288:ae̯~ɛː
3269:oe̯~eː
3212:Close
3178:was a
3126:enfant
3110:mensem
3080:costar
3064:iferos
3032:consul
3015:censor
2999:dentem
2925:mensis
2874:. The
2836:mentum
2806:mentum
2679:pōnere
2663:mēnsis
2646:/eːoː/
2576:/ieou/
2446:/u(ː)/
2442:/i(ː)/
2438:/y(ː)/
2400:Vowels
2353:macron
2332:Iūlius
2329:, and
2295:rēicit
2292:, and
2271:cuiius
2230:/i(ː)/
2226:/u(ː)/
2192:diaeta
2189:, and
2035:achāia
2032:, and
2011:, and
1960:listen
1928:stroke
1901:Gnaeus
1892:, for
1728:/kʷiː/
1719:/kui̯/
1493:listen
1471:listen
1445:/i(ː)/
1437:/i(ː)/
1380:rhotic
1360:gnōscō
1354:gnātus
1344:flagrō
1338:flamma
1318:tegmen
1290:magnus
1278:rēgnum
1219:listen
1201:/kkʷɡ/
1189:merged
1146:listen
1084:, and
1082:Ennius
1045:Virgil
1041:Cicero
1026:caussa
925:, and
848:ungunt
797:/kʷɡʷ/
783:listen
739:/kwɡw/
735:/kʷɡʷ/
669:Rhotic
579:voiced
450:voiced
403:Labial
334:breves
307:apices
81:Empire
53:
10066:Welsh
10046:Ubykh
10031:Tamil
9993:Sotho
9963:Scots
9898:Oromo
9848:Māori
9838:Malay
9792:Latin
9762:Kiowa
9747:Irish
9742:Inuit
9675:Koine
9519:Czech
9366:Verbs
9351:Nouns
9181:JSTOR
8943:S2CID
8935:JSTOR
8885:S2CID
8812:(PDF)
8797:(PDF)
8563:, §11
8195:, §1a
7751:Varro
7644:Notes
6834:ck sh
6766:amine
6758:audi
6682:onem
6674:s/t/x
6281:anua
6209:occhi
6096:Antio
6032:ella
5298:puerō
5258:short
5250:light
5246:heavy
4894:puerō
4675:senex
4613:hooey
4525:aisle
4506:Latin
4501:Latin
4460:Stück
4266:Latin
4261:Latin
4247:pizza
4221:: as
4145:, as
4123:that.
4121:, or
4119:thing
4115:thyme
3983:equos
3940:quick
3920:photo
3916:party
3684:, or
3682:cello
3643:Latin
3638:Latin
3582:annus
3546:nonno
3504:breve
3420:tréma
3372:/ui̯/
3364:/eu̯/
3356:/ei̯/
3348:/au̯/
3340:/oe̯/
3332:/ae̯/
3276:Open
3207:Back
3204:Front
3129:from
3041:cosol
3024:cesor
3005:>
2994:>
2872:]
2868:[
2791:]
2787:[
2783:]
2779:[
2763:/yyː/
2759:/iiː/
2755:/uuː/
2751:/yyː/
2638:]
2634:[
2631:]
2627:[
2624:]
2620:[
2617:]
2613:[
2609:]
2605:[
2602:]
2598:[
2595:]
2591:[
2588:]
2584:[
2474:Close
2457:Front
2423:short
2392:silva
2386:genua
2363:heavy
2358:cūius
2341:Iūlus
2338:with
2323:Gāius
2320:with
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2298:for *
2283:for *
2268:for *
2265:cuius
2260:/jːi/
2119:from
2116:massa
2107:from
2004:theta
1952:agnus
1914:from
1895:Gaius
1855:gamma
1833:, by
1670:. In
1635:<
1555:etiam
1550:/jam/
1528:mâior
1516:cûius
1484:cuius
1456:iaceō
1439:. In
1431:when
1407:]
1403:[
1372:nōscō
1366:nātus
1363:>
1321:from
1296:magis
1235:with
1232:causā
1171:virum
1164:virom
1137:decem
1032:causa
1029:>
970:/ptk/
888:buxus
885:>
876:πύξος
855:/ptk/
830:equos
818:equus
640:Nasal
430:plain
418:Velar
273:, in
69:Latin
41:(IPA)
10081:Zuni
10036:Taos
9198:ISBN
9139:ISBN
9120:ISBN
9095:2013
9072:ISBN
9053:ISBN
9040:link
9009:ISBN
8960:ISBN
8904:ISBN
8854:ISBN
8828:ISBN
8770:ISBN
8747:ISBN
8725:ISBN
8703:ISBN
8578:, §7
7730:/iu/
7706:esse
7478:and
7313:/kɡ/
7289:/td/
7278:/ie/
7206:and
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6896:ther
6855:ona
6794:laim
6736:tro
6710:are
6651:able
6610:unt
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6450:anti
6312:acht
6229:ora
6138:ere
6039:ange
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5884:/iː/
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5870:and
5784:Roma
5771:Româ
5720:and
5712:and
5701:and
5693:and
5682:and
5666:and
5647:and
5611:and
5583:for
5546:and
5522:and
5500:bene
5494:modo
5476:benē
5470:modō
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5248:and
4765:and
4757:and
4750:ctus
4727:and
4720:ctus
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2852:lacr
2822:lacr
2724:/iː/
2720:diēs
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2467:Back
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2349:/jː/
2258:and
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2252:/jj/
2248:/jː/
2228:and
2220:and
2208:and
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2195:for
