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outflanked, by critics who pointed to the narrowness of his concerns, and his lack of interest in anything but political history. The technique of structural analysis, with which his name was inextricably linked as 'Namierism', offered, in his view, an escape from voluminous narrative.... its limitations are very evident. There are great swathes of history where, for lack of evidence, structural analysis can hardly be applied. Even where it can, there is no guarantee that it will, in itself, generate interesting and important questions.
770:"What Namier's minutely detailed studies revealed was the fact that politics in 1760 consisted mainly in the jockeying for position and influence by individuals within the political elite" rather than ideas such as liberty or democracy, or rivalry with foreign kings, or social effects of industrial and technological change. "Spending many years himself, off and on, in psychoanalysis, believed that the "deep-seated drives and emotions" of the individual were what explained politics", wrote
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725:, in particular English politics in the 1760s. His principal conclusion of that decade was that there was no risk of an authoritarian disposal of British parliamentarism. By way of its very detailed study of individuals, this course of study caused substantial revision to accounts based on a party system. Namier's best-known works were
592:
In 1917, Namier married a
Russian refugee, Clara Sophia Edeleff-Poniatowska, although they separated in 1921. He was by this time estranged from his father so that when his father died in 1922 the family estate was left to Namier's sister. In 1940 when he feared a Nazi invasion of Britain he burned
750:
or collective biography of every Member of
Parliament (MP) and peer who sat in the British Parliament in the latter 18th century to reveal that local interests, not national ones, often determined how parliamentarians voted. Namier argued very strongly that far from being tightly organised groups,
790:
Namier used sources such as wills and tax records to reveal the interests of the MPs. In his time, his methods were new and quite controversial. His obsession with collecting facts such as club membership of various MPs and then attempting to correlate them with voting patterns led his critics to
462:
from 1931 until his retirement in 1953, having been loudly cheered by his students at the conclusion of his last lecture there on
European History. Namier remained active in various Zionist groups (in particular, lobbying the British government to allow the creation of what he called a Jewish
802:
Namier's achievements were greatly praised during his lifetime and unduly disparaged subsequently. On his chosen ground, the accession of George III, he made important and probably irreversible corrections to the traditional whiggish account....Later on Namier was not so much repudiated as
883:. His hatred of Germany was legendary; Namier himself wrote in 1942 as the war raged on: "it did not require either 1914, or 1933, or 1939 to teach me the truth about the Germans. Long before the last war I considered them a deadly menace to Europe and the civilisation."
305:
of 1919. Based on his personal background, Namier maintained a firm personal interest in
Russian affairs; however, he was also seen as one of the biggest enemies of the newly-independent Polish state in the British political environment. During the
325:
359:
in
Belgium was renamed by Namier as Curzon Line "B". Chicherin relayed this document to Lenin who rejected it nevertheless, assured of his victory over Poland followed by a planned annexation of its entire territory.
894:
are generally poorly regarded by modern historians because he was content to condemn appeasement without seeking to explain the reasons for it; and eager to dismiss political principles as rhetorical posturing.
310:
his relationship with the Polish delegation was highly antagonistic and his attitude towards Poland and Polish territories openly hostile. Namier was later accused of changing the
British proposal – the
759:
were collections of ever-shifting and fluid small groups whose stances altered on an issue-by-issue basis. Namier felt that prosopographical methods were the best for analysing small groups like the
371:
believes that Namier was not the original initiator of this misrepresentation, but merely an unscrupulous supplier of handy arguments for the anti-Polish lobby among the
Entente members.
352:
could have been aware of Namier's modification; Bartłomiej Rusin refutes the claims that Namier was responsible and calls him "merely a convenient supplier of anti‑Polish arguments".
876:
Namier concluded the debate in 1953 with words "The Polish offer, for what it was worth, was first torpedoed by Bonnet the statesmen, and next obliterated by Bonnet the historian".
289:
in 1914–15 but was discharged owing to poor eyesight. He then held positions with the
Propaganda Department (1915–17), the Department of Information (1917–18) and finally with the
604:), who authored a biography of him after his death. To marry Julia, who was a convinced Christian, he converted to Anglicanism which led to an estrangement with Chaim Weizman.
