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796:
532:(Phạm Phạn Chi in Vietnamese, Fan Che as transcribed from the Chinese), who reigned from 572 until 629 and son of Rudravarman, rebuilt the temple, reinstalled the god under the name Sambhu-Bhadresvara, and erected a stele to document the event. The stele affirmed that Sambhu-Bhadresvara was the creator of the world and the destroyer of sin, and expressed the wish that he "cause happiness in the kingdom of Champa." The stele also applauded the king himself, claiming that he was "like a terrestrial sun illuminating the night" and that his glory rose "like the moon on an autumn evening."
564:(Po Kia Pho Pa Mo, as transcribed from the Chinese) ruled Champa from 653 AD to approximately 687. Upon ascending to the throne, he also assumed the name Vikrantavarman. During his reign, he expanded the borders of Champa toward the South and sent ambassadors and tribute (including tame elephants) to China. Inscriptions link him not only to Mỹ Sơn, but also to the nearby urban settlements of Trà Kiệu and Đồng Dương. He began the religious practice of donating "kosas" or decorated metallic sleeves to be placed over a lingam. Unusually for a king of Champa, he was devoted not only to
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1017:. The most striking of the remaining buildings belonging to the style may be the storehouse B5, which exemplifies the saddle-shaped roof peculiar to Cham artchitecture. The My Son A1 style is sometimes also known as the Tra Kieu Style, after the nearby town of Trà Kiệu which may be the site of the historical Cham city of Simhapura. Many architectural ornaments from this style survive and are displayed in the Museum of Cham Sculpture.
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the bricks? The hypothesis that the entire structures were reheated following assembly is supported by evidence that the mortar between the bricks was at some point subjected to high temperatures. The contrary hypothesis is supported by the observation that the structures bear no signs of scarring from large intense fires such as would be needed in order to reheat them as whole.
36:
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north with their heist, the
Chinese invaders were struck by an epidemic that felled a large number of them, including Liu Fang. Sambhuvarman, for his part, returned home to his kingdom, began the process of rebuilding, and made sure to send regular shipments of tribute to the Chinese court, in order through appeasement to prevent a recurrence of the recent disaster.
506:, he added, "If you destroy , all your good deeds in your different births shall be mine, and all the bad deeds done by me shall be yours. If, on the contrary, you properly maintain the endowment, the merit shall belong to you alone." Bhadravarman's successors heard his plea, it seems, for Mỹ Sơn became the religious hub of Champa for many generations.
637:. However, Cham kings continued periodically to renovate the temples at Mỹ Sơn and even to build new foundations. The latest significant Cham record at Mỹ Sơn is a pillar inscription of King Jaya Indravarman V dated 1243 AD. By the early 15th century, the Cham had lost their northernmost lands, including the area of Mỹ Sơn, to the Viet.
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supported by chemical tests that have found no trace of any organic substance between the bricks, but instead have found mineral substances similar to those present in the core of the bricks. Today the mortar that once held the bricks together has largely decayed, and even a strong wind can knock loose bricks from the structures.