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2165:and
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2135:/zz/
2133:and
2127:zeta
2122:μᾶζα
2113:and
2110:ζώνη
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2097:and
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2089:and
2066:and
1991:/kʰ/
1989:and
1987:/tʰ/
1983:/pʰ/
1977:and
1898:and
1886:and
1821:and
1805:/ks/
1801:/kʰ/
1793:/ks/
1770:/ks/
1766:/ks/
1721:and
1708:and
1702:/kʷ/
1688:and
1668:/kk/
1666:for
1615:/ww/
1610:cavē
1583:and
1552:and
1522:êius
1507:/jj/
1479:/jj/
1349:/ɡn/
1333:/mm/
1329:/ɡm/
1309:/ɡm/
1287:but
1246:pace
1197:/td/
1193:/pb/
1184:and
1160:for
1130:and
1116:/bʰ/
1098:was
1064:for
1043:and
1021:/ss/
984:/ss/
954:and
903:/bɡ/
899:/pk/
871:/pk/
867:/bɡ/
863:/pk/
845:and
842:ecus
833:and
821:and
805:/kɡ/
762:/ɡʷ/
758:/kʷ/
349:/jw/
315:/iː/
128:and
10019:T–Z
9826:M–S
9610:F–L
9584:Old
9497:Old
9377:A–E
9173:doi
8983:doi
8979:116
8927:doi
8877:doi
8873:118
7519:by
7335:'s
7311:of
7303:/j/
7293:/j/
7282:/j/
7280:to
7271:/s/
7267:/n/
7260:/v/
7256:/β/
7254:to
7252:/b/
7248:/β/
7246:to
7244:/w/
7235:to
7231:of
7223:/m/
7219:/h/
7170:'s
7096:ewy
7094:scr
6836:ell
6832:thi
6659:ion
6617:are
6584:ade
6534:tea
6530:er
6515:ing
6446:ick
6418:ill
6379:poo
6367:um
6363:pau
6346:ill
6310:y y
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6079:ill
6028:pro
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5750:/v/
5748:to
5746:/w/
5732:or
5684:/w/
5680:/u/
5668:/j/
5664:/i/
5649:/w/
5645:/u/
5629:/j/
5625:/i/
5556:or
5553:est
5548:/u/
5544:/i/
5506:ama
5488:ego
5482:amā
5464:egō
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5236:pro
5007:or
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4855:cui
4849:tuō
4746:aff
4740:ciō
4736:aff
4710:ciō
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4653:φώς
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4609:muy
4593:boy
4559:in
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4485:or
4466:or
4442:in
4429:put
4427:in
4407:in
4392:in
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4372:in
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4318:As
4302:in
4289:cut
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4090:As
4074:or
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4064:say
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3857:).
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3670:sky
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3412:hei
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3300:au̯
3256:eu̯
3244:ei̯
3226:ui̯
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3047:cos
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2861:/u/
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2802:doc
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2705:mea
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2696:/e/
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2686:/e/
2671:sub
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2250:or
2240:/j/
2222:/j/
2218:/w/
2145:or
2131:/z/
2087:/z/
2072:/h/
2068:/l/
2064:/r/
2013:chi
1995:phi
1975:th,
1926:or
1916:/k/
1912:/ɡ/
1878:/ɡ/
1866:/k/
1862:/ɡ/
1823:/ɡ/
1819:/k/
1786:chi
1724:quī
1715:cui
1694:/k/
1646:/h/
1627:/h/
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1581:/w/
1577:/b/
1573:/w/
1569:/w/
1546:iam
1537:/i/
1533:/j/
1451:/j/
1423:in
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1411:/ɾ/
1395:/d/
1383:/r/
1335:in
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1301:/ɡ/
1284:rēx
1271:in
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1253:/ɡ/
1239:or
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1186:/m/
1182:/n/
1176:/n/
1124:/m/
1111:/f/
1107:/ɸ/
1096:/f/
1090:/s/
1052:/s/
1017:/s/
1005:/r/
998:/s/
994:/s/
976:/z/
966:/l/
964:or
962:/r/
809:/u/
801:/u/
791:/w/
774:quī
769:/n/
750:pen
748:or
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