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333:
The Polish delegation had no knowledge of the existence of Line "A" whatsoever since the idea of handing Lwów over to the
Bolsheviks was rejected by Prime Minister
80:
319:(in Polish, Lwów) and the Oil Basin on the eastern side when the British Foreign Office sent a cable to the Commissar for Foreign Affairs of Bolshevik Russia,
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in the event of a German attack. Bonnet denied that such an offer had been made, which led Namier to accuse Bonnet of seeking to falsify the record.
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2004:
1330:(book review). Namier's characterisation has been wrongly attributed to Herbert Butterfield, but was actually written by A. J. P. Taylor.
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367:. He single-handedly reduced the number of ethnic Poles living in the region from 2 million down to 600–700 inhabitants. Professor
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2017:
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in 1890. His family were secular-minded Polish-Jewish gentry. His father, with whom young Lewis often quarreled, idolized the
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At issue was the question whether Bonnet had, as Namier charged, snubbed an offer by the Polish foreign minister
Colonel
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In one of his memoranda Namier falsified the results of a national census from Eastern Galicia originating from
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1448:. Dublin: History Publications. The problematic relationship between political ideas and political practice
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235:. By contrast, Namier throughout his life detested it. Before coming to England he was educated at the
844:. In the 1930s, Namier had been active in the anti-appeasement movement and together with his protégé
2120:
2042:
854:
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at several rallies in 1938. In the early 1950s, Namier had a celebrated debate on the pages of the
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Monarchy and the Party System: The Romanes Lecture Delivered in the Sheldonian Theatre 15 May 1952
1935:
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1945:
Hayton, D. W. "Sir Lewis Namier, Sir John Neale and the Shaping of the History of Parliament."
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1439:
1247:
1192:"Lewis Namier, the Curzon Line, and the shaping of Poland's eastern frontier after World War I"
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1165:"Lewis Namier, the Curzon Line, and the shaping of Poland's eastern frontier after World War I"
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356:
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248:
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as a member of an 'elitist school' with a 'deeply pessimistic attitude toward human affairs'.
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at the very beginning of talks. Lwów had never been under the rule of Moscow in its history.
301:
Following the defeat of Germany in World War One, Namier joined the British delegation at the
2085:
1750:
1428:
1255:
1137:"The Curzon Line as the eastern boundary of Poland: the origins and the political background"
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778:(Manchester University Press, 2019), a new biography by D. W. Hayton (a participant in the
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8:
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464:
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Institute of Spatial Organization. 8-9 / 18 in PDF – via direct download, 1.27 MB.
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accuse him of "taking ideas out of history". Namier has been described by the historian
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lecture, and Pareto's ideas about elites would have a great influence on his thinking.
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The earlier-approved compromised version of the Curzon Line which was approved at the
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439:(1920–21) before going into business for himself. Later Namier, who was a long-time
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467:) and from 1933 was engaged in efforts on behalf of Jewish refugees from Germany.
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Namier's writings on German history have been criticised for being influenced by
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1244:"Lewis Namier, the Curzon Line, and the shaping of Poland's eastern frontier..."
451:, but Weizmann later severed relations with Namier when the latter converted to
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1327:
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Facing East: Essays on Germany, the Balkans and Russia in the Twentieth Century
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859:
792:
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213:
1983:
Price, Jacob. "Party, Purpose, and Pattern: Sir Lewis Namier and His Critics"
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1973:
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1962:
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Lewis Namier: The eccentric historian who changed British postwar culture.
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in Palestine (1929–31). For a time he was a close friend and associate of
32:
1208:
841:
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caused a historiographical revolution in understanding the 18th century.
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Jim Smyth, Professor of History at the University of Notre Dame (2015).
1175:. Jagellonian University. Section 1: 20 (16 / 22) in PDF. Archived from
1911:
1707:
649: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
520: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
136: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1861:
1819:
1715:
Cairns, John C. (1974). "Sir Lewis Namier and the History of Europe".
1384:
1382:
258:
Namier emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1907, studied first at the
1997:
Smyth, James. "Lewis Namier, Herbert Butterfield and Edmund Burke."
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495:
111:
1957:
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471:
2018:
Review of The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III
1379:
400:
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Vanished Supremacies: Essays on European History, 1812–1918
440:
244:
912:(3 vols.), 1966 , edited by John Brooke & Sir Lewis Namier.