1226:. Paris: Van Ouest, 1928. Maspero's work is the most extensive reconstruction of the history of Champa, based not only on the testimony Cham inscriptions and other archeological data, but also on that of contemporaneous Chinese and Vietnamese texts. It has been translated into English by Walter E.J. Tips under the title,
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How were the bricks stuck together? One hypothesis is that the builders at Mỹ Sơn developed a way to glue bricks together using tree resin native to central
Vietnam. Another hypothesis is that the builders used a sticky mortar made from the same clay as the bricks themselves. The latter hypothesis is
914:
When he began his studies of Mỹ Sơn in 1899, Henri
Parmentier found the remnants of 71 temples. He classified them into 14 groups, including 10 principal groups each consisting of multiple temples. For purposes of identification, he assigned a letter to each of these principal groups: A, A', B, C, D,
539:
from the area of what is now northern
Vietnam, defeated the elephant-riders of Sambhuvarman, and sacked the Cham capital, making off with an enormous booty that included over one thousand Buddhist books as well as the gold tablets commemorating the reigns of the previous eighteen kings. Heading back
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At what point in the building process were the bricks hardened by fire? Were the bricks hardened first, and then arranged in order to build the structures, or were the structures built out of partially hardened bricks, after which the entire structures were heated by fire to finish the hardening of
497:
to be erected at Mỹ Sơn the inscription on which recorded his foundation. The stele indicates that the king dedicated the entire valley of Mỹ Sơn to Bhadreśvara. The text ends with a plea from
Bhadravarman to his successors: "Out of compassion for me do not destroy what I have given." Drawing upon
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Most of the temples at Mỹ Sơn were made of red brick, and only one (the temple labelled "B1") was made of stone. Even the decorative carvings on the Cham temples were cut directly onto the bricks themselves, rather than onto sandstone slabs inserted into brick walls as is observable for example in
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of the 10th century is exemplified by Mỹ Sơn B5, B6, B7, B9, C1, C2, C5, D1, D2, and D4. It is the most heavily represented style at My Son, and is known for its elegance and grace. The style's namesake and most important architectural exemplar, the once magnificent tower known as "A1," is largely
1069:
At what point in the process were the decorative carvings made? Were the walls constructed and then carved, or were the bricks carved first and then assembled so as to create the walls? An examination of the carvings reveals no broken lines as would be expected if the bricks were carved first and
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monastery of
Indrapura. The archeological site of the monastery has been largely destroyed; French scholars of the early 20th century were able to create diagrams of its layout and the disposition of its buildings. Numerous striking works of sculpture belonging to this style survive in Vietnamese
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French scholars investigating Mỹ Sơn at the beginning of the 20th century identified a then still existent edifice distinguished for "its majestic proportions, the antiquity of its style, and the richness of its decoration" as the temple of Sambhu-Bhadresvara constructed by King
Sambhuvarman. The
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The subject-matter of Cham inscriptions is mostly political and religious. They are written from the perspective of kings or very high potentates seeking to affirm their legitimacy and their relationship to the divine. Many of the inscriptions document a gift to a god, such as a gift of land, of
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India has supported conservation and restoration of the UNESCO world heritage site of ‘My Son’ in Quang Nam
Province of Central Vietnam, which represents historical links between the two countries. Towards the conservation of Cham monuments at My Son, a request was received from Vietnam and as a
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The majority of the temple sites in the centre of the complex have survived to this day. However, worries persist regarding the structural soundness of the remaining temples, some of which are vulnerable to collapse. Although many statues have been removed to France or to historical museums in
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The over 70 temples and tombs extant at Mỹ Sơn have been dated to the period between the 4th century and the 13th century AD. However, the inscriptions and other evidence indicate that earlier now defunct constructions probably were present from the 4th century. The complex may have been the
690:
In 1937, French scholars began to restore the temples at Mỹ Sơn. In 1937 and 1938, the main temple known as "A1" and the smaller temples surrounding it were restored. Other major temples were restored between 1939 and 1943. However, many historical buildings were destroyed during the
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To this day, the construction techniques used by the Cham builders are not completely understood. Issues that have not been completely resolved include issues about the firing of the bricks, the mortar between the bricks, and decorative carvings found on the bricks.
629:(r. 1074–1080). The inscriptions from this period have not survived, except in fragmentary form. At the beginning of the 10th century, the Cham center of power was at Đồng Dương, not far from Mỹ Sơn. By the end of the century, it had been displaced southward to
332:
From the 4th to the 13th century AD, the valley at Mỹ Sơn was a site of religious ceremony for kings of the ruling dynasties of Champa, as well as a burial place for Cham royalty and national heroes. It was closely associated with the nearby Cham cities of
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ruined. It is a mound of earth, surrounded by rubble and the outline of a wall, at the center of which stands a whitish pedestal. A scale model of the former temple created by
Japanese researchers as well as a schematic frontal view are exhibited in the
419:. At its 23rd meeting, UNESCO accorded Mỹ Sơn this recognition pursuant to its criterion C (II), as an example of evolution and change in culture, and pursuant to its criterion C (III), as evidence of an Asian civilization which is now extinct.
