53:
33:
398:
which in most species fall off as the flower opens. There are five spreading, conspicuous petals which are white, pink or red. There are many stamens which are usually shorter than the petals and in five groups opposite the stamens, although they often appear not to be grouped. A simple style usually
1425:
365:, but an unambiguous definition of individual species in the genus was not achieved until 1979. Leptospermums grow in a wide range of habitats but are most commonly found in moist, low-nutrient soils. They have important uses in
389:
to small trees, and have fibrous, flaky or papery bark. The leaves are arranged alternately and are relatively small, rigid and often aromatic when crushed. The flowers may be solitary or in groups, and have
657:
These flowers are also grown in double cultivars and are used in floral designs. However, they do not last when out of water and the single flowers do not last when wired. The 'Pacific Beauty' (
421:
described twenty species, but noted the difficulty of discriminating between species. ("The species are very difficult to discriminate.") Of the species he named, only ten remain as valid.
497:
species are endemic to
Australia where most are found in southern areas of the country. They are most common in moist, nutrient-poor soils although they sometimes occupy other situations.
1766:
Thornhill, Andrew H.; Ho, Simon Y.W.; Külheim, Carsten; Crisp, Michael D. (December 2015). "Interpreting the modern distribution of
Myrtaceae using a dated molecular phylogeny".
1355:
1346:
531:
1981:
885:
403:. The fruit is a woody capsule which opens at the top to release the seeds, although in some species this does not occur until the plant, or the part of it, dies.
629:) are hardy to about −8 °C (18 °F) to −10 °C (14 °F); others are sensitive to frost. They tolerate most soils, but many suppliers specify
434:
1223:
890:
1351:
2256:
2439:
1126:
2295:
853:
1878:
1731:
O'Brien, Marcelle M.; Quinn, Christopher J.; Wilson, Peter G. (2000). "Molecular systematics of the
Leptospermum suballiance (Myrtaceae)".
411:
The first formal description of a leptospermum was published by Johann
Reinhold Forster and Johann Georg Adam Forster in their 1776 book,
1156:
399:
arises from a small depression in the ovary which has from three to five sections in most species, each section containing a few to many
1141:
2344:
2131:
2204:
2269:
2217:
1526:
438:. Although there have been revisions to their groupings, their paper allowed a systematic examination of species in the genus
466:
as an outlier. However, neither phylogeny has been universally accepted. Current estimates recognize about ninety species of
2434:
2274:
477:
derives from the practice of early
Australian settlers who soaked the leaves of several species in boiling water to make a
1978:
2126:
1510:
1862:
429:
2388:
2300:
2243:
462:, and should be split into persistent, Western non-persistent, and Eastern non-persistent fruiting plants, with
2383:
2002:
809:
2362:
1957:
2282:
413:
665:
in corporate designs is less desirable as they dry and drop when subjected to heating and air conditioning.
2105:
2100:
2087:
1114:
687:
52:
2183:
2357:
1322:
1247:
1046:
817:
708:
1661:
2429:
2310:
2222:
1396:
992:
861:
841:
778:
767:
362:
222:
661:) is a useful flower to use in large church-service bowls and function arrangements, however use of
1630:
1081:
1016:
979:
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943:
913:
828:
800:
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1261:
1234:
1212:
1103:
1057:
537:
505:
2323:
2196:
1503:
Bottlebrushes, paperbarks & tea trees, and all other plants in the
Leptospermum alliance
2139:
1921:
1775:
1033:
894:
789:
323:
8:
564:
2170:
1925:
1779:
2396:
2191:
1939:
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678:
343:
202:
175:
47:
1578:
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1801:
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722:
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2401:
1929:
1791:
1783:
1740:
1711:
347:
298:
240:
2118:
2079:
1934:
1905:
2092:
1985:
1338:
930:
849:
735:
633:(i.e. lime-free) compost with good drainage and full sun. Established plants are
560:
386:
90:
2287:
1787:
1460:
630:
546:
425:
418:
331:
77:
2418:
2053:
1904:
Stephens, Jonathan M.C.; Molan, Peter C.; Clarkson, Bruce D. (January 2005).