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Isaiah Berlin on Lewis Namier in his book Personal Impressions
1954:
Cultural Amnesia: Necessary Memories from History and the Arts
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a large number of his papers and arranged to commit suicide.
474:. Also in 1952, Namier was given the honour of delivering the
66:
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Studies into the History of Central-Eastern Europe and Russia
315:" – for the eastern border of Poland by leaving the city of
74:; 27 June 1888 – 19 August 1960) was a British historian of
1942:
edited by Lucian Boia, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991.
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Vanished Supremacies: Essays on European History, 1812-1918
971:
Europe in Decay: A Study in Disintegration, 1936–1940
316:
63:
57:
1349:. Routledge, imprint of Taylor & Francis. p. 54.
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He was married twice and knighted in 1952 at the onset of
1484:
Crossroads of power: essays on eighteenth-century England
916:
Crossroads of Power: Essays on Eighteenth-Century England
596:
In 1945, his first wife died. In 1947, he married writer
1684:
The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III
1369:
John Cannon, 'Namier, Sir Lewis Bernstein (1888–1960)',
1246:
Ibidem. Section 1: 13 (9-10 / 22) in PDF. Archived from
1037:
The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III
765:
The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III
727:
The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III
81:
The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III
820:. He also wrote on modern European history, especially
1574:
Europe in decay: a study in disintegration, 1936-1940
776:
Conservative Revolutionary: the lives of Lewis Namier
227:
of southeastern Poland, although his family moved to
94:
series (begun 1940) he edited later in his life with
54:
1529:
Basic factors in nineteenth-century European history
947:
Basic Factors in Nineteenth-Century European History
1196:
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
807:
607:His sister, Teodora Niemirowska, was the mother of
435:After leaving government service, Namier taught at
60:
51:
2116:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
1903:
1742:
1466:Lewis Bernstein Namier & John Brooke (1985),
1287:
2057:
1938:. "Namier, (Sir) Lewis Bernstein" page 207 from
1027:, 1931. Contains his essays on Austrian Galicia.
1101:
1099:
1086:
1084:
1342:
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869:in May 1938 to have Poland come to the aid of
1704:France and the Coming of the Second World War
1668:England in the age of the American Revolution
1031:England in the Age of the American Revolution
731:England in the Age of the American Revolution
86:England in the Age of the American Revolution
1906:A. J. P. Taylor, Radical Historian of Europe
1796:(1971). "Lloyd George and Poland, 1919–20".
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1081:
1701:
1400:
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1328:The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield
1130:
1128:
1126:
1619:Conflicts: Studies in Contemporary History
1004:Conflicts: Studies in Contemporary History
931:Lecture, Cambridge University Press, 1959.
403:. Please do not remove this message until
2111:Academics of the University of Manchester
1834:
1604:1848: the revolution of the intellectuals
1293:
1207:
1134:
998:1848: The Revolution of the Intellectuals
721:Namier is best known for his work on the
709:Learn how and when to remove this message
580:Learn how and when to remove this message
423:Learn how and when to remove this message
196:Learn how and when to remove this message
2101:Alumni of the London School of Economics
1969:, London: Oxford University Press, 1971.
1123:
858:with the former French foreign minister
739:series he edited later in his life with
443:, worked as political secretary for the
399:Relevant discussion may be found on the
31:
2033:Works by L. B. (Lewis Bernstein) Namier
1901:
1838:(1962). "Sir Lewis Namier Considered".
1767:
1424:
1412:
1371:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
285:, he fought as a private with the 20th
14:
2126:Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
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1999:Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies
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798:His biographer John Cannon concludes:
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78:background. His best-known works were
2141:British Army personnel of World War I
1876:
1468:The House of Commons : 1754-1790
1189:
910:The House of Commons, 1754–1790
2076:Converts to Anglicanism from Judaism
1978:Essays Presented to Sir Lewis Namier
1346:The Past & the Present Revisited
1336:
647:adding citations to reliable sources
618:
518:adding citations to reliable sources
489:
373:
134:adding citations to reliable sources
105:
977:Diplomatic Prelude, 1938–1939
24:
2081:Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
1940:Great Historians of the Modern Age
1929:
1880:Poland: White Eagle on a Red Field
1771:The Causes of the Second World War
1433:
1235:
614:
458:Namier served as professor at the
25:
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2106:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
2011:
1156:
293:of the Foreign Office (1918–20).