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India has extended assistance through the
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in conservation of three blocks of Cham temples in Central Vietnam’s UNESCO World Heritage Site at My Son in Quang Nam Province, which have been restored by
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that lead to rebirth. The stele is important because it sets forth the king's ancestry and is of great help in reconstructing the sequence of Champa's rulers. Among his ancestors, notably, the king claimed a Cambodian king named
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people, or of treasure, or a foundation dedicated to a god, such as the foundation of a temple, an altar, or a pedestal. The inscriptions also provide us with important information such as the name of the country (typically
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Subsequent kings renovated the older temples and constructed additional ones. For many centuries, the building of temples and shrines of varying sizes continued, and Mỹ Sơn served as the religious and cultural center of the
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One of the most important steles to be found at Mỹ Sơn is that erected by Prakasadharma in 657 AD. The purpose of the stele was to commemorate the king's establishment of a god identified as the ruler of the world, i.e.
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and F1 dates to the 8th century AD. The temple known as "E1" is now ruined. The style which it established is represented today by two works of art that formerly belonged to the temple but today are housed in the
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The great temple "A1" dedicated to the god Sambhubhadresvara by King Sambhuvarman in the 7th century is now a pile of rubble: scholars were able to make this diagram before its destruction during the Vietnam
1114:, that is to say on slabs or pillars of stone erected precisely for the purpose of hosting inscriptions. Scholars have found approximately 32 steles at Mỹ Sơn, dated between the 5th and the 12th century AD.
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was signed between the Government of India and Government of Vietnam on 28th October 2014. Thereafter, a Technical Team of the ASI conducted survey and prepared detailed estimates and documentation work.
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The original temples of Bhadravarman were mainly composed of wooden materials such timber logs. Unfortunately, the temple complex was comsumed by a great fire occurred in 535/536 AD, during the reign of
474:), who ruled from 380 until 413, and who spent the latter part of his reign waging war against the population of Chinese-occupied northern Vietnam. At Mỹ Sơn, Bhadravarman built a hall containing a
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E, F, G, H, K. Within each group, he assigned numbers to the edifices comprising it. Thus "My Son E1" refers to the edifice at My Son belonging to group "E" that has been assigned the number "1."
653:, the Mỹ Sơn complex fell into disuse and was largely forgotten. Vietnamese people settled and built villages, towns, cities on conquered Cham lands. It was rediscovered in 1898 by the Frenchman
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s website. (See below, under External Links.) This article (in French) is Parmentier's detailed scholarly description of My Son a few years after its rediscovery at the end of the 19th century.
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Hindu temple complexes in Southeast Asia and is the foremost heritage site of this nature in Vietnam. It is often compared with other historical temple complexes in Southeast Asia, such as
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Ironically, perhaps, Sambhuvarman's reign was marred by one of the most devastating invasions ever suffered by the country of Champa. In 605 AD, the Chinese general Liu Fang led an army
943:. In particular the temple known as "A1" is often referred to as the architectural masterpiece of the Cham. The six styles of Cham architecture represented at Mỹ Sơn are the following:
1874:, 1901–1936. Now online at gallica.bnf.fr, this journal documents cutting-edge early 20th-century French scholarship on My Son and research on other topics of Southeast Asian studies.
1197:, 2005. Ngô's recent introductory work summarizes the results of previous scholarship, though is somewhat dated now. English translations of several inscriptions are found at the end.
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1107:. None of the writings on perishable materials have survived. However, numerous stone inscriptions have been preserved, transcribed, and translated into modern languages.
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that prevailed in Cham architecture from the end of the 11th century, when the center of the Cham polity was displaced southward from the area around My Son to Vijaya in
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of the late 9th century is reflected in Mỹ Sơn A10, A11-13, B4, and B12. This style is named after the Vietnamese town that occupies the site of the 9th century city and
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base area and consequently United States aircraft bombed the region in August 1969. The surrounding area is still rendered dangerous through the presence of unexploded
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edifice, which is known to scholars as "A1", was practically destroyed by US aerial bombing in the Vietnam War and is now little more than a formless pile of bricks.
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s website. This article (also in French) is Finot's detailed discussion, transcription and translation (into French) of the inscriptions associated with Mỹ Sơn.
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668:(EFEO) began to study the inscriptions, architecture, and art of Mỹ Sơn. In 1904, they published their initial findings in the journal of the society called
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or "fire-house" is a construction, typically with a saddle-shaped roof, used to house the valuables belonging to the deity or to cook for the deity.