1805:
1752:
966:
934:
638:
571:, where it is one of the most widespread and important native shrub species.
167:
146:
1716:
1695:
353:
The first formal description of a leptospermum was published in 1776 by the
2375:
1813:
1021:
970:
748:
682:
366:
627:
L. lanigerum, L. liversidgei, L. polygalifolium, L. rupestre, L. scoparium
322:, with the greatest diversity in the south of the continent, but some are
32:
2230:
2062:
568:
327:
1610:. London: Prostant apud B. White, T. Cadell, & P. Elmsly. p. 71
637:
tolerant. They are often found as hedge plants on the west coast of the
2209:
1827:
1288:
833:
805:
588:
520:
478:
451:
391:
1796:
2235:
2165:
2152:
997:
948:
459:
370:
319:
310:
301:
136:
2024:
1744:
1662:"Evolution in the Myrtaceae - Evidence from inflorescence structure"
2370:
2047:
1552:
1292:
646:
510:
315:
126:
103:
2248:
2157:
1119:
1038:
952:
634:
608:. These burrow horizontally into the trunk then vertically down.
596:
354:
2144:
308:, although this name is sometimes also used for some species of
674:
642:
339:
116:
1857:(3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 92.
1604:
Forster, Johann
Reinhold; Forster, Johann Georg Adam (1776).
584:
550:
446:
published a complete revision of the genus. In 2000, O'Brien
400:
395:
335:
294:
276:
64:
1505:(1181–183 ed.). Pymble, N.S.W.: Angus & Robertson.
625:
species make desirable garden plants. The hardiest species (
270:
984:
591:
285:
258:
249:
432:
published a classification of the family
Myrtaceae in the
1025:
866:
559:
is one of the most widespread in the genus and occurs in
1765:
1730:
1903:
1666:
Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales
909:- Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines
435:
Proceedings of the
Linnean Society of New South Wales
346:
in the centre of the flower and the fruit is a woody
264:
243:
282:
267:
255:
252:
246:
342:which alternate with the petals. There is a single
273:
261:
641:, and some species are popular for cultivation as
1855:Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings
583:species are sometimes used as food plants by the
2416:
1832:- family Myrtaceae Commonly known as "teatrees""
677:from the flowers is harvested by bees, yielding
707:The following is a list of species accepted by
1603:
1559:. Australian Native Plants Society (Australia)
1960:. New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries
1631:"Orders XLVIII. Myrtaceae- LXII. Compositae"
1852:
1500:
503:is usually found growing on beach sand and
488:
1853:Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019).
1689:
1687:
334:. Leptospermums all have five conspicuous
31:
1933:
1795:
1715:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1885:. Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney; plantnet
1693:
1533:. Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney: plantnet
297:of shrubs and small trees in the myrtle
1871:
1684:
1628:
1501:Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray (1993).
326:to other parts of the world, including
2417:
1659:
1653:
1597:
1487:
616:
450:published yet another revision, using
406:
2440:Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster
2029:
2028:
1958:"Growing and harvesting Mānuka honey"
1950:
1846:
1768:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1622:
1420:
1418:
523:to Southeast Asia and three species,
2389:e587dc6c-cd41-4c56-894b-b5195522159b
2311:e524b2b9-5935-4a56-b0ae-025f03af7f88
1995:
1897:
1834:. Australian National Botanic Garden
1820:
1545:
369:, in the production of honey and in
1571:
1519:
668:
652:
513:rainforest on the edges of rivers.
13:
1979:Native honey a sweet antibacterial
1415:
14:
2451:
685:. Honey produced from Australian
2363:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331709-2
1660:Briggs, Barbara Gillian (1979).
454:-based evidence to suggest that
239:
51:
1972:
1759:
1724:
1557:and its Relatives - Background"
774:prickly tea-tree - NSW, Vic, SA
541:are endemic to southeast Asia.
