287:(today Świdnica, Poland). At an early age of 13, Maria married (in 1623) the lawyer David von Gerstmann. After his death in 1626, she married (in 1630) Elias von Löwen, also from Silesia. Elias von Lowen was also known as Elie de Loewen was a physician at Pitschen and studied astronomy. Elias von Lowen was Maria's tutor and encouraged Maria to pursue astronomy before their marriage in 1630. Together they made observation of Venus on 14 December 1627 and Jupiter in April 1628. Other areas of study that Maria was proficient in included medicine, poetry, painting, music, mathematics, ancient languages, and history. Elias and Maria had three sons: Elias Theodor, Anton Heinrich and Franz Ludwig. During the outbreak of the
275:. The year of Maria's birth is uncertain. No birth, baptism or similar documents have ever been located. The year was speculated about in the first major German-language publication about Maria Cunitz of 1798. Paul Knötel appears to be the first to give the year 1604 as the year of Maria's birth. This date is estimated to be accurate since her parents married the previous year. Other authors later appear to have repeated the same year. The proof that Maria was actually born in 1610 is furnished by an anthology with congratulation poems on her first wedding, in connection with a letter of Elias A Leonibus to
507:
299:, Poland. They were of Protestant religion; her siblings, who stayed in Silesia, converted to Roman Catholicism. During the time Maria and Elias took refuge, Maria used her time to arrange a set of astronomical tables that were based on the Rudolphine Tables, which was written by Johannes Kepler. Cunitz expanded her astronomical tables to include all of the planets at any moment in time. At the end of the Thirty Years' War the couple returned to their home at Pitschen in
33:
1233:
448:, who served as secretary to the Queen of Poland. However, the past limitations in the education and communication of women meant that Maria had to communicate with her fellow scholars under the name of her husband, Elias. Often the letters were filled with poetic fluff in order to maintain the common etiquette while in communication with one of the opposite sex.
432:
teaching women about the natural sciences that often prevailed in 17th century
Germany, Heinrich and Mary educated Maria in a multitude of subjects, including mathematics, medicine, history, and the fine arts. Maria could speak in seven languages: German, Italia, French, Polish, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew.
615:
Cunitz, Maria. "Urania propitia, sive Tabulæ Astronomicæ mirè faciles, vim hypothesium physicarum à Kepplero proditarum complexae; facillimo calculandi compendio, sine ullâ logarithmorum mentione paenomenis satisfacientes; Quarum usum pro tempore praesente, exacto et futuro succincte praescriptum cum
422:
is the Greek mythological muse of
Astronomy while propitia is translated from Latin to "beneficent." This title follows the common theme of attributing a scientific success to a female muse, but also recognizes the connection between the muse and its female author. This statement title in early 17th
431:
Maria was the daughter of
Heinrich Cunitz, who was a well renowned and knowledgeable physician, and Maria Scholtz, the self educated daughter of a German scientist. Although both of Maria's parents were well educated, Maria herself never had any formal education. Despite the negative connotation of
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In Ĺšwidnica, the town where Maria grew up, there is a monument of Cunitz. The monument is an iron bench with a bronze sculpture of Maria sitting on the bench with the Urania propitia in her right hand. Apparently, the monument of Maria in Ĺšwidnica, is the only known monument contributed to Cunitz.
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was privately published and as of 2016 there are nine physical copies in the world along with multiple online copies. Physical copies can be found in the
Library of the Astronomical Observatory of Paris, Library of the University of Florida, in the exhibit of Galileo and Kepler at the University
484:
had a lasting effect in the world of astronomy, inspiring her fellow astronomers and correspondents to eliminate errors and eir on the side of simplicity when deriving calculations. However, a fire broke out in the streets of
Byczyna, Poland and destroyed Maria Cunitz and her husband Elias von
804:
Johann
Ephraim Scheibel: Nachrichten von der Frau von Lewen geb. Cunitzin. In: Astronomische Bibliographie, der 3. Abteilung, zweite Fortsetzung, Schriften aus dem siebzehnten Jahrhundert von 1631 bis 1650 aus der Reihe Einleitung zur mathematischen BĂĽcherkenntnis. Nr. 20, Breslau 1798, pages
435:
One of Maria's tutors, Elias von Löven, a physician and amateur astrologist like her father, would later become her second husband. During their marriage Elias encouraged his wife's passion for astronomy and mathematics. He introduced her to various astronomists of the time, such as
390:
provided new tables, new ephemera, and a more elegant solution to Kepler's
Problem, which is to determine the position of a planet in its orbit as a function of time. Today, her book is also credited for its contribution to the development of the German scientific language.