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follow up to this, the ASI Technical Team prepared a Preliminary Observation Report as mandated by the Ministry of External Affairs. Subsequently a
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or phases of development. Six of the styles are represented at Mỹ Sơn, and two are believed to have originated from there. They are known as the
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1911:
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1142:("Victory"). Finally, a number of the inscriptions allude to or describe interesting historical events, such as the ongoing wars between
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A transitional style of the early 11th century to the middle of the 12th century is exhibited in Mỹ Sơn E4, F2, and the K group of sites.
1204:. Hanoi: Thế Giới Publishers, 2006. This is Ngô's introduction to those vestiges of Cham architecture found in places other than Mỹ Sơn.
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then assembled; and as a result scholars have concluded that the Cham craftsmen made their carvings directly onto finished brick walls.
719:, others can be viewed in an in-situ museum that has been set up with the funding of benefactors from Germany and Poland. In 1981, the
48:
1103:. They wrote on perishable materials, such as large leaves, and also created inscriptions in stone. They used scripts borrowed from
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Most of the extant temples at Mỹ Sơn, such as the Isanabhadresvara, were built in the late 10th century and 11th century AD by king
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was funded by the Government of Italy and sponsors from Japan to prevent further degradation. These efforts are also funded by the
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302:, or The Auspicious One. In this particular complex, he is venerated under various local names, the most important of which is
1972:
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A Cham artist of approximately the 10th century depicted a Cham temple tower in this fragment located in the museum at My Son.
1540:
589:. And like the Cambodian kings, he traced his ancestry to the legendary Kamma Kshtriya King from Kakatiya kingdom and the
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Circular pedestal at E1 bearing the inscription: "This kosa is offered to Vikrantavarman, the most powerful King of kings"
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From 2002 to 2004, the Ministry of Culture of Vietnam allotted around US$ 440,000 to maintain the site. A draft plan of
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which reduced the status of Champa kingdoms to autonomous subordinate regions and the decline and eventual fall of
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The style exemplified by My Son A2, C7 and F3 is similar to the style of Hòa Lai from the turn of the 9th century.
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All of the remaining buildings at Mỹ Sơn are believed to be religious buildings. They are of the following types:
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783:
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The temples at Mỹ Sơn are made of a reddish brick. Decorative carvings have been cut directly into the bricks.
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1943:
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337:(Đồng Dương) and Simhapura (Trà Kiệu). At one time, the site encompassed over 70 temples as well as numerous
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group of temples by ASI was marked on 20 December 2022 at the My Son complex site in Quang Nam province.
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The earliest historical events documented by the evidence recovered at Mỹ Sơn relate to the era of King
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This pedestal and the outline of a wall are all that remain of the once magnificent temple called "A1."
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This linga-like stone column is dated to the 10th century. It stands next to the temple known as "B4."
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329:. The temples are in a valley roughly two kilometres wide that is surrounded by two mountain ranges.
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Art historians have classified the architectural and artistic legacy of Champa into seven artistic
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356:, but a large majority of its architecture was destroyed by US bombing during a single week of the
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1962:
1881:
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Henri Parmentier, "Les monuments du Cirque de Mi-Son"; M.L. Finot, "Les inscriptions de Mi-Son."
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civilization in central Vietnam, as well as the burial place of kings and religious leaders.
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The storehouse known as "B5" is the outstanding surviving exemplar of the My Son A1 style.
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at an outlay of US$ 2.25 million. The completion of conservation and restoration of
1683:"Dự án trùng tu Khu Đền tháp Mỹ Sơn – Biểu tượng của tình hữu nghị Việt Nam - Ấn Độ"
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Two ruined library houses at the E group, the one behind recently been rebuilt by
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1953:
1669:"Mỹ Sơn heritage site restoration project: Evidence of Việt Nam-India friendship"
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Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd.,
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Mỹ Sơn is located near the village of Duy Phú, in the administrative district of
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in the Cham inscriptions), and the names of some of its most important cities:
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is a brick sanctuary, typically in the form of a tower, used to house a deity.
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1031:, to the start of the 13th is represented by Mỹ Sơn B1 and groups G and H.
486:"Blessed Lord", a composite created from the king's own name and the word
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357:
291:
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294:. The temples are dedicated to the veneration of God in accordance with
2142:
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Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd.,
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M.L. Finot, "Notes d'épigraphie: XI. Les inscriptions de Mi-Son," in
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The Champa Kingdom: The History of an Extinct Vietnamese Culture
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Following the conquest of central Vietnam by Vietnamese emperor
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Mỹ Sơn is perhaps the longest inhabited archaeological site in
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M. Henri Parmentier, "Les Monuments du Cirque de Mi-Son," in
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This map shows the relative locations of the temple groups.