1475:
1444:
376:
1:
1935:10.1080/0028825X.2005.9512966
1914:New Zealand Journal of Botany
1607:Characteres Generum Plantarum
1408:
1123:- Qld, NSW, Lord Howe Island
414:Characteres Generum Plantarum
2009:. Plants of the World Online
1733:Australian Journal of Botany
7:
2435:Taxa named by Georg Forster
1910:(Myrtaceae) in New Zealand"
1788:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.007
1482:Sunset Western Garden Book,
1347:Leptospermum tairawhitiense
1228:de Lange & L.M.H.Schmid
1197:Leptospermum polygalifolium
1184:Leptospermum polygalifolium
1171:Leptospermum polygalifolium
1158:Leptospermum polygalifolium
1143:Leptospermum polygalifolium
1128:Leptospermum polygalifolium
1115:Leptospermum polygalifolium
739:spidery tea-tree - Qld, NSW
688:Leptospermum polygalifolium
659:Leptospermum polygalifolium
10:
2456:
1323:Leptospermum sphaerocarpum
1248:Leptospermum rotundifolium
1047:Leptospermum novae-angliae
818:Leptospermum epacridoideum
709:Plants of the World Online
702:
574:
485:) means "slender-seeded".
2037:
1696:"A revision of the genus
1461:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1432:. Australian Plant Census
1397:Leptospermum wooroonooran
993:Leptospermum minutifolium
862:Leptospermum grandifolium
842:Leptospermum grandiflorum
779:Leptospermum crassifolium
768:Leptospermum continentale
363:Johann Georg Adam Forster
181:
174:
48:Scientific classification
46:
39:
30:
23:
1629:Bentham, George (1867).
1082:Leptospermum parvifolium
1017:Leptospermum myrtifolium
980:Leptospermum micromyrtus
961:Leptospermum macrocarpum
944:Leptospermum liversidgei
939:- Qld, NSW, Vic, SA, Tas
914:Leptospermum juniperinum
829:Leptospermum glabrescens
801:Leptospermum emarginatum
731:Leptospermum arachnoides
489:Distribution and habitat
1717:10.7751/telopea19894902
1375:Leptospermum turbinatum
1364:Leptospermum thompsonii
1334:Leptospermum squarrosum
1312:Leptospermum spectabile
1093:Leptospermum petersonii
1071:Leptospermum oreophilum
1006:Leptospermum morrisonii
757:Leptospermum barneyense
752:Mt Royal tea-tree - NSW
718:Leptospermum amboinense
681:, which is marketed as
611:
516:Leptospermum amboinense
500:Leptospermum laevigatum
464:Leptospermum spinescens
359:Johann Reinhold Forster
41:Leptospermum squarrosum
1908:Leptospermum scoparium
1881:Leptospermum scoparium
1694:Thompson, Joy (1989).
1386:Leptospermum variabile
1301:Leptospermum sejunctum
1284:Leptospermum scoparium
1252:(Maiden & Betche)
925:Leptospermum lanigerum
903:Leptospermum javanicum
886:Leptospermum hoipolloi
875:Leptospermum gregarium
744:Leptospermum argenteum
697:lemon-scented tea tree
556:Leptospermum scoparium
2332:Paleobiology Database
1990:Australian Geographic
1273:Leptospermum rupicola
1262:Leptospermum rupestre
1235:Leptospermum riparium
1213:Leptospermum recurvum
1104:Leptospermum petraeum
1058:Leptospermum obovatum
1296:- Vic, NSW, Tas, NZ
1034:Leptospermum nitidum
790:Leptospermum deuense
381:Plants in the genus
1926:2005NZJB...43..431S
1780:2015MolPE..93...29T
1635:Flora Australiensis
711:as at August 2024:
617:Use in horticulture
407:Taxonomy and naming
385:range in size from
338:and five groups of
314:. Most species are
1984:2011-03-06 at the
1153:- Lord Howe Island
679:Leptospermum honey
481:. The genus name (
304:commonly known as
2412:
2411:
2319:Open Tree of Life
2031:Taxon identifiers
1402:
1391:
1380:
1369:
1358:
1354:, de Lange &
1341:
1328:
1317:
1306:
1295:
1278:
1267:
1256:
1242:
1229:
1224:Leptospermum repo
1219:- Sabah, Sulawesi
1218:
1205:
1192:
1175:
1167:
1152:
1137:
1122:
1109:
1098:
1087:
1076:
1065:
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987:
974:
955:
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869:
856:
836:
823:
812:
795:
784:
773:
762:
751:
738:
725:
691:is also known as
545:is only found on
231:
230:
225:
215:
205:
191:
170:
2447:
2430:Myrtaceae genera
2405:
2404:
2392:
2391:
2379:
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2352:
2340:
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2288:NHMSYS0000460270
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2239:
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2226:
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1992:, March 3, 2011.