291:Political Intelligence Department
1994:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
1980:, London: Macmillan Press, 1956.
1680:Prof. Peter Thomas (June 1997),
1307:"Geniuses don't have to be nice"
886:Like the work of his friend Sir
808:Diplomatic history controversies
785:
623:
494:
485:
478:, on which subject Namier chose
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110:
47:
2156:People from Siedlce Governorate
2146:20th-century English historians
1799:Journal of Contemporary History
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774:on 29 November 2019, reviewing
634:needs additional citations for
505:needs additional citations for
121:needs additional citations for
2005:The Ordeal of Sir Lewis Namier
1223:
1183:
1111:
1054:
13:
1:
1987:, 1#1 (November 1961): 71–93.
1702:Adamthwaite, Anthony (1977).
1695:
1649:Skyscrapers, and Other Essays
1589:Diplomatic prelude, 1938-1939
1544:Monarchy and the Party System
1442:"Two treatises of government"
480:Monarchy and the Party System
27:British historian (1888–1960)
1025:Skyscrapers and other Essays
321:Georgy Vasilyevich Chicherin
251:. At Lausanne, Namier heard
210:Ludwik Bernstein Niemirowski
7:
1768:Crozier, Andrew J. (1997).
816:, Namier was a believer in
723:Parliament of Great Britain
405:conditions to do so are met
303:Versailles Peace Conference
10:
2172:
2136:Analysands of Theodor Reik
1992:Lewis Namier & Zionism
1985:Journal of British Studies
1841:Journal of British Studies
1812:10.1177/002200947100600309
1190:Rusin, Bartłomiej (2014).
1150:Polish Academy of Sciences
925:, His Character and Career
836:unsparingly condemned the
602:Iulia Michaelovna Kazarina
455:to marry his second wife.
346:Polish Academy of Sciences
270:, from 1908, and became a
260:London School of Economics
43:Sir Lewis Bernstein Namier
1967:Lewis Namier: A biography
1877:Sharp, Samuel L. (1953).
1774:. Oxford and Malden, MA:
1135:Eberhardt, Piotr (2012).
855:Times Literary Supplement
2151:People from Łuków County
2131:Royal Fusiliers soldiers
2051:University of Manchester
1885:Harvard University Press
1634:In the Margin of History
1514:Personalities and powers
1343:Lawrence Stone (2014) .
1326:Malin Dahlstrom (2011),
1062:"Definition of 'Namier'"
1047:
1011:In the Margin of History
941:Personalities and Powers
898:
460:University of Manchester
1902:Wrigley, Chris (2006).
812:As a former patient of
262:for a year and then at
233:Austro-Hungarian Empire
101:
1718:Historical Reflections
1263:Cite journal requires
848:spoke out against the
463:Fighting Force in the
274:in 1913, whereupon he
249:University of Lausanne
39:
18:Lewis Bernstein Namier
2007:, Commentary Magazine
2001:35#3 (2012): 381-389.
1972:Pares, Richard &
1949:32#1 (2013): 187-211.
1947:Parliamentary History
1067:collinsdictionary.com
780:History of Parliament
736:History of Parliament
91:History of Parliament
35:
2047:John Rylands Library
1836:Mansfield, Harvey C.
1776:Blackwell Publishers
1250:on 22 December 2015.
1209:10.12775/SDR.2013.05
1179:on 22 December 2015.
892:diplomatic histories
888:John Wheeler-Bennett
824:and his later books
643:improve this article
514:improve this article
465:Mandate of Palestine
130:improve this article
2043:Lewis Namier papers
1375:accessed 8 Oct 2017
1332:Reviews in History.
1148:. 85, 1, pp. 5-21.
1145:Geographia Polonica
992:World War II period
392:of this article is
297:Professional career
1751:St. Martin's Press
1391:, pp. 183–184
1242:Bartłomiej Rusin.
1163:Bartłomiej Rusin.