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The Mỹ Sơn temple complex is regarded one of the foremost
1630:"Kazimierz Kwiatkowski, Remembering an Extraordinary Man"
35:
1535:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
664:. A year later, members of the scholarly society called
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were carried out by a team of Polish conservators from
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Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century
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published the inscriptions that had been found there.
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is a gate-tower leading into a walled temple complex.
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Ruins of Hindu temples in Quảng Nam province, Vietnam
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Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long
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Many of Champa's most important inscriptions are on
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The only main temple building (C1) remaining intact.
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1297:Andrew David Hardy, Mauro Cucarzi, Patrizia Zolese
1747:M. L. Finot, "Les inscriptions de Mi-Son," p.915.
633:on account of military setbacks in wars with the
460:(literally "Blessed armour" but also meaning the
275:) is a cluster of abandoned and partially ruined
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1756:M.L. Finot, "Les inscriptions de Mi-Son," p.912.
1476:M.L. Finot, "Les inscriptions de Mi-Son," p.910.
1252:4 (1904), pp. 897–977. Available online at
1241:4 (1904), pp. 805–896. Available online at
883:is an entry hallway contiguous with a sanctuary.
833:F1 Temple undergoing excavation and restoration.
678:gave a description of the ruins at Mỹ Sơn, and
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341:bearing historically important inscriptions in
2367:Buildings and structures in Quảng Nam province
1872:Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient
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671:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême Orient
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2013:
1912:
19:"My Son" redirects here. For other uses, see
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1327:. Global Heritage Fund. 2010. Archived from
428:religious and cultural centre of historical
411:. As of 1999, Mỹ Sơn has been recognized by
1657:http://www.mea.gov.in/TreatyDetail.htm?1842
789:The ruined E4 Temple, destroyed by bombing.
432:, while the government was based in nearby
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2020:
2006:
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1202:Champa: Ancient Towers: Reality and Legend
910:System for the identification of buildings
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2392:Tourist attractions in Quảng Nam province
2382:13th-century disestablishments in Vietnam
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580:, with a view to overcoming the seeds of
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490:"lord" commonly used to refer to Shiva.
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2215:New Champa (Champa resistance movement)
1606:"The amazing story of My Son Sanctuary"
1533:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
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528:(r. 527–572). In the 7th century, King
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2185:Champa during the reign of Po Binasuor
1610:Visit Quang Nam - A green travel guide
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2377:4th-century establishments in Vietnam
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801:Bombs dropped by the USAF during the
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1299:Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn
1041:the 9th century Cambodian temple of
805:made craters that are still visible.
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1211:. Hanoi, Thế Giới Publishers, 2008.
1095:maintained written records in both
1083:Stele at Temple E, erected by King
13:
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245:142 ha (0.55 sq mi)
14:
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1973:Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park
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1175:Austronesian peoples#Architecture
253:920 ha (3.6 sq mi)
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1878:Explore My Son with Google Earth
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666:École française d'Extrême-Orient
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2397:World Heritage Sites in Vietnam
2362:Archaeological sites in Vietnam
2195:Lê Thánh Tông's conquest (1471)
1928:World Heritage Sites in Vietnam
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1531:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.).
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1342:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1215:Works of classical scholarship
1209:Vestiges of Champa Civilization
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290:, an Indianized kingdom of the
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1122:in the Sanskrit inscriptions,
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1:
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695:. The temples were part of a
1348:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1260:
625:(r. 989–997) and later king
444:Bhadravarman and Bhadreśvara
7:
2241:List of dynasties of Champa
2205:Principality of Thuận Thành
2180:Mongol invasion (1283–1285)
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851:Archeology and architecture
751:Memorandum of Understanding
493:King Bhadravarman caused a
10:
2413:
2236:List of monarchs of Champa
1978:Tràng An Landscape Complex
1185:Recent introductory works
1087:-Vikrantavarman in 657 AD.