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878:
865:
845:
832:
821:
804:
793:
782:
771:
760:
747:
734:
721:
669:Honey production
653:Use in floristry
473:The common name
387:prostrate shrubs
292:
291:
288:
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1986:Wayback Machine
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1029:- NSW, ACT, Vic
705:
671:
655:
619:
614:
577:
567:, Tasmania and
561:New South Wales
491:
409:
379:
281:
242:
238:
219:Leptospermopsis
161:
50:
17:
16:Genus of shrubs
12:
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5:
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2427:
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2402:wfo-4000021354
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1994:
1971:
1949:
1920:(2): 431–449.
1896:
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1723:
1710:(3): 301–449.
1683:
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1621:
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1512:978-0207168673
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1194:
1181:
1178:polygalifolium
1168:
1154:
1139:
1111:
1100:
1089:
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1054:
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727:
726:- Qld, Malesia
713:
704:
701:
670:
667:
654:
651:
618:
615:
613:
610:
579:In Australia,
576:
573:
547:Mount Kinabalu
532:L. parviflorum
490:
487:
430:Laurie Johnson
426:Barbara Briggs
419:George Bentham
408:
405:
378:
375:
332:Southeast Asia
229:
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2250:
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2159:
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2036:
2032:
2027:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1906:"A review of
1900:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1864:9780958034180
1860:
1856:
1849:
1833:
1831:
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1464:(Online). n.d
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1399:
1398:
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1388:
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1383:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:- New Zealand
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1320:
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1264:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
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1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1230:- New Zealand
1226:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1188:transmontanum
1185:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1140:
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1014:
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1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:
977:
973:) Joy Thomps.
972:
968:
963:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:
941:
936:
932:
927:
926:
922:
916:
915:
911:
905:
904:
900:
898:- New Zealand
896:
892:
888:
887:
883:
877:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
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666:
664:
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644:
640:
639:United States
636:
632:
628:
624:
609:
607:
606:A. ligniveren
603:
599:
598:
594:of the genus
593:
590:
586:
582:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:
552:
548:
544:
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519:extends from
518:
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186:
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151:
148:
147:Leptospermeae
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
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118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Tracheophytes
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2425:Leptospermum
2197:Leptospermum
2132:Leptospermum
2069:Leptospermum
2039:Leptospermum
2038:
2011:. Retrieved
2005:Leptospermum
2004:
1997:
1989:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1952:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1880:
1873:
1854:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1830:Leptospermum
1829:
1822:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1707:
1703:
1700:(Myrtaceae)"
1698:Leptospermum
1697:
1674:. Retrieved
1672:(4): 157–256
1669:
1665:
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1638:
1634:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1606:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1581:Leptospermum
1580:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1555:Leptospermum
1554:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1529:Leptospermum
1528:
1521:
1502:
1484:1995:606–607
1481:
1477:
1466:. Retrieved
1459:
1454:Leptospermum
1453:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1428:Leptospermum
1427:
1395:
1384:
1373:
1362:
1356:M.A.M.Renner
1345:
1332:
1321:
1310:
1299:
1282:
1271:
1260:
1246:
1233:
1222:
1211:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1113:
1102:
1091:
1080:
1069:
1056:
1045:
1032:
1015:
1004:
991:
978:
959:
942:
923:
912:
901:
891:L.M.H.Schmid
884:
873:
860:
840:
827:
816:
799:
788:
777:
766:
755:
742:
729:
716:
706:
696:
692:
686:
683:Manuka honey
672:
663:Leptospermum
662:
658:
656:
626:
623:Leptospermum
622:
620:
605:
601:
600:, including
595:
581:Leptospermum
580:
578:
554:
542:
536:
530:
526:L. javanicum
524:
514:
504:
498:
495:Leptospermum
494:
492:
483:Leptospermum
482:
474:
472:
468:Leptospermum
467:
463:
460:polyphyletic
456:Leptospermum
455:
447:
444:Joy Thompson
440:Leptospermum
439:
433:
423:
412:
410:
383:Leptospermum
382:
380:
367:horticulture
361:and his son
352:
309:
305:
235:Leptospermum
234:
233:
232:
218:
208:
194:
184:
158:Leptospermum
157:
156:
110:
97:
84:
71:
40:
25:Leptospermum
24:
18:
2231:iNaturalist
2063:Wikispecies
1889:21 February
1838:21 February
1676:21 February
1645:21 February
1614:21 February
1589:21 February
1563:21 February
1537:21 February
1390:Joy Thomps.