965:Avenues of History
834:Diplomatic Prelude
822:diplomatic history
598:Julia de Beausobre
237:University of Lwów
225:Lublin Voivodeship
223:, now part of the
218:Russian-controlled
40:
2096:British diplomats
2091:British Anglicans
1921:978-1-860-64286-9
1883:. Cambridge, MA:
1785:978-0-631-17128-7
1760:978-0-297-79508-7
1688:at History.ac.uk.
923:Charles Townshend
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1974:Taylor, A. J. P.
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1686:by Lewis Namier
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1646:Namier (1931),
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1631:Namier (1939),
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1601:Namier (1944),
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1586:Namier (1948),
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1571:Namier (1950),
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1559:In the Nazi Era
1556:Namier (1952),
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1541:Namier (1952),
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1536:
1526:Namier (1953),
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1511:Namier (1955),
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1496:Namier (1958),
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1481:Namier (1962),
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1253:
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1240:
1236:
1228:
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1212:
1188:
1184:
1161:
1157:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1050:
959:In the Nazi Era
901:
846:A. J. P. Taylor
830:In the Nazi Era
826:Europe in Decay
810:
788:
715:
704:
698:
695:
652:
650:
640:
628:
617:
615:Political views
586:
575:
569:
566:
523:
521:
511:
499:
488:
476:Romanes Lecture
429:
418:
412:
409:
398:
383:
379:
365:Austria-Hungary
342:Piotr Eberhardt
323:
299:
287:Royal Fusiliers
283:First World War
272:British subject
264:Balliol College
253:Vilfredo Pareto
229:Austrian Poland
221:Congress Poland
202:
191:
185:
182:
139:
137:
127:
115:
104:
88:(1930) and the
50:
46:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2054:
2053:
2040:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2012:External links
2010:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1990:Rose, Norman.
1988:
1981:
1970:
1960:
1958:online excerpt
1952:James, Clive.
1950:
1943:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1899:
1893:
1874:
1854:10.1086/385453
1832:
1806:(3): 132–154.
1794:Davies, Norman
1790:
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1712:
1697:
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1356:978-1136879265
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1294:Mansfield 1962
1286:
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1265:|journal=
1234:
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1080:
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1051:
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1019:Interwar years
1016:
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993:
989:
988:
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974:
968:
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929:Leslie Stephen
919:
913:
906:
905:
900:
897:
871:Czechoslovakia
860:Georges Bonnet
809:
806:
805:
804:
793:Lawrence Stone
787:
784:
717:
716:
658:"Lewis Namier"
631:
629:
622:
616:
613:
588:
587:
529:"Lewis Namier"
502:
500:
493:
487:
484:
449:Chaim Weizmann
431:
430:
386:
384:
377:
357:Spa Conference
298:
295:
214:Wola Okrzejska
204:
203:
145:"Lewis Namier"
118:
116:
109:
103:
100:
37:Namier in 1915
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2168:
2157:
2154:
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2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1963:Namier, Julia
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1894:9780674422636
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1875:
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1867:
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1859:
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1843:
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1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
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1801:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
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1777:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1739:Colley, Linda
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1661:Namier 1930,
1658:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1415:, p. 226
1414:
1409:
1403:, p. 184
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1308:
1302:
1296:, p. 28.
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1270:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1210:
1205:
1202:(1): 95–116.
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
991:
990:
986:
985:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
926:
924:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
907:
903:
902:
896:
893:
889:
884:
882:
881:Germanophobia
877:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:psychohistory
815:
814:Sigmund Freud
801:
800:
799:
796:
794:
786:Controversies
783:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
748:prosopography
744:
742:
738:
737:
732:
728:
724:
713:
710:
702:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
663:
660: –
659:
655:
654:Find sources:
648:
644:
638:
637:
632:This section
630:
626:
621:
620:
612:
610:
605:
603:
599:
594:
584:
581:
573:
562:
559:
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
534:
531: –
530:
526:
525:Find sources:
519:
515:
509:
508:
503:This section
501:
497:
492:
491:
486:Personal life
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
445:Jewish Agency
442:
438:
427:
424:
416:
406:
402:
396:
395:
391:
385:
376:
375:
372:
370:
366:
361:
358:
353:
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347:
343:
338:
336:
331:
327:
322:
318:
314:
309:
304:
294:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
200:
197:
189:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147: –
146:
142:
141:Find sources:
135:
131:
125:
124:
119:This section
117:
113:
108:
107:
99:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
76:Polish-Jewish
71:
44:
34:
30:
19:
2086:English Jews
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1966:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1936:Burke, Peter
1905:
1879:
1848:(1): 28–55.