422:
321:, 69 km southwest of
215:Cultural: (ii), (iii)
195:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
2296:
2228:
2108:
2039:
1984:
1944:Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty
1934:
268:Vietnamese pronunciation:
257:
249:
241:
229:
219:
209:
201:
192:
188:
180:
170:
165:
126:
97:
87:
82:
69:
59:
47:
42:
33:
28:
2372:Hindu temples in Vietnam
2163:Javanese raid of 774–787
1949:Complex of Huế Monuments
1604:visitqnam (2022-09-12).
1011:Museum of Cham Sculpture
954:Museum of Cham Sculpture
713:Museum of Cham Sculpture
697:People's Army of Vietnam
482:under the Sanskrit name
2251:Main capitals of Champa
1882:Global Heritage Network
1170:Architecture of Vietnam
354:Mainland Southeast Asia
298:, wherein God is named
118:Location in Vietnam 200
21:My Son (disambiguation)
1088:
1057:
1000:
992:
928:
906:
860:
610:
557:
520:
471:
453:
128:Geographic coordinates
2059:Po Klong Garai Temple
1892:UNESCO page on My Son
1150:in the 12th century.
1082:
1055:
998:
990:
926:
904:
858:
845:My Son Temple in 2022
729:Kazimierz Kwiatkowski
711:Vietnam, such as the
608:
555:
517:
451:
2175:Cham–Vietnamese wars
2158:Golden Age of Champa
1224:Le royaume de Champa
919:Architectural styles
743:World Monuments Fund
655:Camille Michel Paris
2297:Society and culture
2210:Dissolution in 1832
1963:Hội An Ancient Town
1274:"KINGDOM OF CHAMPA"
1195:Thế Giới Publishers
1036:Building techniques
417:World Heritage Site
146: /
2246:Military of Champa
2220:Timeline of Champa
1958:Cát Bà Archipelago
1487:The Champa Kingdom
1465:The Champa Kingdom
1452:The Champa Kingdom
1362:The Champa Kingdom
1344:"My Son Sanctuary"
1089:
1058:
1029:Bình Định Province
1025:style of Bình Định
1001:
993:
949:style of Mỹ Sơn E1
929:
907:
864:Types of buildings
861:
760:ASI during 2017-22
641:Modern scholarship
631:Bình Định Province
611:
601:Later developments
558:
521:
454:
315:Quảng Nam Province
202:Official name
150:15.767°N 108.117°E
2357:History of Champa
2334:
2333:
2067:
2066:
1995:
1994:
1767:"Myson map Index"
1542:978-0-8248-0368-1
1485:Georges Maspero,
1463:Georges Maspero,
1450:Georges Maspero,
1360:Georges Maspero,
1325:"My Son, Vietnam"
1232:White Lotus Press
1134:("Knight City"),
721:restoration works
498:the doctrines of
405:Prasat Hin Phimai
272:[mǐˀsəːn]
261:
260:
2404:
2387:Archaeoastronomy
2118:Sa Huỳnh culture
2094:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2044:Mariamman Temple
2022:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1968:Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1769:. Archived from
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1695:Tran Ky Phuong,
1693:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1632:. Archived from
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1566:
1560:
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1371:
1365:
1358:
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1351:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1276:. Archived from
1270:
1207:Tran Ky Phuong,
976:Đồng Dương style
842:
830:
814:
798:
786:
676:Henri Parmentier
663:
274:
269:
250:Buffer zone
205:My Son Sanctuary
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
151:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
113:
112:
106:
38:
26:
25:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2352:Ancient Vietnam
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2292:
2224:
2168:Khmer–Cham wars
2104:
2098:
2068:
2063:
2035:
2026:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1930:
1925:
1868:
1863:
1855:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1854:
1850:
1842:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1841:
1837:
1829:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1828:
1824:
1816:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1815:
1811:
1803:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1802:
1798:
1790:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1789:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1734:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1733:
1729:
1721:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1720:
1716:
1708:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1707:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1581:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1580:
1576:
1568:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1567:
1563:
1555:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1554:
1550:
1543:
1526:
1519:
1511:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1510:
1506:
1498:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1497:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1442:
1434:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1433:
1429:
1417:
1410:
1402:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1401:
1397:
1385:
1381:
1373:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1372:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1340:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1310:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1309:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1220:Georges Maspero
1200:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1189:Ngô Văn Doanh,
1183:
1156:
1138:("King City"),
1130:("Lion City"),
1077:
1038:
1006:Mỹ Sơn A1 style
941:Mỹ Sơn A1 Style
937:Mỹ Sơn E1 Style
927:Group G temple.