350:
is a "large quarto with a large number of pages of tables that allows people to determine both the longitude and latitude of each of the planets, also along with other parameters." In this text she revised the complicated and errored calculations found in Kepler's
473:"(Maria) Cunicia or Cunitzin was the daughter of the famous Henrici Cunitii. She was a well-educated woman, like a queen among the Silesian womanhood. She was a dedicated astrologist and especially enjoyed astronomical problems".
399:
did not have much of an impact on late 17th-century astronomy. A large contribution to this fact has to do with Cunitz publishing her work in an isolated printing establishment in
Olesnica, and there were only a few copies of the
582:. She published in German. She has been also described as Polish and some consider her to be the first Polish woman astronomer. Cunitz spoke not only German and Polish but also French, Greek, Italian, Latin and Hebrew.
826:
Ingrid
Guentherodt: Maria Cunitia. Urania propitia; Intendiertes, erwartetes und tatsächliches Lesepublikum einer Astronomin des 17. Jh.. In: Daphnis. Zeitschrift für mittlere deutsche Literatur. Nr. 20, 1991, pages
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782:
533:. The fragment of Silesia in which Maria lived was part of Bohemia before 990, the united Poland between 990 and 1202 and part of Bohemia between 1038 and 1050. In 1202 the Polish
485:
Löwen's house and her vast collection astronomy equipment, academic books and papers, and her detailed correspondence with relevant astronomers. Much of her work was lost. However,
836:
Ingrid
Guentherodt: Frühe Spuren von Maria Cunitia und Daniel Czepko in Schweidnitz 1623. In: Daphnis. Zeitschrift für mittlere deutsche Literatur. Nr. 20, 1991, pages 547–584.
423:
century Germany, a time where recognized and accepted women scientists were few and far between, was a groundbreaking text that exemplified the abilities of women in science.
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494:
was located at The Library of The Earls of Macclesfield in the Shirburn Castle: Part 2 Science A-C section. The book was sold at the Sotheby's auction house for US$ 19,827.
336:
is one of the most well known and influential works created by Cunitz. Her cosmology, as exemplified in this work, was a variation of other great, early astronomers such as
879:, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayrischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 19 (1884), ab Seite 311, Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource, URL:
1421:
279:
from the year 1651, noted by Ingrid Guentherodt. Full details concerning the family of Maria Cunitz have been published by Klaus Liwowsky. The family eventually moved to
547:. In 1331 the region again became part of Bohemia. In 1742 it became part of Prussia and in 1871 the German Empire. About three centuries after Maria's lifetime it was
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by creating simpler algorithms that reduced the room for human and mathematical error. However, Cunitz did omit small coefficients, leading to minimal errors in
1017:
Dehio – Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler in Polen: Schlesien, Badstübner, Ernst; Dietmar Popp, Andrzej Tomaszewski, Dethard von Winterfeld, page 1, 2005, München,
817:
Paul Knötel: Maria Cunitia. In: Friedrich Andreae (Hrsg.): Schlesier des 17. bis 19. Jahrhunderts, Schlesische Lebensbilder. Nr. 3, Breslau 1928, pages 61–65.
467:
574:. Nevertheless, multiple later sources felt the need to assign to Maria Cunitz a nationality relevant to their own time. She has mostly been described as
759:
Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie, The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century, 2000, page 309.
510:
Map from 1645 showing places of Cunitz' life in Silesia like Wolaw, Lignitz and Schweidnitz. In those times both German and Slavic names were in use.
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Die Pestschrift des schlesischen Arztes Heinrich Cunitz (1580–1629) aus dem Jahr 1625: ein zeitgenössisches medizinisch-pharmazeutisches Dokument?