1845:
1839:
1803:
1797:
1770:
1749:. New York:
1744:
1722:
1716:
1703:
1683:
1676:
1666:
1657:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1522:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1445:
1435:
1425:Wrigley 2006
1420:
1413:Crozier 1997
1408:
1396:
1370:
1365:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1301:
1289:
1284:, p. 18
1277:
1256:cite journal
1248:the original
1237:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1199:
1195:
1185:
1177:the original
1172:
1168:
1158:
1143:
1120:, p. 11
1113:
1073:29 September
1071:. Retrieved
1065:
1056:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1009:
1003:
997:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
921:
915:
909:
904:Cold War era
885:
878:
875:
864:
853:
833:
829:
825:
811:
797:
789:
775:
769:
764:
746:Namier used
745:
734:
730:
726:
720:
705:
699:January 2023
696:
686:
679:
672:
665:
653:
641:Please help
636:verification
633:
606:
601:
595:
591:
576:
570:January 2023
567:
557:
550:
543:
536:
524:
512:Please help
507:verification
504:
479:
469:
457:
434:
419:
410:
388:
362:
354:
350:Lloyd George
339:
332:
300:
280:
257:
209:
207:
192:
186:January 2023
183:
173:
166:
159:
152:
140:
128:Please help
123:verification
120:
89:
85:
79:
42:
41:
29:
2071:1960 deaths
2066:1888 births
1725:(1): 3–35.
1452:14 December
1282:Colley 1989
1230:Davies 1971
1118:Cairns 1974
1108:, p. 9
1106:Colley 1989
1093:, p. x
1091:Colley 1989
890:, Namier's
842:appeasement
838:Third Reich
741:John Brooke
609:Anna Kurska
453:Anglicanism
324: [
313:Curzon Line
281:During the
278:his name.
96:John Brooke
2060:Categories
2037:Faded Page
1976:(editors)
1912:I.B.Tauris
1910:. London:
1708:Frank Cass
1706:. London:
1696:References
1682:Review of
1427:, p.
1312:19 January
867:Józef Beck
782:project).
669:newspapers
540:newspapers
390:neutrality
340:Professor
276:anglicised
247:) and the
156:newspapers
1870:143485484
1828:159655350
1215:21 August
751:both the
413:July 2024
401:talk page
344:from the
2039:(Canada)
1741:(1989).
1731:41298644
1039:, 1929,
733:and the
472:Cold War
394:disputed
243:(now in
84:(1929),
1956:(2007)
1373:(2004)
1033:, 1930.
1014:, 1939.
1006:, 1942.
1000:, 1944.
987:, 1947.
979:, 1948.
973:, 1950.
967:, 1952.
961:, 1952.
955:, 1952.
949:, 1953.
943:, 1955.
937:, 1958.
918:, 1962.
683:scholar
554:scholar
441:Zionist
437:Balliol
245:Ukraine
216:in the
170:scholar
1918:
1891:
1868:
1862:175306
1860:
1826:
1820:259884
1818:
1782:
1757:
1745:Namier
1729:
1353:
1173:XLVIII
753:Tories
685:
678:
671:
664:
656:
600:(born
556:
549:
542:
535:
527:
268:Oxford
172:
165:
158:
151:
143:
1866:S2CID
1858:JSTOR
1824:S2CID
1816:JSTOR
1727:JSTOR
1140:(PDF)
1048:Notes
899:Works
757:Whigs
690:JSTOR
676:books
561:JSTOR
547:books
328:]
177:JSTOR
163:books
1916:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1663:1961
1454:2022
1351:ISBN
1314:2023
1269:help
1217:2017
1075:2013
1041:1957
840:and
832:and
755:and
662:news
533:news
387:The
317:Lviv
149:news
102:Life
2035:at
1850:doi
1808:doi
1204:doi
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645:by
516:by
330:.
239:in
212:in
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2045:,
1965:.
1914:.
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