921:
912:
866:
853:
846:
843:
834:
831:
822:
815:
806:
799:
790:
787:
777:
688:
657:
643:
603:
550:
512:
463:Jasminum sambac
446:
425:
319:Central Vietnam
267:
197:
155:15.767; 108.117
154:
152:
148:
145:
140:
137:
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2197:
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2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2155:
2153:Sui–Lâm Ấp war
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2097:
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2040:
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2025:
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2017:
2010:
2002:
1993:
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1981:
1980:
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1965:
1960:
1951:
1946:
1941:
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1932:
1931:
1924:
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1901:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
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1867:
1866:External links
1864:
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1749:
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1727:
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1529:Coedès, George
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1491:
1478:
1469:
1456:
1440:
1427:
1408:
1395:
1379:
1366:
1353:
1334:
1331:on 2011-02-03.
1316:
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1091:The people of
1085:Prakāśadharman
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568:, but also to
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458:Bhadravarman I
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184:4th century AD
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2319:
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2304:Art of Champa
2302:
2301:
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2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
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2102:
2095:
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2081:
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2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:Hindu temples
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1989:
1979:
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1922:
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1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:UNESCO decree
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1857:My Son Relics
1852:
1845:
1844:My Son Relics
1839:
1833:, pp.182-185.
1832:
1831:My Son Relics
1826:
1819:
1818:My Son Relics
1813:
1806:
1805:My Son Relics
1800:
1793:
1792:My Son Relics
1787:
1773:on 2008-06-16
1772:
1768:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1737:
1736:My Son Relics
1731:
1724:
1723:My Son Relics
1718:
1711:
1710:My Son Relics
1705:
1698:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1639:on 2017-10-03
1635:
1631:
1625:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1591:
1584:
1583:My Son Relics
1578:
1571:
1570:My Son Relics
1565:
1558:
1557:My Son Relics
1552:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1513:My Son Relics
1508:
1501:
1500:My Son Relics
1495:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:My Son Relics
1431:
1425:
1424:9786167339443
1421:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1404:My Son Relics
1399:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1375:My Son Relics
1370:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1312:My Son Relics
1307:
1300:
1294:
1280:on 2012-05-03
1279:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
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1229:
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1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:My Son Relics
1188:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:Art of Champa
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
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746:
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733:
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706:
702:
698:
694:
683:
681:
677:
673:
672:
667:
661:
656:
652:
648:
647:Le Thanh Tong
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:Harivarman IV
624:
623:Harivarman II
619:
617:
607:
598:
596:
592:
588:
587:Isanavarman I
583:
579:
573:
571:
567:
563:
562:Prakasadharma
554:
548:Prakasadharma
545:
541:
538:
533:
531:
527:
526:Rudravarman I
516:
507:
505:
501:
496:
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481:
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293:
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280:Hindu temples
278:
273:
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78:, Bhadresvara
77:
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58:
55:
52:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2308:
2256:Kandapurpura
2190:Islamization
2128:Chinese rule
2048:
1859:, p.185-187.
1856:
1851:
1843:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1791:
1786:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:the original
1761:
1752:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1677:
1663:
1652:
1641:. Retrieved
1634:the original
1624:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:
1599:
1590:
1582:
1577:
1572:, p.170-171.
1569:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1532:
1515:, p.197-203.
1512:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1435:
1430:
1406:, p.192-193.
1403:
1398:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1347:
1337:
1329:the original
1319:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:the original
1268:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1190:
1184:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:nagara Campa
1123:
1119:
1116:
1109:
1090:
1075:Inscriptions
1047:
1039:
930:
913:
894:
887:
880:
873:
867:
776:
756:
747:
736:
731:
727:, headed by
709:
689:
669:
644:
620:
612:
574:
559:
542:
534:
530:Sambhuvarman
522:
510:Sambhuvarman
492:
487:
483:
461:
455:
426:
362:
351:
331:
308:
304:Bhadreshvara
303:
263:
262:
166:Architecture
2123:Hồ Tôn Tinh
1954:Hạ Long Bay
1438:, p.14,196.