1379:Joy Thomps.
1368:Joy Thomps.
1316:Joy Thomps.
1305:Joy Thomps.
1277:Joy Thomps.
1204:Joy Thomps.
1191:Joy Thomps.
1166:Joy Thomps.
1151:Joy Thomps.
1136:Joy Thomps.
1132:cismontanum
1108:Joy Thomps.
1075:Joy Thomps.
1051:Joy Thomps.
1010:Joy Thomps.
879:Joy Thomps.
794:Joy Thomps.
783:Joy Thomps.
772:Joy Thomps.
749:Joy Thomps.
569:New Zealand
543:L. recurvum
538:L. recurvum
509:growing in
506:L. riparium
442:. In 1989,
417:. In 1876,
377:Description
328:New Zealand
195:Agonomyrtus
164:J.R.Forster
91:Angiosperms
2419:Categories
1964:5 December
1797:1885/76782
1739:(5): 621.
1468:2016-01-21
1409:References
1401:F.M.Bailey
1392:- Qld, NSW
1352:G.J.Atkins
1289:J.R.Forst.
1254:F.A.Rodway
1240:D.I.Morris
1193:- Qld, NSW
1138:- Qld, NSW
1099:- Qld, NSW
1097:F.M.Bailey
1088:- Qld, NSW
1066:- NSW, Vic
1053:- Qld, NSW
1001:- Qld, NSW
988:- NSW, Vic
956:- Qld, NSW
920:- Qld, NSW
881:- Qld, NSW
870:- NSW, Vic
834:N.A.Wakef.
813:- NSW, Vic
806:H.L.Wendl.
693:jelly bush
631:ericaceous
602:A. lewinii
521:Queensland
479:herbal tea
392:bracteoles
357:botanists
209:Macklottia
2166:FloraBase
2013:15 August
1806:1055-7903
1774:: 29–43.
1753:0067-1924
1641:: 100–111
998:C.T.White
949:R.T.Baker
647:cultivars
511:Tasmanian
424:In 1979,
371:floristry
320:Australia
311:Melaleuca
306:tea trees
302:Myrtaceae
185:Glaphyria
168:G.Forster
137:Myrtaceae
61:Kingdom:
2384:VicFlora
2376:40005264
2371:Tropicos
2249:331709-2
2127:eFloraSA
2048:Wikidata
1982:Archived
1944:53515334
1814:26211451
1436:19 March
1293:G.Forst.
1201:tropicum
1162:montanum
895:de Lange
761:A.R.Bean
589:hepialid
565:Victoria
475:tea tree
176:Synonyms
133:Family:
127:Myrtales
104:Eudicots
2262:1315242
2210:3181696
2145:2508616
2054:Q135621
1922:Bibcode
1776:Bibcode
1704:Telopea
1527:"Genus
1339:Gaertn.
1266:Hook.f.
1217:Hook.f.
1199:subsp.
1186:subsp.
1176:subsp.
1174:Salisb.
1160:subsp.
1147:howense
1145:subsp.
1130:subsp.
1120:Salisb.
1039:Hook.f.
953:H.G.Sm.
854:W.Lodd.
850:G.Lodd.
736:Gaertn.
703:Species
695:or the
649:exist.