1351:
537:
was abolished and all Polish Duchies, including Silesia, became independent, although four Silesian dukes of the 13th century were rulers of
1232:, "The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century", Routledge, 2000, pg. 309,
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Allgemeines Schriftsteller- und Gelehrten-Lexikon der Provinzen Livland, Esthland und Kurland, Volume 1, J.F. Steffenhagen und Sohn, 1827
1330:
519:
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artis cultoribus communicat Maria Cunitia. Das ist: Newe und LanggewĂĽnschete, leichte Astronomische Tabelln, etc.", Oels, Silesia,1650.
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Libraries of Norman, Oklahoma, and Bloomington Lilly Library of Indiana University. Prior to 10 June 2004 the first edition of
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knew that the entirety of this work was exclusively Maria's own work. Elias also wanted to note that he had no part in writing
672:
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Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien, 2003, Hubert Weczerka, page XXXII + XXXIII, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag,
221:
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Storm Dunlop, Michèle Gerbaldi, "Stargazers: the contribution of amateurs to astronomy", Springer-Verlag, 1988, pg. 40
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Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien, 2003, Hubert Weczerka, page XXXV, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag,
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Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien, 2003, Hubert Weczerka, page XXXI, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag,
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Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien, 2003, Hubert Weczerka, page 128, Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag,
876:
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did have a substantial effect on Maria's work. Her time in hiding helped to develop her simplification of the
591:
410:, except a mid-century Parisian astronomer named Ismael Boulliau. However, Boulliau "only commented on the
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due to their difficulty of producing calculations and applications, because the use of logarithms.
745: : eine vergleichende Untersuchung mit Pestschriften aus dem 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, 2000
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as it does today. However, the birthplace of Maria Cunitz and the long reaching effects of the
1345:
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Rayner-Canham, Marelene F.; Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (5 April 2018).
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Whether a Christian Woman Should Be Educated and Other Writings from Her Intellectual Circle
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1371:
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Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-twentieth Century
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8:
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The Unforgotten Sisters : female astronomers and scientists before Caroline Herschel
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38:
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Einige Neuigkeiten uber die Familie der Schlesierin Maria Cunitz. Koblenz/Rhein, 2010
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Schlesiens Hoch- und Wohlgelehrtes Frauenzimmer, nebst unterschiedenen Poetinnen...
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http://de.wikisource.org/search/?title=ADB:L%C3%B6wen,_Elias_von&oldid=810951
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was published in both Latin and German in order to increases its accessibility.
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scientist Anton von Scholtz (1560–1622), a mathematician and counselor to Duke
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Due to her many talents and accomplishments, Cunitz was called the "Silesian
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912:. Massachusetts: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 63–64.
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in Silesia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries" by Tomasz Kamusella,
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Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon Aller Wissenschafften und Künste
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and thought his work was better and more accurate than Cunitz's work."
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1304:. Dallas Theological Seminary. 5 April 2018 – via Google Books.
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for determining the position of a planet on its elliptical path. The
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711:"Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (10001)-(15000)"
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History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries
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Elias von Lowen, Maria's second husband, created the preface to
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from 1618 to 1648 Maria and Elias von Löwen took refuge in the
248:
1178:, Center for Publishing Development, Budapest, Hungary, 1999,
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529:, which included non-German minorities, ruled by the Austrian
259:, Heinrich Cunitz, a physician and landowner who had lived in
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786:, 68 Bände, Leipzig 1732–1754, hier: Band 35, Spalte 1618f.
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did not play as significant a role in determining person's
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1055:
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1272:"Cisterscian localisations - Cistercian Track in Poland"
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of 1911. She was born and spent most of her life in the
303:. In 1650, Maria privately published of her own expense
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File:Blaeu 1645 - Nova totius Germaniæ descriptio.jpg
667:: Springer International Publishing. pp. 61–66.
854:
1422:
17th-century astronomers from the Holy Roman Empire
1087:
897:. New York and London: Routledge. pp. 308–309.
994:. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 147.