1230:. Bangkok:
819:anastylosis
803:Vietnam War
693:Vietnam War
686:Restoration
680:M. L. Finot
658: [
484:Bhadreśvara
478:to worship
472:Phạm Hồ Đạt
358:Vietnam War
292:Cham people
282:in central
233:1999 (23rd
230:Inscription
153: /
49:Affiliation
2341:Categories
2321:Cham music
2281:Panduranga
2229:Government
2200:Rump state
1820:, p.30-31.
1807:, p.27-29.
1794:, p.29-30.
1777:2023-08-14
1643:2023-08-14
1615:2024-05-11
1502:, p.66-70.
1392:9747534991
1284:2012-05-29
1181:References
705:land mines
593:-princess
537:southwards
468:Vietnamese
438:Đồng Dương
381:Angkor Wat
2271:Indrapura
2261:Simhapura
1261:Footnotes
1193:. Hanoi:
1128:Simhapura
1120:Campadesa
701:Viet Cong
674:(BEFEO).
434:Simhapura
377:Indonesia
369:Borobudur
335:Indrapura
311:Duy Xuyên
220:Reference
181:Completed
64:Quảng Nam
2314:Po Nagar
2266:Virapura
2138:Quduqian
2103:articles
2054:Po Nagar
1846:, p.182.
1725:, p.5-6.
1585:, p.4-5.
1314:, p.3-4.
1154:See also
1148:Cambodia
1136:Rajapura
1132:Virapura
1099:and old
1097:Sanskrit
983:museums.
980:Buddhist
966:tympanum
962:pedestal
939:and the
888:kosagrha
466:flower;
409:Thailand
389:Wat Phou
385:Cambodia
343:Sanskrit
327:Trà Kiệu
296:Shaivism
211:Criteria
141:108°07′E
83:Location
60:Province
54:Hinduism
43:Religion
2110:History
2033:Vietnam
1559:, p.71.
1489:, p.45.
1467:, p.43.
1454:, p.44.
1377:, p.56.
1364:, p.29.
1234:, 2002.
1015:Da Nang
958:Da Nang
881:mandapa
717:Da Nang
500:saṃsāra
423:History
401:Myanmar
323:Da Nang
284:Vietnam
235:Session
138:15°46′N
92:Vietnam
88:Country
2309:Mỹ Sơn
2286:Panrik
2276:Vijaya
2143:Boliao
2133:Lâm Ấp
2101:Champa
2049:Mỹ Sơn
1738:, p.9.
1712:, p.5.
1539:
1422:
1390:
1254:BEFEO'
1243:BEFEO'
1160:Champa
1144:Champa
1140:Vijaya
1112:steles
1093:Champa
1043:Bakong
964:and a
933:styles
895:gopura
739:UNESCO
725:Lublin
651:Champa
570:Vishnu
488:īśvara
476:lingam
430:Champa
413:UNESCO
365:Shaiva
288:Champa
277:Shaiva
264:Mỹ Sơn
29:Mỹ Sơn
1637:(pdf)
1250:BEFEO
1239:BEFEO
1105:India
874:kalan
732:Kazik
662:]
582:karma
578:Shiva
566:Shiva
560:King
504:karma
495:stele
480:Shiva
415:as a
397:Bagan
339:stele
300:Shiva
71:Deity
2326:Ware
2148:Xitu
1537:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1301:2009
1146:and
1101:Cham
1023:The
1004:The
974:The
960:: a
947:The
770:and
699:and
635:Viet
616:Cham
595:Soma
591:nāga
519:War.
502:and
403:and
393:Laos
373:Java
347:Cham
345:and
242:Area
175:Cham
171:Type
76:Śiva
2031:in
1880:on
1013:in
956:in
715:in
436:or
407:of
399:of
391:of
383:of
375:in
371:of
317:in
313:in
224:949
2343::
1608:.
1520:^
1443:^
1411:^
1346:.
1222:,
1045:.
893:A
886:A
879:A
872:A
766:,
745:.
734:.
707:.
660:fr
597:.
572:.
470::
440:.
395:,
387:,
379:,
360:.
349:.
306:.
2093:e
2086:t
2079:v
2021:e
2014:t
2007:v
1956:–
1920:e
1913:t
1906:v
1780:.
1699:.
1685:.
1671:.
1646:.
1618:.
1545:.
1350:.
1287:.
968:.
821:.
772:K
768:H
764:A
266:(
237:)
23:.
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