645:. Many
635:drought
597:Aenetus
575:Ecology
348:capsule
340:stamens
316:endemic
223:S.Moore
199:Schauer
153:Genus:
143:Tribe:
123:Order:
65:Plantae
2350:LEPTO4
2345:PLANTS
2337:319861
2324:434055
2308:NZOR:
2301:106047
2184:118257
2106:325750
2080:192090
2077:APDB:
1942:
1861:
1812:
1804:
1751:
1585:. APNI
1509:
1291:&
1022:Sieber
971:Betche
969:&
967:Maiden
951:&
893:&
852:&
675:nectar
643:bonsai
585:larvae
448:et al.
401:ovules
396:sepals
355:German
336:petals
324:native
299:family
213:Korth.
166:&
117:Rosids
2275:27253
2257:IRMNG
2236:54708
2192:FoAO2
2171:21833
2158:1LEKG
2093:78706
1940:S2CID
1403:- Qld
1381:- Vic
1370:- NSW
1342:- NSW
1329:- NSW
1327:Cheel
1318:- NSW
1307:- NSW
1279:- NSW
1268:- Tas
1257:- NSW
1243:- Tas
1206:- Qld
1180:- NSW
1110:- NSW
1077:- Qld
1063:Sweet
1042:- Tas
1012:- NSW
975:- NSW
937:) Sm.
935:Aiton
907:Blume
857:- Tas
847:Lodd.
837:- Vic
824:- NSW
822:Cheel
796:- NSW
785:- NSW
763:- Qld
723:Blume
621:Most
592:moths
551:Sabah
493:Most
344:style
295:genus
293:is a
203:Rchb.
111:Clade
98:Clade
85:Clade
72:Clade
2358:POWO
2296:NCBI
2270:ITIS
2244:IPNI
2223:6731
2218:GRIN
2205:GBIF
2153:EPPO
2119:5DDW
2101:BOLD
2088:APNI
2015:2024
1966:2019
1891:2017
1859:ISBN
1840:2017
1810:PMID
1802:ISSN
1749:ISSN
1678:2017
1647:2017
1616:2017
1591:2017
1565:2017
1539:2017
1507:ISBN
1438:2020
985:Miq.
931:Sol.
810:Link
673:The
612:Uses
604:and
535:and
452:matK
428:and
394:and
330:and
189:Jack
2397:WFO
2283:NBN
2179:FNA
2140:EoL
2114:CoL
1930:doi
1792:hdl
1784:doi
1741:doi
1712:doi
1670:102
1086:Sm.
1026:DC.
1024:ex
933:ex
918:Sm.
867:Sm.
808:ex
587:of
549:in
458:is
318:to
271:ɜːr
201:ex
2421::
2399::
2386::
2373::
2360::
2347::
2334::
2321::
2298::
2285::
2272::
2259::
2246::
2233::
2220::
2207::
2194::
2181::
2168::
2155::
2142::
2129::
2116::
2103::
2090::
2065::
2050::
1988:,
1938:.
1928:.
1918:43
1916:.
1912:.
1808:.
1800:.
1790:.
1782:.
1772:93
1770:.
1747:.
1737:48
1735:.
1706:.
1702:.
1686:^
1668:.
1664:.
1637:.
1633:.
1489:^
1458:.
1417:^
699:.
563:,
553:.
529:,
470:.
373:.
350:.
289:-/
286:oʊ
280:,-
277:əm
113::
100::
87::
74::
2017:.
2007:"
2003:"
1968:.
1946:.
1932::
1924::
1893:.
1883:"
1879:"
1867:.
1842:.
1828:"
1816:.
1794::
1786::
1778::
1755:.
1743::
1720:.
1714::
1708:3
1680:.
1649:.
1639:3
1618:.
1593:.
1583:"
1579:"
1567:.
1553:"
1541:.
1531:"
1515:.
1471:.
1456:"
1452:"
1440:.
1430:"
1426:"
965:(
929:(
283:t
274:m
268:p
265:s
262:ˈ
259:ə
256:t
253:p
250:ɛ
247:l
244:ˌ
241:/
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