307:in German and Latin as a dedication to Holy Roman
1352:Web page on Maria Cunitz at University of Florida
1363:
1150:. Reno: University of Nevada Press. p. 72.
895:The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science
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455:" by J.B. Delambre, who also compared her to
263:for most of his life, and Maria Scholtz from
207:; 1610 – 22 August 1664) was an accomplished
1334:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
940:. University of Chicago Press. p. 217.
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883:(Version vom 21. August 2009, 02:44 Uhr UTC)
580:Biographical Dictionary of Woman in Science
459:during his study of history in astronomy.
444:, Pierre Desnoyers, Albrecht Portner, and
372:. Elias wanted to make sure the reader of
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768:Name Lignitz on the map from that period
514:Maria Cunitz is usually characterized as
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627:"Katalog z wystawy Astronom Maria Kunic"
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1097:Oskar Halecki, Antony Polonsky (1978).
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255:, Poland), as the eldest daughter of a
78:22 August, 1664 (aged 53–54)
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1211:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1170:"The Dynamics of the Policies of
936:van Schurman, Anna Maria (1998).
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317:was a simplification of Kepler's
205:Kunic, Cunitiae, Kunicia, Kunicka
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1101:. Routledge. pp. 36–37.
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273:Joachim Frederick of Liegnitz
16:German astronomer (1610–1664)
659:Bernardi, Gabriella (2016).
592:Timeline of women in science
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1412:17th-century German writers
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1346:Digital-Library of Wroclaw
990:Rohrbach, Augusta (2014).
1260:– via Google Books.
992:Thinking Outside the Book
908:Ogilvie, Marilyn (1986).
792:27 September 2011 at the
558:During Maria's lifetime,
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780:Johann Heinrich Zedler,
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521:Encyclopædia Britannica
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1276:www.szlakcysterski.org
1226:Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie
1176:Open Society Institute
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1325:"Cunitz, Maria"
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518:, for example in the
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457:Hypatia of Alexandria
309:Emperor Ferdinand III
1397:People from Ĺšwidnica
1350:Hatch, Robert Alan,
549:reassigned to Poland
1302:"Bibliotheca Sacra"
1193:on 24 February 2017
1099:A history of Poland
715:Minor Planet Center
541:and held the title
468:Johan Caspar Eberti
293:Cistercians convent
222:Kepler's second law
112:David von Gerstmann
1230:Joy Dorothy Harvey
969:Linda Hall Library
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237:12624 Mariacunitia
202:Cunicia, Cunitzin,
1392:Women astronomers
1147:National Identity
1142:Smith, Anthony D.
846:Liwowsky, Klaus.
674:978-3-319-26125-6
572:Rudolphine Tables
531:Habsburg monarchy
527:Holy Roman Empire
462:In 1727 the book
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353:Rudolphine Tables
319:Rudolphine Tables
289:Thirty Years' War
277:Johannes Hevelius
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1195:. Retrieved
1188:the original
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1377:1664 deaths
1372:1610 births
1313:Attribution
1197:24 February
560:nationality
502:Nationality
470:wrote that
440:of Danzig,
338:Tycho Brahe
281:Schweidnitz
261:Schweidnitz
174:mathematics
1366:Categories
975:7 December
598:References
212:astronomer
1286:10 August
683:944920062
535:seniorate
427:Education
170:Astronomy
1207:cite web
1144:(1993).
827:311–353.
805:361–378.
790:Archived
586:See also
564:identity
516:Silesian
265:Liegnitz
209:Silesian
151:Children
82:Pitschen
301:Silesia
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102:Spouses
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551:after
539:KrakĂłw
477:Legacy
453:Pallas
420:Urania
297:Olobok
269:German
249:Wohlau
166:Fields
60:Wohlau
1191:(PDF)
1184:(PDF)
253:Wołów
251:(now
230:Venus
138:(
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1288:2009
1252:ISBN
1213:link
1199:2017
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1126:ISBN
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1079:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1023:ISBN
996:ISBN
977:2021
942:ISBN
914:ISBN
679:OCLC
669:ISBN
665:Cham
340:and
243:Life
75:Died
53:1610
49:1610
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295:of
283:in
228:on
196:or
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